A gender assessment of welfare scheme service delivery in ... last mile access to... · Ujjwala Yojana, Bhamashah Yojana, and Pradhan Mantri Matritva Yojana. A last mile access to

A gender assessment of welfare scheme servicedelivery in five Indian states through SoochnaPreneur :

A LAST MILE ACCESS TOINFORMATION INITIATIVE

A gender assessment of welfare scheme service delivery in five Indian states through SoochnaPreneur: a last mile access to information initiative

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Author: Aparna Priyadarshi Reviewer: Anulekha Nandi Editor: Kriti Singh Design and layout: Bhawana Mahariya

Supported by US India Policy Institute

Published and distributed by Digital Empowerment Foundation

A gender assessment of welfare scheme service delivery in five Indian states through SoochnaPreneur :

a last mile access to information initiative

Report Written and Produced by:

Aparna Priyadarshi, Research Fellow, Digital Empowerment Foundation

1 2

4

3Introduction

• ExecutiveSummary• SoochnaPreneurInitiative

Processes&ReportMethodologies

• WelfareSchemeDescriptions

MADHYA PRADESH• SnapshotoftheStateofWomen• Gender-BasedWelfareSchemes

HighlightedbyStateGovernment• GenderClassificationof

ApplicantsandSoochnaPreneurs• %DistributionofScheme

ApplicationsbyCategory• %DistributionofGenderby

SchemeApplications• Top10SchemesAppliedforby

Women• DEFTargetsontheBasisof

Gender

JHARKHAND• SnapshotoftheStateofWomen• Gender-BasedWelfareSchemes






Gender

BIHAR• SnapshotoftheStateofWomen• Gender-BasedWelfareSchemesHighlightedbyState

Government• GenderClassificationofApplicantsand

SoochnaPreneurs• %DistributionofSchemeApplicationsbyCategory• %DistributionofGenderbySchemeApplications• Top10SchemesAppliedforbyWomen• DEFTargetsontheBasisofGender

08-21

22-33 34-43

44-53

CONTENT

5 6 7RAJASTHAN

• SnapshotoftheStateofWomen• Gender-BasedWelfareSchemes






Gender

ODISHA• SnapshotoftheStateofWomen• Gender-BasedWelfareSchemes






Gender

CROSS-STATE ANALYSIS• SchemeCategoriesbyPopularity

AmongstWomenandSchemeCategoriesby%FemaleApplicants

• Top20MostPopularSchemesforWomenAcrossAll5States

• %SchemeCategoriesAppliedforbyWomen

• %DistributionofSchemeApplicationsbyCategory

• Gender-BasedRecommendations&Conclusion

54-65 66-75 76-88

6 A last mile access to information initiative

7A last mile access to information initiative

Acronym GuideAWC---------AnganwadiCenter

BPL----------BelowPovertyLine

DBT----------DirectBenefitTransfer

DEF----------DigitalEmpowermentFoundation

ICDS---------IntegratedChildDevelopmentScheme

ICPS---------IntegratedChildProtectionScheme

LED----------LightEmittingDiode

LGBTQ-----Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,Transgender,Queer

LPG----------LiquefiedPetroleumGas

MIS-----------ManagementInformationSystem

MP-------------MadhyaPradesh

PAN----------PermanentAccountNumber(PANCard)

SC------------ScheduledCaste

ST------------ScheduledTribe

SP-------------SoochnaPreneur

SHG---------SelfHelpGroup

TG------------Transgender

OBC---------OtherBackwardClasses


IntroductionForthepast16years,DEFhasbeenworkingonaccesstoinformationandinformationandcommunication

technologiesfordevelopment(ICT4D)across6pillars:AccessandInfrastructure,Educationand

Empowerment,GovernanceandCitizenServices,MarketsandSocialEnterprise,KnowledgeHuband

Network,andResearchandAdvocacy.AsapartofGovernanceandCitizenServices,oneofDEF’sflagship

programmesistheSoochnaPreneur(translation:InformationEntrepreneur)initiativesupportedbyEuropean

UnionandQualcomm.ThisinitiativewasbuiltonthelearningsoftheEuropeanUnion-supportedSoochnaSeva

(translation:InformationService)framework,whichadoptedamulti-prongedapproachtoinformationservice

deliveryandaccesstowelfareschemesthroughsettingupdesignatedaccesspoints.SoochnaPreneur

translatedthelearningsfromSoochnaSevatobuildsustainabilitythroughanentrepreneurshipmodel,which

aimedtoreachvulnerablepopulations,suchaswomen,theelderly,andthedisabledwhocouldnotundertake

thejourneytoSoochnaSevaaccesspoints,therebyredefininglastmileaccess.Throughtheidentificationof

institutionalgapsinaccesstoinformationregardingwelfareschemes,200ruralyouthbecameself-employed

asSoochnaPreneurs,whoprovidedprospectivebeneficiariesinformationonwelfareschemes.

However,thismodelwasnotonlypredicatedonaccesstoinformation,butalsoonadeepunderstandingof

thelackofbasicfacilitiesofprinting,scanning,photocopyinganddocumentationthatarenotavailableat

thevillagelevelandarelocatedatconsiderabledistanceinthenearesttownorcity.Thisusuallyleadsto

averyhighimputedcostforthecommunity,involvingtravelandlossofaday’swage.Byprovidingthese

services,aswellasdigitalliteracytrainingtocommunitiesatanominalcostalongwithaccesstoinformation,

theprogrammewasabletoincreasewelfareschemeservicedeliveryaswellasprovideasourceofself-

employmenttoruralyouth.

This report primarily seeks to assess 1. the extent of gender inclusion in welfare scheme service delivery by SoochnaPreneurs and 2. the demand for varying types of welfare schemes by women in particular11.Thisanalysishasbeenconductedthroughtheevaluationofschemeapplicant(prospectivebeneficiary)datacollectedacrossfivestates:MadhyaPradesh,Jharkhand,Bihar,Rajasthan,andOdisha.

Thisincludesastate-by-stateanalysisaswellasacross-stateanalysistoprovideacomparativeperspective.

Thisreporthelpstoidentifythegenderdynamicsinvolvedinwelfareschemeservicedeliveryinaddition

tofactorsthatcanpotentiallyfostergreatergenderinclusion,therebyprovidinginsightintoinclusive

programmedesignforcivilsocietyorganisations.

1 As this is a gender assessment, DEF would have liked to conduct an in-depth assessment on gender inclusion and demand for welfare schemes as it pertains to transgender persons. As there were very few Transgender applicants in the database, a more comprehensive analysis on TG persons was not able to be conducted for this analysis.


Executive SummaryPrimary Findings on Gender Inclusion in Welfare Scheme Service Delivery

• Potential preferential bias by SoochnaPreneurs for male applicants exist for certain scheme categories: Manyschemesthatarehighlyappliedforbywomenstillhaveahigherproportionofmaleapplicants.ThismightindicatethatSoochnaPreneurs,particularlymaleSoochnaPreneurs,have

apreferentialbiastowardstargetingmaleapplicants.Acrossall5states,themostgendermismatched

schemesareintheareasofAgriculture,Education&SkillsDevelopment(mainlyPre/PostMatric

Scholarships),LabourDevelopment,andWater&Sanitation(SwachhBharat).

• Essential schemes such as ID Cards and Healthcare Insurance are popular amongst women (within the Top 5), but still have a higher proportion of male applicants: Thispotentialpreferentialbiasisparticularlyconcerning,forinstance,certainIDcards(ex:AadharCard,PANCard)arebecoming

increasinglymandatorytoapplyforandavailbasicwelfareschemes.

• Female SoochnaPreneurs tend to sign up more female applicants: Infouroutofthefivestates(theoneexceptionbeingOdisha),femaleSoochnaPreneurssignupahigherproportionoffemaleapplicants

thanmale.

• Lack of transgender representation: ThereareveryfewoccurrencesofTGapplicants.Eachstatetypicallyonlyhasbetween.01%and.05%ofapplicationsfromTGpersons,yettheTGpopulation

ofthesestatesisgreater(Bihar:0.04%;MadhyaPradesh:0.04%;Jharkhand:0.04%;Odisha:0.05%;

Rajasthan:0.02%)1.Theseestimatesarelikelygrosslyunderstatedduetothestigmaofbeing

transgender.ThispointstoagreatersystemicissueintreatmentofTGpersonsacrossallcommunities.

ThesoleschemespecificallyintendedfortheempowermentofTGpersons,Sweekruti(launchedin

Odisha),hasnotbeenappliedtobyanyTGpersonsinOdishainthisanalysis2.

• “Household-oriented” schemes overwhelmingly issued to males: Schemesforwhichtheentirefamilyisbenefited(suchascertainhealthcare,ruraldevelopment,andwater&sanitationschemes)

haveahigherproportionofmaleapplicants.ThismightalsoindicateSoochnaPreneurpreferentialbias

intargetingmaleapplicantsoverfemaleapplicants:sincemalesarepresumedtobethe“head”ofthe

household,these“household-oriented”schemestypicallygotomen.Thereareonlyafewschemes

1 Transgender in India, Census 2011, https://www.census2011.co.in/transgender.php2 Sweekruti (A Scheme for Promotion of Transgender Equality & Justice, Odisha – Policy – Indai, https://translaw.clpr.org.in/laws-policies-reports/odisha-transgender-policy-2017-dignity/


forwhichthisisnotthecase,forinstance,PradhanMantriUjjwalaYojanaandBhamashahYojanain

Rajasthan,whichsolelygounderthefemale’sname.

Primary Findings on Welfare Scheme Demand by Women:

• The Top 5 most popular scheme categories amongst women: Energy,Identification(CertificatesandCards),Gender-BasedDevelopment,LabourDevelopment,andHealthcareInsurance&Assistance

• The least popular schemes amongst women tend to be circumstance-based schemes: SchemeslikeDisabilityandMinorityWelfareranklowamongstwomen(andmen)intermsofpopularity,asthey

maynotbeapplicable.

• The most recurring scheme category type within the Top 20 Most Popular schemes across all 5 states: Gender-BasedDevelopment(appearing4timesintheTop20),andSocialSecurity/Pension(alsoappearing4times).

• Some of the most popular schemes amongst women are “women-only” schemes: Severalschemeswhichonlywomencanapplyforareamongthemostpopularacrossallstates,suchasPradhanMantri

UjjwalaYojana,BhamashahYojana,andPradhanMantriMatritvaYojana.


MethodologiesMeraApp:MeraAppisamobileapplicationthatservesasadynamicMIS(ManagementInformationSystem)for

applicantregistrationandschemeapplicationaswellasarevenuetrackerfortheservicesdelivered.

SoochnaPreneursuseMeraApptohelpapplicantssignupforvariouswelfareschemesthatarepertinent

tothem.TheseschemesarepresentedbySoochnaPreneurstoapplicantsundersixbroadercategoriesin

MeraApp:Agriculture,Education,Employment/Livelihood,FinancialInclusion,Health,SocialSecurity.

Registration and Scheme Application Process:First,anapplicant’sbasicpersonalanddemographicdetailsareregisteredintoMeraApp.Afterthis,

SoochnaPreneursareabletohelpapplicantsapplyforschemesthroughtheapp.Importantnote:throughout

thisreport,theterm“application”willbeusedtorefertotheactofsigningupforaschemethroughMeraApp

only.Thisdoesnotrefertotheofficialapplicationthatislatersentforofficialreview.Thereare4stagesofthe

schemeapplicationprocess:

MeraAppRegistration

PendingApplication

In-ProcessApplication

Approved orRejected Application

• Registration: ASoochnaPreneurhelpsafirst-timeapplicantwithregisteringpersonalanddemographicinformationintoMeraApp.

• Pending Application: ASoochnaPreneurhelpsanapplicantsignupforschemesthroughMeraApp.Note:Theterm“signedupforascheme”and“appliedforascheme”willbeusedinterchangeably

withinthisanalysis.ThesetermsDONOTrefertotheofficialapplicationsubmittedlateronforofficial

governmentreview.Iteffectivelyindicatesthatanindividualhasexpressedinterestinbecominga

beneficiaryofaparticularscheme(s).


