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Western Michigan University Western Michigan University
ScholarWorks at WMU ScholarWorks at WMU
Master's Theses Graduate College
8-1980
A Formal Analysis of the Prehistoric Ceramics from Draper Park A Formal Analysis of the Prehistoric Ceramics from Draper Park
(20-SC-40): A Wayne Tradition Occupation on the St. Clair River in (20-SC-40): A Wayne Tradition Occupation on the St. Clair River in
Southeastern Michigan Southeastern Michigan
Robert David Hoxie
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses
Part of the Archaeological Anthropology Commons
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Hoxie, Robert David, "A Formal Analysis of the Prehistoric Ceramics from Draper Park (20-SC-40): A Wayne Tradition Occupation on the St. Clair River in Southeastern Michigan" (1980). Master's Theses. 1904. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1904
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A FORMAL ANALYSIS OF THE PREHISTORIC CERAMICS FROM DRAPER PARK (20-SC-40): A WAYNE TRADITION
OCCUPATION ON THE ST. CLAIR RIVER IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN
by
Robert David Hoxie
A Thesis Submitted to the
Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fu lfillm ent of the
requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts
Department of Anthropology
Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan
August 1980
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my gratitude to the following people
for assisting in various aspects of this study. For c ritica l review
of the original draft I acknowledge the valuable comments offered by
Dr. William Cremin, Dr. Elizabeth Garland, and Dr. Nedenia Kennedy.
For taking the time and interest to view the Draper Park pottery
and to offer their professional opinions I would like to thank
Dr. Janet Brashler, Dr. Margaret Holman, Dr. William Lovis, Dr. David
Stothers, Mr. Ian Kenyon, Mr. William Fox, Mr. James Krakker, and
Dr. James Fitting , who also correnented on an earlie r version of a
similar paper presented at the 55th Annual Meeting of the Central
States Anthropological Society in Milwaukee. I would also like to
thank Mr. Donald Weston for arranging with the Museum of Arts and
History in Port Huron for the loan of the collection and for assist
ing Mr. Stephen Treichler of Commonwealth Associates in the con
struction of the excellent Draper Park site maps and figures. Mr.
Brian Mitchell of Western Michigan University's Computer Center
offered considerable advice in the computerization of the attribute
data for which I am very appreciative. Finally, I acknowledge the
necessary financial assistance awarded me by The Graduate College
of Western Michigan University during the early stages of the
analysis. I greatly appreciate the aid of the aforementioned
individuals and institutions and I apologize for any inadvertent
i i
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omissions that may have occurred. I alone, however, am solely
responsible for the contents o f, and any conclusions that may be
drawn from, this thesis.
Robert David Hoxie
i i i
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HOXIE» ROBERT DAVIDA FORMAL ANALYSIS OF THE PREHISTORIC CERAMICS FROM DRAPER PARK (2 0 -5 C - * 0 )S A WAYNE TRADITION OCCUPATION ON THE S T . CLAIR RIVER IN SOUTHEASTERN MICHIGAN*
WESTERN MICHIGAN: UNIVERSITY. M .A . . 1980
CQPR. 1980 HOXIE. ROBERT DAVIDUniversity
MicrofilmsInternational 300 n z e e b r o a d , a n n a r b o r , mi 48106
(3) Copywright by Robert David Hoxie
1980
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................................................................................... i i
LIST OF MAPS.......................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES...................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURES.................................................................................... v iii
LIST OF PLATES...................................................................................... ix
Chapter
I INTRODUCTION.......................................................................... 1
Theoretical Orientation.................................................... 4
Site Description.................................................................. 9
I I ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT DRAPER PARK 12
I I I METHODOLOGY............................................................................ 23
IV GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ASSEMBLAGE.......................... 28
V ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS............................................................... 34
Attribute L is t..................................................................... 36
VI TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS........................................................... 42
Middle Woodland Vessels.................................................... 42
Lake Forest........................................................................... 43
Late Woodland Vessels........................................................ 50
Wayne Tradition................................................................ 50
Western Basin Tradition (Younge Sequence).................. 76
Juntunen Sequence............................................................ 80
iv
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TABLE (F CONTENTS (cont'd)
Chapter
Blackduck Tradition........................................................ 93
Ontario Iroquois Tradition.......................................... 100
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessels.......................................... 108
VII OTHER CERAMIC ARTIFACTS...................................................... 122
Miniature Vessels.................................................................. 122
Aboriginal Smoking Pipes.................................................... 122
V III INTRASITE DISTRIBUTIONS...................................................... 127
Vertical Distribution of Vessels..................................... 127
Ceramic Contents of Features............................................ 133
IX INTERPRETATIONS...................................................................... 135
General Discussion................................................................ 135
External Relationships and Dating................................... 137
Conclusion............................................................................... 144
APPENDIX I —Draper Park Vessel by Vessel AttributeDescriptions...................................................................... 145
APPENDIX I I —Draper Park Summary of Wayne Ware Attributes 172
APPENDIX I I I —Draper Park Tabulation of Ceramic Vessels inStrati f i ed Context...................................................... 176
