Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
A Guide to Academic ReferencingContentsA guide to the Harvard Referencing System...............................................................................................................................................3
Using the Harvard Referencing System to reference in-text...................................................................................................................3Using the Harvard Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography.........................................................................4
A guide to the APA Referencing System....................................................................................................................................................9Using the APA Referencing System to reference in-text........................................................................................................................9Using the APA Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography............................................................................11
A guide to the MLA Referencing System.................................................................................................................................................19Using the MLA Referencing System to reference in-text.....................................................................................................................19Using the MLA Referencing System to reference in the Works Cited List..........................................................................................20
A guide to the Oxford Referencing System...............................................................................................................................................23Using the Oxford Referencing System to reference in-text...................................................................................................................23Using the Oxford Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography.........................................................................27
A guide to the Chicago/Turabian Referencing Systems............................................................................................................................31Using the Chicago/Turabian Referencing Systems to reference in-text................................................................................................31Using the Chicago/Turabian Referencing Systems to reference in the references or bibliography......................................................33
A guide to the Vancouver Referencing System.........................................................................................................................................37Using the Vancouver Referencing System to reference in-text.............................................................................................................37Using the Vancouver Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography...................................................................37
A guide to the MHRA Referencing System..............................................................................................................................................41
Using the MHRA Referencing System to reference in-text..................................................................................................................41Using the MHRA Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography........................................................................42
A guide to the OSCOLA Referencing System..........................................................................................................................................45Using the OSCOLA Referencing System to reference in-text..............................................................................................................45Using the OSCOLA Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography....................................................................46
A guide to the Harvard Referencing SystemUsing the Harvard Referencing System to reference in-text
Using the Harvard Referencing System to reference in the text
To Refer To Use the general format For exampleA single author (Surname date) (Saunders 1993)Dual authors (Surname and Surname date) (Saunders and Cooper 1993)More than two authors (Surname et al. date) (Slacked et al. 1996)Work by different authors generally
(Surname date; Surname date) in alphabetical order
(Baker 1996;Lewis 1998;Thornhill 1997)
Different authors with the same surname
(Surname, Initial date) (Smith,] 1998)
Different publications by the same author
(Surname date; date) in ascending date order
(Lewis 1991; 1998)
Different publications by the same author from the same year
(Surname date letter), make sure the letter isconsistent throughout
(Forster 1991a)
An author referred to by another author where the original hasnot been read (secondary reference)
(Surname date; cited by Surname date) (Granovetter 1974; cited by Saunders 1993)
A corporate author (Corporate name date) (Hanson Trust plc 1990)A newspaper article with no obvious author
(Newspaper name date) (The Guardian 2004)
Another type of publication with no obvious author
(Publication title date) (Labour Market Trends 2001)
An Internet site (Site title date) (Advertising Association 1999 [on-line])
A publication for which the year of publication cannot beidentified
(Surname or Corporate name nd), where 'nd' means no date
(Surname or Corporate name, c. date) where 'c.' means circa
(Woollons nd)
(Hattersley c. 1977)
A direct quotation (Surname or Corporate name date, p. number) where 'p.' means 'page' and number is the page in the originalpublication on which the quotation appears
'The Harvard method, which Iuse in this book, has a numberof advantages over othermethods' (Bell 1999, p. 51)
Using the Harvard Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography
Using the Harvard Referencing System in the reference or bibliography
To reference Use the general format For exampleBooks and Chapters in Books
Book (first edition)
Surname, Initial and Surname, Initials (date) Title, Publisher, Place of Publication
SAUNDERS, MNK and COOPER, SA (1993) Understanding Business Statistics, DP Publications Ltd, London
Book (other than first edition)
Surname, Initial and Surname, Initials (date) Title (? edn) Publisher, Place of Publication
MORRIS, C (1999) Quantitative Approaches to Business Studies (5th edn), Financial Times Pitman Publishing, London.
Book (no obvious author)
Corporate Name or Publication name (date) Title, Publisher, Place of Publication
MINTELl MARKETING INTELLIGENCE (1998) Designerwear: Mintel Marketing Report, Mintel International Group., London
Chapter in a book Surname, Initial and Surname, Initials (date) Title, Publisher, Place of Publication, Cahpter ?
ROBSON, C. (1004) Real World Research (2nd edn), Blackwell, Oxford, Chapter 3.