• In Process Application: Theapplicant’sschemeapplicationhasbeendocumentedinaseparateofficialapplicationbyaSoochnaPreneurandsubmittedforofficialreviewbythestateorcentralgovernment.

• Approved or Rejected Application: Theschemeapplicationhaseitherbeenapprovedorrejectedbythestateorcentralgovernment.

Data Collection and Analysis:AlldataintheproceedinganalysishasbeeninputtedinMeraAppbetweenJanuary2017andMay2019and

hasbeenexportedfromtheappforthepurposesofconductingthisanalysis.Therawdatacontainsbasic

personalanddemographicinformationabouttheapplicants,suchasApplicantName,DateofBirth,Age,Sex,

Religion,Caste,Occupation,DistrictofResidence,MaritalStatus,andAnnualIncome.Thedataalsocontains

theSchemeName,DateofSchemeApplication,andApplicationStatusforeachschemetowhichanapplicant

hassignedupforinMeraApp.

UponexportingtherawdatafromMeraApp,thedata

hasbeenfurtherdisaggregated.Forthepurposes

ofgettingamoregranularanalysisongender,

theschemeshavebeenmappedto18different

categories:thedescriptionsofall18categories

arelistedinpages(16-21)ahead.Furthermore,

SoochnaPreneurdatahasbeenmanuallymappedto

gender,soapropergenderinclusionanalysiscould

beperformed.

Data across the 5 states has been collected in the following districts:Madhya Pradesh: Gunaonly

Jharkhand: Ranchi(99.7%ofJharkhanddata),Bokaro,andYSRDistrict,Kadapa

Bihar: WestChamparan(98.5%ofBihardata),Bhagalpur,Gaya

Rajasthan: Alwar(74.3%oftheRajasthandata),Barmer(23.6%ofdata),Ajmer,Bharatpur,Jaipur,Pali,andTirap(last5districtslistedrepresentbetween.01%and1.3%ofdata)

Odisha: Bargarhonly


SoochaPreneur Initiative Phases – Phase I and Phase II: There have been two phases launched since the initiative’s inception:

Phase I:

TheinitialphaseoftheSoochnaPreneurinitiativewaslaunchedin2016andcompletedin2017.Thisphase

predominantlyemployedmaleSoochnaPreneurs(100SPsintotal)andwaslaunchedinGunaDistrictin

MadhyaPradesh,RanchiDistrictinJharkhand,WestChamparaninBihar,AlwarandBarmerdistrictsin

Rajasthan,andBargarhDistrictinOdisha.

Phase II:

Thisphasewaslaunchedin2017andisstillinprogress.PhaseIIhasbeenexclusivelydesignedtonewly

employfemaleSoochnaPreneurs(100SPsintotal).ThisphasewaslaunchedinGunaDistrictinMadhya

Pradesh,RanchiDistrictinJharkhand,andAlwarDistrictinRajasthan.Note:PhaseIIhasnotyetbeenlaunched

inanydistrictinBihar,BargarhDistrictinOdisha,orBarmerDistrictinRajasthan.

Cross-State Analysis Ranking Methodologies

Thisreportincludesacross-stateanalysiswhichshowshoweachofthe5statesrankamongsteachotheron

keymetrics,suchassexratio,employmentbygender,%femaleapplicants,%femaleSoochnaPreneurs,etc.

Asfollowsareexplanationsforuniquelydesignedrankingmethodologiesforthreetables:

1. Scheme Categories by Popularity for Women Across States: Rankingsforthistablearecalculatedbysummingtheindividualrankingsforeachschemecategoryacrossall5statesandsortingfrommostpopular

toleastpopular(startingwithrank“1”asmostpopular).Thevaluebeingrankedisthetotal#offemale

applicantsforagivenschemecategory.

To use a dummy example, let’s say that a scheme category “ABC” ranks as follows:

rankinMadhyaPradesh=1

rankinJharkhand=1

rankinBihar=2

rankinRajasthan=4

rankinOdisha=3

The sum of the individual ranks is equal to 1 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 3 = 11.

Now,let’ssaythataschemecategory“XYZ”ranksasfollows:


rankinMadhyaPradesh=2

rankinJharkhand=3

rankinBihar=1

rankinRajasthan=1

rankinOdisha=2

The sum of the individual ranks is equal to 2 + 3 + 1 + 1 + 2 = 9.

Since XYZ’s composite rank of 9 is less than ABC’s composite rank of 11, we would rank “XYZ” as more popular than “ABC”.

2. Scheme Categories by % of Female Applicants Across States: Samerankingmethodologyasabove,butinsteadofranking“#offemaleapplicantsforaschemecategory”,thistableranks“%ofapplicantsfora

schemecategorythatarefemale”.

3. Top 20 Most Popular Schemes for Women Across All 5 States: Samerankingmethodologyasabove,butinsteadofranking“#offemaleapplicantsforaschemecategory”,thistableranks“#offemaleapplicantsfor

aspecificscheme”.Afterderivingthecompositerankings,asubjectiveprocessisundertakentofactorinhow

manystatesaschemeappearsin.Forinstance,aschemethathasacompositerankof100mayswapplaces

withschemethathasacompositerankof99,iftheschemewithrank#100appearsinmorestatesthanthe

schemewithrank#99.


Welfare Scheme Descriptions

Broader Scheme Type

Scheme Description

Cash Transfers Conditionalcashtransfers(eg:DirectBenefitTransfers,pensionpayments)are

depositedintoarecipient’sbankaccount.Conditionsaretypicallyrelatedto

BelowPovertyLine(BPL)status,age,caste,gender,ability,and/oroccupation

Services Aparticularserviceistobeprovidedtotheschemerecipient,suchasLED

lightinstallation,LPGgasconnection,toiletinstallation,housingconstruction,

nutritionalsupplements&vaccinationsadministeredtowomen&children,etc.

Empowerment Schemesthatpromotetheempowermentofmarginalisedgroups,suchas

women,SC/ST/OBC,minorities,BPL,anddisabledpersonsthroughmobilisation

andskillsdevelopment

Insurance Insurancecoverageprovidedforlife,accidents,disability,healthcare,crop

failuresforfarmers,etc.

Scheme Broad Descriptions


Scheme Category Definitions

Scheme Category Scheme Description

Agriculture Schemespertainingtofarming/agriculturalactivities,including:

• CroporAnimalInsurance

• FarmerRegistration

• Benefitsforfishing,horticulture,orpisciculture

• Financialcompensationfordrasticcroppricedecreases

• Irrigationpromotion

Caste-Based Development

Schemes specifically intended for the benefit of lower castes and tribes, including: SC,ST,OBC,NomadicTribes,DenotifiedTribes,SpecialBackwardClasses,MostBackwardClasses

Includesschemessuchas:

• ScholarshipsforSC/ST/OBC(includingPre/PostMatric)-mostcommon

• CasteCertificate

• IntercasteMarriagesupport

• Financialsupport,bankloans,andtrainingforself-employment/

entrepreneurshipamongstSC/ST/OBC

Child Development Schemesspecificallyintendedforthebenefitofchildren’sdevelopment,

including:

• Supplementarynutritionandfreeschoolmeals

• Immunisations

• Healthscreeningandreferralservices

• Nutritional&healtheducation

• Childprotectionservices


Disability Schemesspecificallyintendedforthebenefitofdisabledpersons,including:

• Scholarshipsfordisabledpersons,includingPre/PostMatricandmerit-

basedscholarships-nearlyalloccurrences

• Scholarshipsforchildrenofdisabledparents

Education & Skills Development

Schemestargetedtowardsyouthwhichpromoteschooleducationandskills

development,including:

• Pre/PostMatricscholarships-mostcommon

• Scholarshipsawardedtostudentsofdisadvantagedparents(severelyill,

workinunsanitaryorunsafejobs,etc.)

• Financialcompensationawardedtomeritoriousstudents

• Financialcompensationtoincentiviseprospectivestudentstopreparefor

competitiveexamsthroughcoaching(ex:IndianCivilService,IIT,IIM,NIT,

CPMT,etc.)

• Skillsdevelopmentprogrammesinareassuchasentrepreneurship,

financialliteracy,digitalliteracy,andindustry-specificskills

Energy Schemespertainingtohouseholdenergyandpowersourcing,including:

• LPGgascylindersprovidedforhomes-mostcommon,underPradhan

MantriUjjwalaYojana

• SubsidiesforpurchasingLPGcylinders

• LEDlightinginstalledinhomes

• Ruralelectrificationandmeteringtovillagesandfarms

Financial Inclusion & Assistance

Schemespertainingtoinclusionin/accesstotheformaleconomy,including:

• Promotingopeningoflow-feebankaccounts

• Promotingsavingsthroughhigherinterestratesoffered

• FinancialcompensationprovidedtoBPLfamiliesformiscellaneous

circumstances,ex:funerals,startingabusiness

• CompensationintheformofhighlysubsidisedfoodtoBPLfamilies


Gender-Based Development

Schemesspecificallyintendedforthebenefitofwomen&girls,including:

• Maternitybenefitsprovidedtopregnantandlactatingwomen(oftenon

conditionalbasis)

• Vaccinationsforwomenandchild

• Nutritionalsupplementsforwomenandchild

• DBTtoparentsforkeepinggirlchild

• DBTtowomengettingmarriedabovechild/adolescentage

• Resources/servicesprovidedtogirlstopromotegirleducation(bicycles,

bustransportation,scooties,uniforms)

• Resourcestosupportfemalevictimsofdomesticviolence,abuse,and/or

abandonment

Healthcare Insurance & Assistance

Health-relatedschemesincluding:

• Coverageforaccesstoprimary,secondary,andtertiaryhospitalisation-

mostcommon,underAyushmanBharatYojana

• Coverageprovidedfortreatment/surgeriesforspecificseriousillnesses

anddiseases

• Provisionofwellnesscenterswithspecialisationsindifferenthealthareas

Housing Development Serviceandfinancialassistanceprovidedfortheconstructionorupgradingof

housing-ex:toiletinstallation,LPGgas,electricity,drinkingwater,and/orpaved

roads-mostlyPradhanMantriGraminAwaasYojana


Identification (Certificates & Cards)

GenericID-basedCertificatesandCards,including:

• AadharCard:12-digituniqueidentitynumberusedforbasicidentityproof.

Linkedtoone’sbankaccount,towhichDBTsaredeposited(mostcommon

isLPGsubsidy).Additionallyusedforobtainingpassport,openingabank

account(throughJanDhanYojana),linkingtoVoterID,Driver’sLicense,

DigitalLifeCertificate(pensionersdonothavetobephysicallypresentto

renewlifecertificate),receivingmonthlypensions,etc.

• PANCard(PermanentAccountNumber):10-digitalphanumericnumber

issuedbytheIndianIncomeTaxDepartment.Usedforfilingincometax

returns,taxdeductions,andanycommunicationswiththeIncomeTax

Department.Hasbecomemandatoryforopeningabankaccount,opening

adebit/creditcard,openinganewlandline/telephoneconnection,

purchasingforeigncurrency,obtainingbankdepositsaboveRs50,000,etc.

• RationCard:Acardwhichmakeshouseholdseligibletopurchase

subsidisedfoodgrainfromthePublicDistributionSystem

• JobCard

• VoterID

• DomicileCertificate

• BirthCertificate

• IncomeCertificate


Labour Development Schemessupportingtheadvancementoflabour-relatedactivitieswithinthe

unorganisedsector,including:

• LabourCard:Enablescardholderstoreceiveaccesstovariouslabour-

relatedbenefitsorbenefitsforlabourer’sfamilies

• Benefitsprovidedtolabourer’sfamilies,ex:financialcompensationfor

pregnantwomen,child’seducation,girl’smarriage,etc.