APPENDIX IV—Draper Park Tabulation of Feature Ceramics 179
APPENDIX V—Radiocarbon Chronology of Various Late Woodland Sites in Southern Lower Michigan and Southwestern Ohio..................................................................................... 183
APPENDIX VI—Draper Park Prehistoric Pottery Rim Profiles 186
BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................... 195
v
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LIST OF MAPS
Map Page
1 Location of the Draper Park Site (20-SC-40)within the State of Michigan................................................ 5
2 Location of Draper City Park in Port Huron,Mi chi gan....................................................................................... 10
3 Location of excavation units at the DraperPark s ite ..................................................................................... 13
4 Location of archaeological sites mentioned inthe text....................................................................................... 44
vi
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE Page
1 Quantitative summary of the prehistoric ceramicassemblage from Draper Park............................................. 30
2 Summary of vessels representing various LateWoodland ceramic traditions at Draper Park..................... 121
3 Frequency and percent of Wayne Ware types fromthe Draper Park and Fletcher sites.................................. 139
vii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 North-south wall profile of excavation units atDraper Park............................................................................... 15
2 Section view of old creek channel encounteredduring excavations at Draper Park..................................... 17
3 Plan view and gradient of old creek channelencountered during excavations at Draper Park.............. 18
4 Historic and prehistoric features located during excavation of the s tra tified creek deposits atDraper Park............................................................................... 19
5 Block excavation showing features encounteredat Draper Park......................................................................... 21
6 Historic and prehistoric features located duringexcavation of random units at Draper Park..................... 22
7 Vessel form terms used in this study................................ 35
8 Frequency scatterplot of Wayne Ware vessel typesin s tra tified layers at Draper Park................................. 129
9 Strati graphic distribution of Draper Park WayneWare exterior motifs.............................................................. 131
10 Strati graphic distribution of Draper Park WayneWare exterior techniques...................................................... 132
v iii
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LIST OF PLATES
PLATE Page
1 Middle Woodland rim sherds................................................... 49
2 Wayne Undecorated, smooth, plain in terio r rim sherds. 53
3 Wayne Undecorated, cordmarked, rolled rim rim sherds. 55
4 Wayne Undecorated, cordmarked, not rolled rim rimsherds......................................................................................... 57
5 Wayne Decorated, horizontal, punctate rim sherds 61
6 Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (linear cord)rim sherds................................................................................... 63
7 Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (cordedpunctate) rim sherds................................................................ 67
8 Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (cordedpunctate) rim/neck sherd........................................................ 69
9 Wayne Decorated, oblique, f la t lip rim sherds................ 71
10 Wayne Decorated, horizontal, incised rim sherds 73
11 Vase corded and untyped rim sherds...................................... 82
12 Vase Tool Impressed and Macomb linear corded rimsherds........................................................................................... 84
13 Vase Tool Impressed vessel fragment.................................... 86
14 Mackinac Banded vessel fragment........................................... 87
15 Juntunen Linear Punctate and untyped rim sherds 92
16 Blackduck-like rim sherds....................................................... 94
17 Blackduck-like rim sherds....................................................... 98
18 Princess Point Punctate vessel.............................................. 101
ix
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List of Plates (cont'd)
PLATE Page
19 Princess Point Punctate rim sherds.................................... 103
20 Princess Point Punctate, Stafford Stamped, andOntario Oblique rim sherds.................................................. 110
21 Untyped oblique tool impressed rim sherds...................... 113
22 Untyped push-pull incised rim sherds................................ 115
23 Miscellaneous untyped rim sherds........................................ 120
24 Miniature vessel fragments and aboriginal smokingpipe fragments......................................................................... 124
x
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
History informs us that French explorers, missionaries, and
traders were the f ir s t Europeans to make contact and document their
experiences with aboriginal groups living in the Great Lakes region
during the early to mid-seventeenth century. Early written accounts
indicate that the Upper Great Lakes, and particularly the area around
Lake Huron, was the f ir s t to be explored by the French (cf. Champlain
1922-36; Gram 1979; Kinietz 1940; Quimby 1966; Radisson 1885; Thwaites
1959, vol. V I I I ) . At that time most travelers who ventured west from
the early settlements of Montreal and Quebec located on the St.
Lawrence River followed a northern water route taking them through
Huron country in what is now the north-central portion of Ontario
via the Ottawa River-Lake Nippising-French River waterway which
terminates in Georgian Bay.
Contemporary European accounts suggest that many aboriginal
groups in the area were undergroing radical displacement at this
time as a result of growing antagonism by the Iroquois Nations to the
east in New York. Persistent Iroquois animosity toward the French
and their Huron a llies for control of the fur trade, particularly
during the Iroquois Wars between A.D. 1649 and 1654 (cf. Brose 1971;
Wright 1972), effectively stalled French exploration of the Lower
Great Lakes until the late 1600s at which time the newly discovered
1
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2
Lake Erie-Detroit River-Lake St. C lair-St. Clair River waterway was
used (cf. Delanglez 1945; Galinee 1903, Vol. IV, part I ; Kellogg
1917).
