GILDA AURIFABRORUMA HISTORY OF ENGLISH GOLDSMITHS

AND PLATEWOIIKEIIS

AND THEIR MARKS STAMPED ON PLATECopied in Facsimile from Celebrated Examples ; and the Earliest Records

preserved at Goldsmiths' Hall, London, with their Names,Addresses, and Dates of Entry

2500 Illustrations

Also Historical Accounts of the Goldsmiths' Company and their Hall Marks

;

their Regalia ; the Mint ; Closing of the Exchequer ; Goldsmith-Bankers ; Shop Signs ; A Copious Index, \3'c. t^c.

PRECEDED BY AN INTRODUCTORY ESSAY ON THE

GOLDSMITHS^ ART

WILLIAM qHAFFERSAUTHOR OP "HALL MARKS ON GOLD AND SILVER PLATE," " L'ORFEVRERIE FRANCAISE,'

"MARKS AND MONOGRAMS ON POTTERY AND PORCELAIN," "THE KERAMICGALLERY" (ILLUSTRATED), "THE COLLECTOR'S HANDBOOK OP MARKS

AND MONOGRAMS ON POTTERY AND PORCELAIN," "PRICEDCATALOGUE OF COINS," ETC.

NEW EDITION

LONDONREEVES AND TURNER

83 CHARING CROSS ROAD, W.C.1899

lAU rights i'escrved]

Printed by Ballantyne, Hanson &^ Co.At til? Ballantyne Press

PEEFACE.

The former work of the writer, entitled " Hall Marks onGold and Silver Plate," has been so extensively patronised

by the public as to call for six editions since the date of its first

appearance in 1863, supplying a most important aid to Ama-

teurs and Collectors of Old Plate, enabling them to ascertainthe precise date of mauufactare by the sign manual of the

Goldsmiths' Company, stamped upon it when sent to beassayed. That it has been generally appreciated is evident

from the fact that it is to be found in the hands of every

leading Goldsmith in the United Kingdom, as well asAmateurs and Possessors of family plate. The Wardensand Assistants of the Goldsmiths' Company accepted theDedication of the Fifth Edition of 1876 in a complimentary

letter attesting its value.

The price of old plate in the interim has risen enormously,in consequence of its actual date being now easily ascertained.

Thus, there is undoubted evidence of the guarantee of three

of the stamps, viz.1. The purity of the several legalstandards ; 2. The Office where the Assay was made ; and3. The date of manufacture. But the fourth stamp. Themaker's mark, remained unexplained ; this consisted of initials

occasionally accompanied by a symbol, or varied in such amanner that " the sign of every Goldsmith be known to theWardens of the Craft, which said Wardens' duty is to seethat the marks are plain and of a fit size and not one Like

392144

IV

another." The author of " The Touchstone for Gold andSilver Wares " goes on to say that " these marks are

stamped on hardened lead, and right against them in parch-ment columns are writ and entered the owners' names."

These records were, therefore, in existence at the date of" The Touchstone " in 1677, but have since disappeared,the only record of that date being the Copper-plate stamped

with makers' marks between 1675 and 1697, " of which no

other entry is to be found." Hence the writer has collected

previous makers' marks from pieces of plate preserved to

our time, but without any evidence of the names they

represented.

Since 1697, the names of only a few of the principal

workers have up to this time been identified by occasional

references to the Goldsmiths' books. In consequence of the

frequent solicitations of Amateurs of Old Plate, the writer

has been induced to copy the makers' marks, accompanied

by their names and addresses, with the dates of entry at the

Hall, literatim et seriatim, from 1697 to the beginning of this

century, by the kind permission of the Wardens and Court ofAssistants of the Goldsmiths' Company, in which he has

been materially assisted by the advice, on all occasions, of

Mr. Walter Prideaux, and the obliging attention of the

Deputy Warden, Mr. W. Eobinson, This information willbe useful in fixing dates of manufacture within a few years,

where the date letter is erased or illegible, and a verification

in the uncertain attribution of a date ; more especially in

bringing to light the actual plate-workers whose names havehitherto been unnoticed, and giving credit where it is due.

It is hoped that " The History of English Goldsmiths,"although consisting merely of notes and capable of muchgreater development, may interest the general reader, as wellas the incidental notices of the Mint, the Kegalia, and other

subjects in connection more or less with the Goldsmiths'Craft.

Being essentially a book of reference, a copious index of

Plate -workers' initials, and their names in full, will enable the

inquirer to trace not only their residences and dates of entry

at the Hall, but in many instances examples of their work,and the collections where they are to be found.

The names of several kind contributors will be foundnoticed in the following pages ; but the writer must

especially thank Mr. Horatio Stewart, of the firm of Messrs.

Hancock & Co., for careful drawings of Hall Marks, including

those of the Makers, from specimens which have come under

his observatiou.

W. CHAFFERS.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Gold, Goldsmiths, Plate, Plated Ware, Electro Silvering, and

Processes explained, &c. ...... 1

Distinguished Goldsmiths and Founders of Peerages . . 3

Political economy of the Goldsmiths' Art .... 6

Goldsmiths' shops in Chepe 8

Pageants, &c. 9

Goldsmiths' Company and its Organisation . . . .11Destruction of Plate in the Great Fire of 1666 ... 13

Gold Plate and examples quoted 16

HISTOEY OF ENGLISH GOLDSMITHS AND PLATE-WOEKEES 18

Hall Marks of the United Kingdom 98

London Assay Office Letters 100

Steel Punches used in Stamping Plate at Goldsmiths' Hall . 103

Chronological List of Plate from the 15th to the 19th century,

with Makers' Marks 107

Makers' Marks on the Copper-plate at Goldsmiths' Hall, from

1675 to 1697. Alphahetically arranged . . . 162

PLATE-WOEKEES' MAEKS, WITH NAMES, ADDEESSES

AND DATES OF ENTEY AT GOLDSMITHS' HALL,

FEOM 1697 TO 1800Parliamentary Eeturn of Goldsmiths in 1773

167

192

Vlll

PAGEHistory of the Regalia, pillaged, and destroyed ; re-made for

the Coronation of Charles II. Goldsmiths' bills for the

same 198

Coronation Customs 206

Blood's attempt to steal the Regalia ..... 208

Seizure of Merchants' moneys at the Mint in 1G40 . . 210

Closing of the Exchequer in 1672 and consequent ruin of

many Goldsmiths ........ 210

Plate belonging to the Goldsmiths' Company . . . 211

Goldsmiths' Shop Signs 212

Makers' Emblems found on Plate 219

American Goldsmiths 222

The Mint ; its Constitution, Masters, Engravers, &c. . . 224

Celebrated Goldsmiths of Europe 233

Goldsmiths' Invoices ; Paul De Lamerie and others . . 240

INDEX 249

GILDA AURIFABRORUM.

INTRODUCTION.

Gold and silver may be divided or classified under three genera :

1. Infectum. 2. Signatum. o. Factum." Aurum infectum " is the unalloyed mass of gold, or ingot of metal

before it is formed into shape." Aurum signatum " refers to the art of stamping coins, or medals,

with hardened steel punches or dies. Moneyers, although actually

Goldsmiths, employ themselves exclusively in coining." Aurum factum," of which division we have more especially to

treat, is the transformation, by hand, of the metal from the rough,

unformed ingot, into objects of a useful and ornamental character.The actual worker of the precious metals was styled Aurifaber,

derived from the two Latin words Aurum (gold), and faher (a smith),one who forges by the hammer, or beats into shape, any metal, whethergold, silver, or iron. Thus all smiths are included in the generaltitle of " hammermen."

In Scotland, the ancient guild of " Hammermen," included allsmiths who wielded the hammer, and it was not until late in the16th century that the Goldsmiths' craft obtained a charter of incorpora-

tion separating them from the common smiths, and giving themjurisdiction only over the working of the precious metals.A goldsmith was styled by the Romans Aurifex, which more

properly applies to one who sells Goldsmiths' work after it is finished,while the Aurifaher is one who beats out the metal and fashions it, oris actually

^idate-tvorker. The jewellers' is also a distinct branch of

the Goldsmith's trade, making rings, bracelets, and personal orna-ments, whereas the plate-worker confines his manipulation to plate,

1

2such as vases, and articles for table use, and the more ornamental

objects for the Altar and Dressoir. A Goldsmith is a worker in silveras well as gold, and under this designation workers in the precious

metals have always been included. They are so called in theScriptures" The goldsmith spreadeth it over with gold, and castethsilver chains" (Isaiah). Again"They lavish gold out of the bag,and weigh silver in the balance, and hire a goldsmith," which custom

is continued at the present day in Egypt and India, by giving material

to itinerant goldsmiths, who fashion it under the surveillance of theiremployers.

Johannes de Garlandia, who wrote a dictionary of terms, anddescribed the various industries existing in the 11th century in Paris,

says, "Les orfevres se tiennent assis devant leurs fourneaux et leurs

tables sur le grand pont. lis fabriquent des hanaps, des fermails, des

colliers, des 6pingles, des agrafes, en or et en argent. lis prepareut

pour les anneaux, des turquoises, des rubis, des saphirs et des

emeraudes. Le metier de ces orfevres consiste a battre, avec des

petits marteaux sur I'enclume, des lames d'or et d'argent, et a

enchasser les pierres precieuses dans les chatons des bagues a I'usage

des barons et des nobles dames."

By the Goldsmiths' statutes, " the working of gold or silver, either

by a private workman, or by the master shopkeeper, or his delivering

out gold or silver to his servants or workmen, to be wrought in any

sort of work or ware, either by making, filing, or hammering, or every

of them, is, or may, according to ancient usage, and the intent of

such statutes, be deemed and taken to be the trade of the Goldsmith ;and every person having served an apprenticeship to any one, that

before or during the said term, did follow such trade, is, and may

properly be called, a Goldsmith."