• Provisionofrelevanttoolsandequipmenttolabourers

Life Insurance Schemespertainingtolifeinsuranceprovision,generallyincludingdeaths,

accidents,anddisabilities

Minority Welfare Schemesspecificallyintendedforthebenefitofreligiousminorities(Buddhists,

Christians,Jains,Muslims,Parsis,Sikhs),including:

• Scholarshipsforminoritystudents(includingPre/PostMatric)-nearlyall

occurrences

• Skillstrainingandfinancialassistanceforminorities

Rural Development Schemesintendedtoupliftruralcitizens(ex:youth,artisans,labourers,marginal

farmers)byprovidingcomprehensivedevelopmentinitiatives,including:

• Provisionofelectricity,drinkingwater,pavedroadstoruralcommunities

• Ruralskillsprogrammesintendedtoincreaseyouthemployment

• OrganisationofSelfHelpGroups(SHG),especiallyamongstruralwomento

promotefinancialliteracyandsavings

• Subsidisedbankloans

Social Security/Pension

• SocialSecurityandPensionschemestypicallypertainingtooldage(on

average60+yearsold),butcanalsofurtherbeintendedfordisabled

persons,widows/widowers,andpersonswithBPLstatus

• Note:AlsoincludesAnnapurnaYojana,afoodsecurityprogrammeintended

forelderlydestitutepersonswhoqualifyfortheNationalOldAgePension

Planbutdonotreceivepensions


Urban Development Schemespertainingtothedevelopmentofurbanareas,includingservicessuch

as:

• Urbaninfrastructureandtransportation

• Housingdevelopmentinurban-areas

• Skillstrainingtoincreaseurbanemployment

• Providingsheltertourban-dwellinghomelesspersons

• Benefitsforstreetvendors

Water & Sanitation Schemesrelatedtoendingopendefecation,bothinruralandurbanareas,in

efforttopromotesanitarypracticesandcleancommunities.Householdtoiletsor

community-basedtoiletsinstalled-mostlyunderSwachhBharatMission


MADHYA PRADESH


Snapshot of the State of

Women in Madhya PradeshGender CompositionWomenrepresentjustunderhalfofMadhyaPradesh’speople,contributingto48.2% ofitspopulation.The total sex ratio(numberoffemalesto1,000males)hasimproved,currentlyat931femalesper1,000males(formerly919in2001).Theurbansexratioisnotablyworsethanruralacrosseverystate1.

1 Census MP: Sex Ratio and Female Population Data (Chapter 2): http://censusmp.nic.in/censusmp/pca.html

Sex Ratio: Number of Females per 1,000 Males

RURAL URBAN


OccupationFemaleoccupationsinMadhyaPradesharelargelyagriculture-based,with80.0%ofruralwomenworkingin

Agriculture,while17.2% ofurbanwomenworkinAgriculture.ThemostcommonoccupationofruralfemalesisAgriculture(80.0%),whilethemostcommonoccupationofurbanfemalesisPublicAdministration/PublicServices(35.1%).Womeninbothruralandurbansettingshavesufferedasignificantlossofemploymentoverthepast20years.Womenmakeuponly23.9%oftherurallabourforce,substantiallydownfrom41.1% in1993/1994,andonly11.9%oftheurbanlabourforcedownfrom14.8%in1993/19941.

1 Labour Force Statistics: NITI Aayog: https://niti.gov.in/state-statistics

Employment Rate - % of Labour Force by Gender (2011 Census)

FEMALE MALE


Gender-Based Welfare Schemes Highlighted by Madhya Pradesh Government1 • Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS): Acomprehensivechilddevelopmentplanthatincludesprovisionofnutritionalsupplements,healthcheckups,referralservices,immunisations,

nutritionandhealtheducation,andpre-informaleducation

• Ladli Laxmi: Aschemewhichseekstochangetheculturalmindsetofhavingagirlchild;monetarycompensationreleasedundergirl’snamewhensheturns18ifsheisnotmarried

• POSHAN Abhiyan:Acomprehensivenutritionschemewhichpromotesnutritionofchildren,adolescents,pregnantandlactatingmothersthroughfocusonbreastfeeding,immunisations,infant

growthmonitoring,foodfortificationandmicronutrients,anemia&diarrheaprevention,antenatal

checkup,water,hygiene&sanitation

• Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana: Conditionallytransferscashtonewmothers(19+yearsold)uponregistrationatanAnganwadiCenter,attendanceofprenatalcounselling,gettingimmunisationsforchild,

etc.

• Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (SABLA): AschemethatusestheexistinginfrastructureofICDSandAWCstoimproveadolescentgirls’nutrition,health,education,

vocationalandlifeskills

• Swagtam Laxmi: Abehaviouralchangeandcapacitybuildingschemetochangesocietalattitudestowardswomenandgirls,includingendinggenderdiscriminationandcurbinggender-basedviolence

Non-Welfare Scheme Initiatives:• Gender Budgeting: Thepracticeofallocatingfundswithinabudgetusingagender-sensitiveapproach

• One Stop Center (Usha Kiran Kendra): Aschemewhichprovidesfemalevictimsofviolencetemporaryshelter,police-desk,transportation,legalaid,andmedical&counsellingservices

• Swadhar Greh: SimilartoOneStopCenter,providesassistancetofemalevictimsafflictedbyviolence,mentalillness,abandonment,homelessness,etc.

1 Women and ChlidChild Development Department: Government of Madhya Pradesh, http://mpwcdmis.gov.in/(S(k02g5vagw4qyulewsfa3kv3n))/Home.aspx#


Gender Classification of Applicants and SoochnaPreneurs in Madhya Pradesh All proceeding data has been collected in Guna District.

TableabovedisplaysgenderclassificationofSoochnaPreneursandschemeapplicantsreachedbythem.

Key Insights (“+” indicates a positive insight, “-” indicates a negative insight):(-)OverallmoremaleapplicantshavebeensignedupbySoochnapreneurs(57.7%male)ascomparedto

female(42.3%female).Thisisnotable,asinallotherstates,ahigherpercentageofwomenhavebeensigned

upbymen.This indicates that more women need to be targeted to sign up for schemes, and more female SoochnaPreneurs need to be employed.

(-)Transgenderpersonsmakeuponly.02%ofsign-ups.This indicates that more transgender persons need to be targeted to sign up for schemes.

(-)SoochnaPreneursareroughlyevensplitbetweengender:50.7%maleand49.3%female.However,male

SoochnaPreneursareoverwhelminglysigningupmale applicants over female – 66.5% oftheapplicantswhommaleSoochnaPreneurssignuparemale.This indicates that more female SoochnaPreneurs need to be employed and that male SoochnaPreneurs need to be trained to sign up more women.

(+)FemaleSoochnaPreneursaresigningupfemaleapplicantsataslightlyhigherratethanmaleapplicants

(51.3%),butthisscalecanbetippedfurther.

Madhya Pradesh: Applicants % by Gender

Madhya Pradesh: SoochnaPreneurs % by Gender

SoochnaPreneur Gender

Applicant Gender

Female Male Total

Female 51.3% 33.5% 42.3%

Male 48.7% 66.5% 57.7%

Transgender 0.02% 0.01% 0.02%

100% 100% 100%


Women in Madhya Pradesh: % Distribution of Scheme Applications by Category

Key Insights:Gender-BasedschemesinMParethesecondhighestinpopularityrankafterRajasthan.InMP,thisismainly

drivenbyPradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojana(intheTop10schemesforwomen),Janani Suraksha, Kishori Shakti Yojana, POSHAN Abhiyan, Pradhan Mantri Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, andLadli Laxmi.

Energy-basedschemes,outsizedat#1inrank,aremostlybeingdrivenbyPradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana,aschemegiveninwomen’snameswhichprovidesLPGgascylinderstohouseholdstoreplacechulhas(open

firestoves)andeliminatebiomassfuelusage.

Labour Development schemes,#2inrank,aremostlybeingdrivenbyLabour Suraksha Yojana,butthisschemeisstilllargelybeingallocatedtomen(65%tomen,35%towomen).

ID cards,#3inrank,unlockaccesstomanywelfareschemesandbasicservices.TopIDsappliedforareAadharCard,DomicileCertificate1,LandRecord,IncomeCertificate,VoterID,andPANCard(listedinorderof

numberofsign-ups).

1 Domicilecertificateorresidencecertificateisanecessarylegaldocumentforprovingthatapersonpossessesaresidenceinaparticularstate.


Madhya Pradesh: % Distribution of Gender by Scheme Applications*Note: Categories are only boxed in red if there are more than 5 total applications (for all genders) for schemes within the category

(-) Agriculture, Identification (Certificates & Cards), and Healthcare arewithinwomen’sTop5mostappliedforschemes,yetthemajorityofapplicantsforthesetypesofschemesaremen. This indicates that SoochnaPreneurs need to target more women to sign up for these schemes.

(-)Itisconcerningthat65%ofLabourDevelopmentschemes–the2ndmostappliedforschemecategory

bywomen–arebeingallocatedtomen,as80%ofwomeninruralMPworkinfarmingorlabour-related

professions. This indicates that there needs to be a bigger push to sign up women for Labour Development based schemes, such as Labour Card or Labour Suraksha Yojana.

(-)ThereisaconcerninghigherpercentageofmenapplyingforIdentificationCards&Certificates(65%),as

owningIDcardscanunlockaccesstomanysubsequentbenefitsforwomen.This indicates that there needs to be a bigger push to sign up women for basic IDs, like Aadhar Card, PAN Card, Voter ID, and Job Card.

(-) Caste-Based Development, Education/Skills Development, andMinority Welfare aremainlyschemesrelatedtoeducation–all3schemetypeshaveahigherproportionofmaleapplicants.This indicates there


is favourability for men receiving education-based schemes, and more women need to be targeted for such schemes.

(-)Asnotedearlier,veryfewschemesarebeingappliedforbytransgenderpersons.This indicates that Transgender persons need to be targeted for scheme signups by SoochnaPreneurs.


Top 10 Schemes Applied for by Women in Madhya Pradesh*excludes ID Cards and Certificates if they are not a part of an actual scheme

Rank Top 10 Scheme Name

Scheme Category

Description Demand: % of Female Applicants

1 Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana(परधान मतरी उजजवला योजना)

Energy ProvidesLPGgascylinders

toruralhouseholdstoreduce

women’susageoffossilfuelsand

animalwastewhilecookingover

openfires,leadingtosuffering

fromindoorairpollution

82%

2 Mukhya Mantri Labour Suraksha Yojana(मखयमतरी मजदर सरका योजना)

Labour

Development

Providesvariousbenefitsto

labourersupontheirsuccessful

applicationtoaLabourCard

35%

3 Ayushman Bharat Scheme - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Scheme(आयष भारत योजना- परधान मतरी जन आरोगय योजना)

Healthcare

Insurance&

Assistance

Provideshealthinsurance

coverageperyearforsecondary

andtertiarycarehospitals;

implementsWellnessCenters

atwhichcomprehensivehealth

servicesareprovided(Non-

communicablediseases,

CommunicableDiseases,Dental,

MaternalHealth)

34%


4 National Rural Livelihood Mission - Deendayal Antyodaya Yojana (राषटरीय गामरीण आजरीविका वमशन)

Rural

Development

Promotesself-employmentamong

ruralpoorbyorganisationofSelf

HelpGroups(SHGs),whichfocus

onfinancialliteracy/savingsand

skillsdevelopment

95%

5 Bhavantar Bhugtan Yojana(भािानतर भगतान योजना)

Agriculture Providesfinancialcompensation

bygivingthedifferencebetween

themarket(selling)priceandthe

governmentminimumsetprice

(MSP)intheeventofadrastic

commoditypricefall(when

marketpriceislowerthanMSP)

17%

6 Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojana (परधान मतरी माततव िदना योजना)

Gender-Based

Development

Conditionallytransferscashto

newmothers(19+yearsold)upon

registrationatanAWC,attendance

ofprenatalcounselling,getting

immunisationsforchild,etc.