There is l i t t l e doubt that independent and i l l i te r a te
"coureurs de bois" were the f ir s t Europeans to seek inroads to the
interior of the Great Lakes region and contact the Indian groups
living there leaving trade goods with them and providing us with
no written record of having done so. Some of the earliest explorers
of the lower lakes, of whom documented evidence exists, include such
historical personalities as A. Joliet (who arrived in 1669-70), R. B.
Galinee (in 1670), LaSalle (in 1679), Perrot (in 1684), Duluth (in
1686), Tonti, Lahonton, and Cadillac (in 1701). Accounts by these
men, although sometimes b rie f, suggest that southeastern Michigan,
southwestern Ontario, and north-central Ohio were essentially unin
habited by any recognized Indian groups. Indian aggression and war
which began prior to European contact had apparently shifted indig
enous populations out of the western Lake Erie Basin, and any
aboriginal groups that were encountered at that time can hardly be
expected to have been residing in their original pre-contact
localities (Brose 1971).
LaSalle documented the f ir s t naval investigation of this
region while exploring in his ship the G riffin in the year 1679. He
traveled the length of Lake Erie and on up the Straits of Detroit
and Lake St. C lair northward to Lake Huron. During his travels,
LaSalle wrote of encountering only isolated Huron speaking people
along the Detroit River (Voegelin and Tanner 1974:324). After
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3
thoroughly studying the ancient accounts of these travelers, however,
Vogelein and Tanner (1974:327) observed that " . . . any wilderness is
apt to contain renegades, or exiles, removed from normal triba l
association." This area can thus be appropriately characterized in
part as ". . . a buffer zone between groups, visited by hunting and
gathering parties, but serving as a homeland for no group" (Fitting
1975:148) during the period immediately prior to European contact.
On-going archaeological research in the western drainage basin
of Lake Erie (cf. Stothers 1979) has revealed that the apparent lack
of aboriginal occupation in this area during proto-historic and early
historic times does not have considerable time depth and, in fact,
points rather to a continuum of aboriginal occupation spanning some
3,000 years until ca. A.D. 1300, after which, for reasons not yet
fu lly understood, no Indian groups were settled here. Thus, south
eastern Michigan and southwestern Ontario do have significance for
the anthropologically oriented archaeologist. David L. Keenlyside
(1978:1) in the introduction to his book the Late Prehistory of Point
Pelee, Ontario and Environs, made the following observation concerning
what he perceived to be a meaningful approach for continued research
in the area:
The problem thus posed for researchers in Great Lakes archaeology is . . . t o discover the extent of human exploitation . . . in the past, the base and nature of this exploitation, and the consequences of such reconstructed patterns for the growing body of data and conjecture surrounding the larger topic of Great Lakes archaeology.
The fundamental purpose of this study is to attempt to make
a contribution to this "growing body of data and conjecture" thus to
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further our understanding of the nature and extent of the prehistoric
events and processes that seem to have taken place here. In this
thesis the formal s ty lis tic analysis of prehistoric ceramic materials
that were recovered during archaeological excavation of the Draper
Park site is undertaken. Draper Park (20-SC-40) was a Late Woodland
habitation area situated at the southern outlet of Lake Huron approx
imately 97 km northeast of Detroit (Map 1). Three major objectives
are pursued in this study. These are: (1) presentation of a three
fold analysis of ceramic data for comparative purposes, (2) deter
mination of the cultural a ffilia tio n (s ) of those groups u tiliz in g
this site and responsible for the deposition of the pottery herein
analyzed, and (3) determination of the s ite 's temporal placement.
Theoretical Orientation
This analysis is founded in an ethnologically oriented
approach to the study of prehistory. In its most generalized form,
an ethnological approach directs research toward the e lic ita tio n of
answers to questions concerning why certain relationships exist
between cultural phenomena that are observed in the archaeological
record. Taylor (1948) originally proposed that through the detailed
analysis of "objectified cultural tra its" (patterns of culturally-
derived remains or a rtifa c ts ), meaningful statements concerning
prehistoric lifeways and culture history could be offered. I t was
la ter argued by proponents of the "New Archaeology" that explanations
for these relationships may then lead to the formulation of
"scientific" or general laws of human behavior, a major goal in
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5
MICHIGAN? MILES 1° 0
‘d.'D.V.
Map 1. Location of the Draper Park Site (20-SC-40) within the state of Michigan.
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contemporary American archaeology (cf. Binford 1962; Binford and
Binford 1968; Watson et a l. 1971).
At many late prehistoric sites in the Great Lakes region,
hand-made pottery is often the most abundant artifactual material
encountered. Pottery is an important source of information not only
for more traditional interpretive purposes but also for explanatory
purposes. The s ty lis tic decoration that often accompanies hand-made
pottery can be shown to re fle c t, to a reasonable degree, certain
sociological phenomena via spatial and temporal distribution of
specific s ty lis tic elements or attributes (eg., vessel form, surface
treatment, or technique of manufacture). Archaeologists have
learned to recognize and document sometimes subtle decorative varia
tions through the use of the "comparative method of analysis." In
the present study, a basic assumption underlying inferences drawn
from the analysis is that s ty lis tic elements find their principal
significance not in technological but, rather, sociological context
(Binford 1962:220). Although this study does not address its e lf to
the intra-group sociological concerns of ethnoarchaeology, i t does
treat the more fundamental questions surrounding spatial-temporal
concerns and cultural a ff ilia tio n .
