A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Chapter 8 Hard
Drives
Slide 2
2 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Objectives
Learn how the organization of data on floppy drives and hard drives
is similar Learn about hard drive technologies Learn how a computer
communicates with a hard drive Learn how to install a hard drive
Learn how to solve hard drive problems
Slide 3
3 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Introduction
Hard drive: most important secondary storage device Hard drive
technologies have evolved rapidly Hard drive capacities and speeds
have increased Interfaces with the computer have also changed
Floppy disk will be presented before hard drives Floppy disk is
logically organized like a hard drive Practical applications:
Managing problems occurring during drive installation
Troubleshooting hard drives after installation
Slide 4
4 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Learning
from Floppy Drives Floppy drives are an obsolescent technology
Replacements: CD drives and USB flash memory Good reasons for
studying floppy drive technology Developing support skills for
legacy applications Building a foundation for hard drive support
skill set
Slide 5
5 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e How Floppy
Drives Work Main memory is organized logically and physically
Secondary storage devices are similarly organized Physical storage:
how data is written to media Logical storage: how OS and BIOS view
stored data How data is physically stored on a floppy disk Two
types of floppy disk: 5 inch or 3 inch Subsystem: drive, 34-pin
cable, connector, power cord Formatting: marking tracks and sectors
on a disk Magnetic read/write heads read/write binary 1s and 0s
Heads attach to actuator arm that moves over surface
Slide 6
6 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-4 3
1 -inch, high-density floppy disk showing tracks and sectors
Slide 7
7 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-5
Inside a floppy disk drive
Slide 8
8 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e How Floppy
Drives Work (continued) How data is logically stored on a floppy
disk Floppy drives are always formatted using FAT12 Cluster (file
allocation unit): smallest grouping of sectors The BIOS manages the
disk as a set of physical sectors OS treats the disk as list of
clusters (file allocation table) A 3 inch high density floppy disk
has 2880 clusters A cluster contains one sector, which contains 512
bytes Format floppy disk using Format or Windows Explorer
Structures and features added to the disk Tracks, sectors, boot
record, two FATs, root directory
Slide 9
9 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-6
Clusters, or file allocation units, are managed by the OS in the
file allocation table, but BIOS manages these clusters as one or
two physical sectors on the disk
Slide 10
10 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e How to
Install a Floppy Drive It is more cost-effective to replace than
repair a drive A simple seven-step installation procedure: 1. Turn
off computer, unplug power cord, remove cover 2. Unplug the power
cable to the old floppy drive 3. Unscrew and dismount the drive 4.
Slide the new drive into the bay 5. If drive is new, connect data
cable to motherboard 6. Connect data cable and power cord to drive
7. Replace the cover, turn on computer, verify status
Slide 11
11 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-8
Connect colored edge of cable to pin 1
Slide 12
12 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e How Hard
Drives Work Components of a hard drive: One, two, or more platters
(disks) Spindle to rotate all disks Magnetic coating on disk to
store bits of data Read/write head at the top and bottom of each
disk Actuator to move read/write head over disk surface Hard drive
controller: chip directing read/write head Head (surface) of
platter is not the read/write head Physical organization includes a
cylinder All tracks that are the same distance from disk
center
Slide 13
13 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-10
Inside a hard drive case
Slide 14
14 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-11
A hard drive with two platters
Slide 15
15 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Tracks and
Sectors on the Drive Tracks on older drives held the same amount of
data Newer drives use zone bit recording Tracks near center have
smallest number sectors/track Number of sectors increase as tracks
grow larger Every sector still has 512 bytes Sectors identified
with logical block addressing (LBA)
Slide 16
16 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-13
Floppy drives and older hard drives use a constant number of
sectors per track
Slide 17
17 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-14
Zone bit recording can have more sectors per track as the tracks
get larger
Slide 18
18 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Low-Level
Formatting Two formatting levels: Low-level: mark tracks and
sectors High-level: create boot sector, file system, root directory
Manufacturer currently perform most low-level formats Using the
wrong format program could destroy drive If necessary, contact
manufacturer for format program Problem: track and sector markings
fade Solution for older drives: perform low-level format Solution
for new drive: backup data and replace drive Note: zero-fill
utilities do not do low-level formats
Slide 19
19 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Constant
number of sectors per track The formula was straightforward:
Cylinders x heads x sectors/track x 512 bytes/sector Example: 855
cylinders, 7 heads, 17 sectors/track 855 x 7 x 17 x 512
bytes/sector = 52,093,440 bytes Divide by 1024 twice to convert to
49.68 MB capacity Calculating Drive Capacity on Older Drives
Slide 20
20 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Drive
Capacity for Todays Drives The OS reports the capacity of hard
drives Accessing capacity data using Windows Explorer Right-click
the drive letter Select Properties on the shortcut menu Calculating
total capacity if drive is fully formatted Record capacity of each
logical drive on hard drive Add individual capacities to calculate
total capacity Reporting total capacity (regardless of formatting)
Windows 2000/XP: use Disk Management Windows 9x: use Fdisk
Slide 21
