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A Guide to using the Chicago
Referencing Style
Library @
Student Seminar - Chicago © 2015 University of Kurdistan Hewlêr
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Introduction
When to use citations
What are citations and why you must use them
Chicago citations general formatting
Author-Date style
Humanities style
Bibliography
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When to use citations
When you:
Quote directly
Refer to a specific detail in a text (for example, a specific theory or idea,
an illustration, a table, a set of statistics)
Paraphrase or summarise a text within your assignment, paper or
dissertation
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What is a Chicago Citation
A Chicago citation is a combination of three parts:
A numbered reference on the page
The footnote at the bottom of the same page
The linked entry in the bibliography section at the end of your work
Through them you acknowledge the relevance of the material you have used for
your research. The bibliography entry by itself is not a citation.
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Why you must always cite
You acknowledge all sources used in your work to show that:
You are intellectually honest and haven’t plagiarised any material used
Your sources are of quality and value, and that they support and enhance
the debate in your work
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Chicago Citation
General formatting should include:
1-inch margins all around
The first page of actual text is page 1. Page numbers should be in upper right corners (½ inch from the top and 1 inch from the right)
Everything except footnotes double-spaced (including block quotes)
Block quotes for passages of 100 words/8 lines or more, for passages that are being compared, and for 2 or more lines of poetry. Indent them. Block quotes are not enclosed in quotation marks
Left justification; the left margin should be even while the right margin is ragged
Footnotes using the word processor’s function
The first line of each entry is flush left; indent run-over lines
12-point font size
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Chicago Citation
There are two Chicago formatting options:
Author-Date
Humanities
What remains the same across both formatting options are:
The in text entry - always use a superscript number “³” on the page in the text. Relating it to the note at the foot of the same page
The need to recheck all superscript references after any editing changes to ensure consistency
The editor/translator is always cited after the author with “ed.” or ”trans.”
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Chicago Citation
What remains the same across both formatting options are:
Indent usage in the bibliographic entry - after the first line use the indent of a 0.5
inch on all subsequent lines in the record entry
The requirement for full bibliographic information in the footnote and at the end of your paper in the bibliography when making first record of use. If you reuse the same material later in your paper be aware that:
A note number should never appear out of order and the same footnote number can not be reused, a new one is required
If the citation is on the same page as the previous reference then “Ibid.” can be used. If it is from a different page, use ibid + page number, e.g.” Ibid p. 56”
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Bibliography
Author-Date option
33.Stead, Alan. Information Rights in
Practice. 2008. London: Facet Publishing.
Humanities option
33.Stead, Alan. Information Rights in Practice.
London: Facet Publishing, (2008).
Example
….the key word in this section is ‘actionable‘. 33 There has to be a probability
of legal action against the authority, and also a probability of that action being
successful.
33. Alan Stead, Information Rights in
Practice (London: Facet Publishing, 2008),113.
45. Ibid.,113.
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This format is favoured by scholars from the natural and social
sciences. Elements to always be included are:
the author name - to be written as on the title page. Where
multiple authors; the first author’s name should be written
with last name first. For four to ten authors, write out all
names in the bibliography but use just the first author’s
name and “et al.” in the notes
publication date - use the following order: month, day, year
listed (where known)
the title - only the first word and proper nouns within the title
should have capitals. Highlight it in a different type or
embolden – but use same style for every entry
indent usage:
on the page in the paper where material is being
referenced. Each numbered reference at the bottom of the
page should be indented 0.5 inches
Chicago: Author-Date style
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Chicago: Author-Date style examples
1. Christopher Bartley, An Introduction to Indian Philosophy (London: Continuum,
2011), 5.
2. Bartley, Indian Philosophy, 7.
Bibliography:
Bartley, Christopher. An Introduction to Indian Philosophy. London:
Continuum, 2011.
1. Sarah Moore et al., The Ultimate Study Skills Handbook (Maidenhead:
Open University Press, 2010), 15.
2. Moore et al., Ultimate Study Skills, 20.
Bibliography:
Moore Sarah, Colin Neville, Maura Murphy, and Cornelia Connolly. The Ultimate
Study Skills Handbook . Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2010.