In considering s ty lis tic variab ility in prehistoric hand
made pottery, the probability that multiple independent inventions
of one particular cluster of style elements occurred in two or more
spatially separated social systems is not lik e ly , considering the
almost in fin ite room for variation possible in a "plastic" art.
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7
Through detailed analysis of s ty lis tic s im ilarities and differences
in archaeological context, ceramic data can thus serve as an indi
cator of interacting social systems at the regional level of analysis
in addition to being somewhat indicative of intra-group social struc
ture (cf. Deetz 1965; Longacre 1964) at the local level.
Parenthetically, i t should be stressed that most attempts
to discern social structure in archaeological context through the
study of variations in art style has met with strong criticism from
socio-cultural anthropologists. Numerous publications appeared
during the 1970s cautioning would-be ethnoarchaeologists against
fa llin g into the trap of "cross-disciplinary time-lag" by borrowing
ethnological constructs that are no longer adhered to or accepted by
their colleagues in other subdisciplines of anthropology (Allen and
Richardson 1971:48). Many of the premises that archaeologists f ir s t
used in these pursuits were taken from out-dated anthropological
theory and applied as essentially unsubstantiated assumptions. A
synthesis of the major criticisms leveled against "ceramic soci
ologists" (Sackett 1977:376) is presented in a recent paper by
Peter Roe (1980). Roe uses ethnological data frcm a South American
Indian group to test the valid ity of some of the weakly supported
assumptions that archaeologists have used in drawing sociological
inferences from their data. His findings shed ligh t on the hereto
fore unappreciated complexity that the relationship between social
structure and art style can take. Roe concludes that only a slight
reorientation, away from trying to derive paleo-descent rules,
toward the derivation of residence rules, for example, would
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8
accommodate the major criticisms of this approach and s t i l l maintain
the sociological perspective of this avenue of archaeological
research (1980:63).
Most ceramic analyses take into account not only synchronic
but also diachronic changes in style. Diach ironically, s ty lis tic
change can sometimes be attributed to
. . . a meaningful sequence of events . . . explained in terms of known cultural processes. I t is frequently assumed that pottery style change either is natural and expectable as a function of time or can be explained by diffusion or the movement of peoples (McPherron 1967a:103).
Thus, ceramic data can also serve as a time or horizon marker indi
cative of a particular social group that may be known only in archae
ological context soley on the basis of material remains.
The analysis of prehistoric pottery style , therefore, holds
great u t i l i ty for the anthropologically oriented researcher. Brashler
(1978:3) has observed numerous examples in recent archaeological
publications where ceramics have been used to:
. , . correlate social interaction measured in terms of ceramic and other a rtifac t classes with broad environmental features, . . . as signals or messages indicative of social organization and ethnic group boundaries, . . . (and as a) measure of social distance and interaction between groups using ceramic attributes within a regional context.
Conceivably, the results of this study w ill lend themselves to
successful incorporation into the formulation of similar regional
research pursuits.
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Site Description
9
Draper Park is a Late Woodland Period habitation area situ
ated so as to permit the seasonal exploitation of aquatic and riparian
resources of the St. C lair River near Port Huron, Michigan. I t lies
near where a rapids once extended across the narrows at a point where
Lake Huron drains southward into Lake Erie through the 130 km long
St. C lair River-Lake St. Clair-Detroit River s tra its . As its name
suggests, the site is located in Draper City Park, designated as
the SE1/4, NE1/4, SW1/4 of Section 35, Fort Gratiot Township, T7N
RUE, of St. C lair County, Michigan (Map 2).
Draper City Park comprises a one-half city block area at
the northeast corner of Elmwood and Forest streets in an old resi
dential part of town. This park is no more than one city block's
distance north of the Blue Water International Bridge that spans
the approximately 2.5 km width of the St. C lair River connecting
Port Huron with Sarnia, Ontario. The confluence of the eastward
flowing Black River and the St. Clair River lies approximately 3.2
km south of the park.
The park its e lf is grass covered except for the southeast
corner where there is located a public baseball fie ld maintained
by the City of Port Huron. Subsurface testing of ttn park and
the surrounding neighborhood indicates that the s ite , as i t exists
today, is confined to the park's northwest corner. I t is perched
on a natural ridge associated with discontinuous Lake Algoma beach
deposits that have been geologically dated between 2,500 and 3,500
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10
□□ a
L J □
Oraovr
ELMWOOO
STATE
(4Tmti Suoon
Area of excavation
400 FEET
100 METERSPort Huron
LOCATION KEYMICHIGAN
Map 2. Location of Draper City Park in Port Huron, Michigan.
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n
years B.P. This beach ridge extends fu lly 2.5 km along the Lake
Huron and St. C lair River shoreline at an elevation of approximately
181 m above sea lev e l, or 3.7 m above existing lake levels. A small
stream known as McNeil's Creek, which today is completely f i l le d in ,
once flowed along the eastern slope of this ridge running directly
through Draper Park before emptying into the St. C lair River (Weston
1979).