100%

7 Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (परधान मतरी जन धन योजना)

Financial

Inclusion&

Assistance

Promotesaccesstobankingby

incentivisingopeningofbank

accountswhichwillbegiven

overdraftreprieve,relaxedKYC

standards,nominimumbalance,

andDirectBenefitTransfers(DBT)

64%

8 Mission Indradhanush (वमशन इनददानष टरीकाकरण योजना)

Child

Development

Provideschildrenvaccinations

forTuberculosis,Diphtheria,

Pertussis,Tetanus,Polio,Hepatitis

B,PneumoniaandMeningitisdue

toHaemophilusInfluenzaetypeb

(Hib),Measles,Rubella,Japanese

Encephalitis(JE)andRotavirus

diarrhea.

51%


9 Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana (परधान मतरी कवष ससचाई योजना)

Agriculture Promotesefficientirrigation-“more

cropperdrop”,waterstorageand

conservationandencouragesinvestment

inirrigation

18%

10 Pradhan Mantri Gramin Aawas Yojana (परधान मतरी गामरीण आिास योजना)

Housing

Development

Providesfinancialassistancefor

constructionorupgradingofhouse-

includingtoiletinstallation,LPGgas

(cookingfuel),electricity,drinking

water,pavedroad-amergerofseveral

schemes(SwachhBharat,MakeinIndia,

Aadhar,etc.)

12%

Key Insights:(+) Pradhan Mantri Matritiva Yojana, anMPgovernmentfocus,isinhighpopularity.Thisispositive,asMPhasalowermaternalmortalityratethanIndia’snationalaverage(173deathsper100,000livebirths,vs.India

averageof130)1.OtherMPgovernment-highlightedschemessuchas Ladli Lakshmi, POSHAN Abhiyan, and ICDS are also popular.

(-)5outofthetop10schemesbeingappliedforbywomenarestilloverwhelminglybeingappliedformen

(>50%allocatedtomen). This indicates that SoochnaPreneurs can focus on signing up more women for these 5 schemes.

1 NITI Aayog Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): https://niti.gov.in/content/maternal-mortality-ratio-mmr-100000-live-births


DEF Targets in Madhya Pradesh on the Basis of Gender

• TrainmaleSoochnaPreneurstotargetandsignupmorefemaleapplicants

• TrainallSoochnaPreneurstotargetandsignupmoretransgenderapplicants

• HiremorefemaleSoochnaPreneurstoincreasenumberoffemaleapplicants

• Askwomeniftheyarealabourer,andifso,signthemupforLabourDevelopmentbasedschemes,such

asLabourCardorLabourSurakshaYojana

• SignALLwomenandchildrenupforbasicIDs:AadharCard,PANCard,JobCard,andVoterIDcard,

withoutexception

• SignwomenupformoreHealthcareschemes

• SignwomenupformoreEducation-basedschemes(ex:Pre/PostMatricScholarships)

• Signwomenupformoreofthefollowingschemes(schemeswithintheirTop10appliedforschemesthat

haveahigherproportionofmaleapplicants):

1. MukhyaMantriLabourSurakshaYojana(LabourDevelopment)

2. AyushmanBharat–PradhanMantriJanArogya(Healthcare)

3. BhavantarBhugtanYojana(Agriculture)

4. PradhanMantriKrishiSinchaiYojana(Agriculture)

5. PradhanMantriGraminAawasYojana(HousingDevelopment)


JHARKHAND



Women in Jharkhand

Gender CompositionWomenrepresentalmosthalfofJharkhandat48.7%ofitspopulation.Thetotal sex ratio(numberoffemalesto1,000males)hasimproved,currentlyat948femalesper1,000males(formerly941in2001),andisthe

second2ndhighestafterOdishainthisanalysis1.



RURAL URBAN


OccupationFemaleoccupationsinJharkhandarelargelyagriculture-based,84.4%ofruralwomenworkinAgriculture,

while8.6%ofurbanwomenworkinAgriculture.ThemostcommonoccupationofruralfemalesisAgriculture (84.4%),whilethemostcommonoccupationofurbanfemalesisPublicAdministration/PublicServices(45.1%).Womeninbothruralandurbansettingshavesufferedalossofemploymentoverthepast15years.Womenmakeuponly20.4%oftherurallabourforce,downfrom31.3%in2004/2005,andonly 7.3%ofthe

urbanlabourforcedownfrom13.7%in2004/20051.



FEMALE MALE


Gender-Based Welfare Schemes Highlighted by Jharkhand Government1

• Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS): Acomprehensivechilddevelopmentplanthatincludesprovisionofnutritionalsupplements,healthcheckups,referralservices,immunisations,


• Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS): Acentrallysponsoredschemetohelpthesafetyandsecurityofchildrenindifficultcircumstances,includingcreatingavulnerablechildtrackingdatabase,

raisingpublicawarenessonchildrights,strengtheningchildprotectionatthecommunityandfamily

levels

• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana: Askillsdevelopmentschemewhichofferstrainingtolessereducatedyouthintechnicalareassuchasconstruction,electronics,hardware,foodprocessing,furniture

&fittings,handicrafts,gems&jewellery,andhelpsthemfindjobssubsequenttocompletionoftraining

Non-Welfare Scheme Gender Initiatives:

• Gender Budgeting: Jharkhandhasrecentlyintroducedgenderresponsivebudgetingforthepast2yearswhereinallgender-basedschemeshavebeenearmarkedforfunding.Arobustmonitoringsystem

hasbeenputintoplacetoensureprogressagainstgender-specificdevelopmenttargets

• Sakhi Mandals: Awomen’sself-empowermentprogrammethatincorporatesskillstrainingforwomenandorganisationthroughSelfHelpGroups(SHG),promotingfinancialindependence

1 Jharkhand Government: Jharkhand Vision and Action Plan, https://www.jharkhand.gov.in/Documents/Home/Vision_English.pdf


Gender Classification of Applicants and SoochnaPreneurs in JharkhandAllproceedingdatahasbeencollectedinRanchi,Bokaro,andYSRDistrict,KadapabetweenRanchi

represents99.7%ofthedata.


Key Insights (“+” indicates a positive insight, “-” indicates a negative insight):

(+)Jharkhandhasanoverallhigherpercentageoffemaleapplicants(56.5%female).

(+)BothmaleandfemaleSoochnaPreneursaresigningupapplicantsinthesameway–roughly56%ofthe

applicantsreachedbybothmaleandfemaleSoochnaPreneursarewomen.Thisisinterestinggiventhatthere

aremoreSoochnaPreneursinJharkhand(59.5%aremale).

(-)Despitethepositiveskewoffemaleapplicants,59.5%ofSoochnaPreneursaremen.This indicates more female SoochnaPreneurs need to be hired.

(-)Transgenderpersonsmakeuponly.01%ofsign-ups.This indicates transgender persons need to be targeted to sign up for schemes.

Jharkhand: Applicants % by Gender

Jharkhand: SoochnaPreneurs % by Gender


Applicant Gender

Female Male Total

Female 56.2% 56.8% 56.5%

Male 43.8% 43.2% 43.4%

Transgender 0.00% 0.02% 0.01%

100% 100% 100%


Key Insights: Gender-BasedschemesinJharkhandaremainlydrivenby POSHAN Abhiyan (inWomen’sTop10schemes),Pradhan Mantri Matritva Yojanaand Janani Suraksha.

Labour Development,#1inrank,isbeingdrivenbyLabourCardScheme,whichhelpsagriculturallabourersavailotherbenefitsfromthegovernment.As‘Farmer’isthemostcommonoccupationofour

femaleapplicantsinJharkhand,thisisintuitive.Giventhis,however,womenarenotsigningupforenough

Agriculture-basedschemesthatcouldberelevanttothemaswell.

Energy-based schemes,#2inrank,aremostlybeingdrivenbyPradhanMantriUjjwalaYojana.

ID cards, #3inrank,unlockaccesstomanywelfareschemesandbasicservices.TopIDsappliedforareIncomeCertificate,JobCard,PANCard,DomicileCertificate,RationCard,andVoterID(listedinorderof

numberofsign-ups).

Women in Jharkhand: % Distribution of Scheme Applications by Category


Jharkhand: % Distribution of Gender by Scheme Applications*Note:Categoriesareonlyboxedinrediftherearemorethan5fivetotalapplications(forallgenders)for

schemeswithinthecategory

Key Insights:

(+)Jharkhandranks#1outofallstatesintermsofthe#ofschemecategorieshaving a greater percentage of women–11categories.

(+)Inallotherstates(exceptOdisha)thereisagenderbiastowardsmenforEducation-basedschemes,such

asEducation/SkillsDevelopmentandCaste-BasedDevelopment,butinJharkhandwomenarebeingfavoured

forEducation-basedschemes.

(-) Identification (Cards & Certificates)and Healthcare Insurance/Assistancearewithinwomen’sTop5mostappliedforschemes,yetthemajorityofapplicantsforthesetypesofschemesaremen.This indicates that SoochnaPreneurs need to target more women to sign up for IDs and Healthcare schemes.


Top 10 Schemes Applied for by Women in Jharkhand*excludesIDCardsandCertificatesiftheyarenotapartofanactualscheme


Scheme Category


1 Labour Card Scheme – Jharkhand(मजदर ननबधन कारड)

Labour

Development

Providesvariousbenefitsto

labourersupontheirsuccessful

applicationofaLabourCard

51%

2 Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (परधान मतरी उजजवला योजना)

Energy ProvidesLPGgascylinderstorural

householdstoreducewomen’s

usageoffossilfuelsandanimal

wastewhilecookingoveropen

fires,leadingtosufferingfrom

indoorairpollution

97%

3 Ayushman Bharat Scheme - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Scheme(आयष भारत योजना- परधान मतरी जन आरोगय योजना)

Healthcare

Insurance&

Assistance

Provideshealthinsurancecoverage

peryearforsecondaryandtertiary

carehospitals;implementsWellness

Centersatwhichcomprehensive

healthservicesareprovided

(Non-communicablediseases,


MaternalHealth)

42%

4 POSHAN Abhiyan(पोषण अभभयान)

Gender-Based

Development

Promotesnutritionofchildren,

adolescents,pregnantand

lactatingmothersthroughfocuson

breastfeeding,immunisation,infant

growthmonitoring,foodfortification

&micronutrients,anemia&

diarrhoeaprevention,antenatal


86%


5 Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana(परधान मतरी कौशल विकास योजना)

Education/

Skills

Development

Providestrainingtolessereducated

youthintechnicalareassuchas

construction,electronics,hardware,

foodprocessing,furniture&fittings,

handicrafts,gems&jewellery,and

helpsthemfindjobssubsequentto

completionoftraining

60%

6 Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (परधान मतरी फसल बरीमा योजना)

Agriculture Providesinsuranceforfarmers

intheeventofcropfailure;

offerslowerpremiumsforkharif

(monsoonseason)andrabi(dry

season)crops

51%

7 Shramik Auzar Sahaytha Yojana (शरवमक औजार सहायता योजना)

Labour

Development

Providesassistancetolabourers

intheunorganisedsectorin

purchasingtools&equipment

45%


Financial

Inclusion&

Assistance






andDBTs

50%


Housing

Development


constructionorupgradingofhouse

-includingtoiletinstallation,LPG

gas(cookingfuel),electricity,

drinkingwater,pavedroad-a

mergerofseveralschemes(Swachh

Bharat,MakeinIndia,Aadhar,etc.)

50%

10 Swacch Bharat Mission - Gramin(सवचछ भारत वमशन (गामरीण))

Water&

Sanitation

installshouseholdandcommunity-

sharedtoiletstoendpracticeof

opendefecation

37%


Key Insights:

(+) Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana hasbeenoutlinedasoneofJharkhandgovernment’stargetinitiativesforwomenfortheirgainfulemployment.ThisisnotableasthisisoneofthefewEducation/Skills

Developmentschemeswithinwomen’sTop10inthisanalysis.

(-)ThereareamodestnumberofwomensigningupforICDSandnosignupsfortheICPS–twoofJharkhand

government’stargetinitiatives.This indicates that these can be increased.

(-)3outoftheTop10schemesbeingappliedforbywomenarestilloverwhelminglybeingappliedforby

men(>50%allocatedtomen).This indicates that the SoochnaPreneurs can focus on signing up more women for these 3 schemes.