("Touchstone for Goldsmiths'Wares," Lond. 1071).

There was formerly an idea, perhaps more poetical than actual,

alluded to by Juvenal and other Latin authors, that gold in contact

with heat emitted a sweet and fragrant odour; hence a golden cup

when filled with hot liquid, its fragrance, as in mulled wine, became

more perceptible and agreeable to the epicure.

The ancient Britons also fashioned personal ornaments out of gold

and silver, many of which have been exhumed in England, Scotland,

and Ireland, notably the broad crescent-shaped " mind " or head

ornament; the torquis for the neck; armillee, "ring money" (so

called), gold and silver coins of a later period, probably coeval with the

Roman invasion, being rude imitations of the Greek and Roman coins,

and some of finer work, like the coins of Cunobeline, struck at

Camulodunum (Colchester), with the King on horseback, perhapsstruck by workmen from Rome.

Holinshed states that collars of gold and silver, for the necks of

women, made part of the tribute which Augustus imposed upon theBritons.

The Goldsmith's art may be deemed the favourite art of princes, and

the brilliant symbol of glorious reigns, as well as the result of

civilization.

Its artificers have proved that, as a trade, it may be reckoned one of

the most distinguished professions, combining more or less the talents

of the artist, statuary, architect, engraver, and cheoiist, as well as the

most noble. The axiom Or/evre ne deroge pas is true in this

respect, and, so far from degrading them in the status of society, they

can claim a high acknowledgment in the scale of consequence in

these realms, as progenitors of some of the most dignified members ofthe ancient and present aristocracy, as evidenced in the houses of

Shaw, Childsj Viner, Ward, Hoare, Drummond, Coutts, Gosling, &c.

;

so true is it in England that trade and commerce enrich nobility.

From the Goldsmiths' Company alone might be obtained a list of

founders of peerages, containing some of Eugland^s greatest

names.

PLATE.

The designation Plate means, strictly speaking, ivrouyld silver, and

is derived from the Spanish word Plata, although it is frequently

wrongly applied to vessels or utensils of gold as well as silver; hence

Oold plate is erroneous, and Silver plate a pleonasm.Another derivation may be traced in the Greek word TrAarus (flat),

or flattened silver before it is beaten into shape, subsequently applied

to all vessels as well as plates and dishes. " A plate of ale," isan expression at Trinity College, Cambridge, used for the silver

drinking-cup with which every commoner was supplied for his own

use and at his own expense, but was, on his departure, left to augment

the store of cups in the college plate-closet ; a practice reminding us

of the boarding-school " silver fork and spoon " custom. The beer-

cups, with two ring-handles, were frequently called college cups, but

the names of cups are so diversified that we can only, in this place,

simply allude to them.

1 *^

PLATING.

Plated means, actually, metal vessels or utensils covered with plates

of silver or gold. Arbuthnot says, " M. Lepidus's house had a marble

doorcase; afterwards they had gilded ones, or rather, plated with

gold." The silver plating practised formerly at Sheffield was of this

character, but it must not be confounded with the modern silvering by

the electro process adopted principally at Birmingham, which merely

deposits a thin tissue of the precious metals on the surface. Acomparison of the fine old Sheffield plated ware with the modern

electro-silvering is a convincing proof of this fact.

Plating, properly so called, consists in covering a clean sheet of

copper with a thin plate of silver, by washing over it a solution of

lunar caustic. A plate of fine silver, rather larger than the sheetof copper, is laid upon it, and the edges turned over; the two are

heated to a dull redness and passed through powerful rollers. By thisprocess, as the two metals extend equally, both are considerably

reduced in thickness ; the plated metal is then manufactured to the

required shape, and the different parts soldered together. Thehandles, edges, and ornaments of vessels, or other objects, are madeof silver, rolled to about a square foot to the ounce, and then struck

in a die, the hollow parts being filled in with an alloy of lead and

tin. The dies used in these operations at some manufacto-ries arestated to have cost many thousand pounds.

The Sheffield method of plating copper with silver was first adoptedabout 120 years ago.

Horace Walpole, in a letter to Mr. Montagu, dated 1st September,

1700, writes: "As I went to Lord Strafford's I passed throughSheffield, which is one of the foulest towns in England, in the most

charming situation ; there are 22,000 inhabitants making knives andscissors. They remit eleven thousand pounds a week to London. Oneman there has discovered the art of plating copper with silver. I

bought a pair of candlesticks, for two guineas, that are quite pretty."

ELECTRO SILVERING AND GILDING.This process may be thus described :The solutions employed are

the argento- cyanide and auro-cyanide, the former to deposit silver,

and the latter gold. The silvering solution, or argento-cyanide, is

dissolved with cyanide of potassium; the most useful and economic

method of preparing this is by use of the battery. To make a

depositing liquid, containing one ounce of silver to the gallon, by thisprocess, make a solution of cyanide of potassium, of the strengthof one ounce and a quarter to the gallon of water employed.The positive and negative poles of the battery are carried over the

top of the open bath ; from the positive rod a plate of silver is sus-pended, and to the negative rod the article to be silvered is attachedby a wire, both being immersed in the chemical solution of tlie samemetal, opposite each other. During the progress of deposition, ihesame quantity of metal that is deposited from the liquid is restored

from the silver plate, and the solution is maintained at the samestrength. Any thickness of silver may be deposited by continuingthe process ; but about an ounce and a half to a square foot ofsurface is considered a full quantity. The portions on which nosilver is required to be deposited are covered with varnish or

wax.

The metal generally used to deposit silver upon is what is calledGerman silver, an alloy of copper, zinc, and nickel, so as not to showwhen the silver is worn away; care is required to remove every particleof grease and oxide, by acids and alkalis, before the object is placed inthe bath. In the course of a few hours a coating of the thickness of

tissue paper will be deposited upon it, giving it a granulated appear-

ance, like matted or dead silver. If a bright surface is required, it is

burnished by a steel or blood-stone burnisher; but a few drops ofsulphuret of carbon being added to the solution, the silver may beprecipitated perfectly bright.

Hence by the electro process, a smaller quantity of silver being

required, and the operation more simple, the wares are produced at amuch cheaper rate. The term, si\vei'-j)latw(/, as applied to the electroprocesS; is, therefore, erroneous. The value of electro-silvered articlesis deteriorated by the fact that they can be reproduced ad iujinitum,we might say ad nauseam, and can claim no originality. The preten-tious works \^ich have been executed from designs by some of thebest artists of the day, such as shields in emulation of the famous

Cellini shields, and Flaxman's Achilles' shield (made in 1818), areundoubtedly of great merit as regards design ; but, as is the case with

all fine works of art, copies, however fine and closely imitated, never

bear comparison in point of value to the originals. On their firstappearance high prices are demanded and frequently obtained ; but

the numerous reproductions reduce the value from pounds to shillings,

the material being valueless, with merely a superficial and infinitesimal

6deposit of the precious metals, which scarcely allows the removal of

dust or tarnish hy the necessary friction.

POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE GOLDSMITH'S ARTWe cannot give better advice to purchasers of plate than is con-

tained in the subjoined extract from a lecture delivered by Mr. Ruskin,on " The Political Economy of Art," especially applicable at the

present day, when such quantities of plate are manufactured of

tasteless design, as much the fault of the employer as the employed.A prize is required for racing, shooting, rowing, running, or any

athletic sport. The point principally considered is the intrinsic value

of the cup, to be made at a limited price; a design or drawing of itbeing frequently dispensed with altogether, a stock pattern is produced,

and the command, "Aye, that will do! " confirms the order. Art is

quite a secondary consideration, or altogether ignored. In no other

way can we account for the numerous abortions in the shape of prize

cups, &c. displayed in silversmiths' shops at the present day. These

remarks do not apply solely to prize cups, real talent is seldom displayed

in the design of modern plate ; the money's worth is the sine qua

non : How much will it weigh ? The second, and more importantquestion. How much for fashion ? does not enter into the calculation.We are reminded of the business-like observation of Samuel Pepys, onreceiving a present of a pair of splendid flagons, costing 100. His

vanity v;as pleased with the display before his friends, when placed on

his sideboard; but note the sequel; "Weighed my two silver flagonsat Stevens's, they weigh 212 ounces, which is about ^650 at 5s. per

ounce, and they judge the fashion to be worth about 5s. per ouncemore, nay, some say 10s. an ounce the fashion ; sorry to see that the

fashion is worth so much, and the silver come to no more."

At the present day the cost of fashion, doubled or trebled, would be

gladly paid by a collector of old plate. Pepys, however, was not

devoid of taste in the matter of plate. There are, preserved by the

Clothworkers' Company (presented by him in 1677), a cup and cover

nearly two feet high, and a salver as much in diameter, finely chased

with flowers and scrolls, and engraved" with his arms and those of

the Company.

But let us hear what Mr. Ruskin has to say on the political

economy of art, as applied to plate :

"The first idea of a rich young couple setting up house in London

is, that ihey must have new plate. Their father's plate maybe very

handsome, but the fashion is changed. They will have a new servicefrom the leading manufacturer, and the old plate, except a few Apostlespoons, and a cup which Charles the Second drank a health in totheir pretty ancestress, is sent to be melted down, and made up withnew flourishes and fresh lustre. Now so long as this is the casesolong, observe, as fashion has influence on the manufacture of plate

so long you cannot have a r/oldsmitli's art in this country. Do yousuppose any workman, worthy the name, will put his brains into a cupor an urn which he knows is to go to the melting-pot in half a scoreof years ? He will not; you don't ask or expect it of him. You askof him nothing but a little quick handicrafta clever twist of ahandle here, and a foot there ; a convolvolus from the newest school ofdesign ; a pheasant from Landseer's game cards ; a couple of senti-mental figures for supporters, in the style of insurance offices ; then a

clever touch with the burnisher, and there 's your epergne, the

admiration of all the footmen at the wedding breakfast, and the

torment of some unfortunate youth who cannot see the pretty girlopposite to him through its tyrannous branches.