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Chicago: Humanities style
This format is favoured by scholars from literature, history and the arts. Elements to
always include are:
The author name (same as in author-date format) - to be written as on the title
page. Where multiple authors; the first author’s name should be written with last
name first followed by the forename(s). For four to ten authors, write out all
names in the bibliography but use just the first author’s name and “et al.” in the
notes
The publication date - use the following order: month, day, year (where known)
and use sentence like capitalisation
The title of books/chapters/articles with sentence like capitalisation - only the
first word and proper nouns within the title should have capitals. For periodical
titles capitalise headline-style. Use quotation marks at the start and finish of each
title
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Chicago: Humanities style example
A Union soldier, Jacob Thompson, claimed to have seen Forrest order
the killing, but when asked to describe the six-foot-two “a little bit of a
man.”12
12. Brian Steel Wills, A Battle from the Start: The Life of Nathan
Bedford Forrest (New York: HarperCollins, 1992), 187.
Bibliography:
Wills, Brian Steel. A Battle from the Start: The
Life of Nathan Bedford Forrest. New York:
HarperCollins, 1992.
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Bibliographic content - What do you think
should be included?
Author(s), editor(s) or organisation. Use initials for first and middle names. Use
“and” and not the ampersand (&) for multiple authors. For four to ten authors,
write out all names in the bibliography but use just the first author’s name and
“et al.” in the notes
Title and subtitle (if any) – first letter of word at start and end of title in upper case, except for conjunctions (i.e. is, at, in unless used as first or last word in a title). Use italic type for larger works and Roman and enclosed quotation marks for articles, chapters and short works
Place of publication/presentation
Publisher name in full where available and as an acronym where not available
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Bibliographic content - What do you think
should be included?
Full date of publication if known; or year. If an online sources date is unknown use date of accessing the publication and if a printed work does not have a date use “n.d.”
Page(s) and volume(s) of journal, magazine, online book, or conference paper
Website/database address and date of search if applicable. Digital object identifiers (DOI i.e. http://doi.org/10.1000/182)) preferred. Stable URLs can be used if the DOI is not available (i.e. http://www.jstor.org/stable/463522 )
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Examples - from a range of different formats
Goldstein, Martin. “How to Use Commas.” How to Use Punctuation. Last
modified November 15, 2009. http://www.terry/punctuation.edu.Footnote
Smith, Bob. “Commas.” Journal of Writing Skills 7, no. 3 (2000): 25-26.
Smith, Bob, Lynn Jones, and Joe Barr. Writing Essays. Flin Flon,
Manchester: University Press, 2000.
Summers, Gillian. “How to Cite a Database.” The Journal of Writing
Online 54, no. 3 (2003): 43-50. Ebscohost.
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Finally some Chicago - Bibliographic
do’s & don’ts
The material source list at the end of your paper should be headed “Bibliography”, followed by two blank lines before the first reference entry is made
One blank line should be left between each bibliographic reference
All entries should be in alphabetical order
The 3-em dash should be used to replace authors or editors names who hold multiple
successive entries in a bibliography. Such as:
Foucault, Michel. 1984a. “The Means of Correct Training.” In
The Foucault Reader, edited by Paul Rabinow, 188-205. New York: Pantheon.
-. 1984b. “Panopticism.” In The Foucault Reader, edited by Paul
Rabinow, 206-13. New York: Pantheon.
Publishers names should be written out in detail
Remember when and how to use indents in the paper and in the bibliography
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Referencing tools available - External
Here are three examples of referencing tools available via the internet:
https://www.citethisforme.com/
http://www.neilstoolbox.com/bibliography-creator/
http://www1.uwe.ac.uk/students/studysupport/studyskills/referencing/referencingtools.aspx
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Referencing tools available - Internal
There is also an internal tool available via Word 2013 on the UKH system. Go to:
‘Word ‘and click on the top label ‘References’
Change the style to the one you are using for this piece of work
Use the other three elements of this section to correctly add your source list to your paper in the referencing style of choice
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Still Confused?
Look at the following websites:
https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/717/01/
http://www.citationmachine.net/chicago
University of Kurdistan Hewlêr at http://www.ukh.edu.krd/library and open at the Citation and Referencing section to find the citation topic within
Student Seminar - Chicago © 2015 University of Kurdistan Hewlêr.
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I will take your questions now. Thank
you for taking this seminar
Student Seminar - Chicago © 2015 University of Kurdistan Hewlêr.
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