DEF Targets in Jharkhand on the Basis of Gender

• HiremorefemaleSoochnaPreneurstoreducethe60:40ratioinfavourofmen


• SignfemaleapplicantsupformoreAgriculture(farming)relatedschemesifapplicable

• SignmorewomenupforJharkhandgovernmenthighlightedschemes:

1. IntegratedChildDevelopmentScheme(ICDS)

2. IntegratedChildProtectionScheme(ICPS)

• SignALLwomenupforbasicIDs:AadharCard,PANCard,JobCard,andVoterIDcard,withoutexception

• SignwomenupformoreHealthcareschemes

• Signmorewomenupforthefollowingschemes(schemesintheirTop10thataremostlyallocatedto

men):


2. ShramikAuzarSahaythaYojana(LabourDevelopment)

3. SwachhBharatMission–Gramin(Water&Sanitation)


BIHAR



Women in Bihar

Gender CompositionWomenrepresentjustunderhalfofBihar’speople,contributingto47.9%ofitspopulation.Thetotal sex ratio(numberoffemalesto1,000males)hasslightlydecreased,currentlyat918femalesper1,000males(formerly

919in2001)1.



RURAL URBAN


OccupationFemaleoccupationsinBihararelargelyagriculture-based,76.8% ofruralwomenworkinAgriculture,while 22.1%ofurbanwomenworkinAgriculture.ThemostcommonoccupationofruralfemalesisAgriculture

(76.8%),whilethemostcommonoccupationofurbanfemalesisPublicAdministration/PublicServices (33.3%). Womeninbothruralandurbansettingshavesufferedalossofemploymentoverthepast25years.Womenmakeuponly5.8%oftherurallabourforce,downfrom17.3%in1993/1994,andonly5.4%of

theurbanlabourforcedownfrom7.6%in1993/1994.Biharhasoneofthelowestemploymentratesinthe

country1.



FEMALE MALE


Gender-Based Welfare Schemes Highlighted by Jharkhand Government1

• Beti Bachao Beti Padhao: Anationwidecampaigntoeliminategender-basedsexselectiontosavethegirlchildbyraisingawarenessandensuringprotectionandeducationofthegirlchild

• Mukhya Mantri Kanya Suraksha Yojana: Providesmonetarycompensationtofamiliestoincentivisethemtokeepthegirlchild

• Mukhya Mantri Nari Shakti Yojana: Acomprehensivecapacity-buildingschemewhichhelpswomenafflictedbydomesticviolence,providesawomen’shelpline,sheltersandshortstayhomes,palnaghar,

promotesSHGs,inter-castemarriage,etc.

Non-Welfare Scheme Gender Initiatives:

• Bihar Rajya Kinnar Kalyan Board (State Transgender Welfare Board): AnewlylaunchedboardinJuly2019whichaimstosecuretheinterestsandprotecttherightsoftransgenderpersonsandmembers

oftheLGBTQcommunity

• Gender Resource Center: Acenterthatprovidestechnicalbackstoppingtovariousgovernmentschemesfocusingonwomenempowermentthroughcollaborationwithnodaldepartments.Promotes

capacitybuildingforstakeholdersanddepartmentsworkingongender-basedlegislation,creates

changeagentsforbetterimplementation,etc.

• Poorna Shakti Kendra: CenterslocatedwithinblocksandGramPanchayatstofacilitategreateraccessforwomentosignupforgovernmentwelfareschemes,createawarenessaboutgenderissues,andhelp

womenafflictedbyviolence

• One Stop Center: Aschemewhichprovidesfemalevictimsofviolencetemporaryshelter,police-desk,transportation,legalaid,andmedical&counsellingservices

1 Women Development Corporation, Bihar: http://www.wdcbihar.org.in/Gender_Resource_Centre.aspx


Gender Classification of Applicants and SoochnaPreneurs in Bihar AllproceedingdatahasbeencollectedinWestChamparan,Bhagalpur,andGaya.WestChamparan

represents98.5%ofthedata.

TableabovedisplaysgenderclassificationofSoochnaPreneursandschemeapplicantsreachedbythem


(+)Biharhasthehighestrateoftransgenderapplicantsat0.1%,whichishigherthanitstransgender

population%of0.04%.

(+)Despitethe100%maleSoochnaPreneursratio1,thereisstillaslightskew towards female applicants(53.6%).

(-)100% of SoochnaPreneurs aremales.ThisistheonlystateinouranalysisinwhichthereareonlymaleSoochnaPreneurs.This indicates that there needs to be community mobilisation towards hiring more female SoochnaPreneurs.

1 In Bihar, SoochnaPreneur Phase II with an all-female cohort was not implemented and the Phase I was continued into the next phase in integration with the SoochnaSeva framework.

Bihar: Applicants % by Gender

Bihar: SoochnaPreneurs % by Gender


Applicant Gender

Male Total

Female 53.6% 53.6%

Male 43.6% 43.6%

Transgender 0.1% 0.1%

100% 100%


Women in Bihar: % Distribution of Scheme Applications by Category

Key Insights:Gender-based schemesinBihararealmostentirelybeingdrivenbyPradhan Mantri Kanya Vivah Yojana.

ID cards, #1inrank,unlockaccesstomanywelfareschemesandbasicservices.TopIDsappliedforarePANCard,AadharCard,andRationCard(listedbynumberofsign-ups).

Energy-based schemes,#2inrank,aremostlybeingdrivenbyPradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.

Healthcare Insurance/Assistance, #3inrank,issolelydrivenby Ayushman Bharat Yojana, whichprovideshealthinsurancecoverageperyearforsecondaryandtertiarycarehospitals;implementsWellness

Centersatwhichcomprehensivehealthservicesareprovided(Non-communicablediseases,Communicable

Diseases,Dental,MaternalHealth).

Water & Sanitation,#4inrank,isentirelydrivenbySwachh Bharat Mission,whichinstallshouseholdandcommunity-sharedtoiletstoendthepracticeofopendefecation.


Bihar: % Distribution of Gender by Scheme Applications*Note:Categoriesareonlyboxedinrediftherearemorethan5totalapplications(forallgenders)for


Key Insights:(+)AfterJharkhand,Biharhasthemost#ofschemecategorieswithahigherproportionofwomenapplicants

(8).

(-)Agriculture, Identification (Certificates & Cards),and Healthcare Insurance/Assistance arewithinwomen’sTop5mostappliedforschemes,yetthemajorityofapplicantsforthesetypesofschemesaremen.

This indicates that SoochnaPreneurs need to target more women to sign up for these schemes.

(-)Caste-Based Development, Education/Skills Development,andMinority Welfarearemainlyschemesrelatedtoeducation–all3schemetypesareskewedtowardsmen.This indicates there is favourability for men receiving education-based schemes, and more women need to be targeted for such schemes.


Top 10 Schemes Applied for by Women in Bihar*excludesIDCardsandCertificatesiftheyarenotapartofanactualscheme


Scheme Category


1 Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana(परधान मतरी उजजवला योजना)






indoorairpollution

95%

2 Ayushman Bharat Scheme - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Scheme (आयष भारत योजना- परधान मतरी जन आरोगय योजना)

Healthcare

Insurance/

Assistance

Provideshealthinsurancecoverage

peryearforsecondaryandtertiary

carehospitals;implementsWellness

Centersatwhichcomprehensive

healthservicesareprovided

(Non-communicablediseases,


MaternalHealth)

45%

3 Swacch Bharat Mission - Gramin(सवचछ भारत वमशन (गामरीण))

Water&

Sanitation

Installshouseholdandcommunity-


opendefecation

78%

4 Mukhya Mantri Kanya Vivah Yojana(मखतरी कना वििाह योजना)

Gender-Based

Development

Seekstoenddowrysystemand

childmarriageforBPLfamilieswith

daughters-conditionallytransfers

cashtonewlymarriedcoupleswith

stipulationthatfemalesare18+

yearsofage,males21+

100%


5 Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme - Bihar (इभदरा गाधरी राषटरीय िदािसा पशन योजना- वबहार)

Social

Security/

Pension

Providesmonthlypensionpayments

toBPLpersonswhoare60+years

ofage

40%


Housing

Development




gas(cookingfuel),electricity,

drinkingwater,pavedroad-a

mergerofseveralschemes(Swachh

Bharat,MakeinIndia,Aadhar,etc.)

80%

7 Diesel Anudan Yojana (ररीजल अननदान योजना)

Agriculture Providesdieselsubsidiestofarmers

tohelpthemcombatrisingdiesel

prices

19%

8 Ujala Yojana (Unnat Jeevan) (उजाला योजना (उननत जरीिन))

Energy ProvidesLEDbulbstoreduceusage

ofinefficientbulbsthatusemany

MWofpowerandtoproducecost

savings

68%

9 Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan Dhan Yojana (परधानमतरी शरम योगरी मान धन योजना)

Social

Security/

Pension

Providesmonthlypension

paymentstooldageworkersin

theunorganisedsector(informal

sector)

29%

10 Integrated Rural Development Programme (एकीकत गामरीण विकास कायडकरम)

Rural

Development

Promotesgainfulemploymentand

increasingthepurchasingpower

oftheruralpoorbyproviding

basicamenities(drinkingwater,

electricity,pavedroads),building

healthandeducationcenters,

providingtools&equipment,

subsidisedbankloans,etc.

80%


Key Insights:

(-)BihargovernmenttargetinitiativessuchasMukhya Mantri Kanya Suraksha Yojana, Mukhya Mantri Nari Shakti Yojana,and Beti Bachao Beti Padhaoarenotbeingappliedfor.This indicates that women can be targeted to sign up for these schemes.Itisespeciallyimportantforthegirlchildschemes,asBiharhasoneofthelowestsexratiosinIndia.

(-)4outofthetop10schemesbeingappliedforbywomenarestilloverwhelminglybeingappliedforbymen

(>50%allocatedtomen).This indicates that SoochnaPreneurs can focus on signing up more women for these 4 schemes.

DEF Targets in Bihar on the Basis of Gender

• HirefemaleSoochnaPreneurstoreducethe100%ratioofmaleSoochnaPreneurs


• SignALLwomenupforbasicIDs:AadharCard,PANCard,JobCard,andVoterIDcard,withoutexception

• Signwomenupformoregirlchildschemes,asBiharhasoneofthelowestsexratiosinIndia.

All3areBihargovernmentpromotedschemes:

1. BetiBachao

2. MukhyaMantriKanyaSurakshaYojana

3. MukhyaMantriNariShaktiYojana

• SignwomenupformoreAgricultureandHealthcareschemes

• Signmorewomenupforthefollowingschemes(schemesintheirTop10thataremostlyallocatedto

men):


2. IndiraGandhiOldAgePensionScheme(SocialSecurity/Pension)

3. DieselAnudanScheme(Agriculture)

4. PradhanMantriShramYogiMaanDan(SocialSecurity/Pension)


RAJASTHAN



Women in Rajasthan

Gender CompositionWomenrepresentjustunderhalfofRajasthan’speople,contributingto48.1%ofitspopulation.Thetotal sex ratio(numberoffemalesto1,000males)hasslightlyincreased,currentlyat928femalesper1,000males(formerly921in2001)1.



RURAL URBAN


OccupationFemaleoccupationsinRajasthanarelargelyagriculture-based,77.4%ofruralwomenworkinAgriculture,

while18.7%ofurbanwomenworkinAgriculture.Themostcommonoccupationofruralfemalesis

Agriculture(77.4%),whilethemostcommonoccupationofurbanfemalesisManufacturing(32.8%).Womeninbothruralandurbansettingshavesufferedalossofemploymentoverthepast15years.Womenmakeup

only34.9%oftherurallabourforce,downfrom45.8%in1993/1994,andonlymakeup14.4%oftheurban

labourforcedownfrom18.8%in2004/20051.