21 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Hard Drive
Interface Standards Facilitate communication with the computer
system Several standards exist: Several ATA standards SCSI USB
FireWire (also called 1394) Fibre Channel The various standards
will be covered
Slide 22
22 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e The ATA
Interface Standards Specify how drives communicate with PC system
Drive controller interaction with BIOS, chipset, OS Type of
connectors used by the drive The motherboard or expansion cards
Developed by Technical Committee T13 Published by ANSI Selection
criteria: Fastest standard that the motherboard supports OS, BIOS,
and drive firmware must support standard
Slide 23
23 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Table 8-1
Summary of ATA interface standards for storage devices
Slide 24
24 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Parallel
ATA Allows two connectors for two 40-pin data cables Ribbon cables
can accommodate one or two drives EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Device
Electronics) Pertains to how secondary storage device works Drive
follows AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) Four parallel ATA
devices can attach with two cables Serial ATA (SATA) cabling Use a
serial data path rather than a parallel data path Types of SATA
cabling: internal and external The ATA Interface Standards
(continued)
Slide 25
25 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-16
A PCs hard drive subsystem using parallel ATA
Slide 26
26 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-18
A hard drive subsystem using the new serial ATA data cable
Slide 27
27 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e DMA (direct
memory access) transfer mode 7 modes (0 - 6) bypassing CPU in
transfer of data PIO (Programmed Input/Output) transfer mode 5
modes (0 - 4) involving CPU in data transfer Independent device
timing Enables two drives to run at different speed ATA/ATAPI-6
(ATA/100) breaks the 137 GB barrier Addressable space is 144
petabytes (1.44 x 10 17 PB) Must have support of board, BIOS, OS,
IDE controller The ATA Interface Standards (continued)
Slide 28
28 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-21
The 137-GB barrier existed because of the size of the numbers used
to address a sector
Slide 29
29 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Configuring
parallel ATA drives Each of two IDE connectors supports an IDE
channel Primary/secondary channels each support two devices EIDE
devices: hard drive, DVD, CD and Zip drives Devices in each channel
configured as master/slave Designate master/slave: jumpers, DIP
switches, cable Configuring serial ATA drives One ATA cable
supports one drive (no master/slave) Use an ATA controller card in
two circumstances: IDE connector not functioning or standard not
supported The ATA Interface Standards (continued)
Slide 30
30 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-22
A motherboard has two IDE channels; each can support a master and
slave drive using a single EIDE cable
Slide 31
31 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-25
Rear of a serial ATA drive and a parallel ATA drive
Slide 32
32 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e SCSI
Technology Small Computer System Interface standards For system bus
to peripheral device communication Support either 7 or 15 devices
(depends on standard) Provide for better performance than ATA
standards The SCSI subsystem SCSI controller types: embedded or
host adapter Host adapter supports internal and external devices
Daisy chain: combination of host adapter and devices Each device on
bus assigned SCSI ID (0 - 15) A physical device can embed multiple
logical devices
Slide 33
33 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-28
Using a SCSI bus, a SCSI host adapter can support internal and
external SCSI devices
Slide 34
34 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e SCSI
Technology (continued) Terminating resistor Plugged into last
device at the end of the chain Reduces electrical noise or
interference on the cable Various SCSI standards SCSI are SCSI-1,
SCSI-2, and SCSI-3 Also known as regular SCSI, Fast SCSI, Ultra
SCSI Serial attached SCSI (SAS): compatible with serial ATA Ensure
all components of subsystem use one standard
Slide 35
35 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Other
Interface Standards USB (Universal Serial Bus) USB 1.1 and USB 2.0
accommodate hard drives A USB device connects to a PC via a USB
port IEEE 1394 (FireWire) Uses serial transmission of data Device
can connect to PC via FireWire external port Device also attaches
to an internal connector Fibre Channel Rival to SCSI Allows up to
126 devices on a single bus
Slide 36
36 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-31
This CrossFire hard drive holds 160GB and uses a 1394a or USB 2.0
connection
Slide 37
37 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e How to
Select a Hard Drive Hard drive must match OS and motherboard BIOS
uses autodetection to prepare the device Drive capacity and
configuration are selected Best possible ATA standard is part of
configuration Selected device may not supported by BIOS
Troubleshooting tasks (if device is not recognized) Flash the BIOS
Replace the controller card Replace the motherboard
Slide 38
38 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e
Installations Using Legacy BIOS Older hard drive standards that may
be encountered CHS (cylinder, head, track) mode for drives < 528
MB Large (ECHS) mode for drives from 504 MB - 8.4 GB The 33.8 GB
limitation or the 137 GB limitation How to install a drive not
supported by BIOS Let the BIOS see the drive as a smaller drive
Upgrade the BIOS Replace the motherboard Use a software interface
between BIOS and drive Substitute BIOS with ATA connector and
firmware
Slide 39
39 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Steps to
Install a Parallel ATA Drive Components needed: The drive itself
80-conductor or 40-conductor data cable Kit to make drive fit into
much larger bay (optional) Adapter card (if board does not have IDE
connection) Steps for installing parallel ATA drive: Step 1:
Prepare for the installation Know your starting point Read the
documentation Plan the drive configuration Prepare your work area
and take precautions
Slide 40