" But you don't suppose that that's goldsmith's work ? Goldsmith's

work is made to last, and made wath the man's whole heart and soulin it ; true goldsmith's work, when it exists, is generally the means of

education of the greatest painters and sculptors of the day. Francia

was a goldsmith : Francia was not his own name, but that of his

master the jeweller; and he signed his pictures, almost always,

'Francia the goldsmith,' for love of his master. Ghirlandajo wasa goldsmith, and was the master of Michael Angelo ; Verocchio was

a goldsmith, and was the master of Leonardo da Vinci. Ghiberti

was a goldsmith, and beat out the bronze gates which Michael Angelo

said might serve for the gates of Paradise. But if ever you want work

like theirs again, you must keep it, though it should have the mis-

fortune to become old-fashioned. You must not break it up, nor melt

it any more ; there is no economy in that ; you could not easily waste

intellect more grievously. Nature may melt her goldsmith's work at

every sunset if she chooses, and beat it out into chased bars again at

every sun-rise, but you must not. The way to have a truly noble

service of plate, is to keep adding to it, not melting it. At every

marriage, and at every birth, get a new piece of silver if you will, but

with noble workmanship on it, done for all time, and put it among

your treasures; that is one of the chief things which gold was made

for, and made incorruptihie for. When we know a little more of

8political economy, we shall find that none but partially savage nations

need, imperatively, gold for their currency ; but gold has been given

us, among other things, that we might put beautiful work into itsimperishable splendour, and that the artists who have the most wilfulfancies may have a material which will drag out, and beat out, astheir dreams require, and will hold itself together with fantastic

tenacity, whatever rare and delicate service they set it upon."

GOLDSMITHS' SHOPS IN " CHEPE."In the days of Elizabeth the majority of Goldsmiths lived in

" Ghepe." In 15G6 the Court books of the Goldsmiths' Company show

that out of 107 no less than seventy-six of them resided in Chepe, the

remaining thirty-one in Lombard Street. Three years later there wereonly eighty-nine Goldsmiths, of which number sixty-eight lived inChepe, and twenty-one in Lombard Street.

Charles I., in order to make the approach to St. Paul's grander, andto give foreigners an idea of the great wealth of the City by a grand

display of the precious metals, issued several Orders in Council that

no other shops than Goldsmiths' should be situated in its leading

thoroughfare. Rushworth says (vol. ii. p. 28), 1C29 : " At this time

the city of London was in great splendour, and full of wealth ; and itwas then a most glorious sight to behold the Goldsmiths' shops, all of

one row in Cheapside, from the end of the street called Old Change,

near Pater Noster Row, unto the open place over against Mercers

Chapel, at the lower end of Cheap, there being at that time but three

or four shops of other trades that interposed in the row." Whereuponthe Privy Council made an Order "forasmuch as His Majesty hadreceived information of the unseemliness and deformity appearing in

Cheapside, by reason that divers men of mean trades had shops there

among the Goldsmiths, it was his express pleasure to have that disorder

removed."

Again, in 1G31: "After several debates before the King andCouncil, it was ordered that the Company of Goldsmiths should take

order that within a short time, limited. Goldsmiths' Row in Cheapside

and Lombard Street should be supplied with Goldsmiths ; and thatthose who keep shops scatteriugly in other parts of the city should

have shops procured for them in Cheapside or Lombard Street, uponpenalty that those of the Assistants and Livery that did not take care

herein should lose their places. And it was further ordered, for thetime to come, that all such who should serve their apprenticeships to

9Goldsmiths, and tliereupon were made free, should enter into boudsnot to keep a Goldsmith's shop in any other part of the city than in

Cheapside or Lombard Street; and that the Lord Mayor should takecare that shops be provided for them at moderate and indiflerent rates."

In 1634 another imperative command was issued that "wliereas inGoldsmiths' Row and in Cheapside and Lombard Street divers shopsare held by persons of other trades, whereby that uniform show whichwas an ornament to those places and a lustre to the City is now greatly

diminished, It is ordered that all the shops in Goldsmiths' Row are tobe occupied by none but Goldsmiths, and all the Goldsmiths whokeep shops in other parts of the City are to resort thither, or to

Lombard Street or Cheapside."In 1637 another tyrannical order threatened the Lord Mayor and

Aldermen with imprisonment unless they enforced at once the King's

command that all shops should be closed in Cheapside and LombardStreet that were not Goldsmiths' shops. This document enumerates

all the shops, twenty- four in number, still occupied by other trades.

PAGEANTS.

The " Ridings " as they were termed, or processions, were of early

origin, sometimes to meet the Sovereign or Royal visitors at the

entrance-gate of the city, usually Temple Bar, being on the highway

from Westminster, where the King's palace stood, or the procession of

the Mayor of the City, on his election, to receive the approval of the

King or his Chief Justice. On these occasions he was accompaniednot only by his own Company, but by the trade guilds of others ; they

generally went on horseback, with banners streaming, triumphal cars,

&c. Gorgeous pageants, which sometimes moved along by machinery

within their bases, or were drawn by horses richly caparisoned, followed

in the train, accompanied by men in armour, aldermen, liverymen with

whifiQers to clear the way, woodmen, or savages, with their clubs,

javelin-men, bands of music, and all the paraphernalia incident to the

occasion. In the mayoralty of Sir John Norman, 16?.l, the usual

route was varied by taking water at Queenhithe, or Blackfriars, and

proceeding in barges to Westminster. These have been described by

Lvd"-ate and others, but we will confine our accounts to those espe-

cially of the Goldsmiths' Guild.

In the 18th, 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries the annual processions

took place with exceptional hindrances, such as visitations of the

plague, or other calamities In the 17th century they were interrupted

10

by the Civil War. From 1639 to 1055 no pageants or displays of

any kind took place, and the Puritans looked with horror upon such

vanities. They were, however, revived in their pristine magnificence

in the year of the Eestoration of Charles II., in 1660. Again, from

1604 to 1671, the great lire aud the plague put a stop to them for

a time, to be revived in more prosperous years.

In order to give some idea of the magnificent and costly displays

on occasions of Royal visits to the City on Lord Mayor's day and his

inauguration, we annex the description of a pageant got up by the

Goldsmiths' Company on the election of one of the Craft to serve

the office of Mayor in 1687, entitled :

" Londoji'-s Triumph, or the Goldsmiths Jubilee.

"Performed on Saturday, October xxix. 1687, for the confirmation

and entertainment of the Et. Honble. Sir John Shorter, Kniyht,

Goldsmith, Lord Mayor of the City of London, containing a descrip-

tion of the several Pageants, &c., for the entertainment of his Majesty,

who, with his consort, the Queen Dowager, the prince and princessof Denmark, &c., honour his Lordship this year with their presence.

" All set forth at the proper costs and charges of the Worshipful

Company of Goldsmiths hij M. Tauhman.'' The first pageant is a spacious Triumphant Chariot of Gold,

curiously contrived, with all the elegancy of Art and Invention,

gloriously set round with precious stones and various coloured jewels

of inestimable value, adorned with several pleasant and delightful

figures, as well artificial as natural, lively representiug and properly

appertaining to the solemnity of the day.

" About the middle of this glorious structure, on an ascent of State

up to a throne, sits Astrsea, the goddess of Justice, a person of

majestic aspect, attired in a long robe of silver, a veil of silver fringed

with gold, and on her head a coronet of silver set with stars. In her

right hand she beareth a touchstone, the distinguisher of sterling from

counterfeit. Truth from Falsehood ; and in her left hand a golden

beam or balance with silver scales, to weigh everything impartially

according to the standard of Truth and Equity. She is placed between

two leopards' heads as the stamp and standard of the Company,

invested with a wreath of stars, as an Emblem of the Celestial spherefrom which she descended. She is attended by Prudence, Temper-

ance, Courage, and Concord. This stately chariot is drawn by two

golden unicorns excellently carved and painted, with equal proportion

11

to the life ; with trappings of gold and silver, iheir bridles richlybeset with precious stonus, supporters of the Company's arms.

*' Tlie Second Pageant represents a spacious laboratory with theoperators and artificers, with forges, anvils, hammers, and all instru-ments proper for the mystery of the Goldsmiths. In the middle ofthe frontispiece sits St. Dunstan, the Ancient Patron and TutelarGuardian of the Company, canonically attired with cope and mitre; acrozier in his left hand, and in his right a pair of Goldsmiths' Tongues,as an emblem of his Patronage; he is attended by Orpheus andAmphion playing upon melodious instruments, &c. A display of platein shops, &c., The Assay Master, Miners, &c.

" St. Dunstan then speaks a speech, which finishes thus :

Of the proud Cham I scorn to be afear'd,I '11 take the Angry Sultan by the beard.

Nay, should the Devil intrude amongst your foes

(Enter Devil.)Devil \NhQ,t then ?St. Dunstan. Snap, thus, I have him by the nose.

" The third jiageant represents a ship.*' Thefourth pageant, the Temple of Janus." The whole finishes with a song to the King, which is sung at

the Feast on the conclusion of the Pageants,"

In the Bodleian Library is a copy of the order of the day on the

occasion of the inauguration of Sir Charles Duncombe, Knt., Gold-smith, Lord Mayor 1708-9, on which day the literary part of thepageant was written by the celebrated Elkanah Settle. The titleruns thus :

" The Triumphs of London ; for the inauguration of the PdghtHonble. Sir Charles Duncombe, Knt., Lord Mayor of the Citie ofLondon^ containing the description (and also the sculptures) of thePageants and the whole solemnity of the day. Performed on Friday,

the 29th October, anno 1708. All set forth at the proper cost and

charge of the Honorable Company of Goldsmiths."

THE GOLDSMITHS' COMPANY.