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CHAPTER I I
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT DRAPER PARK
The Draper Park s ite was discovered by Mr. Donald E. Weston
in the spring of 1974 while conducting archaeological survey and
excavation in the Port Huron area under the auspicies of the Michigan
History Division, Michigan Department of State. Dr. James E. Fitting
was Michigan's State Archaeologist at the time and i t was he who
in itia ted the survey on which Weston held the supervisory position.
The site was revealed when a midden 30 cm thick containing numerous
cultural materials was observed in an erosional area on the face of
a slope now recognized to be part of the discontinous Algoma beach
ridge. All subsequent excavations conducted at Draper Park were
supervised by Weston and the following summary of those excavations
is drawn from his 1979 report outlining the results of the fie ld
seasons spent there in conjunction with an archaeological fie ld
school sponsored by St, C lair County Community College.
Between 1974 and 1977, four fie ld seasons were spent at2 3Draper Park, during which time a total of 115.6 m and 1,592 m of
earth were excavated. On the basis of 45 five-foot square excavation
units, of which 11 were randomly dispersed, the limits of the site
were determined and found to encompass an areas of approximatelyp
1194 m (Map 3). According to Weston's observation made while
working at the s ite , more than 50% of the site proper has been
12
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13
» « ■ > ■ ■ ■ a * s a m s x >UHorn* Foundation
D ATUM :1*7.12 *Mt M m S a Lwd SAMPLING UNIT 11
65N 11SE (1978)
Cement Wall
SAMPLING UNIT 10 ON80W(1978)
Ero*ion*l
110* -
v s s s i 1974 Excavation 1975 Excavation 1978 Excavation 1977 Excavation Approximate Umits of Cultural Remains
-iLL. •. I Approximata Area of Recant Landscaping
0 10 FEET
0 3 METERS
Map 3. Location of excavation units at the Draper Park site .
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14
altered or destroyed by recent landscaping of the park, basement and
sidewalk construction in the neighborhood, and limited slope erosion.
Standard excavation techniques were followed in the fie ld
using a grid system laid out in 5 foot squares dividing the site into
excavation units of equal size. All units, with the exception of
11 random units, were designated by south and east coordinates mea
sured from datum to the southeast corner of each square. Random
units were simply lettered or numbered sequentially. Excavation
units were taken down in arbitrary 3 inch (7.62 cm) levels with hand
trowels until cultural levels could be determined. All of the soil
was passed through 1/4 inch (6 mm) mesh hardware cloth and approxi
mately one-quarter to one-half of the soil removed from refuse pits
was water screened through 1/8 inch (2 mm ) mesh hardware cloth in
an attempt to collect paleobotanical materials.
Four distinct levels were identified in the vertical s tra ti
graphy at the site (Figure 1). Level I (0-10 cm below the surface)
consists of modern sod and humus, while level I I (11-15 cm below
the surface) is primarily redeposited f i l l from an unknown source
area. Interestingly, a smattering of Middle Woodland artifacts also
appear to have been brought in with this f i l l d ir t. Level I I I (16-60
cm below the surface) is essentially a middle to late nineteenth
century garden disturbance and refuse deposit (Hauser 1979). The
lower portion of level I I I contains some prehistoric materials from
level IV below; these are generally mixed as a result of Euro-American
cultivation practices. Level IV (31 to a maximum of 120 cm below
the surface) consists of deposits almost entirely attributable to
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Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
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W f sTw r/sssssjw szt.
CREEK CHANNEL EXCAVATIONSnnrnTTT)
r » l
Topsoil Gray FillBlack Historic Sand; Aboriginal Midden Stratified Sands Stratified Sandi with Cultural Material Yellow Aeolian Sands Historic Feature Prehistoric Feature Black Organic Deposits Gravelly Sands
0 S FEET1__________ . . 1
' T ------------ 10 2 METERS
Figure 1. North-south wall profile of excavation units at Draper Park,
CJI
16
the Woodland Period. Below these four levels there lie 10 culturally
sterile zones of sand associated with the post glacial Lake Algoma
beach.
Deep excavations in the extreme northern part of the site
unearthed the remains of an ancient f ille d -in creek channel extending
to a depth of approximately 1.2 m below the modern surface (Figures
2 and 3). Unusually good organic preservation is associated with
the channel deposits as evidenced by the discovery of an entire water
soaked log, a carved wooden (canoe?) paddle, a crushed bear skull,
and some fiberous cordage (possibly basswood) adhering to a few
stone net sinkers presumably associated with aboriginal fishing
activ ities (Figure 4; Weston 1978). Very moist conditions attributed
to elevated ground waters and the clay stream bed and banks is the
most like ly explanation for the excellent state of these artifactual
remains which may be more than 1000 years old.
The old creek channel provides a unique sequence of 20
s tra tified layers which were excavated as part of level IV since they
are essentially contemporaneous with the generalized prehistoric
deposits immediately above. The upper nine layers, designated A
through I , are composed of aeolian sands and each measures from 4
to 6 cm thick. The lower 11 layers, designated SI through S ll, are
water laid deposits which also vary from 4 to 6 cm in thickness.