FEMALE MALE


Gender-Based Welfare Schemes Highlighted by Rajasthan Government1

• Aapki Beti Yojana:AschemewhichprovidescashincentivestogirlsfromBPLhouseholds,whoareenrolledinschool(Classes1–12),prioritizingthosewhoareorphansorhaveonesurvivingparent

• Bhamashah Yojana: Afinancialinclusionschemewhichtransfersfinancialandnon-financialbenefitsdirectlytofemalerecipients(fundsaredepositeddirectlyintothewoman’sbankaccountfortheentire

family)tohelpmakewomentheheadofthehousehold’sfinances.*ApplicantsforBhamashahCardcan

beanygender


• Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS): Acentrallysponsoredschemetohelpthesafetyandsecurityofchildrenindifficultcircumstances,includingcreatingavulnerablechildtrackingdatabase,


levels

• Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan:Acentrallysponsoredschemefortheadvancementofsecondaryeducation,whichaimstoimprovethequalityofsecondaryeducation,removegenderand

socioeconomicbarriers,improveretentionratesandincreaseaccesstosecondaryeducation

• Menstrual Hygiene Scheme:Aschemewhichseekstoincreaseawarenessamongadolescentgirlsonmenstrualhygieneandtoincreaseaccesstoanduseofsanitarynapkins

• Mukhya Mantri Hunar Vikash Yojana: AschemewhichfocusesonprovidingopportunitiesforhighereducationandskillsdevelopmenttoapplicantsofPalanharYojanaandchildrenstayingininstitutional

homes.

• Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Programme: AcomprehensiveprogrammeundertheNationalHealthMissionthatseekstoaddressthehealth,nutritional,reproductivehealth,andmentalneeds

ofadolescents.Objectivesincludeimprovingnutrition,improvingsexualandreproductivehealth,

improvingmentalhealth,andpreventingsubstancemisuse.Strategiesincludecommunity-based

interventionsandpeereducation

• Sarva Shikhsha Abhiyan:Acentrallysponsoredcampaignaimingtoachieveuniversalelementaryeducation,includesopeningnewschools,strengtheningexistingschoolinfrastructure,andcapacity

buildingforteachers

• Weekly Iron and Folic Acid Supplementation Programme: Aprogrammewhichaimstoreducetheprevalenceandseverityofanaemiainadolescentsthroughadministrationofweeklyiron-folicacid

supplements,dewormingmedications,screeningoftargetgroupformoderate/severeratesofanaemia,

andinformationandcounsellingfordietaryintakeandpreventionofintestinalworminfestation

1 Women & Child Development, Government of Rajasthan http://wcd.rajasthan.gov.in/docs/Rajasthan%20State%20Policy%20for%20Women%202018.pdf


Other:• Gender Budgeting: Thepracticeofallocatingfundswithinabudgetusingagender-sensitiveapproach

• Mahila Suraksha Evam Salah Kendra: Women’ssecuritycenterslocatedatpolicestationsineverydistricttosupportsurvivorsofgender-baseddiscriminationandviolence(similarinconcepttoOne

StopCenter)

Gender Classification of Applicants and SoochnaPreneurs in RajasthanAllproceedingdatahasbeencollectedinAjmer, Alwar, Barmer, Bharatpur, Jaipur, Pali, and Tirap. Alwarrepresents74.3%ofthedata,Barmerrepresents23.6%ofthedata,whiletherestofthedistrictsrepresent0.01%-1.3%ofthedata.


Rajasthan: Applicants % by Gender

Rajasthan: SoochnaPreneurs % by Gender


Applicant Gender

Female Male Total

Female 59.1% 42.8% 53.0%

Male 40.9% 57.2% 47.0%

Transgender 0.01% 0.00% 0.01%

100% 100% 100%



(+)Overalltherearemore female SoochnaPreneurs (62.7%)inRajasthancomparedtootherstates.

(+)59.1%oftheapplicantssignedupbyfemaleSoochanpreneursarefemales.

(-)MaleSoochnaPreneursareoverwhelminglysigningupmale applicants – 57.2%oftheapplicantswhom

maleSoochnaPreneurssignuparemale.This indicates that male SoochnaPreneurs need to be trained to sign up more women.

(-)Transgenderpersonsmakeuponly.01%ofsign-ups.This indicates that more transgender persons need to be targeted to sign up for schemes.


Women in Rajasthan: % Distribution of Scheme Applications by Category

Key Insights:

Gender-basedschemesarehighestinpopularityoutofallotherstatesintheanalysis,rankedat#3.ThisismainlydrivenbyBhamashah Yojana, POSHAN Abhiyan, Janani Suraksha(withintheTop10schemesforwomen),followedbyPradhan Mantri Sukanya Samudhi Yojana, Shubh Shakti Yojana,andPradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana(listedinorderofsign-ups).

ID cards,#1inrank,unlockaccesstomanywelfareschemesandbasicservices.TopIDsappliedforarePANCard,AadharCard,RationCard,IncomeCertificate,JobCard,andDomicileCertificate(listedinorderof

numberofsign-ups).

Energy-basedschemes,at#2inrank,aremostlybeingdrivenbyPradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.

Social Security/Pensionschemesat#4aremostlybeingdrivenbyOld Age Pension - Rajasthan, Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana(bothinTop10)andMukhya Mantri Old Age Honor Pension Yojana.

(+)Althoughstillasmallpercentageofschemesappliedfor,Disability-basedschemesareappliedforatthehighestrateinRajasthanat0.5%.


Key Insights:

(+) Healthcare Insurance/Assistanceschemeshaveahigherpercentageofmeninthisanalysis,butinRajasthanitisskewed towards women.

(-)Out of all the schemes applied for by women, ID CardsandLabour Development schemes rank among the Top5.However,overall,themajorityofapplicantsfortheseschemesaremen.This indicates that SoochnaPreneurs need to target more women to sign up for these schemes.

(-)Caste-Based DevelopmentandEducation/Skills Development aremainlyschemesrelatedtoeducation–all3schemetypesthathaveahigherproportionofmaleapplicants.This indicates men are receiving significant proportions of education-based schemes compared to women. Thus, more women need to be targeted for such schemes.

Rajasthan: % Distribution of Gender by Scheme Applications*Note:Categoriesareonlyboxedinrediftherearemorethan5totalapplications(forallgenders)for



Top 10 Schemes Applied for by Women in Rajasthan*excludesIDCardsandCertificatesiftheyarenotapartofanactualscheme


Scheme Category








indoorairpollution

95%

2 Bhamashah Yojana (भामाशाह योजना)

Gender-Based

Development

Transfersfinancialandnon-

financialbenefitsdirectlytofemale

recipients(fundsaredeposited

directlyintothewoman’sbank

accountfortheentirefamily)to

helpmakewomentheheadofthe

household’sfinances.*Applicants

forBhamashahCardcanbeany

gender.

54%

3 Shramik Card Yojana - Rajasthan (शरवमक कारड योजना (राजसान)

Labour

Development

Helpslabourersavailavarietyof

benefits,suchasDBTforchild’s

education,daughter’smarriage,

houseconstruction,etc.

44%

4 Old Age Pension - Rajasthan (िदािसा पशन-राजसान)

Social

Security/

Pension

Providesmonthlypensionpayments

toelderlypersons55+yearsofage

59%


5 POSHAN Abhiyan (पोषण अभभयान)

Gender-Based

Development

Promotesnutritionofchildren,

adolescents,pregnantand

lactatingmothersthroughfocuson

breastfeeding,immunisation,infant

growthmonitoring,foodfortification

&micronutrients,anaemia&

diarrhoeaprevention,antenatal


82%

6 Swacch Bharat Mission - Gramin (सवचछ भारत वमशन (गामरीण))

Water&

Sanitation

Installshouseholdandcommunity-


opendefecation

40%

7 Nirmaan Shramik Jeevan & Bhavishy Suraksha Yojana (ननमाडण शरवमक जरीिन ि भविषय सरका योजना)

LifeInsurance Providescomprehensivelifeand

accidentcoverageonthecondition

thatrecipientsareeligiblefor

PradhanMantriSurakshayaBima

Yojana,PradhanMantriJeevan

JyotiBimaYojana,andAtalPension

Yojana

43%

8 Aam Aadmi Bima Yojana (आम आदमरी बरीमा योजना)

Social

Security/

Pension

Providescoveragefordeathand

disability(naturaldeath,death

duetoaccident,partialdisability,

permanentdisability)foridentified

vocational/occupationalgroupsand

rurallandlesshouseholds

40%

9 Ujala Yojana (Unnat Jeevan) (उजाला योजना (उननत जरीिन))

Energy ProvidesLEDbulbstoreduceusage

ofinefficientbulbsthatusemany

MWofpowerandtoproducecost

savings

75%

10 Janani Suraksha Yojana (जननरी सरका योजना)

Gender-Based

Development

Conditionallytransferscashto

pregnantwomen,upontheir

registrationtoagovernment

hospitaltoreducematernaland

newbornmortalityrates

100%


Key Insights:

(+)3oftheTop10schemesareGender-Based,thehighestamongstthestatesinthisanalysis.Rajasthanranks#1intermsofwomensigningupforgender-basedschemes.

(-)4oftheTop10schemesarestilloverwhelminglybeingappliedforbymen(>50%allocatedtomen).This indicates that SoochnaPreneurs can focus on signing up more women for these 4 schemes.

DEF Targets in Rajasthan on the Basis of Gender

• TrainmaleSoochnaPreneurstotargetandsignupmorefemaleapplicants

• SignmorewomenupforEducation/SkillsDevelopment(ex:Pre/PostMatricScholarships)andCaste-

BasedSchemesrelatedtoEducation(ex:Pre/PostMatricScholarshipsforST/SC/OBC)

• SignmorewomenupforIDcardsandLabourDevelopmentschemes

• SignmorewomenupforRajasthangovernmentpromotedschemes:

1. AapkiBetiYojana

2. BetiBachaoBetiPadhao

3. IntegratedChildProtectionScheme(ICPS)

4. MadhyamikShikshaAbhiyan

5. MenstrualHygieneScheme

6. MukhyaMantriHunarVikashYojana

7. RashtriyaKishorSwasthyaProgram

8. SarvaShikshaAbhiyan

9. WeeklyIronandFolicAcidSupplementalProgramme

Sign more women up for the following schemes (schemes in their Top 10 that are mostly allocated to men):

• ShramikCardYojana-Rajasthan(LabourDevelopment)

• SwachhBharatMission–Gramin(Water&Sanitation)

• NirmaanShramikJeevan&BhavishyaSurakshaYojana(LifeInsurance)

• AamAadmiBimaYojana(SocialSecurity/Pension)



ODISHA



Women in Odisha

Gender CompositionWomenrepresentjustunderhalfofOdisha’speople,contributingto49.5%ofitspopulation.Thetotal sex ratio(numberoffemalesto1,000males)hasslightlyincreased,currentlyat979femalesper1,000males(formerly972in2001).ThismakesOdisha#1insexratio(highest)outofallstatesinthisanalysis1.



RURAL URBAN


OccupationFemaleoccupationsinOdishaarelargelyagriculture-based,69.3% ofruralwomenworkinAgriculture,while 22.7%ofurbanwomenworkinAgriculture.ThemostcommonoccupationofruralfemalesisAgriculture

(69.3%),whilethemostcommonoccupationofurbanfemalesisPublicAdministration/PublicService (25.7%).Womeninbothruralandurbansettingshavesufferedalossofemploymentoverthepast15years.Womenmakeuponly25.1% oftherurallabourforce,downfrom35.1%in2004/2005,andonly15.8% oftheurbanlabourforcedownfrom20.2%in2004/20051.