The organisation of the governing body of the Guild was formerly

in the election of persons well skilled in the Goldsmiths' Craft, to act

as arbiters of disputes, and understand thoroughly the technical

working of the precious metals, reform abuses, inflict punishment on

offenders, &c. It consists of a Master or Prime Warden, and three

12

other Wardens selected from a Court of Assistants, which being atthe present day self-elected, and not being, as formerly, chosen by the

trade, numbers among them very few Goldsmiths.1st Edward III. (1320). "That those of the said trade may, by

virtue of such letters patent, elect lawful, honest and sufficient men,

best skilled in the said trade, to inquire of the matters aforesaid ; and

that they so chosen may, upon due consideration of the said craft,

reform what defects they find therein, and thereupon inflict due

punishment upon the ofl'enders."" The Wardens were usually divided, at a later period, into a Prime

Warden (always an Alderman of London), a second Warden, andtwo renter Wardens."

The Company at this period {temp. Edward I.) were all actuallyGoldsmiths, with the exception of their chaplain, legal advisers,

clerk, and a few others who were admitted members.The importance of members of the Court of Assistants being actually

persons of the trade, in order to understand the assay, and on other

professional accounts, is strenuously insisted upon in the " Touchstone

for Goldsmiths' Wares," which observes " that Goldsmiths in the

City and liberties, as to their particular trade, are under the Gold-

smiths' Company's control, whether members or not, and ought to he

of their own Comjiany, though, from mistake or design, many are freeof others. For the Wardens, being, by their charters and the statutes,

appointed to survey, assay, and mark the silver-work, and to be chosen

from members, such choice must sometimes fall upon them that are

of other trades, or not skilled in their curious art of making assays ofgold and silver, and consequently unable to make a true report ofthe goodness thereof; or else the necessary attendance thereon is too

great a burden for the Wardens, Therefore they (the Wardens) haveappointed an assay-master, called by them their Deputy Warde??,

allowing him a considerable yearly salary, and who takes an oath forthe due performance of his office."

The portraits hanging in the Court-room at Goldsmiths' Hall are

Sir Thomas Viner, Mayor 1053.Sir Martin Bowes, Mayor 1545.

Sir Hugh Myddelton.Charles Hosier, Esq.

In the Ball-room

A portrait of George III., and a painting by Hudson (the masterof Sir Joshua Keynolds)a very curious picture of Beun's Club,

13

a jovial society of members of the Company, with portraits of SirJ. Rawlinson, Robert Alsop, Edward Ironside, William Benn, SirN. Marshall, and T. Blachford. Benn had sufficient influence overthem (being a staunch old Jacobite) to induce them to go down tohis house in the Isle of Wight, and drink to the success of PrinceCharlie. Given in 1752.

THE GREAT FIRE OF 1666.Destruction of Plate.

In the fifteenth century the stock of plate does not appear to have

been very great, and the following extracts from their books show

that they were not in a very flourishing condition as regards their

finances.

1452. One Thomas Harrison, goldsmith, considering how muchthe Company was indebted, and their livelihood ruinous and indecline, " great part of which could not be helped without great and

notable cost," had, " of his blessed dispocition,'' given Twenty Poundstowards making a parlour in one of the Company's houses in WoodStreet.

14G8. The plate in the treasury is stated to consist of

2 Gallon Potts, parcel gilt, weighing 82 lbs. 3 ounces.

2 Standing Cups of one sort, chased, silver and gilt,

with two coverlets, weighing 20 lbs. 5 ounces.

They were content to use at this time a more modest service ofpewter :

1470. For a garnisli of two dozen of pewter vessels to serve the

Company, 1 1 7s. 6d.During the two hundred years which followed, plate flowed into

the treasury from various sources, in the shape of gifts, fines, kc,most of which was fortunately preserved from destruction in the

great fire of 1666 ; but within twelve months the greater part was

melted down to meet their expenses of building a new Hall, andother pressing demands, as appears by the following entries in their

books :

1666. 10th September. This being the first meeting of the

Wardens and Assistants since the late lamentable fire, Sir CharlesDoe made known that, having now obtained the keys of the Company'streasury, he had thence taken out all their late writings and other

their concerns, for the present preservation of them, and that he

caused the same to be removed to a house at Edmonton, well known

14

to Mr. Brattle, Deputy Assayer, who affirmeth that all is there wellsecured. For which careful and prudent act of the said Sir Charles

Doe, the thanks of the Wardens and Assistants present are given him."" It was ordered at the same meeting that the Company's plate, so

soon as Sir Robert Viner's house is fitted up, be brought from

Edmonton, and then lent to the said Sir Robert, who is Sheriff elect,to be by him used in his Shrievalty, and which Mr. Wardens areentreated to deliver to him by Inventory indented, as in like casehath been accustomed."

On the 13th October 1666, the Company's plate was delivered toSir Robert Viner during his Shrievalty, as agreed.

On the 5th July 1667, the following resolution was passed :

" In consideration of the many urgent and pressing occasions ofthe Company, for the raising of money for their present service, and

more especially for that of repairing the Hall, which, should it be

omitted at tliis season, might endanger the falling of the walls now

standing ; and that the Company have no occasion to make use oftheir plate, nor place convenient where the same may be secured

;

it is at this Court agreed that all, or at least such part thereof as

is not serviceable, shall be sold. Yet with such respect to the

Benefactors' gifts, as that such as shall be parted with, the Coats

of Arms and liiscr\]}tions may be carefully taken, and the samerecorded in the Company's Court hooks, in order that such amount

of plate may be restored, and made again, when the Company shallbe thereunto enabled."

Following the above entry is a note of the arms and inscriptions

of these pieces of plate, and the several weights, with others being

the Company's proper plate ; among them we find :

A cup and cover given by Mr. Leadham, with his coat of arms,and these words about

'' This gift I leave among my friendsOf that which God did give,

That when I die this gift of mineAmong my friends may live."

A cup by Robert South. Others given by John TeiTy, AnthonyBradshaw, John Acton, Richard Martin, William Symonds, Mr.Maninge, James Feake White, William Daniel, Richard Morell, George

Courthope, &c.

A cup and cover by Robert Shirley the elder, in 1612, 93J ounces.It does not appear that these were ever remade, as resolved at the

15

meeting, or, if they were, they have not been considered worthy ofexhibition as fine examples of Goldsmiths' work. The leading piecesnow in their possession are :A helmet-shaped ewer and salver, madeby Paul de Lamerie in 1741, and a two-handled cup and cover, of1739, by the same maker; a salt-cellar, the gift of Richard Rogersin 1632 ; another salt-cellar, the gift of Simon Gibbon in 1032 ; and asalt with crystal cylinder, the gift of Thomas Seymour in 1693; twocups and covers, given by John Saunders, made 1072 and 1674

;

three flagons made in 1779 ; a pair of vases and covers, chased withclassical subjects, made in 1740 and 1741 ; and two fine Augsburgcups of the 10th century.

The Wardens' dinner, after the meeting alluded to, on the 5thJuly 1667 :"2 legs of mutton and ' collyflowers,' 1 leg of veal and bacon,

1 sirloin of beef, 2 rabbits, 1 dozen of chickens, 12 twelvepennytarts, 3 lb. of sugar, strawberries and raspberries ; 6 bottles ofcanary, 12 bottles of claret, 6 bottles of white wine."

The destruction of many fine pieces of plate in the Great Fire ofLondon is thus alluded to in the Minutes of the following Companies,at their meetings held immediately after it had subsided, which majinterest some of our readers :

Merchant Tailors.On the 20th September 1666 (only seventeendays after the commencement of the fire), it was ordered, at a Courtspecially summoned, that " the Master and Wardens, or any three ofthem, do view the Company's plate that is melted in the late dreadful

fire, and do treat with Mr. Taylor at the Tower, or any other person,about the refining of the same to the best advantage." Two hundredpounds weight of silver were collected and sold, in order to beginraising a fund to erect a new building. The only plate then in theirpossession is recorded in 1687:2 basins (rose-water dishes, one

given by William Ofifley, date 1590, the other 1597), 131 oz. 10 dwt.,

diameter 19 in.; candlestick and snuffers, 35 oz. 14 dwt.; Fan head,

21 oz. ; 2 cups and covers, the gift of James Churchman, 100 oz. ;2 ewers, 64 oz. ; cup and cover, the gift of John Brett, senr., 91 oz.3 dwt., given 1680 ; another cup, weighing 97 oz., given by JohnBrett, jun., in 1680.

The Grocers.On the 9th November 1006, the Wardens gave thefollowing particulars :" Of the Company's plate melted in the Hallin the late violent and destructive fire, and of the melted parcels

taken up and put together, with the Company's urgent occasions for

16

a supply of money," it was ordered " that the same plate (amountingto 200 lbs. weight of metal) should be sold and be disposed of to the

best advantage of the Company."

The Drapers.On the 25th October 1GG6, the Court learningthat the Renter-Warden was deficient in 446 of the Company'smoney, which he had left in a cupboard of the treasury, and hadi'allen into the fire when the Hall was burned, and that part had beenfound, but much defaced, and the rest supposed to be melted in therubbish, exonerated him from the repayment, and ordered that thepart recovered should be refined by a silversmith." At the same

meeting it was further ordered that " the Company's plate, which had

been put into a mouth or well of the common sewer in the Gardenfor its preservation, should be forthwith taken up and secured."

GOLD PLATE.Silver-gilt plate was frequently designated as gold, and generally

so called, which has misled many people who imagined that the richer

metal was not of rare occurrence. Tn fact, the difference between gold

and finely- gilt silver could not, without actually testing the piece, be

detected, as the Hall marks for both old standard gold and old standard

silver were identical. This anomaly was not remedied until as recently

as 1844, when an Act was passed to omit the stamp of the lionpassant, and substitute the quality of gold by numbers, denoting the

purity in carats with a crown above ; thus 22-carat gold now bears a

crown and 22 ; 18-carat gold was stamped with a crown and 18 in 1798.