Chapter in an edited book
Surname, Initials (date) 'Chapter Title', in Surname, Initials and Surname, Initials (eds), Title, Publisher, Place of publication, page numbers
CRAIG, PB (1991) 'Designing and using mail questionnaires' in Smith, NC and Dainty, P (eds), The Management Research Handbook, Routledge, London, PP. 181-9
Journal Articles
Journal article Surname, Initials and Surname, Initials (date) 'Title of Article', journal name, volume number, part number, pages
STOREY, J, CRESSEY, P, MORRIS, T and WILKINSON, A (1997) 'Changing employment practices in UK banking: case studies', Personnel Review, 26:1, 24-42
Journal Article (no obvious author)
Corporate Name or Publication name (date) 'Title of article', journal name, volume number, part number, pages
LOCAL GOVERNMENT CHRONICLE (1993)'Westminster poised for return to AMA fold', Local Government Chronicle, 5 November, p.5
Government Publications
Parliamentary Papers including Acts and Bills
Country of Origin (date) Title, Publisher, Place of Publication
GREAT BRITAIN (1994) Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, HMSO, London
Others (with authors)
As for books As for books
Others (no obvious authors)
Department name or Committee name (date) Title, Publisher, Place of publication
DEPARTMENT FOR TRADE AND INDUSTRY (1992) The Single Market: Europe Open for Professions, UK Implementation, HMSO, London
Newspapers including CD Rom databases
Newspaper article Surname, Initials and Surname, Initials (date)'Title of Article', Newspaper name, place of printing, day, month, pages
ROBERTS, D (1998) 'BAE sells property wing for £301m', The Daily Telegraph, London, 10 October, p. 31
Newspaper article (no obvious author)
Newspaper name (date) 'Title of article', Newspaper name, place of printing, day, month, pages
GUARDIAN (1992) 'Fraud trail at Britannia Theme Park', The Guardian, Manchester, 5 February, p. 4
Newspaper article from CD-ROM database
Newspaper name or surname, initials (date) 'Title of article', Newspaper name, CD-ROM, day, month, pages
FINANCIAL TIMES (1998) 'Recruitment: lessons in leadership: moral issues are increasingly pertinent to the military and top corporate ranks', Financial Times (CD-ROM), London, 11 March, p. 32
Other CD-ROM Publications
Title of CD-ROM or Surname, Initials (date) (CD-ROM), Publisher, Place of Publication
ENCARTA 98 ENCYCLOPAEDIA (1997) (CD-ROM), Microsoft, Redmond, WA
Unpublished Conference Papers
Surname, Initials and Surname, Initials
SAUNDERS, MNK, THORNHILL, A and LEWIS, P (2001) 'Employees'
(date)'Title of Paper', paper presented at the conference name, days, month, location of conference
reactions to management of change', paper presented at the Eight Annual Conference on Advances in Management, 11-14 July, Athens
Letters, personal emails and electronic conferences/bulletin boards
Letter
Personal email
Electronic conference/bulletin board
Surname, Initials and Surname, Initials (date)'Unpublished letter: Subject matter'
Surname, Initials (date) 'Subject matter' (email to author)(online)
Surname, Initials (date) Subject matter, name of electronic conference/bulletin board [online]
MacCLELLAND, S (1998) 'Unpublished letter: Reviewer’s feedback'
MacCLELLAND, S (1998) ' Reviewer’s feedback' (email to author)(online)
JONES, K (1999), 101 Reasons why we need the pound [online]
Internet Items excluding emails
Journal published on the internet
<URL:http://www.remainder of full internet electronic conference / bulletin board>
<URL:http://www.stingray.ivision.co.uk/groups/emu/friendex.htm>
Journal article published on the internet
Surname, Initials and Surname, Initials (date)'Title of article', journal name, volume number, part number [online] (cited day month year) Available from <URL:http://www.remainder of full internet address>.
ILINGWORTH, N (2001)'The Internet matters: exploring the use of the internet as a research tool', Sociological Research Online 6:2, [online] (cited 20 March 1004) Available from <URL:http://www.scoresonline.org.uk/6/2/illingowrth.html
Both the above tables are taken from the text: Saunders, M and Lewis, P and Thornhill, A (1004) Research Methods for Business Studies, (3rd edn), FT Prentice Hall Financial Times, London
A guide to the APA Referencing SystemUsing the APA Referencing System to reference in-text
Using the APA Referencing System to reference in the text
To Refer To Use the general format For exampleA single author (Surname, date) (Cochrane, 2007)Dual authors (Surname & Surname, date) (Palmer & Short, 2010)Three to five authors (Surname, Surname & Surname, date) OR (Seeley, VanPutte, Regan, & Russo,
(First time) Surname, Surname and Surname 2011)Three to five authors (subsequent)
(Surname et al., date) (Seeley et al., 2011)
More than five authors (Surname, Surname, Surname, Surname & Surname, date) OR Surname, Surname, Surname, Surname and Surname (date)
(Bulliet et al., 2005)
Work by different authors
(Surname, date; Surname, date) in alphabetical order
(Carr & Kemmis, 1986; Dick, 2000)
Different authors with the same surname
(Initial. Surname, date) (R. Smith, 2010) and (C.J. Smith, 1993)
Different publications by the same author
(Surname, date, date) in ascending date order
Tversky (1976, 1978)
Different publications by the same author from the same year
(Surname, date letter), make sure the letter isconsistent throughout
(Fullan, 1996a, 1996b)
An author referred to by another author where the original hasnot been read (secondary reference)
Surname (as cited in Surname, date, page number)
Moore (as cited in Maxwell, 1999, p. 25)
A corporate author (Corporate name, date) (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW],2009)
A newspaper article with no obvious author
(Newspaper name, date) (“The Guardian”, 2007)
An Internet site (Site title, date) (BBC, 2010)A publication for which (Surname or Corporate name, n.d.), where (Browne, n.d.)
the year of publication cannot beidentified
'n.d.' means no date
A direct quotation (Surname or Corporate name, date, p. number) where 'p.' means 'page' and number is the page in the originalpublication on which the quotation appears
(Maxwell, 1999, p. 25)
Using the APA Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography
Using the APA Referencing System in the reference or bibliography
To referenceUse the general format
For example
Books and Chapters in Books
Book Surname, Initial., & Surname, Initials. (date). Title, (Ed.). Place of Publication: Publisher Don’t include edition for 1st. Ed. books.
Palmer, G. R., & Short, S. D. (2010). Health care and public policy:An Australian analysis (4th ed.). South Yarra, VIC: PalgraveMacmillan.
Chapter in a book
Surname, Initial and Surname, Initials (date) Title, Publisher, Place of Publication, Chapter No.
Robson, C. (2004). Real World Research, (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell, Chapter 3.
Chapter in an edited book
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B.Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location of publication: Publisher
Ramsey, J. K., & McGrew, W. C. (2005). Object play in great apes: Studies in nature andcaptivity. In A. D. Pellegrini & P. K. Smith (Eds.), The nature of play: Great apesand humans (pp. 89-112). New York, NY: Guilford Press
Journal Articles
Journal article Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (year of publication). Title of article. Journal Title, volumenumber(issue number), page–page. doi:xxxx
Hadgkiss, E. J & Renzaho, A.M. (2014). The physical health status, service utilisation andbarriers to accessing care for asylum seekers residing in the community: asystematic review of the literature. Australian Health Review, 38, 142-159.http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/AH13113
Journal Article (no obvious author)
Author, A.A. (year of publication). Title of publication (Number of report). Place ofpublication: Publisher.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2008). Childhood education and care (No. 4402.0).Canberra, ACT: Author.