FEMALE MALE


Gender-Based Welfare Schemes Highlighted by Odisha Government1


• Biju Kanya Ratna Yojana:AnOdishaschemeimplementedinOdishadistrictswiththelowestchildsexratiostotackleadecliningchildsexratio.Theschemeaimstoprohibitgender-biasedsexselection,

ensureeducationandretentionofthegirlchildinschoolaswellastosensitizethecommunityandall

stakeholderstowardsthevalueofgirlchild

• Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS): Acomprehensivechilddevelopmentplanthatincludesprovisionofnutritionalsupplements,healthcheckups,referralservices,immunisations,


• Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS):Acentrallysponsoredschemetohelpthesafetyandsecurityofchildrenindifficultcircumstances,includingcreatingavulnerablechildtrackingdatabase,


levels

• Kishori Shakti Yojana: AschemelaunchedunderICDSwhichaimstoempoweradolescentgirlsinhelpingthembeself-sufficient,assistingthemwiththeirstudies(literacyandmathematicalskills),

promotingprimaryhealthcare,nutrition,andhygiene

• Mamata Scheme: Astatespecific,conditionalcashtransferschemewhichprovidesmonetarysupporttopregnantandlactatingwomen(conditionsincluderegistrationwithalocalAnganwadiCenter(AWC),

antenatalcheckups,immunisations,Iron&FolicAcid(IFA)tabletsetc.

• One Stop Center:Aschemewhichprovidesfemalevictimsofviolencetemporaryshelter,police-desk,transportation,legalaid,andmedical&counsellingservices

• Rajiv Gandhi Scheme for Empowerment of Adolescent Girls (SABLA): AschemethatusestheexistinginfrastructureofICDSandAWCstoimproveadolescentgirls’nutrition,health,education,

vocationalandlifeskills,similartoKishoriShakti

1 Women Child Department, Government of Odisha, http://wcdodisha.gov.in/


Gender Classification of Applicants and SoochnaPreneurs in OdishaAllproceedingdatahasbeencollectedinBargarhDistrict.

TableabovedisplaysgenderclassificationofSoochnaPreneursandschemeapplicantsreachedbythem


(+)Thereisaroughlyevensplitbetweenmaleandfemaleapplicants(49.7%male/50.3%female)

(-)ThereisasignificantlylargenumberofmaleSoochnaPreneurs(81.1%).This indicates that more female SoochnaPreneurs need to be hired.

(-)FemaleSoochnaPreneursaremainlysigningupmaleapplicants,whichistheoutlierinthisanalysiswhich

findsfemaleSoochnaPreneurstohaveatilttowardssigningupfemaleapplicantsorevenlysigningupmale

andfemaleapplicants.This indicates that there needs to be a targeting of more female applicants by these SoochnaPreneurs. (-)OdishaistheonlystateinwhichtherearenoTransgenderapplicants.This indicates that Transgender persons need to be targeted to sign up for schemes.

Odisha: Applicants % by Gender

Odisha: SoochnaPreneurs % by Gender


Applicant Gender

Female Male Total

Female 36.5% 52.7% 50.3%

Male 63.5% 47.3% 49.7%

100% 100% 100%


Women in Odisha: % Distribution of Scheme Applications by Category

Key Insights:

Thereisonly a single instanceofaGender-BasedschemesignupbyawomaninOdisha–forMamataScheme.

Financial Inclusion & Assistance,#1inrank,isprimarilydrivenbyPradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana,whichpromotesaccesstobankingbyincentivisingopeningofbankaccounts.

Social Security/Pension,#2inrank,isdrivenbyMadhuBabaPensionandIndiraGandhiOldAgeandDisabilityPensionschemes.

Energy,#3inrank,issolelydrivenbyPradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.

(-)DespiteaneffortbyOdishagovernmenttohighlightchilddevelopmentschemes,therearenochild

developmentschemesignups,andhardlyanygender-basedschemesignups.This indicates that SoochnaPreneurs can target these scheme categories when signing up women.


Odisha: % Distribution of Gender by Scheme Applications*Note:Categoriesareonlyboxedinrediftherearemorethan5totalapplications(forallgenders)for


Key Insights:

(+)Onlytwoschemecategories(forwhichthereareatleastfiveapplications)haveamajorityofmale

applicants.

(+)ThereisaskewtowardsfemaleapplicantsforEducation/Skills Developmentschemes,andMinority Welfareschemesareevenlysplitbetweenmaleandfemaleapplicants.Thisisananomalyinthisanalysis,aseducation-basedschemestypicallyareskewedtowardsmen.

(-)Amajorityofthemainschemecategoriesinthisanalysisarenotbeingappliedforatallbyeithermaleorfemaleapplicants–Child Development, Disability, Healthcare Insurance/Assistance, ID Cards, Labour Development, Life Insurance, Rural Development, Urban Development. This indicates there needs to be a push to sign up Bargarh inhabitants for all these scheme types. There also needs to be an expansion of DEF’s programme in Odisha, as there are very few SoochnaPreneurs.


Top 10 Schemes Applied for by Women in Odisha*excludesIDCardsandCertificatesiftheyarenotapartofanactualscheme


Scheme Category



Financial

Inclusion&

Assistance






andDirectBenefitTransfers(DBT)

57%

2 Madhu Babu Pension Yojana (मध बभ पशन योजना)

Social

Security/

Pension

Providesapensiontothepoor

elderlyandpoordisabledpersons

70%

3 Anyodaya Anna Yojana(अतोदय अनना योजना)

Financial

Inclusion&

Assistance

Providessubsidisedfoodpermonth

toBPLfamiliestoensurefood

security

47%







indoorairpollution

77%

5 Swacch Bharat Mission - Gramin (सवचछ भारत वमशन (गामरीण))

Water&

Sanitation

installshouseholdandcommunity-


opendefecation

16%



Housing

Development




gasconnection(cookingfuel),

electricity,drinkingwater,paved

road-amergerofseveralschemes

(SwachhBharat,MakeinIndia,

Aadhar,etc.)

53%

7 Mo Kudia Scheme (now known as Biju Pucca Ghar Yojana) (मो कनिया योजना / बरीज पका घर योजना)

Housing

Development

Providespuccahousing(madewith

burntbrick,stone,cementconcrete,

timber)to10lakhfamiliesto

replacekutchahousing(madeof

brick,bamboo,mud,grass,etc.)

64%

8 Post Matric Scholarship (पोसट मनरिक छातिसति)

Education/

Skills

Development

Providesfinancialassistancetopost

matricstudents(Class11,12,andup

tograduatedegree)

62%

9 Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension Scheme - Odisha (इभदरा गाधरी राषटरीय िदािसा पशन योजना-ओनरशा)

Social

Security/

Pension

Providesamonthlypensionto

personsover60whoareBPL

50%

10 Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension Scheme (इभदरा गाधरी राषटरीय विकलागता पशन योजना)

Social

Security/

Pension

ProvidesamonthlypensiontoBPL

disabledpersonsbetween18-79

yearsofagewith40%+disability

67%


Key Insights:

(+)Forthefirsttimeinthisanalysis,ascholarshipschemeisintheTop10schemesforwhichwomenare

signingup.

(+)ThereappearstobeastrongpreferenceforSocialSecurity/Pensionschemes,as3oftheTop10aresuch

schemes.

(-)2oftheTop10schemesarestilloverwhelminglybeingappliedforbymen(>50%allocatedtomen).This indicates the SoochnaPreneurs can focus on signing up more women for these 2 schemes.

DEF Targets in Odisha on the Basis of Gender• HiremorefemaleSoochnaPreneurstoreducethe81:29skewtowardsmen

• TrainthecurrentfemaleSoochnaPreneurstosignupmorefemaleapplicants

• Signupeveryone–bothmaleandfemaleapplicants–formissingschemecategoriessuchas:Child

Development,Disability,HealthcareInsurance/Assistance,IDCards,LabourDevelopment,Life

Insurance,RuralDevelopment,UrbanDevelopment.

• SignwomenupformoreGender-BasedandChildDevelopmentschemes,suchasthosehighlightedby

theOdishagovernment:

1. BetiBachaoBetiPadhao

2. BijuKanyaRatnaYojana

3. ICDS

4. ICPS

5. KishoriShaktiYojana

6. MamataScheme

7. RajivGandhiSchemeforEmpowermentofAdolescents(SABLA)

• Signupmorewomenforthefollowing(schemesintheirTop10thataremostlyallocatedtomen):

1. AntyodanaAnnaYojana(SocialSecurity/Pension)

2. SwachhBharatMission–Gramin(Water&Sanitation)


State Rankings


Rankings listed from best to worst, 1 = best case for women, 5 = worst case for women

Sex Ratio – Rural (2011 Census)

Sex Ratio – Urban (2011 Census)

Female Employment Rate – Rural (2011 Census)

State Rank # Females per 1,000 Males

Odisha 1 989

Jharkhand 2 961

MadhyaPradesh 3 936

Rajasthan 4 933

Bihar 5 921

State Rank # Females per 1,000 Males

Odisha 1 932

MadhyaPradesh 2 918

Rajasthan 3 914

Jharkhand 4 910

Bihar 5 895

State Rank % Female Employed

Rajasthan 1 34.9%

Odisha 2 25.1%

MadhyaPradesh 3 23.9%

Jharkhand 4 20.4%

Bihar 5 5.8%


Female Employment Rate – Urban (2011 Census)

Applicants: % Female

SoochnaPreneurs: % Female

State Rank % Female Employed

Odisha 1 15.8%

Rajasthan 2 14.4%


Jharkhand 4 7.3%

Bihar 5 5.4%

State Rank % Female Applicants

Jharkhand 1 56.5%

Bihar 2 53.6%

Rajasthan 3 53.0%

Odisha 4 50.3%


State Rank % Female SoochnaPreneurs

Rajasthan 1 62.7%


Jharkhand 3 40.5%

Odisha 4 18.9%

Bihar 5 0%


#SchemeCategorieswith≥50%FemaleApplicants

% of Female Applicants Signed Up by Male SoochnaPreneurs

#SchemesinWomen’sTop10with≥50%FemaleApplicants

State Rank # Categories

Jharkhand 1 11

Bihar 2 8

MadhyaPradesh 3 7

Rajasthan 3 7

Odisha 3 7

State Rank % Females Signed Up by Men

Jharkhand 1 56.8%

Bihar 2 53.6%

Odisha 3 52.7%

Rajasthan 4 42.8%


State Rank # Schemes

Odisha 1 7

Rajasthan 2 6

MadhyaPradesh 3 5

Jharkhand 3 5

Bihar 3 5


Scheme Categories by Popularity for Women Across States (calculated by combining the rankings of each category across all 5 states)

Top half in green, bottom half in red1

1 For a more in-depth understanding of the ranking methodology for both tables, please refer to page 7

Rank of “Gender-Based Development” Schemes Signups

State Rank Gender-Based Scheme Rank

Rajasthan 1 3

MadhyaPradesh 2 4

Jharkhand 3 5

Bihar 4 6

Odisha 5 9

Scheme Category1 Popularity Rank

Energy 1

IDs(Certificates&Cards) 2

Gender-BasedDevelopment 3

LabourDevelopment 4

HealthcareInsurance/Assistance 5

SocialSecurity/Pension 6

Agriculture 7

Caste-BasedDevelopment 8

Education/SkillsDevelopment 9

Water&Sanitation 10

HousingDevelopment 11

FinancialInclusion&Assistance 12

RuralDevelopment 13

ChildDevelopment 14

LifeInsurance 15

Disability 16

MinorityWelfare 17

UrbanDevelopment 17


Scheme Categories by % of Female Applicants Across States

(calculated by combining the rankings of each category across all 5 states)

In green if scheme has 50%+ female applicants in at least 3 states; else red

Scheme Category % Female Applicants Rank

Energy 1

Gender-BasedDevelopment 2

FinancialInclusion&Assistance 3

RuralDevelopment 4

Disability 4


ChildDevelopment 5

HousingDevelopment 6

Caste-BasedDevelopment 6

UrbanDevelopment 6

HealthcareInsurance/Assistance 7

Education/SkillsDevelopment 8

IDs(Certificates&Cards) 9

LifeInsurance 10

Water&Sanitation 11

LabourDevelopment 12

Agriculture 13

MinorityWelfare 14

Key Insights:

(+)Energy,themostpopularschemetypeamongstwomen,ismainlydrivenbyPradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.Asthisschemeisprovidedinthefemale’sname,thisindicateswhyitismostlyskewedtowardswomen.

(+) Child Development, Disability, Financial Inclusion & Assistance, Rural Development schemesarerelativelylesspopularamongstwomenintermsof#ofsignups,butahigherproportionoftheseschemesare

allocatedtowomen.