Because of the unusual nature of these deposits, standard excavation
procedures were altered to permit collection of a two l i te r sample
of soil from each layer and a 100% sample from each feature that
was encountered for flo tation . Numerous Woodland Period materials
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CROSS SECTION-406- B.OBB.O.
Q iy
CROSS SECTION-4SE- S.B7 B.O.
Clay
CROSS SECTION-SOE7 .IS B.O.
Qay
CROSS SECTION-55E8.71 B.O.
V / I Excavated__________
© * = ^ 0T _ 1/2 METER
Figure 2. Section view of old creek channel encountered during excavations at Draper Park.
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Qay Bank
— IQS •40E 46E l.O .
Creek Bottom
1 FOOT4__% METER
Clay Bank
15S
66E60E
SLOPE OF CREEK BOTTOM (EAST WESTI
Figure 3. Plan view and gradient of old creek channel encountered during excavations at Draper Park.
00
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S wunauin,,
Wooden Paddle
'C-14 SAMPLE
Qay Dank
l \ \ \ l Crack Bollom GBSBH Hcarlli
J FOOT
1/2 METER
Figure 4. Historic and prehistoric features located during excavation of the s tra tified creek deposits at Draper Park.
VO
20
were recovered from these deposit, with very l i t t le historic dis
turbance noted in the f ie ld . One reliable radiocarbon determina
tion was run on a sample of charred log from Layer S8. This sample
was associated with Wayne Tradition ceramics and produced an uncor
rected early Late Woodland date of 1290+50 radiocarbon years: A.D.
660 (DIC-958).
Two distinct cultural components were recognized at Draper
Park; an intrusive nineteenth century refuse/garden bed area and a
Late Woodland aboriginal habitation area. In to ta l, 70 features
were recorded, including 29 prehistoric refuse p its , 26 modern and
historic intrusions, 4 rock hearths, 3 tree root stains, 2 historic
ash p its , 2 instances of aboriginal sheet midden, 1 historic sheet
midden, 1 historic privy, 1 dog burial, and 1 historic dump. More
over, between 150 and 200 prehistoric postmolds and 1 historic post-
most were also encountered (Figures 5 and 6).
Preliminary analysis of the faunal remains from the site by
Elizabeth Cardinal (1979) suggests that both deer and fish were
important food elements in the overall subsistence strategy of the
inhabitants at Draper Park. Other, less significant, species repre
sented in the remains include local varieties of birds and amphibians.
Seasonal indicators point to a Spring-Sunmer-Fall occupation.
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21
5|42fS|W
R«#uj« Pit \s/ / / / 1 Modern Intrusion
i Qog Burial
■ ■ ■ Post Mold ■ M Possible Post Mold iO Pit, usa unknown
1 METER
SAMPLING UNIT C
1 METER
Figure 5, Block excavation showing features encountered at Draper Park,
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22
CJ
>50H
mm:
£3
n
z3az•ja.3<M
Qay Bank
' 'za<9Z
<M60
Refuse Pitv / / A Modem Intrusion
Post Mold Possible Post Mold
1 FOOT
"t/2 METER
Figure 6. Historic and prehistoric features located during excavation of random units at Draper Park,
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CHAPTER I I I
METHODOLOGY
The following three chapters w ill focus on the formal descrip
tion and analysis of the prehistoric pottery from Draper Park. The
analysis combines two different but complimentary approaches; each
of which possesses notable strengths and weaknesses. These approaches
include the attribute method and the typological method of analysis,
both of which have been used independently in the classification of
archaeological data by other researchers. Further discussion compar
ing these two approaches is presented following the definition of
three terms used in the succeeding analysis.
A rtifact: An empirically known object that occupies one point in space at a given time (as opposed to a type). An artifac t possesses objective existence and cannot be shared, nor can i t transcend space and time (Dunnell 1971:116;Rouse 1939:19).
Type: A type, or in other words, class, is a conceptualconstruct or idea that embodies generalized spatial-temporal significance. Unlike an a r t i fact (object), type is its e lf independent of both time and space dimensions (Rouse 1939:20). " . . . (W)hen provided with ex p lic it, inten- sional definitions stating the necessary and suffic ient conditions for membership (a typological concept) can be used to order real objects" (Dunnell 1971:116).
Attribute: A single feature of a larger feature or object that is readily qualifiable and quantifiable and which has the potential to embody specific and variable spatial-temporal significance. The term "attribute" is a classificatory unit and as such i t is a conceptual construct like type.
23
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24
I t is an abstraction of the analyst who must exp lic itly state necessary and sufficient conditions for its constituents in order to be operational. In this study the attribute comprises the smallest unit of analysis and is believed to constitute the most accurate and sensitive indicator of space and time relationships (Wright 1967b).
Recently, attribute analysis has been gaining popularity over
the traditional typological approach in some archaeological circles,
particularly among cerami cists. The analysis of prehistoric pottery
using certain characteristic attributes was f irs t successfully applied
by Irving Rouse (1939) to materials recovered from his archaeological
survey of H aiti. The primary advantages of an attribute analysis vis-
a-vis a typological analysis have been summarized by James Wright
(1973:17,19). B rie fly , these are:
1. its greater conciseness and stronger control over the factors of time and space;
2. its tendency to maintain the integrity of individual attributes without mixing them or losing them as can occur between types;
3. i t provides more stable data for making comparisions,i . e . , attributes are not subject to periodic revision as can occur with types; and
4. its capacity to allow attributes to be traced through time (see 2 above) minimizes interference with a t t r i bute continua when enough data exist to make such continua meaningful.