Government Publications
Government Reports
Author, A.A. (year of publication). Title of publication (Report number). Retrieved fromURL or publisher information
Department of Health and Ageing. (2012). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander healthperformance framework 2012 report. Retrieved fromhttp://www.health.gov.au/internet/publications/publishing.nsf/Content/oatsihhpf-2012-toc
Newspapers Newspaper article
Author, A. A. (year, month date of publication). Title of article. Newspaper Title, page–page.
Packham, B. (2010, January 18). Bullies to show concern: Schools to try Euro methodthat lets thugs off the hook. Herald-Sun. p. 6.
Online Newspaper article
Author, A. A. (year, month, date of publication). Title of article. Newspaper Title.Retrieved from URL
Gadher, D. (2007, September 2). Leap in gambling addiction forecast. The Sunday Times.Retrieved from http://www.timesonline.co.uk.
Unpublished Conference Papers
Contributor, A. B. & Contributor, C. (Year, Month). Title of paper. Paper presented attitle of conference, location of conference. doi or location URL
MacIntyre, S (2008, August). Participation in the classroom, productivity in the workforce:unfulfilled expectiations. Paper presented at the 13th Australian Council forEducational Research Conference, Brisbane Qld. Retrieved fromresearch.acer.edu.au/research_conference_2008/8/
Letters, personal emails and electronic conferences/bulletin boards
Letter
Personal email
Electronic conference/bulletin board
Personal communications are not included in the reference list. For in text citations, examples include (R. Smith, personal communication,
January 28, 2002).R. Smith (personal communication, January 28, 2002).
Information in the above tables was taken from http://sydney.edu.au/library/subjects/downloads/citation/APA%20Complete_2012.pdf and http://guides.lib.monash.edu/citing-referencing/apa
A guide to the MLA Referencing SystemUsing the MLA Referencing System to reference in-text
Using the MLA Referencing System to reference in the text
To Refer To Use the general format For exampleA single author (Surname Page Number) (Danto 31)Dual authors (Surname and Surname Page Number) (Messenger and de Bruyn 305-09)More than two authors (Surname et al. Page Number) (Unsworth et al. 107)Work by different authors
(Surname Page Number; Surname Page Number) in alphabetical order
(Burns 54; Thomas 327)
No author given (Title Page Number) (Book of Boy's Stories 20)An author referred to by another author where the original hasnot been read (secondary reference)
Surname (as cited in Surname, date, page number)
Moore (as cited in Maxwell, 1999, p. 25)
A corporate author (Corporation name Page number) (United Nations, Economic Commission for Africa 51-63)
A newspaper article with no obvious author
(“Article title” Page Number) ("Byword" A10)
An Internet site (Author of site) (Whimfield)
Using the MLA Referencing System to reference in the Works Cited List
Using the MLA Referencing System in the Works Cited List
To referenceUse the general format
For example
Books and Chapters in Books
Book Lastname, Firstname. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Publisher, Year of Publication. Medium of Publication.
Nabokov, Vladimir. Lolita. New York: Putnam, 1955. Print.
Chapter in a book Surname, First Name (s). “Chapter title.” Book title. Ed. Surname First Name. Place of publication: Publisher, Date. Page numbers.
Ahmedi, Fauzia Erfan. "Welcoming Courtyards: Hospitality, Spirituality, and Gender." Feminism and Hospitality: Gender in the Host/Guest Relationship. Ed. Maurice Hamington. Lanham: Lexington Books, 2010. 109-24.
Journal Articles
Journal article Surname, First Name. “Article Title.” Publication Name. Volume.Issue (Year): Page numbers.
Laing, Jennifer, and Warwick Frost. "How Green Was My Festival: Exploring Challenges and Opportunities Associated With Staging Green Events." International Journal of Hospitality Management 29.2 (2010): 261-7.
Journal Article (no obvious author)
“Article Title.” Publication Name. Volume.Issue (Year): Page numbers.
"How Green Was My Festival: Exploring Challenges and Opportunities Associated With Staging Green Events." International Journal of Hospitality Management 29.2 (2010): 261-7.
Newspapers Newspaper article Surname, First name. “Title.” Publication name Full Date, Edition: Page Number. Print.
Semenak, Susan. "Feeling Right at Home: Government Residence Eschews Traditional Rules." Montreal Gazette 28 Dec. 1995, Final Ed.: A4. Print.
Online Newspaper article
Last, First M. "Article Title." Newspaper Title Date Month Year Published: Page(s). Website Title. Web. Date Month Year Accessed.
Mushnick, Phil. "Sterling Continues to Call it Wrong." New York Post N.p., 23 Apr. 2012. Web. 2 Jan. 2013.
Information in the above tables was taken from http://www.lib.sfu.ca/help/writing/mla#na, http://www.easybib.com/reference/guide/mla/newspaper and https://www.library.cornell.edu/research/citation/mla#mla
A guide to the Oxford Referencing SystemUsing the Oxford Referencing System to reference in-text
For all in-text references, a superscript number is used to refer to a footnote at the bottom of the page. This then contains the following information.
Using the Oxford Referencing System to reference in the text
To Refer To Use the general format For exampleBook: Single author
Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, p.XX
1S. Ratnagar, Trading Encounters: From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 23.
Book: Dual authors
Footnote Number First Initial. Surname and First Initial. Surname. Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, p.XX
1A. Blackledge and A. Creese, Multilingualism: a Critical Perspective, London, Continuum, 2010, p. 10.