(-)Whileitisapositivesigntosee Identification (ID Cards & Certificates)verypopularwithwomen,itisconcerningthatIDsaremainlybeingallocatedtomenacrossallstates,ascertainIDcardslikeAadharCard


Scheme Name Scheme Category Popularity Rank

PradhanMantriUjjwalaYojana Energy 1

SwachhBharatMission(Gramin) Water&Sanitation 2

PradhanMantriGraminAawasYojana HousingDevelopment 3

PradhanMantriJanDhanYojana FinancialInclusion&Assistance 4

AyushmanBharatScheme-PradhanMantri

JanArogyaScheme

HealthcareInsurance&Assistance 5

IndiraGandhiNationalOldAgePension

Scheme


POSHANAbhiyaan Gender-BasedDevelopment 7

Top 20 Most Popular Schemes for Women Across All 5 States

Rankingscalculatedbysummingtheindividualrankingsofeachschemeacrossall5statesandsortingfrom

morepopulartolesspopular(startingwithrank“1”asmostpopular).Thereafter,rankingsfactorinthe#of

statesinwhichaschemeoccursanditstotalnumberofoccurrencesacrossall5states1.

1 For a more in-depth understanding of the ranking methodology for this table, please refer to the Methodology section of this report

andPANCardunlockaccesstomanyotherschemesandbenefitsforwomenandarebecomingmandatoryto

availbasicservices.

(-) Labour Developmentisapopularschemetypewithwomen,butitismainlybeingallocatedtomenacrossallstates.

(-)Healthcare Insuranceisapopularschemetypewithwomen,butitismainlybeingallocatedtomenacrossallstates.

(-)Agricultureschemesareofmediumpopularitywithwomen,yetaremostseverelyallocatedtomen.

(-)Whileschemeslike Minority Welfare, Life Insurance, and Urban Developmentarerarerschemesforbothwomenandmentosignupfor,thesearestillmostlyskewedtowardsmen.


UjalaScheme(UnnatJeevan) Energy 8

PradhanMantriMatritvaVandanaYojana Gender-BasedDevelopment 9

PradhanMantriKisanSamaanNidhiYojana Agriculture 10

JananiSurakshaYojana Gender-BasedDevelopment 11

AamAadmiBimaYojana SocialSecurity/Pension 12

PradhanMantriFasalBimaYojana Agriculture 13

PradhanMantriKaushalVikasYojana Education/SkillsDevelopment 14

PradhanMantriShramYogiMaanDhanYojana SocialSecurity/Pension 15

PradhanMantriSukanyaSamridhiYojana Gender-BasedDevelopment 16

PostMatricScholarshipforSC/ST/OBC Caste-BasedDevelopment 17

IntegratedChildDevelopmentScheme ChildDevelopment 18

NationalRuralLivelihoodMission RuralDevelopment 19

AtalPensionYojana SocialSecurity/Pension 20

Key Insights: (+)ThemostrecurringschemecategorytypeoftheTop20mostpopularschemesacrossall5statesare

Gender-Based Development(appearing4times),tiedwithSocial Security/Pension(appearing4times)

Therearenoappearancesof Disability, Minority Welfare, Labour Development, Life Insurance, or Urban Development schemesintheTop20mostpopularschemesforwomenacrossthefivestates.Thisisnotnecessarilya(-)insight,asmanyofthesecategoriesarecircumstance-based(ex:onlydisabledpersons

wouldbeapplyingfordisability-basedschemes,onlyreligiousminoritieswouldbeapplyingforminority-

basedschemes,etc.)LifeInsuranceandUrbanDevelopmentschemesarerareapplicationsacrossall

genders.


% Scheme Categories Applied for by WomenScheme names are marked in green when at least 3 of 5 states have 50%+ female applicants; otherwise they are marked in red

Scheme Category MP Jharkhand Bihar Rajasthan Odisha

Agriculture 18% 44% 28% 37% 0%

Caste-Based Development 49% 50% 40% 43% 29%

Child Development 53% 68% 21% 57% 0%

Disability 56% 83% 50% 46% 0%

Education/Skills Development 45% 58% 24% 40% 60%

Energy 72% 90% 93% 92% 76%

Financial Inclusion & Assistance 65% 52% 54% 53% 52%

Gender-Based Development 88% 87% 86% 70% 50%

Healthcare Insurance/Assistance 35% 43% 44% 54% 0%

Housing Development 12% 50% 80% 51% 57%

IDs (Certificates & Cards) 35% 47% 47% 43% 0%

Labour Development 35% 50% 0% 42% 0%

Life Insurance 42% 0% 27% 47% 0%

Minority Welfare 29% 0% 0% 0% 50%

Rural Development 83% 64% 75% 41% 0%

Social Security/Pension 39% 62% 40% 53% 69%

Urban Development 75% 0% 100% 29% 0%

Water & Sanitation 15% 43% 78% 40% 16%


% Distribution of Scheme Applications by Women This chart shows the distribution of each scheme category applied for by women for each state. The rows show the data across each state for each scheme category, while the columns show the data for just one state, where the sum of each column adds up to 100%.

Scheme Category

MP Jharkhand Bihar Rajasthan Odisha Agriculture 7.3% 3.6% 6.7% 3.5% 0.0%

Caste-Based Development 4.7% 5.3% 0.6% 4.0% 0.4%

Child Development 2.7% 0.7% 0.4% 2.1% 0.0%

Disability 0.04% 0.1% 0.3% 0.5% 0.0%

Education/Skills Development 1.8% 4.7% 0.8% 2.8% 2.4%

Energy 29.7% 22.2% 25.4% 19.2% 13.7%

Financial Inclusion & Assistance 3.1% 2.0% 0.5% 1.5% 50.1%

Gender-Based Development 8.3% 7.2% 5.1% 15.4% 0.2%

Healthcare Insurance/Assistance 7.0% 9.4% 16.1% 2.6% 0.0%

Housing Development 1.5% 2.6% 1.7% 2.0% 5.0%

IDs (Certificates & Cards) 9.6% 11.3% 25.5% 22.5% 0.0%

Labour Development 12.9% 24.0% 0.0% 5.8% 0.0%

Life Insurance 0.2% 0.0% 0.2% 3.7% 0.0%

Minority Welfare 0.3% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.2%

Rural Development 7.0% 0.7% 0.6% 1.0% 0.0%

Social Security/Pension 2.6% 3.8% 4.9% 10.3% 21.5%

Urban Development 0.1% 0.0% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0%

Water & Sanitation 1.2% 2.3% 11.1% 2.8% 6.4%

100% 100% 100% 100% 100%


Gender-Based Recommendations for Future SoochnaPreneur Phases (and similar future DEF initiatives)

Short Term Recommendations: • DEF should hire more female SoochnaPreneurstoreducepotentialpreferencebiasforsigningupmaleapplicants.Thisisespeciallycriticalforsigningupfemaleapplicantsforessentialcategories

suchasIdentificationCardsandHealthcare,andempowermentcategories,suchasEducation&Skills

DevelopmentandLabourDevelopment.

• DEF should hire transgender SoochnaPreneurstohelpreducethestigmatisationofbeingTransgenderwithincommunities,andtopotentiallydobetterwithTransgenderoutreachintermsof

welfareschemeservicedelivery.

• District Coordinators should provide gender-sensitive training to SoochnaPreneursforsigningupapplicants.

• AsofAugust2019,34phoneconversationshavebeenheldwithDistrictCoordinatorsand

SoochnaPreneursfromeachstatebyDEF’sResearch&Advocacyunitasapreliminarystep.

SoochnaPreneurswithoverwhelmingpreferentialbiastowardsmaleapplicantsoveralland/orwithin

specificschemecategoriesweregivenagender-sensitivitybriefingandwererequestedtofocuson

signingupmorewomenforspecificschemes.

• SoochnaPreneursshouldbetrainedtosignupwomenformore“headofhousehold”typeschemes

whichareavailedbytheentirehousehold(ex:AyushmanBharat,SwachhBharat,GraminAawas).

Long Term Recommendations: • DEF should launch more SoochnaSeva access points in rural areas sowomenhavecloseraccess.

• Policy recommendations to state and central governments to create schemes designed explicitly for women and to only go in their name (ex:asisthecasewithPradhanMantriUjjwalaYojana,PradhanMantriMatritvaYojana,andBhamashahYojana,allofwhicharefoundtobepopularamongstwomenin

thisanalysis).

1. Educationandskillsdevelopmentschemesdesignedexplicitlyforwomenwouldbe

particularlybeneficial,astheseareessentiallyempowermentschemesthatcouldhelpreduce

thegenderpovertygap.


ConclusionThisreportprimarilysoughttobetterunderstandtheextentofgenderinclusioninwelfareschemeservice

deliverybySoochnaPreneursaswellasascertainthedemandforvaryingtypesofwelfareschemesby

women.

Gender Inclusion

Thefindingsofthisreporthavehighlightedtheneedforgenderinclusionwithinprogrammedesignitself

inordertobeabletofostergendermainstreamingthroughthemeansofaccesstoinformation.Entrenched

genderdynamicshaveyieldedconsistentinstancesinwhichmaleSoochnaPreneurstargetedmaleapplicants

overfemale,whilefemaleSoochnaPreneurstargetedfemaleapplicantsovermale.Suchdynamicshavealso

yieldedasevereunderrepresentationoftransgenderpersonstargetedforwelfareschemeservicedelivery.

Withinthecontextofeffectiveprogrammedesignandimplementation,beinghighlycognisantoflocal/

regionalgenderdynamicsatplayandhowtheymightimpactservicedeliveryiscrucial.

Asfollows,thefindingsdetailedabovehaveuncoveredthenecessityofembeddinggender-sensitivity

trainingintotheentrepreneurshipmodeltominimizecircumstancesofpreferentialbiastowardsmales.While

themodelitselfmaybesustainableonthebasisofincomegenerationandself-employment,itwillnotbe

sociallyoptimalifentrepreneursarenotprovidedtrainingthatwillfostergreatergenderinclusion.Gender-

sensitivitytrainingcanhelpsolveforgender-mismatchedschemes–schemeswhicharehighlyappliedforby

womenbutstillhaveahigherproportionofmaleapplicants,indicatingpotentialpreferentialbiasintargeting

maleapplicants.

Bothfindingsareparticularlycrucialindesigningandimplementingsocialwelfareinitiatives,assuch

initiativesneedtobehyperawareofhowtoreachthemostmarginalisedgendergroups.Inthecaseoflast

mileaccesstoinformation,itiscriticalthatthelastmilereacheswomen,transgenderpersons,andother

ostracizedgroups.


Welfare Scheme Demand by Women

Asitpertainstoascertainingthedemandlandscapeforwelfareschemes,perhapsthemostinsightfulfinding

isthatwomensignupfor“women-only”welfareschemesataconsistentlyhighrate.Schemesdesigned

tobeallocatedonlytowomenmayhelpbridgethepreferentialbiastowardsmalegap,asevenmale

SoochnaPreneurswithsuchbiasesarerestrictedfromassistingmalesinsigningupfortheseschemes.ToDEF

andothersocially-focusedenterprisesengaginginadvocacywork,itisrecommendedtoadvocatetostate

andcentralgovernmentsforthecreationofmoregender-orientedwelfareschemesandprogrammeswhich

explicitlyhelpmarginalisedgendergroupsonly.

Anotherencouragingfindingisthatgender-baseddevelopmentschemesarewithinwomen’sTop5most

popularschemesacrossallfivestates–theseschemesareempowermentschemesinnature,andifavailed

bywomen,canpotentiallyhelpreducethegenderpovertygap.Thisfindingisanothertestamenttothe

popularityoffemaleempowermentschemesbywomen,andcanbeusedtoadvocateformoregender-

orientedwelfareschemesandprogrammes.




CONTACTDigital Empowerment Foundation

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Tel: 91-11-26532786 / Fax: 91-11-26532787Email: [email protected] | URL: www.defindia.org