Proponents of the attribute approach often point out that
this kind of analysis offers a more objective tool for establishing
specific chronological controls over a body of archaeological data.
This characteristic is realized by virtue of its relative consistency,
continuity, and accuracy throughout the analysis (Wright 1973).
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Critics are quick to emphasize, however, that since i t is v irtually
impossible to investigate every attribute evidenced by an a rtifac t in
the phenomenological world, those few attributes that are selected
for study must be determined arb itrarily (Dunnell 1971:117). This,
of course, introduces an undeniable element of subjectivity into the
analysis at an early stage.
After each vessel in the assemblage has been adequately des
cribed using the analytical attribute approach, i t is then possible
to classify them into typological constructs that have been developed
by researchers in the Great Lakes region over the last three decades.
This task is accomplished using an approach which permits the organi
zation of an a rtifac t assemblage into "type'’ categories that have,
by definition, a definable and (supposedly) stable recurrent combina
tion of specified attributes. A type thus constitutes a discrete
class of objects within which each object member shares a patterned
likeness. Such an approach has been used extensively in archaeology,
particularly during the past 40 or 50 years, to reduce large bodies
of data into managable proportions.
A major criticism of this method has been the failure of some
researchers to adequately define specific and necessary attributes
or conditions which distinguish one type from another, thus making
i t d iff ic u lt i f not impossible for other independent researchers to
operationalize the scheme and derive objective and comparable
results. In response to this and other criticisms of the arbitrary
nature of typological classification, a hybrid "type-variety"
system of classification was developed during the late 1950s for
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26
application to ceramic materials from the Southwest (Gifford I960;
Wheat et a l. 1958). This system is better formulated than other
typological schemes although Dunnell (1971) notes that there are
s t i l l many flaws in even refined forms of any typological approach,
some of which inherently plague a ll such schemes causing them to
break down at one point or another.
Attribute and typological analyses are individually problem
specific approaches yet they are not mutually exclusive as some in
vestigators have implied. Both can be utilized together to tackle
archaeological problems alternating between the discovery and refine
ment of modal attributes in specific contexts and the development of
type categories to contain them. Each of these approaches, therefore,
can aid researchers in making significant contributions to the dis
cipline, albeit at different interpretive levels. The controversy
surrounding these two approaches is very lengthy and supercedes the
scope of this discussion. Consequently, the reader is referred to
the following authorities for further discussion of this subject
(Hammond 1972; Rouse 1969; Sabi o ff and Smith 1969; Whallon 1972).
Although the overall analysis tends to be long and tedious at the
descriptive stages, both attribute and typological approaches are
integrated in this study in an attempt to satisfy practitioners of
either persuasion.
In the interest of c la rity and easier reference for the
reader, the task of describing and classifying the Draper Park
pottery is divided between the following three chapters, each of
which takes up different aspects of the analysis. The next chapter
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is simply concerned with fam iliarizing the reader with the assemblage
by presenting a general description of the collection as a whole.
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CHAPTER IV
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE ASSEMBLAGE
Four years of systematic excavation at Draper Park produced
a sample of 22,481 potsherds aggregating approximately 41 kg by
weight. Of these, 12 (30 gm) are from aboriginal smoking pipes
and 28 (26 gm) are from miniature clay vessels. The remaining sherds
were sorted into two major groups, rim sherds and body-neck sherds,
preparatory to more detailed analysis. Since i t was often d if f ic u lt ,
i f not impossible, to differentiate between neck sherds and body
sherds, these two vessel-form attribute classes were combined to
make up the la tte r group for sorting purposes.
Body-neck sherds account for 7,342 (24.1 kg) fragments, most
of which are undecorated and simply cord roughened. Seven hundred
ninety-one of these sherds are decorated rim sherds. Rim sherds
account for 458 (4.5 kg) fragments. Of these, 28 were excavated
from disturbed context, i . e . , levels I and I I , 19 were recovered
without provenience, and 167 were exfoliated and usually smaller
than the size of a dime. A total of 194 (3.68 kg) rim sherds were,
thus, deleted from further analysis.
After a careful examination of a ll 458 rim sherds in the
assemblage, a minimum of 409 vessels were found to be represented.
This number would be further reduced i f i t could be shown that more
than one decorative attribute was used to alternately decorate the
28
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29
rim and lip of any single vessel as evidenced at other woodland sites.
The single largest number of sherds in the assemblage could
not be sorted into any of the groups mentioned above. These fragments
consist of severely exfoliated sherds and sherdlets that were so
thoroughly deteriorated or eroded that even their surface finish
could not be adequately surmised. Exfoliated sherds account for
14,641 (12.3 kg), or about 65% (30% by weight) of the entire ceramic
sample. These were also deleted from further analysis.