Book: Three or more authors
Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, First Initial. Surname, and First Initial. Surname. Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, p.XX
1A. Kring, G.C. Davison, J.M. Neale, and S. Johnson, Abnormal Psychology, 11th edn., Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, 2010, p. 40.
Book: No Author
Footnote Number Publication title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, p. XX
1The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism, Cambridge, U.K., Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 70.
Book: Editor Footnote Number First Initial. 1J.M. Foley (ed.), A Companion To Ancient Epic, Oxford, Wiley-
Surname (ed.), Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, pp.XX-XX
Blackwell, 2009, pp. 25-30.
Book: Organisation as Author
Footnote Number Organisation Name, Publication title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, pp.XX-XX
1Australian Bureau of Statistics, Queensland Office, The Economic Status of Migrants in Australia, Canberra, Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1990, p. 320.
Book: Chapter or Article in Edited Book
Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, ‘Chapter or article title’, in Editor’s Initial. Editor’s Surname (ed.), Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, pp.XX-XX.
1J. Baker, 'The Place of Science and Technology in the Wise Management of the Great Barrier Reef', in E. Wolanski (ed.), Oceanographic Processes of Coral Reefs: Physical and Biological Links in the Great Barrier Reef, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2001, pp. 14-20.
Book, edition other than first.
Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, Book title, Nth edn., Place of publication, Publisher, Year, p.XX
1M.J. Sargent, P. Nilan, and G. Winter, The New Sociology for Australians, 4th edn., Melbourne, Longman Australia, 1997, p. 140.
Journal Article: single author (print)
Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, ‘Article Title’, Journal Name, vol. XX, no. Year, p.XX
1S. Mintz, 'Food Enigmas, Colonial and Postcolonial', Gastronomica, vol. 10, no.1, 2010, p. 149.
Journal Article: 2 or 3 authors (print)
Footnote Number First Initial. Surname and First Initial. Surname, ‘Article Title’, Journal Name, vol. XX, no. Year, p.XX
1P. Addo and N. Besnier, 'When Gifts Become Commodities: Pawnshops, Valuables, and Shame in Tonga and the Tongan Diaspora', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol. 14, no. 1, 2008, p. 39.
Journal Footnote Number First Initial. 1M. Spencer et al., 'Analyzing the Order of Items in Manuscripts
Article: 3 or more authors (print)
Surname et al., ‘Article Title’, Journal Name, vol. XX, no. Year, p.XX
of "the Canterbury Tales"', Computers and the Humanities, vol. 37, no. 1, 2003, pp. 97-109.
Journal Article: Website
Footnote NumberInitials. Surname, ‘Article Title’, Name of site, no. XX, Year, URL, (accessed Day Month Year)
1K.R. Moore, 'Was Pythagoras Ever Really in Sparta?', Rosetta, no. 6 Spring, 2009, http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk, (accessed 10 September 2010).
Newspaper article: print
Footnote Number Initials. Surname, ‘Article Title’, Name of newspaper, Day Month Year, p.XX.
1R. Boyd, 'The City of Sordid Splendour', Australian, 26 August 1964, p. 10.
Newspaper article: Website
Footnote Number Initials. Surname, ‘Article Title’, Name of newspaper, Day Month Year, URL, (accessed Day Month Year)
1S. Bredow, 'Powder to the People', Sydney Morning Herald, 7 June 2008, http://www.smh.com.au/news/ski/powder-to-the-people/2008/06/04/1212258872379.html, (accessed 3 March 2008).
Website Footnote Number Initials. Surname, ‘Site title’, URL (accessed Day Month Year).
1B. Dibble, and B. Milech, 'Elizabeth Jolley Research Collection', http://john.curtin.edu.au/jolley/index.html, 2008, (accessed 1 August 2010).
Blog Footnote Number Initials. Surname, ‘Blog title’, URL (accessed Day Month Year).
1E. Woodbury, 'Manga Circulation in Japan', Ooburoshiki, [web blog], 1 February 2010, http://eugenewoodbury.blogspot.com/2010/02/manga-circulation-in-japan.html, (accessed 19 January 2010).
Film or Footnote Number Title of Film, dir. 1The Red Badge of Courage, dir. John Huston, USA, MGM, 1951,
broadcast First Name Surname, Place of production, name of producer, Year of production, [Medium watched on].
[videocassette].
Web Video Footnote number Title, [online video], year of release, URL, (accessed day month year).
1An Occasionally Accurate History of Australia: Part I, [online video], 2006, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJjNsCVHc34, (accessed 6 October 2010).
Podcast Footnote Number ‘Episode Title’, Podcast Title, Producer Year, [podcast] URL, (accessed day month year)
1'Fungi and Mould', The Health Report, ABC Radio National 1999, [podcast] http://www.abc.net.au/m/healthreport/stories/1999/48140.htm, (accessed 10 March 2003).
Conference Proceeding
Footnote Number First Initial. Surname, ‘Article Title’, Conference Name. Place of publication, publisher, year of publication, pp. XX-XX
1G. Kozicz, 'Architecture of the Empty Shells of Nyar ma', Discoveries in Western Tibet and the Western Himalayas: Essays on History, Literature, Archaeology and Art: PIATS 2003, Tibetan Studies, Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 41-42.
Citing information someone else has cited [citing "secondary" sources]
Footnote Number First initial. Surname, Publication Title, Publisher, Place of Publication, Year of Publication, cited in First Initial. Surname, Publication Title, Place of Publication, Publisher, Year of Publication, Page
1A. Smith, Italian architecture, Penguin, Melbourne, 2000, cited in D. Brown, Renaissance Italy, London, Faber and Faber, 2002, p. 45.
number.