40 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-32
Plan for the location of drives within bays
Slide 41
41 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Steps for
installing parallel ATA drive (continued): Step 2: Set the jumpers
or DIP switches Step 3: Mount the drive in the drive bay Remove the
bay for the hard drive Securely mount the drive in the bay Connect
the data cables to the drives (can be done later) Re-insert (and
secure) the bay in the case Install a power connection to each
drive Connect the data cable to the IDE connector on board Attach
bay cover and other connections (if needed) Verify BIOS recognizes
device before adding cover Steps to Install a Parallel ATA Drive
(continued)
Slide 42
42 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-33
A parallel ATA drive most likely will have diagrams of jumper
settings for master and slave options printed on the drive
housing
Slide 43
43 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-41
Connect a power cord to each drive
Slide 44
44 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Steps for
installing parallel ATA drive (continued): Step 4: Use CMOS setup
to verify hard drive settings Step 5: Partition and format the
drive If installing an OS, boot from Windows setup CD If not, use
Disk Management utility or Fdisk and Format Steps to Install a
Parallel ATA Drive (continued)
Slide 45
45 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-45
Standard CMOS setup
Slide 46
46 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Serial ATA
Hard Drive Installations No jumpers to set on the drive Each serial
ATA connector is dedicated to 1 drive A simpler installation
process: Install the drive in the bay (like parallel ATA drive)
Connect a power cord to the drive Documentation identifies which
connector to use Example: use red connectors (SATA1, SATA2) first
After checking connections, verify drive is recognized
Slide 47
47 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-48
This motherboard has four serial ATA connectors
Slide 48
48 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-49
American Megatrends, Inc. CMOS setup screen shows installed
drives
Slide 49
49 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Installing
a Hard Drive in a Wide Bay Universal bay kit: adapts a drive to a
wide bay Adapter spans distance between drive and bay
Slide 50
50 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Figure 8-52
Hard drive installed in a wide bay using a universal bay kit
adapter
Slide 51
51 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e
Troubleshooting Hard Drives Problems occur before and after
installation Problems may be hardware or software related
Hardware-related problems will be addressed
Slide 52
52 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Problems
with Hard Drive Installations CMOS setup does not reflect new hard
drive Solution: Enable autodetection and reboot system Error
message: Hard drive not found. Reseat the data cable and reboot the
PC Error message: No boot device available. Insert bootable disk
and restart the machine Error message 601 appears on the screen
Connect the power cord to the floppy disk drive Error message: Hard
drive not present Restore jumpers to their original state
Slide 53
53 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Things to
check if CMOS setup does not show drive Does your system BIOS
recognize large drives? Is autodetection correctly configured in
CMOS setup? Are the jumpers on the drive set correctly? Are the
power cord and data cable connected? Problems with Hard Drive
Installations (continued)
Slide 54
54 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Some
post-installation problems Corrupted data files A corrupted Windows
installation A hardware issue preventing system from booting
Preparation steps Start with the end user: conduct an interview
Prioritize what you have learned Example: make data backup your
first priority Be aware of available resources Examples:
documentation, Internet, Technical Support How to Approach a Hard
Drive Problem After the Installation
Slide 55
55 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Hard Drive
Hardware Problems Causes of problems present during boot: Hard
drive subsystem Partition table File system on the drive Files
required for the OS to boot Some things to do if POST reveals
problem Check the jumper settings on the drive Check the cable for
frayed edges or other damage Try booting from another media; e.g.
setup CD Check manufacturer Web site for diagnostic software
Slide 56
56 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Bumps are
bad A scratched surface may cause a hard drive crash Data may be
recovered, even if drive is inaccessible Invalid drive or drive
specification System BIOS cannot read partition table information
Boot from recovery CD and check partition table To be covered in
later chapters Bad sector errors Problem due to fading tracks and
sectors Solution: replace the drive Hard Drive Hardware Problems
(continued)
Slide 57
57 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Table 8-4
has two columns One identifies errors occurring before and after
boot Another displays troubleshooting tasks Troubleshooting Floppy
Drives and Disks
Slide 58
58 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Table 8-4
Floppy drive and floppy disk errors that can occur during and after
the boot
Slide 59
59 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Table 8-4
Floppy drive and floppy disk errors that can occur during and after
the boot
Slide 60
60 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Summary
Current floppy disks are 3 inch, high-density disks Floppy disk
format: 80 tracks, each with 8 sectors Hard drive physical
organization: cylinders, tracks, sectors Hard drive logical
organization: boot record, file allocation tables, and root
directory Secondary storage device communicates with system using a
standard, such as ATA or SCSI
Slide 61
61 A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Summary
(continued) Parallel ATA (or EIDE): allows connection of up to 4
devices Serial ATA (SATA): specifies one cable per device SCSI
group: allow up to 7 or 15 physical devices and multiple logical
devices per physical device Other drive interface standards: USB,
FireWire, Fibre Channel Newly installed hard drives are usually
automatically detected by BIOS