Pure gold plate may easily be known by its weight compared withsilver, weighing more than half as much again, and the relative valuewill account for its rare occurrence. For example, the gold cup and

cover belonging to the Earl of Craven, weighing 117 ounces, would,

without the fashion or cost of making, be intrinsically worth about

500 ; the same in silver, only 30.The list of pure gold vessels which have come under our notice is

astonishingly small, and are here enumerated :

1. A two-handled cup and cover of the l7th century, given byBishop Hall to Exeter College, Oxford.

2. A cup, on baluster stem and foot, engraved with arms of Yorkand Eawdon ; presented by Marmaduke Eawdon to the Corporation

of York in 1 072. Weight, 20 oz., 13 dwt. Height, 8f inches.

3. Cup and cover (plain body ; the cover has a ring of a coiled

serpent, engraved with scrolls) with two handles. Hall mark of 1073.

17

Maker, I.N. The property of J. W. TValrond, Esq. Height,3f inches. Diameter, 4f inches.

4. A chocolate cup and a cover with three helmets to form a stand,engraved with Chinese figures, one handle. It has the well-known mark,R.L. Date ahout 1680. Found in the lake at Knowsley. In the possession of the Earl of Derhy. Height, 4| inches. Diameter, 4 inches.

5. A small porringer with two handles and a cover, of the year1680, belonging to the Corporation of Oxford.

6. A pair of massive gold ice-pails, cylindrical, with lion's head andring handles, weighing 365 ounces, given by Queen Anne to the greatDuke of Marlborough; date about 1710. Earl Silencer

7. A two-handled cup, made by Paul de Lamerie in J 717, statedto be at Berkeley Castle (mark, LA. crowned) ; a legacy from theCountess of Berkeley to her daughter. Lady Betty Germaine.

8. A cup presented to Sir Charles Gould, Bart., by the EquitableAssurance Company in 1780 ; in possession oi Lord Tredegar.

9. A salver is stated to be among the plate of William IV., atWindsor Castle.

10. A cup and cover of recent make, handsomely chased, madefrom gold obtained in the Castell Candochan mines, in Merioneth-shire ; belonging to Sir Watkin W. Wynn, Bart.

11. Eound salver, made by Paul Storr in 1801, inscribed " Eundellet Bridge fecerunt."

Duke of Rutland.12. Beautiful helmet-shaped cup, engraved with the arms of the

Duke of Devonshire ; made by Pierre Platel in 1701. (This gold-smith entered his mark of PL., crowned, in 1699 ; Lamerie's mark ofLA. was not entered until I7l2.)

13. Oval salver, to correspond ; same date and maker. Duke ofDevonshire.

14. Plateau, made from gold boxes in which the freedom of the citiesand towns of Ireland were presented to the Marquis of Hartington

when Lord Lieutenant in 1 755. Made by Paul Storr in 1813. Engravedwith the Arms of Irish cities and of Cavendish. Duke of Devonshire.

15. A racing cup is said to be in existence, engraved with a race-horse and jockey ; inscribed, " Saltby Stakes."

16. Two-handled cup and cover ; inscribed, " This cup of massy

gold was the gift of Edward, Lord Leigh, to William, Lord Craven,

one of his lordship's guardians and trustees, a.d. 1765.'' Hall mark,

1764-5. Maker |t[P| Thomas Powell, Craig's Court, Charing Cross.W^eight, 117 ounces. The Earl of Craven.

2

18

ENGLISH GOLDSMITHS.*Among the celebrated goldsmiths of a remote periodwho, it willbe remembered, were frequently artists and designers of architec-

ture, as well as sculptors, painters, and workers in the precious

metals, and excelling in one or more of the fine artswe shall include

in our list several of foreign extraction, but who must have residedfor a lengthened period in England, judging from the beautifulexamples extant, and their elaborate workmanship, many of which are

still preserved in this country.

We give a probably imperfect record of their names and thewell-known specimens of their art which have rendered them famous

all over Europe, confining ourselves as much as possible to those ofour own country.

Saint Dunstan (Patron of English Goldsmiths).

10th century.Dunstan of Glastonbury, where he was born a.d.

925. His father's name was Herstan ; his mother's, Cynedrida. Heentered a monastery when young, and probably learned there thegoldsmith's art, as well as devoting himself to a religious life. Whenhe left, he erected a cell in which was a forge as well as an oratory,

adjacent to the Church of Glastonbury ; employing his time partly indevotional austerities and partly in the exercise of making ecclesi-astical vessels and ornaments for the church, such as crosses, censers,

and chalices, as well as goldsmith's work in general, both for the

clergy and laity. He instituted the Order of Benedictine Friars, oneof its rules being the prohibition of marriage, which, it is said,

originated from a disappointment in love he met with in early life.

While working at his forge and anvil on one occasion, a mysterious

person entered his cell to give an extensive order for plate, but

Dunstan discovered that his visitor was no less a person than the

devil himself in disguise, on which he immediately took the red-hot

tongs from the fire and seized His Infernal Majesty by the nose; theunexpected application made him roar and bellow so as to disturbthe whole neighbourhood. So runs the tradition, which has been

* Mr. F. G. Hilton Price has kindly furnished us with his pamphlet of " Notes on theEarly Goldsmiths and Bankers, to the close of the XVII. Century," to which we havemade frequent reference. (Proceedings of the London and Middlesex ArchasologicalSociety, vol. v.)

19

carried down to this day, and implicitly believed by the faithful throughmany ages. Dunstan, however, at length attracted the notice of theSaxon king, Athelstan, and -he was made Abbot of Glastonbury in theyear 942 by his successor. King Edmund, who supplied him withmoney to restore the Abbey. He continued in favour with Edred andEdwy, and was raised by them to the dignities of Bishop ofWorcester, subsequently Bishop of London, and in 959 he becameArchbishop of Canterbury. On the accession of Ethelred II. in 979,his influence with that monarch declined, and he was deposed ; but

although shortly reinstated, he was so mortified that he died of grief

and vexation in a.d. 988, and was buried in Canterbury Cathedral.

He was canonized as Saint, and from his high appointments in theState, combined with his previous employment as goldsmith and

worker in the precious metals, he was chosen patron of the Goldsmiths

of England, and especially by the Goldsmiths' Company of London,

who paid to his memory honours without end. Their records aboundwith notices of ceremonials and observances to their Patron Saint on

special occasions. Their gorgeous Hall was adorned with his image

of silver-gilt set with gems and precious stones of fabulous price.

Much of their plate bore his effigy. They had " St. Duustau's Light"kept constantly burning in St. John Zachary's Church, the cost of

maintaining which formed an annual item in their Wardens' accounts.

They had a chapel also in St. Paul's Cathedral.

In 1460, " On St. Dunstan's Eve all the hoole companye of theLyverye shall assemble at the Hall in their second lyverye and shall

have iiij chapeleynes to wayte and goo before them to Pawls " (St.

Paul's). On its being debated whether St. Dunstan's day should bekept by shutting up their shops and keep holiday, the Company

agreed to do so. He is designated in their books " Seynt Dunstan,

our blessed Patron, Protector, and Founder," and on their feast days

they drank to his memory from a great and costly cup, surmounted

by a statuette of the Saint, called " St. Dunstan's Cup." He was

considered as having been a brother of the craft ; indeed, some of his

handicraft was extant in 1280, for in the wardrobe accounts of Edward I.

is noted "A gold ring with a sapphire of the workmanship of St.Dunstan." However, all these observances ceased at the Reformation.

Under date 1550, the Company change their election day, and

discard the religious ceremonies from St. Dunstan's day to that of the

Holy Trinity ; but still their festivities were continued. A few yearsearlier (in 1517, October 4), we read, *' At the assembly on this day

2 *

20

Mr. Wardens desired to know the pleasure of the assistants for theymage of Seint Dunstan, because of the Injunctions," and they agreedthat "Mr. Alderman Bowes (Sir Martin), and the Wardens with iiij

other, soche as they sholde appoynte, sholde take the same ymage and

hreake yt, and turn yt to the moste profett of the house. Also thai,

the gret standyng cuppe with Seynt Dunston on the topp, sholde

be lykewyse by them bee broken and turned into other plate."

To Dunstan has been attributed the placing of pegs in tankards.

Finding that quarrels very frequently arose in taverns from disputes

about the proper share of the liquor when they drank out of the same

cup, he advised Edgar to order gold or silver pegs to be fastened at

regulated distances in the pots, that every man should know his justallowance. The space between each peg contained half a pint.

We must not leave unnoticed the splendid tapestry used for thedecoration of Goldsmiths' Hall, made at a great expense in Flanders,illustiatiug events in the history of St, Dunstan; the entire expense

of which work was o50. The Wardens' accounts contain some

interesting items: "Paid Mr. Gerard Hughes for the rich arras for thehanging of the Hall; for devising the story; for making the stories

in black and white ; to four masters, every one of them sixteen days

at a shilling a day ; for a boy to sharpen their colours (chalks) ;for the translation of the story out of English into Dutch, that the

foreign workmen might understand it : to Mr. Hughes for costs andcharges, lying in Flanders, and for canvas. Sec."

A.D. 872-900.

Alfred tlie Great, although not actually a practical

goldsmith, greatly encouraged, and probably superintended, the

working of the precious metals into jewellery and plate.

The business of a goldsmith was held in great repute by the Anglo-

Saxons, and a poem in that language, speaking of the various con-

ditions of men, contnins lines which may be thus translated:

" For one a wondrous skillIn goldsmith's art

Is provided.

Full oft he decorates

And well adornsA powerful King's noble,And he to him gives broadLands in recompence."