Using the Oxford Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography
Using the Oxford Referencing System to reference in the bibliography
To Refer To Use the general format For exampleBook: Single author
Surname, First Initial., Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year.
Ratnagar, S., Trading Encounters: From the Euphrates to the Indus in the Bronze Age, New Delhi, Oxford University Press, 2004.
Book: Dual authors
Surname, First Initial. and First Initial. Surname, Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year.
Blackledge, A., and A. Creese, Multilingualism: a Critical Perspective, London, Continuum, 2010.
Book: Three or more authors
Surname, First Initial., First Initial. Surname, and First Initial. Surname. Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year.
Kring, A., G.C. Davison, J.M. Neale, and S. Johnson, Abnormal Psychology, 11th edn., Hoboken, NJ, John Wiley & Sons, 2010.
Book: No Publication title, Place of The Cambridge Companion to Postmodernism, Cambridge, U.K.,
Author publication, Publisher, Year.
Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Book: Editor Surname, First initials. (ed.), Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year.
Foley, J.M. (ed.), A Companion To Ancient Epic, Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell.
Book: Organisation as Author
Organisation Name, Publication title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year.
Australian Bureau of Statistics, Queensland Office, The Economic Status of Migrants in Australia, Canberra, Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1990.
Book: Chapter or Article in Edited Book
Surname, First Initial., ‘Chapter or article title’, in Editor’s Surname, Editor’s Initial. (ed.), Book title, Place of publication, Publisher, Year, pp.XX-XX.
Baker, J., 'The Place of Science and Technology in the Wise Management of the Great Barrier Reef', in Wolanski, E. (ed.), Oceanographic Processes of Coral Reefs: Physical and Biological Links in the Great Barrier Reef, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2001, pp. 14-20.
Book, edition other than first.
Surname, First initial., Book title, Nth edn., Place of publication, Publisher, Year.
Sargent, M.J., P. Nilan, and G. Winter, The New Sociology for Australians, 4th edn., Melbourne, Longman Australia, 1997.
Journal Article: single author (print)
Surname, First Initial., ‘Article Title’, Journal Name, vol. XX, no. Year, p.XX.
Mintz, S. 'Food Enigmas, Colonial and Postcolonial', Gastronomica, vol. 10, no.1, 2010, p. 149.
Journal Article: 2 or 3 authors (print)
First Surname, Initials., and First Initial. Surname, ‘Article Title’, Journal Name, vol. XX, no. Year,
Addo, P., and N. Besnier, 'When Gifts Become Commodities: Pawnshops, Valuables, and Shame in Tonga and the Tongan Diaspora', Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, vol. 14, no. 1, 2008, p. 39.
p.XX.Journal Article: 3 or more authors (print)
Surname, Initials. et al., ‘Article Title’, Journal Name, vol. XX, no. Year, p.XX.
Spencer, M. et al., 'Analyzing the Order of Items in Manuscripts of "the Canterbury Tales"', Computers and the Humanities, vol. 37, no. 1, 2003, pp. 97-109.
Journal Article: Website
Surname, Initials., ‘Article Title’, Name of site, no. XX, Year, URL, (accessed Day Month Year)
Moore, K.R., 'Was Pythagoras Ever Really in Sparta?', Rosetta, no. 6 Spring, 2009, http://www.rosetta.bham.ac.uk, (accessed 10 September 2010).
Newspaper article: print
Surname, Initials., ‘Article Title’, Name of newspaper, Day Month Year, p.XX.
Boyd, R., 'The City of Sordid Splendour', Australian, 26 August 1964, p. 10.
Newspaper article: Website
Surname, Initials., ‘Article Title’, Name of newspaper, Day Month Year, URL, (accessed Day Month Year)
Bredow, S., 'Powder to the People', Sydney Morning Herald, 7 June 2008, http://www.smh.com.au/news/ski/powder-to-the-people/2008/06/04/1212258872379.html, (accessed 3 March 2008).
Website Footnote Number Surname, Initials., ‘Site title’, URL (accessed Day Month Year).
Dibble, B., and B. Milech, 'Elizabeth Jolley Research Collection', http://john.curtin.edu.au/jolley/index.html, 2008, (accessed 1 August 2010).
Blog Surname, Initials., Surname, ‘Blog title’, URL (accessed Day Month Year).
Woodbury, E., 'Manga Circulation in Japan', Ooburoshiki, [web blog], 1 February 2010, http://eugenewoodbury.blogspot.com/2010/02/manga-circulation-in-japan.html, (accessed 19 January 2010).
Film or Title of Film, dir. First The Red Badge of Courage, dir. John Huston, USA, MGM, 1951,
broadcast Name Surname, Place of production, name of producer, Year of production, [Medium watched on].
[videocassette].
Web Video Title, [online video], year of release, URL, (accessed day month year).
An Occasionally Accurate History of Australia: Part I, [online video], 2006, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IJjNsCVHc34, (accessed 6 October 2010).
Podcast ‘Episode Title’, Podcast Title, Producer Year, [podcast] URL, (accessed day month year)
'Fungi and Mould', The Health Report, ABC Radio National 1999, [podcast] http://www.abc.net.au/m/healthreport/stories/1999/48140.htm, (accessed 10 March 2003).
Conference Proceeding
Surname, First Initial., ‘Article Title’, Conference Name. Place of publication, publisher, year of publication, pp. XX-XX
Kozicz, G., 'Architecture of the Empty Shells of Nyar ma', Discoveries in Western Tibet and the Western Himalayas: Essays on History, Literature, Archaeology and Art: PIATS 2003, Tibetan Studies, Proceedings of the Tenth Seminar of the International Association for Tibetan Studies. Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 41-42.
Citing information someone else has cited [citing "secondary" sources]
N/A In the reference list provide the details of the author who has done the citing.
Information in the above tables was taken from http://guides.is.uwa.edu.au/content.php?pid=385139&sid=3156563
A guide to the Chicago/Turabian Referencing SystemsUsing the Chicago/Turabian Referencing Systems to reference in-text
The Chicago and Turabian systems both use an Author/Date System and a Footnote-Bibliography system. The systems have the same Author-Date system. This guide will present the Author/Date System of the Chicago and Turabian Referencing Systems.
The Chicago Author-Date style requires the use of parenthetical references in the text of the essay as well as a list of citations on a “References” page at the end of a text. Parenthetical references should be placed at the end of the sentence, before the full-stop, when
a resource has been used. If the sentence is either long enough or complex enough so that the cited portion of the sentence is not obvious, the parenthetical reference may instead be inserted immediately after the use of information from the source. Page numbers
should be included whenever possible.Using the Chicago/Turabian Referencing Systems to reference in the text
To Refer To Use the general format For exampleBook: Single author
(Surname Year, Page Number) (Zelizer 2003, 11)
Book with Two or Three Authors
(Surname and Surname Year, Page Number)
(Mock and Parker 1997, 73)
Book with Four or More Authors
Surname et al. Year, Page Number)
(Dasco et al. 1995, 122)
No Author (Publication Name, Year, Page Number)
(American Heritage Dictionary, 2000, 156)
Organisation as Author
(Organisation Name Year, Page Number)
(APA 1998, 26)
Book Chapter (Contribution to a Multi-Author Book)
(Author’s Last Name Year, Page Number)
(Benedict 1988, 176)
Journal Article (Author’s Last Name Year, Page Number in the Journal)
(Chavez 2006, 39)
Newspaper Article
(Authors Last Name Year) (Harmon 2006)
Newspaper Article with Unknown Author
(Title of Newspaper Year of Publication)
(Hartford Courant 2006)
Website (Author of Site Year Published) (Watson 2011)
Using the Chicago/Turabian Referencing Systems to reference in the references or bibliography
Using the Chicago/Turabian Referencing Systems to reference in the bibliography
To Refer To Use the general format For exampleBook: Single author
Author Last, First. Year of Pub. Title. Location of Publisher: Publisher.
Welch, Kathleen E. 1999. Electric Rhetoric: Classical Rhetoric, Oralism, and a New Literacy. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Book:Two or more
Author Last, First, and Author First Last. Year of
Lunsford, Andrea, and Lisa Ede. 1990. Singular Texts/Plural Authors: Perspectives on Collaborative Writing. Carbondale:
authors Pub. Title. Location ofPublisher: Publisher.
[Note: If a book is credited to 4 to 10 authors, include all authors in the bibliographiccitation. In the parenthetical citation, include the first author’s name followed by “etal.” If more than 10 authors are cited, include the first 7 authors in the bibliographiccitation followed by “et al.”]
Southern Illinois University Press.
Book: No Author
Anonymous. Title. Date of Publication. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.
Note: If a book is listed as 'anonymous', then that word should be included at the beginning of the citation. If not, then the reference can be listed the same way or begin with the title instead.
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. 2000. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Book: Organisation as Author
Name of Organisation. Date of Publication. Title of Book. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.
American Psychiatric Association. 1998. Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Panic Disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Book Chapter (Contribution to a Multi-
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Year of Publication. "Title of
Benedict, Karen. 1988. "Archival Ethics." In Managing Archives and Archival Institutions, edited by James Gregory Bradsher, 174-84. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Author Book) Chapter." In Title of Book, edited by Name of Editor, inclusive page numbers. Place of Publication: Name of Publisher.
Online Journal Article
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Year of Publication. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number (issue number): page numbers. doi:xxxxxxxxxx.
Humphrey, Laura L. 1986. "Structural Analysis of Parent-Child Relationships in Eating Disorders." Journal of Abnormal Psychology 95 (4): 395-402. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.95.4.395.
Print Journal Article
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Year of Publication. "Title of Article." Title of Journal volume number (issue number): page numbers.
Greenberg, Anna. 2001. "Race, Religiosity, and the Women's Vote." Women & Politics 22 (3): 59-82.
Article From Newspaper Website
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Year of Publication. "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper, Month Day of Publication. Accessed Month Day, Year. URL.
Harmon, Amy. 2006. "DNA Gatherers Hit a Snag: The Tribes Don't Trust Them." New York Times, December 10. Accessed January 5, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/10/us/10dna.html.
Print Newspaper Article
Author's Last Name, Author's First Name. Year of Publication. "Title of Article." Title of
Vogel, Carol. 2007. "Art in the Present Tense: Politics, Loss and Beauty." New York Times, June 11.
Newspaper, Month and Day of Publication.
Newspaper Article with Unknown Author
Title of Newspaper. Year of Publication. "Title of Article." Month and Day of Publication.
Hartford Courant. 2006. "Number of Out-of-Wedlock Births a Record." November 26.
Website Author of the Site. Year Published, Modified, or Accessed. "Title of Web Page." Owner/Sponsor of Site. Published, Modified, or Accessed Month Day. URL.
Watson, Ivan. 2011. "Tunisians Vote in First Election Following Arab Spring." CNN.com. Last modified October 23. http://us.cnn.com/2011/10/23/world/africa/tunisia- elections/index.html.
Website, no author
"Title of Webpage." Year Published, Modified or Accessed. Title of Website. Published, Modified or Accessed Month Day. URL.
"Victorian Smoking Rates Hit Record Low." 2012. 9 News. Accessed July 17. http://news.ninemsn.com.au/health/8501042 /victorian-smoking-rates-hit-record-low.