Asser, the friend and biographer of Alfred the Great, tells us that

21

when he had secured peace aud protection to Jiis subjects, he resolvedto extend to them a knowledge of the Arts ; for this purpose hecollected from many nations numerous skilful artificers, the mostexpert in their respective trades. Among these were many workersin gold aud silver, who, acting under his instructions, executed withincomparable skill many articles in these metals. In striking corro-boration of this account, a most beautiful and interesting example ispreserved in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, called the AlfredJewel ; this golden brooch, or locket, is of oval shape, richly wrought,

and decorated with an enamel portrait outlined with gold cloisons ona piece of rock-crystal ; around the bust, in Saxon characters, are thewords Aelfred me haet geivercan (Alfred had me wrought). It wasdiscovered in 1G93 in the Isle of Athelney (near the Abbey), whereAlfred retreated in a.d. 878, and fortified it against the Danes ; theportrait may not improbably be that of the King himself.

A.D. 600.

St. Eloi, Bishop of Noyon^ was born in 588 at Catalacin Limoges, and received the name Eligius (chosen by God) as aprognostic of his great destiny. He was chosen Patron of FrenchGoldsmiths, having succeeded St. Martial, or Marcel. He wasapprenticed to a goldsmith named Abbo, and when he was perfectedin his art he went to Neustria, and made acquaintance with thetreasurer of King Clothaire, named Bobbo, who introduced him, audhe was entrusted by the King with a mass of gold to make a fauteuil,to be incrusted with precious stones. With the quantity of gold hehad received he made two fauteuils, instead of one, as ordered. TheKing was astonished to see two instead of one, and exclaimed: "Onecan judge from this act of the confidence which may be placed inthe conduct of more important things." He advanced speedily in hisart, and made a great number of gold vases set with precious stonesand other jewels, assisted by his apprentice, Thillon. King Dagobertplaced the same confidence iu Eloi ; he was the founder of the mon-

astery of Solignac, which, like others of the same time, were schools of

the liberal arts, especially that of goldsmith. Thillon was made abbot.Numerous vessels of gold and silver were made by him for the churches,especially for St. Denis. The chair above alluded to is preserved inthe Cabinet des Antiques at Paristraditionally attributed to Eloi

as well as an altar-cross, set with precious stones, made by order ofKing Dagobert, at St. Denis. Saint Eloi, Bishop of Noyons, foundedseveral other monasteries, which contained rt^6'/^>/* for the manufacture

of ecclesiastical ornaments; but we have already exceeded our pro-

22

posed limits, and notice his decease in 659. His name is here

introduced, being chosen as Patron of the Guild of "Hammermen"

of Scotland, or Smiths, among which Goldsmiths were anciently in-

cluded, until those of Edinburgh obtained a separate charter in 1586,

confirmed in 1C87.

600.

Thillon, pupil of St. Eloi, before mentioned, was of Saxon

or English origin.

12th century.

Brithnodus, Abbot of Ely, was a worker in gold

and silver. Four images made by him, covered with silver gilt and

precious stones, were stripped to appease the resentment of William

the Conqueror.

I2th century.

Leo, a contemporary of Brithnodus, was by him

instructed in the goldsmith's art.

12th century.

Elsinus, his successor, made a reliquary for the

bones of St. Kindreda. The Abbey was able to offer William the

Conqueror a thousand marks by the sacrifice of gold and silver orna-

ments, after the resistance made in the island by the Saxons.

12th centuYj.^Balduifi, a goldsmith (probably a monk of theAbbey of St. xA.lbans), is mentioned by Matthew Paris as the maker

of a large cup of gold for Robert, Abbot of St. Albans, " which was

adorned with flowers and foliages of the most delicate workmanship,

and set with precious stones in the most elegant manner." His

Latinised name was Baudui?mH.

12th century.

Robert, Abbot of St. Albans, is noticed by Mathew

Paris as being a skilful goldsmith. He made two remarkable

reliquaries, covered with golden images, and other choice works in

gold and silver. He was a great promoter of the goldsmith's art, and

under his supervision many artistic and sumptuous objects were

fabricated.

11th century. Vu/fi/ in, or Vtilflnus, a monk of Chichester, whowas a goldsmith in the 11th century, is mentioned by Ordoricus

Vitalis. From the similarity of the name of the goldsmith Wolviuus,

who made the Paliotto of Milan, in S35, some confusion has arisen.

12th century.

Ralph Flael, in the reign of Henry II., was a gold-

smith and Alderman of London ; he held in demesne the ward of

Aldersgate. He is mentioned in the amerciaments of the guilds

for being adulterine, that is, set up without special license. " Gilda

aurifabrorum unde Radulfus Flael est Aldermanus."

12th century.

Anketil was a celebrated goldsmith. He was a

monk of St. Albans, and acquired such a reputation for his works iii

23

the precious metals that he was invited by the King of Denmark tosuperintend his goldsmiths' works, and be his banker and money-changer. A pair of candlesticks, made of silver and gold, and pre-sented by Eobert, Abbot of St. Albans, to Pope Adrian (our country-man), were so much esteemed for their exquisite workmanship thatthey were consecrated to the basilica of St. Peter at Rome. In thetime of Henry II. the demand for highly-finished trinkets was so greatthat many additional artists resorted here from Germany and Italy.

12th century.

Bolomon of Ely was a pupil of Anketil of St.Albans, and assisted him in his works at the monastery.

1090,

Otto, the Elder, goldsmith in the reign of William II., wasappointed Engraver to the Mint.

1100.

Leofstane, goldsmith, flourished in the reign of Henry I.He was made, by the King, Provost of London, a title antecedentto that of Mayor.

1130.

Otto, the Younger, and William Fitz Otto were goldsmithsin the reign of Henry I., and were severally engravers to the Mint.

11th century.

Theo^hilus, a monk of the middle of the 11th cen-tury, was a practical goldsmith, or he could not have described sominutely the technical details of the goldsmith's trade. His workentitled " Diversarum Artium Schedula " (Essay on various Arts)treats of miniature-painting, glass-making, enamel, and the goldsmith'sart so accurately that his instructions can be followed at the present

day. His nationality is disputed ; he has been claimed by Germany,Italy, and France as a native, or denizen, but it is a moot question,and why may not England put in a claim ? for we have shown thatthese arts were practised in this country successfully in convents at

that early period. He describes the methods of working gold andsilverthe necessary tools, the ingredients of the alloy, &c. He was,at the same time, aurifahrum mirahilem, pictorcm doctum et Vitre-arium sagacem, or three artists in one.

1110.The celebrated Gloucester Candlestick, preserved in theSouth Kensington Museum, must be noticed as an example of Englishmonkish workmanship, made at Gloucester, a fine example of thetransition period between the Romanesque, or Celtic, and the Gothic.

It is of alloyed silver, and has a straight stem, with three bosses, andinterlaced bands, knots, and pierced foHage supporting men, monsters,

dragons, birds, &c., on a tripod of dragons' claws. It bears several

Latin inscriptions, one of which records its gift by Abbot Peter ofGloucester to the Church of St. Peter, at Gloucester. It is twenty-

24

three inches high. These pricket candlesticks were frequently of large

size. Mr. Pollen, in his South Kensington " Handbook on Gold andSilver," says they were used "notably at the festival at Easter, whennew fire is struck from a flint after all lights had been put out on

Good Friday, and a candle of great size is lighted, a type of the newdawn and the heavenly life of the Resurrection." The most completeexample is the seven-branched candlestick at Milan Cathedral, of gilt

bronze, of about the same date, above fourteen feet high.

1189.

Henry Fitz Alwyn, goldsmith. King Richard I., Cceur deLion, in order to maintain the expenses incurred in the Crusades,

levied large subsidies upon the city, and in return granted to the

citizens the privilege of electing their own chief magistrate, who wasdesignated "Maior,'' a title taken from the Norman Maire. Thefirst elected to this high office was Henry Fitz Alwyn, whose ancestor

Alwyn, cousin of King Edgar, was styled " Alderman of all England."Henry Fitz Alwyn was mayor for twenty-four years (1189-1213).

1192-3.

Henry de Cornhill was Warden of the Mint, 4th and 5thRichard I. In the third year of Richard I. he accounted for the

profits of the Cambium of all England, except Winchester.1222.

llger, goldsmith, was Master of the Mint in this year.13th century. William Fitz Otho, or Otto, in the 6th of King

John (1204) made the dies for the Mint at Chichester, beingEngraver to the Mint.

1243.

Richard Ahel, goldsmith, succeeded William Fitz Otho asEngraver to the Mint (27th Henry III.).

1243. William Fitz Otho, probably the same mentioned above,

was goldsmith to King Henry III., and made many rich ornamentsfor the use and adornment of the Lady Chapel in W^estminster Abbey.In the 28th year of this king's reign (1243) he directed Fitz Otho tomake " a dragon in manner of a standard or ensign, of red samit, tobe embroidered with gold, and his tongue to appear as continually

moving, his eyes of sapphires, to be placed in the church against the

King's coming thither." Two years later he ordered the Keeper ofthe Exchequer to "buy as precious a mitre as could be found in thecity of London, for the Archbishop's use, and also one great coronal

of silver to set wax candles upon in the said church."

1224.

Everard, a goldsmith of London, was warden of the King'sexchange at the Mint, 9th Henry III.

1255. William of Gloucester, "the King's Goldsmith," was

Keeper of the Dies, Master of the Mint in 1258. In the 4 1st Henry III.

25

(1256), "This King, as a further ornament for St. Peter's (West-minster Abbey), ordered a sumptuous monument to be erected there,for his daughter Catharine, deceased, giving order to his treasurer and

his chamberlain of the treasury to deliver to Simon de Welles, five

marks and a half for his expenses in going to London for a certainbrass image to be set upon her tomb, and returning home again. Andupon the same tomb there was also set a silver image ; for the

making of which William of Gloucester, the King's goldsmith, was

paid sixty and ten marks."