Information in the above tables was taken from http://lib.trinity.edu/research/citing/Chicago_Author_Date_16th_ed.pdf and http://www.fairfield.edu/library/researchassistance/citationstyleguides/chicagoauthor-date/#oneauthor
A guide to the Vancouver Referencing SystemUsing the Vancouver Referencing System to reference in-text
For all in-text references, a unique number within brackets is placed where the in-text citation would normally be. The reference list then provides the references related to these numbers, starting with the first mentioned citation, and moving forward.
Using the Vancouver Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography
Using the Vancouver Referencing System to reference in the bibliography
To Refer To Use the general format For exampleBook: Single author
Surname Initials. Title of book. Edition of book if later than 1st ed. Place of Publication:Publisher Name; Year of Publication.
Butler SW. Secrets from the Black Bag. London:The Royal College of General Practitioners; 2005
Book: Two to Six authors
First Author Surname Initials, Second Author Surname initials, Third author surname initials. Title of book. Edition of book if later than 1st ed. Place of Publication:Publisher Name; Year of Publication.
Cheers B, Darracott R, Lonne B. Social carepractice in rural communities. Sydney: TheFederation Press; 2007.
Six or more authors
As above. If more than six authors, list the first six authors and state et al. for subsequent authors.
Hofmeyr GJ, Neilson JP, Alfirevic Z, Crowther CA,Gulmezoglu AM, Hodnett ED et al. A Cochranepocketbook: Pregnancy and childbirth.Chichester, West Sussex, England: John Wiley &Sons Ltd; 2008.
Book: No Author
Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication.
A guide for women with early breast cancer.Sydney:National Breast Cancer; 2003.
Edited book Surname Initials, editors. Title. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publications.
Brooks A, Mahoney P, Rowlands B, editors. ABCof tubes, drains, lines and frames. West Sussex:Blackwell Publishing Ltd; 2008.
Chapter in an edited book
Surname Initials. Title of Chapter. In: Surname of Editor Initials, editor(s). Title of book. Edition. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publications.
Rowlands TE, Haine LS. Acute limb ischaemia. In:Donnelly R, London NJM, editors. ABC of arterialand venous disease. 2nd ed. West Sussex.Blackwell Publishing; 2009.
Standard journalarticle – oneauthor
Surname Initial. Article Title. Journal Title. Year of Publication Month; volume(issue):pages.
Snowdon J. Severe depression in old age. MedicineToday. 2002 Dec;3(12):40-47.
Standard journalarticle – twoauthors
Surname Initial, Surname Initial. Article Title. Journal Title. Year of Publication Month; volume(issue):pages.
McInnes D, Bollen J. Learning on the job: metaphorsof choreography and the practice of sex in sex-onpremisesvenues. Venereology 2000; 13(1):27-36.
Standard journalarticle – three tosix authors
As above, list all authors using the same format.
Skalsky K, Yahav D, Bishara J, Pitlik S, Leibovici L,Paul M. Treatment of human brucellosis: systematicreview and meta-analysis of randomised controlledtrials. BMJ. 2008 Mar 29;336(7646):701-4.
Journal article –more than sixauthors
Use the same format as above, only list the first 6 named authors.
Hanna JN, McBride WJ, Brookes DL, Shield J, TaylorCT, Smith IL, Craig SB, Smith GA. Hendra virusinfection in a veterinarian. Med J Aust. 2006 Nov20;185(10):562-64
Newspaperarticle withauthor
Surname Initials. Article title. Publication Year Month Day: Page number.
Purdon F. Colder babies at risk of SIDS. TheCourier Mail 2010 Mar 8:9
Newspaperarticle withoutauthor
Article Title. Publication Year Month Day: Page Number
Meeting the needs of counsellors. The CourierMail 2001 May 5:22
Electronicnewspaperarticle on theInternet
Article title. Publication [Internet]. Year Month Day [cited Year Month Day]; Available from: URL
Drivers told: “Don’t use Clem7 tunnel”. TheCourier Mail [Internet]. 2010 Mar 16 [cited 2010Mar 16]; Available from:http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/car-withflat-tyre-the-first-to-cause-problems-in-clem7-tunnel/story-e6freon6-1225841179464
Web page - withauthor
Surname, Initials. Title of page [Internet]. Year of publication [updated Year Month Day; cited Year Month Day]. Available from: URL
Atherton, J. Behaviour modification [Internet].2010 [updated 2010 Feb 10; cited 2010 Apr 10].Available from:http://www.learningandteaching.info/learning/behaviour_mod.htm
Webpage – noauthor
Page title. [Internet]. Year Month Day [updated Year Month Day; cited Year Month Day]; Available from: URL
The family impact of Attention DeficitHyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [Internet] 2009Nov 1 [updated 2010 Jan 1; cited 2010 Apr 8].Available from:http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com.au/healthandlifestyle.asp?sid=192&title=The-FamilyImpact-of-Attention-Deficit-HyperactivityDisorder-%28ADHD%29&page=2
Information in the above tables was taken from https://www.library.uq.edu.au/training/citation/vancouv.pdf
A guide to the MHRA Referencing SystemThe MHRA system uses an Author/Date System and a Footnote-Bibliography system. This guide will present the Footnote-Bibliography system.
Using the MHRA Referencing System to reference in-text
Using the MHRA Referencing System to reference in the text
To Refer To Use the general format For example
Book Author(s) First Name Surname and First Name Surname, Full Title of book, Nth edn (Place of publication: Publisher, Year), pp. XX-XX.
Only include Edition if not first edition.
John Tosh and Sean Lang, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of Modern History, 4th edn (Harlow: Longman, 2006), pp. 20-34.
Chapters/Sections of Edited Book
First Name Initial. Surname, ‘Title of Chapter/Section’ in Title of Edited Book, ed. by First Name Surname (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year), pp.
Gwyn A. Williams, ‘Locating a Welsh working class’, in A people and a Proletariat: Essays in the History of Wales 1780-1980, ed. by David Smith (London: Pluto Press, 1980), pp. 16-46.