1242.

Ealph Eswy, goldsmith, was one of the Sheriffs in 1242." In 1243 he was again chosen Mayor and presented to his Lordship

the King at Westminster." (Riley, " Mayors and Sheriffs of London.")1243.

Hugh Bland, goldsmith, was one of the Sheriffs in 1243.1300.

Ade, the King's goldsmith in the reign of Edward I., made

many of the gold and silver vessels for the sideboard of that monarch.

In the wardrobe accounts of Edward I. his name frequently occurs;from which we select the following: "Duo disci argenti pro inter-ferculis facti per filium Ade Aurifabri Regis de proprio vesselo ipsius

Regis pond vj//. vijs. u]d."13th century.

Edward Fitz Otho, Engraver to the Mint, and Master.1265.

Thomas Fitz Otho, do. ' do.

1280.Hugh Fitz Otho, do. do.1290.

Thomas Fitz Otho, do. do.1294. William Fitz Otho^ do. do.1212. William Fitzwilliam, a goldsmith, about this time founded

at St. Helen's, in Bishopsgate, a priory of Benedictine Nuns, and

probably built a church for them, against that of St. Helen's, which

afterwards came into their possession ; the ruins of the nunnery were

pulled down in l799.t1290. William Torel, goldsmith and citizen of London. It has

been attempted to prove that he was an Italian of the family of

Torelli, but the name of Torel occurs in documents from the time of

the Confessor down to the said William Torel. He is celebrated

* Xo less than three tenants-in-chief iinder the Conqueror are entered in Domesday,

under the appellation of " Aiirifaber." One of these, Otto Aurifaber, held in Essex ;

and his descendants, under the surname of Fitz Otho, appear to have been almost

hereditary Mint Masters to the Crown for two centuries, becoming extinct about 1300.

t He was the son of " William the Goldsmith." Sir WilUam FitzWilliam, MerchantTaylor, servant to Cardinal Wolsey, Alderman of Bread Street Ward, 1506, was a lineal

descendant, from whom is descended the present Earl FitzWilliam. (" Annals of St.Helens," by Rev. J. E. Cos, D.D.)

26

for the beautiful recumbent statue of Eleanor of Castile, Queen ofEdward I., ob. 1290, in Westminster Abbey, on the altar tomb at theeast end of Edward the Confessor's chapel, which has been thusdescribed : " Her image, most curiously done in brass, gilt with gold,

her hair dishevelled and falling very handsomely about her shoulders,

on her head a crown, under a fine canopy supported by two cherubim,

all of brass gilt." It is well preserved, and uninjured as whenoriginally placed there. The stone work of the Queen's tomb wasconstructed by Master Richard de Crundale, mason. Torel built the

furnace in which the statue was cast in St. Margaret's Church Yard,

Torel also executed the effigy of gilt bronze on the tomb of Henry III.

(1291), in the Confessor's chapel. The shrine of Edward the Con-fessor, erected by Henry III., when the church was rebuilt, wasdecorated with mosaics, the work of Peter the Roman Citizen. Thepavement before the altar was executed by Roman workmen, withmaterials brought from Rome. The name of the artist, was Odoricus

(1267-8).A beautiful piece of iron work, overhanging the tomb of Queen

Eleanor, is attributed to Master Thomas de Leghtone in1294.

1275.

Ralph le Blount, or Le Blmid, goldsmith and one of the

wardens of the Company, was Alderman of Bassishaw Ward. Hewas Engraver to the Mint in 12G7, having succeeded Richard Abelin that capacity.

1269.Among the 68 adherents of Simon de Montfort who wasdefeated and slain at the battle of Evesham, when Henry III. wasreleased from prison, were

Conrad, the goldsmith ; John Fitzpatrick,

goldsmith ; and Hubert, the goldsmith : they were banished the

kingdom with the rest. On the submission of the Barons, they wereheavily fined, and the City of London was obliged to pay 20,000 marks.(Riley.)

In 1275.

Michael Thovy, goldsmith, for holding with the Barons,

was imprisoned with others, and, by reason of murders and robberies

imputed to him by the Aldermen, was hanged in 1275. (Riley.)1275.

Gregory de Rokesley, a celebrated goldsmith, lived in the

Old Change ; he was Keeper of the King's Exchange and Chief Assay

Master of all the King's mints in England. Sheriff in 1271. Hewas eight times Mayor, between 1275 and 1285, when, for refusing

to appear at the Tower as Lord Mayor before the King's justices

asserting his privilege by throwing off his civic robes at the Church

27

of Alihallows, Barking, and then obeying the mandate as a privateindividualhe had his office seized, together with the liberties ofthe City by John de Kirkeby, the King's treasurer ; and Ralph Sand-ivith (not a goldsmith) was appointed " Custos " in lieu of the Mayor,which office he held from 1286 to 1289, In 1297 the liberties wererestored, and the office of Mayor revived.

In the 8th Edward I. (1279), the value of the coins had becomeso deteriorated by clipping, that a new standard of value was established,and a new coinage issued, which was conducted by an agreementwith William de Turnemire of Marseilles ; groats and half groatswere made as well as sterlings or pennies. The pound of Easterlingmoney was to contain 12 ounces, to wit, fine silver, such as wasthen made into foil, and commonly called " Silver of Guthurons Lane,"viz. 11 oz. 25- dwt. The dies for this new money were delivered toGregory de Uokesley on the 27th May 1280. (Guthurons Ijane ledout of Cheapside, east of Foster Lane, and took its name from aformer resident and owner thereof, it was inhabited principally bygold-beaters. It is now called Gutter Lane.) Gregory de Rokesleywas buried in Christ's Church, Newgate Street.

13th centuiy.

John of Limoges probably resided many years inEngland, and executed the beautiful tomb, enriched with colouredchamp leve enamels, of Walter de Merton, Bishop of Colchester, stillexisting in Westminster Abbey.*

1262.In this year there was a quarrel between the goldsmiths

and the tailors, who met in great bodies, fully armed, with loss onboth sides. The riot was quelled by the Mayor and Aldermen, andthirteen of the ringleaders executed.

1276.-

Jocee, the goldsmith, was Keeper of the Dies and Master of

the Mint in this year.1279.

Sir Thomas de Froitick, Alderman of Cheap Ward andMayor, was a warden of the Goldsmiths' Company. He is namedin the Parliamentary rolls as the maker of the golden crown for the

coronation of Edward's second Queen, Margaret.

* It was very much the practice in the Middle Ages, especially in monasteries, tocall not only the monks, but people -who were instructed therein, by their Christiannames, adding thereto the city or place from whence they came. These Establish-ments were frequently schools for teaching the various arts and the technicalities oftrades, among which was that of the goldsmith ; by which custom the actual surnamein many instances became altogether forgotten. This was the case, more or less, allover Europe. Hence we have John of Limoges, William de Gloucester, Solomon of

Ely, "Walter de Merton, John de Chichester, Jan Van Delft, Roger of Ely, &c.

28

1284.

Laurence Ducket, gcldsmitb, who had taken shelter in thetower of Old Bow Cliurch after wounding one Ealph Crepin, wasmurdered therein in 1284, for which, says Stow, sixteen persons were

hung, a woman, named Alice, burnt, and many rich persons " hangedbv the purse." Tlie church was interdicted, the doors and windowsfilled with thorns, till it was purified again.

1280.

SirWillianiFaryngdon,

goldsmith. Sheriff, 1281, and Mayor,who gave his name to the City Ward. Faringdon Ward, afterwardsdivided into two, "Within "and "Without," in Hadley's mayoralty,was originally one Aldermanry, purchased by William Faryngdon in1279, and remained in his family for upwards of eighty years. Itwas held by the singular tenure of presenting annually at Easter agilliflower, a flower formerly of great scarcity.

Stow says that Faryngdon was purchased of Ealph le Feure : " Allthe Aldermanrie and the appurtenances within the Citie of Londonand suburbs of the same, between Ludgate and Newgate, and alsowithin the same gates which Ankerirus de Averne held during his lifeby grant of Thomas Averne. To have and to hold to the said Ealphnnd his heirs, yielding one clove or slip of gilliflower at the feast of

Easter, in consideration of twenty marks," &c. &c.

1308.

Hir Nicholas Faringdon (son of Sir William), of " Chepe,"goldsmith, was four times Mayor, 1308, 1313, 1320, and 1323.

Warden of the Goldsmith's Company. He was buried at St. Peter'sle Chepe, a church that, before the great fire, stood where the

tree still stands in the churchyard at the corner of WoodStreet.

1307.

John de Lou the and^ William de Berkincje, goldsmiths ofLondon, were the principal jewellers of Queen Isabella, consort ofKing Edward II. In a Cottonian MS. communicated to the Societyof Antiquaries by Mr. E. A. Bond, is noticed some jewellery pur-cliased of them by the Queen for 421. Among these were"A chapletof gold, set with balays, sapphires, emeralds, diamonds, and pearls,price 105 ; a crown of gold, set with sapphires and rubies ofAlexandria, price 80 ; a circlet of gold, price 00," kc.

1324-1404. William of Wykeham, consecrated Bishop of Win-chester in 1367, is said to have designed the celebrated Gothic

crozier which he left by will, with other plate, to New College, Oxford,of which he was the founder. His own image is in the volute, kneel-ing before the Virgin, which last has been removed since the changeof religion.

29

His great and useful talents, especially his skill in architecture,appear to have recommended him to the favour of Edward III. Hepersuaded that monarch to pull down a great part of Windsor Castle,and rebuild it from his plan, in that plain magnificence in which itDOW appears ; and many other buildings were restored or rebuilt uud'.'rhis directions. He died the 27th September 1104.

133i;.

Henry de Gloucester, citizen and goldsmith of London.His will, originally in Latin, is given in Weever's " Funeral jNIonu-ments," p. 421. He was buried at St. Helens, London. He bequeathsto his daughter Elizabeth, vj shillings, being a nun in the said convent

of St. Helen's, &c.

In 1839 three London goldsmiths were retained for a year by theChapter of St. Pauls in consequence of a bequest of gold and jewelsto the shrine of St. Erkenwald.

1309.

John Standulph, goldsmith, his name occurs in a document

of this year. He was Master of the Goldsmith's Company, and wasburied in the Church of St. Foster, Foster Lane.

1309.

Haukin of Liege, a Flemish artist, executed the figure ofQueen Philippa, which lies upon her tomb in Westminster Abbey,remarkable for its cushioned head-dress, which is said to be the first

attempt to pourtray the features of the face or an actual likeness.

Queen Philippa, wife of Edward III., was the founder of Queen'sCollege, Oxford. Around the tomb were placed the statuettes ofthirty royal personages, to whom she was related, the niches only inwhich they were placed being in existence. The magnificence of thework may be imagined from the fact that it contained, wlien perfect,

more than seventy statuettes besides several brass figures on the

surrounding railing. The tomb of Edward III. (1377), by the samehand, has been somewhat better preserved, six of the statuettes still

remaining on one side of the monument.*

1350.

Robert de Shordich, senr., Adam de Walpole, Jolm deLincoln, and Rafe Comins, goldsmiths, were wardens of tiie Gold-smiths' Company in this year. In the records, under the head of

Expenses : " Because all the wardens here mentioned were dead,

expended on the poor " (sum obliterated). The occasion of their

sudden death was the great plague which desolated the greater part

* The features of the effigy which lies on the tomb are believed to have been cast

from the King's face as he lay in death, and, as Lord Lindsay says (Christian Art, iii.)

;

" The head is almost ideal in its beauty."

30

of England, and was especially fatal to the City of London ; thenature of the above entry, and the absence of all entries for the

succeeding year, are appalling proofs.

1323. Walter de Lincoln, goldsmith, is spoken of as having a

tenement adjoining the eastern site purchased for the Goldsmiths'Hall, in 1323, in the way called St. Vedast, in the parish of St. JohnZachary, London. In the deed of sale by the executors of SirNicholas de Segrave to Sir William de Swift, Clerk, on behalf of the

Goldsmiths' Company, the witnesses are John de Grantham and Rogerde Ely, Sheriflfs of London, Henry de Lecheford, Alderman of theward (Aldersgate), Richard de Wyhall, Robert Box, and Thomas deLincoln, goldsmiths. Dated 19th May 1328. Of this first erectionof the Hall little is known. The second Hail is supposed to havebeen built by Sir Dru Barentine, in 1407.

Ze;ico/w, a goldsmith in the reign of Richard II., 1381, probablyThomas de Lincoln before mentioned, was summoned, with others,to give advice as to the best steps to be taken for the preservation of

the coin in England, which had been exported to foreign countriesin large quantities.

1323.

Roger of Ely, goldsmith, was Sheriff of London during themayoralty of Sir Nicholas Faringdon. In 1323 the site of the first

Goldsmiths' Hall was purchased. His name is appended as witnessto the deed of sale before referred to.

1326.

Sir Richard Betane, or Britaine, goldsmith, was mayor inthis year.

1357.

Sir Joh?i de Chichester was an eminent goldsmith, Masterof the Mint 40th Edward III. (1365), Sheriff 1359, Mayor 1369-70,in which year William Walworth was Sheriff. His shop was at thecorner of Friday Street, in the Chepe. He made the King's privy seal,and the wedding jewellery for the King's son and the Lady Blanche.

In Eiley's "Memorials of London," we find the particulars of apresent of plate from the City of liOndon to Edward the BlackPrince, on his return from Gascouy in 1371, from which we quote

two items as an example of the manner of expressing weight andvalue in the 14th century by the Tower pound, which was given atthe Mint in coined money in exchange for the bullion received by theMint in Troy pounds, a profit thereby accruing of three-quarters ofan ounce in the exchange of each pound weight converted into money,which was the King's prerogative until the Tower pound was abolishedin 1527 :" Bought of Johii de Chichestre, Goldsmith, 48 esqueles

31

(eouelles) and 24 salt-cellars, by Goldsmiths' weight, 76 5s. Od.,adding six shillings in the pound with the making, total 109 Os. 9d.

;

also G chargers' weight, 14 ISs. 9d., which amounts, with themaking, to 21 7s. 2d.," &c. Goldsmiths^ weight (poids d'orf^vres)was the same as the Tower weight.

1334.The four wardens of the Company were Thomas de Berkele,Richard. Lonerye, John de Makenhened, Simon de Berkiny.

1337.The four wardens of the Company : Thomas de Rokesley,Richard Lonereye, John de Kingeston, and another name illegible.

1339.The four wardens of the Company : Nicholas de Walyng-wick, William D'Espagne, Robert de Shordich, jun., Nicholas deFarndon.

1340.The four wardens of the Company: Richard Denys, Robertde Shordich, sen., Robert le Marechal, Johfi de Kyngeston.

1349.

John Walpole, goldsmith, was buried in Allhallows Church,Bread Street, 134 9.

1349,

Simon de Berking, *' Aurifaber, London ; liberavit unumcaput de auro, Sancti Mathei, cum una mitr' (mitre) garniat' cum

perr' et perils, et unum ped' de argento cum duobus angelis " (Kal.

Exch.). The golden chef and the silver foot were reliquaries.1366. Thomas Hessey, goldsmith to Edward III., for whom he

furnished a quantity of table plate ; also " plate bought of ThomasHessey, goldsmith of London, and presented to the Constable ofFlanders and others, as gifts from the King." 39th Edward III.

1370.

John Walsh, goldsmith of London. Edward IV. boughtof him a silver gilt cup, decorated with enamel.

1360.

Thomas Raynham, goldsmith. His name occurs in theRoyal Wardrobe Accounts as one of Edward lll.'s goldsmiths.

14th century.

Godfrey, of Wood Street.1369.

Simon le Maserer, goldsmith, is mentioned among thebenefactors to the Goldsmiths' Company. He also left money for hisobit at St. Dunstan's Chapel, in St. Paul's. Simon was so calledfrom being a maker of silver-mounted masers, as bowls and cupswere formerly called, and were in general ugp at that period, made ofmaple or other hard wood, mounted in silver, with broad bands,frequently inscribed and chased.

1360.

John Hyltoft. In 1369 (42nd Edward III.) an agreement,still extant, was entered into between the Goldsmiths' Company andthe Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's, for maintaining a chantry in the

Chapel of St. Dunstan in that Cathedral for the soul of John Hyltoft,

32

goldsmith of London. The date at which the Goldsmiths foundedthis chapel we know uot^ but that they maintained its altar in greatsplendour is evident, from mention in the account of items of expendi-

ture connected therewith. There is an inventory of silver vessels

extant, bought of the executors of John Hiltoft, goldsmith, 42nd

Edward III. (1369).1388.

Sir Nicholas Twyford was goldsmith to Edward III.Sheriff in 1377. Mayor in 1388. He is mentioned in the accountsof the Company of 1379. He was knighted, with Sir William Walworth,in 1388. He was buried in the Church of St. John Zacharyin 1390,which church he had rebuilt.

1389.

John Edmund^ goldsmith, Engraver to the Mint, appointedby Richard II.

1390-91.

Sir Adam Bamme, goldsmith. Sheriff 1382, Mayor in1391 and 1390-97. "In a great dearth, he procured corn from parts

beyond the sea, in sufficient abundance to serve the city and the

countries near adjoining; to the furtherance of which good work hetook out of the orphans' chest in the Guildhall two thousand marks

to buy the said corn, and each alderman laid out twenty pounds to

the like purpose." He was buried in the Church of St. George, BotolphLane, where his son, Richard Bamme, of Gillingham, Kent, also lies,

ob. 14.52.

1380.The four wardens of the Goldsmiths' Company in this

year were Roberi Lucas, John Cramh, Herre Bame, and Herrc

Malvaijne.1400.

Sir Drngo, or Dru, Barenty?ie, goldsmith, was twice Mayor,

1398, 1408, Sheriff in 1393, M.P. for the City of London 1394.

He lived in Foster Lane. He built the second Goldsmiths' Hall, in1407. In 1395 a singular grant was issued to Margaret, Countess

of Norfolk, and Drugo Barentyne, goldsmith of London, licensing

them to melt down groats, half-groats, and sterlings, or pennies, to

the amount of 100, and to make thereof a silver vessel for the use

of the said Margaret, notwithstanding the Statute. It is not easy

to ascertain the object of this grant, for it is scarcely possible that

there was not a sufficiency of bullion in another form to be readily

obtained. " He gave fair lands to the goldsmiths," according toStow, "and dwelled right against the Goldsmiths' Hall, betweene the

which Hall and his dwelling-house he builded a gallery thwarting the

streete, whereby he might go from one to the other." He was buried

in the Church of St. John Zachary, on the 15th December I4l5.

33

1395.

Thoman Vole, goldsmith, was buried in the Church of St.Matthew, Friday Street, in 18!) 5.

1399.

John Mayliew. " Paid for a stone of adamant, ornamented

and set in gold, xl li!' 1st Henry IV. (Devon's "Pell Kecords.")

The stone of adamant was a loadstonefrequently worn about theperson as an amulet against maladiesset in metal.

1400. Walter Presf and Nicholas Broker executed in gilt metal

the effigies of Richard II. and Anne of Bohemia, in the Confessor's

Chapel, Westminster Abbey, in the beginning of the l5th century.

In the Kalendar of the Exchequer, 18th Richard II., is a copy of the

indenture for the construction of the tomb of Richard II. and his

Queen, in Westminster Abbey, between the King and Master Yeveleand Stephen Lote, stonemasons (latomos), for a marble tomb for

Anna, recently Queen of England, an