XX-XXJournal Articles Name Surname, ‘Title
of Article’, Title of Journal, Volume. Issue (Year), XX-XX
James A. W. Heffernan, ‘Looking at the monster: “Frankenstein” and film’, Critical Inquiry, 24.1 (1997), 133-58.
Newspaper Articles
Name Surname, ‘Title of Article’, Publication, Date, page number.
Michael Schmidt, ‘Tragedy of Three Star-Crossed Lovers’, Daily Telegraph, 1 February 1990, p. 14.
Webpages Name Surname, Title of Page (Year), <URL> [accessed date].
Mary Beard, The Fall of the Roman Republic (2011),<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/ romans/fallofromanrepublic_article_01.shtml>[accessed 20 June 2012].
Using the MHRA Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography
Using the MHRA Referencing System to reference in the bibliography
To Refer To Use the general format For example
Book Surname, First Name Tosh, John and Sean Lang, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods
and First Name Surname, Full Title of book, Nth edn (Place of publication: Publisher, Year)
Only include Edition if not first edition.
and New Directions in the Study of Modern History, 4th edn (Harlow: Longman, 2006)
Chapters/Sections of Edited Book
Surname, First Name Initial., ‘Title of Chapter/Section’ in Title of Edited Book, ed. by First Name Surname (Place of Publication: Publisher, Year).
Williams, Gwyn A., ‘Locating a Welsh working class’, in A people and a Proletariat: Essays in the History of Wales 1780-1980, ed. by David Smith (London: Pluto Press, 1980).
Journal Articles Surname, Name Initials., ‘Title of Article’, Title of Journal, Volume. Issue (Year), XX-XX.
Heffernan, James A. W., ‘Looking at the monster: “Frankenstein” and film’, Critical Inquiry, 24.1 (1997), 133-58.
Newspaper Articles
Surname Name, ‘Title of Article’, Publication, Date, page number.
Schmidt, Michael, ‘Tragedy of Three Star-Crossed Lovers’, Daily Telegraph, 1 February 1990, p. 14.
Webpages Surname, Name, Title of Page (Year), <URL> [accessed date].
Beard, Mary, The Fall of the Roman Republic (2011),<http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/ romans/fallofromanrepublic_article_01.shtml>[accessed 20 June 2012].
Information in the above tables was taken from https://blackboard.swan.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/institution/LibraryISSResources/Referencing%20Guides/MHRA%20style%20(brief%20guide).pdf
A guide to the OSCOLA Referencing SystemUsing the OSCOLA Referencing System to reference in-text
For all in-text references, a superscript number is used to refer to a footnote at the bottom of the page. This then contains the following information.
Using the OSCOLA Referencing System to reference in the text
To Refer To Use the general format For exampleCases Name of the case [year]
Neutral Citation, [Year of publication] First page of relevant law report and court.
Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13, [2008] 1 AC 884
Statutes and Statutory Instruments
Short title YearORName Year, SI Number.
Act of Supremacy 1558ORHuman Rights Act 1998, s 15(1)(b)
Books Name Surname, Title (Nth Edition, Publisher Year) Page Number
Andrew Burrows, Remedies for Torts and Breach of Contract (3rd edn, OUP 2004)
Contributions to edited books
Name Surname, ‘Title of Contribution’ in Editors First Name Surname (eds), Title of book (Publisher year)
Francis Rose, ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger(eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006)
Journal Articles
Name Surname, ‘Title of Article’ (Year) Volume Number Journal Title First Page of Article
Alison L Young, ‘In Defence of Due Deference’ (2009) 72 MLR
Website Name Surname, ‘Page title’ (website title, Publication date) <URL> accessed Date
Sarah Cole, ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) <http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html> accessed 19 November 2009
Newspaper Articles
Name Surname, ‘Title of article’ publication (Place of publication, date of publication) Page number
Jane Croft, ‘Supreme Court Warns on Quality’ Financial Times (London, 1 July 2010) 3
Using the OSCOLA Referencing System to reference in the references or bibliography
Using the OSCOLA Referencing System to reference in the text
To Refer To Use the general format For exampleCases Name of the case [year]
Neutral Citation, [Year of publication] First page of relevant law report and court.
Corr v IBC Vehicles Ltd [2008] UKHL 13, [2008] 1 AC 884
Statutes and Statutory Instruments
Short title YearORName Year, SI Number.
Act of Supremacy 1558ORHuman Rights Act 1998, s 15(1)(b)
Books Surname, Initial., Title (Nth Edition, Publisher Year) Page Number
Burrows, A., Remedies for Torts and Breach of Contract (3rd edn, OUP 2004)
Contributions to edited books
Surname, Initial., ‘Title of Contribution’ in Editors First Name Surname (eds), Title of book (Publisher year)
Rose, F., ‘The Evolution of the Species’ in Andrew Burrows and Alan Rodger(eds), Mapping the Law: Essays in Memory of Peter Birks (OUP 2006)
Journal Articles
Surname, Initial., ‘Title of Article’ (Year) Volume Number Journal Title First Page of Article
Young, A.L., ‘In Defence of Due Deference’ (2009) 72 MLR
Website Surname, Initial., ‘Page title’ (website title, Publication date) <URL> accessed Date
Cole, S., ‘Virtual Friend Fires Employee (Naked Law, 1 May 2009) <http://www.nakedlaw.com/2009/05/index.html> accessed 19 November 2009
Newspaper Articles
Surname, Initial., ‘Title of article’ publication (Place of publication, date of publication) Page number
Croft, J., ‘Supreme Court Warns on Quality’ Financial Times (London, 1 July 2010) 3
Information in the above tables was taken from https://blackboard.swan.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/institution/LibraryISSResources/Referencing%20Guides/Referencing%20using%20OSCOLA.pdf