A total of 264 (4.2 kg) rim sherds, representing 230 vessels
and including one complete pot, were found to be useful for further
analysis. In order to eliminate redundancies within the data set,
the "vessel" is used as the largest unit of analysis. Consequently,
no further reference w ill be made to individual rim sherds, but rather
to the vessel which each represents. In this study 230 vessels are
analyzed.
The analysis that appears in the following chapters is thus
drawn from a data set consisting of analytically acceptable rim
sherds representing individual vessels, decorated body-neck sherds
matched to rim sherds, miniature vessels, and aboriginal smoking
pipe fragments (see Table 1).
In general, the Draper Park ceramic assemblage cannot be
characterized as homogeneous. Upon in it ia l observation of the
rim sherds, for example, one is truck by the numerous decorative
motifs common to either southern lower or norther Michigan. No
obvious single theme typifies this assemblage. Its seemingly
heterogeneous nature lends credence to speculation regarding the
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30
Table 1
Quantitative Summary of the Prehistoric Ceramic Assemblagefrom Draper Park
Freq. % Wt in kg %
Body-neck sherds 7,342 33 24.1 59
Exfoliated or unidentifiable sherds 14,641 65 12.3 30
Rim sherds 458 2 4.5 11
Miniature vessel sherds 28 — — —
Elbow Pipe fragments 12 — — —
Totals 22,481 100 40.9 100
cosmopolitan influences that must have contributed to the ceramic
composition of this habitation area. I t is logical to assume that
its location at the opening of the primary passageway between the
culturally divergent groups of the Upper and the Lower Great Lakes
was certainly a factor.
The physical properties of the pottery are sim ilarly diverse.
The sherds are generally friable and easily exfoliated, although
some are in fact quite well preserved and surprisingly durable in
comparison to the majority that are less so. Accurately quantifying
the hardness of potsherds (especially in the Eastern Woodlands) is
an elusive and often unsatisfying, time consuming task. The varying
hardness of sherds, often from the same vessel, may well be the
combined result of d ifferential firing and the long term affects
of exposure to the elements of seasonal erosion common to this
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31
region. Therefore, no further attention is given to hardness in
this study.
Likewise, color is not considered to be of analytical value
to this study because of its inconsistent and often contrary nature.
Individual vessels in the collection were observed to display mosaic-
like coloring on the ir exterior surfaces. This phenomenon is known
to result from the effects of both culture (e .g ., fir in g conditions
and smudging) and nature (e .g ., weathering). Since many of the
vessels studied were known from only a handful of sherds, and in some
cases only one, i t was fe lt that this attribute class could not be
adequately quantified for this study. I t w ill suffice to say that
one can qualitatively observe a wide range of color variation within
the assemblage as a whole and that the most prevalent hues lie
between ligh t beige and black, i . e . , mostly tans and ligh t browns.
Temper, in contrast to hardness and color, proved to be more
satisfactorily measured. Qualitatively, g r it appears to have been
preferred for tempering material in most of the Draper Park pottery.
There were a few isolated instances where limestone had been used
but neither shell nor grog was observed in the assemblage. During
the course of analysis a ll vessels were subjected to categorization
on the basis of the largest observed tempering particle in cross-
section. Quantitatively, the vessels were classified according to
four grouped categories ranging from fine (0 -.9 mm) to very coarse
(> 3 mm). In a ll cases the temper was granitic or sandy in texture
and over 70% of the vessels fe ll within either the medium (1-1.9 mm)
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32
or coarse (2-3 mm) temper groups.
A dozen or more instances of coil breakage were observed,
indicating that at least three vessels had been constructed using a
coiling technique. The recovery of a lump of unfired clay during
excavation suggests that potters may have been actually making
pottery at the s ite . D ifferential coloring between the inner matrix
and the outer surfaces on many of the sherds indicate that either
firin g conditions were not optimally standardized or a variety of
clay bodies containing different minerals which color differently
when fired were used in the manufacturing process.
A few of the larger reconstructable vessel fragements suggest
that some of the pots may have had a conodial shape, but for the most
part very l i t t l e evidence was present to reveal vessel form below
the rim and neck on any of the specimens. Only 8 of a ll of the
vessels analyzed displayed castellated rims, a ll of which appeared
as low profile peaks that presumably encircled the o rifice . A
majority of these vessels had slightly outward flaring rims and
none of these was strongly everted.
Heavily carbonized organic encrustations on the in terior
surface of some of the cord roughened body sherds indicates the
nature of vessel use prior to discard. Samples of this burnt
residue have been submitted for chemical analysis and should provide
data concerning local resource exploitation and processing by the
inhabitants of the s ite .
In summary, the prehistoric ceramic assemblage at Draper
Park consists of 22,481 pottery sherds representing aboriginal
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33
smoking pipes, miniature pottery vessels, and a minimum of 409 large
vessels, some of which were undoubtedly manufactured at the site .
A variety of different ceramic styles characterize the assemblage,
with both decorated and undecorated vessels being represented. Most
of these had slightly outward fla ring , uncastellated rims with
globular or conoidal bodies. Medium to coarse g r it was used to temper
many of the pots which, more often than not, displayed variations in
either clay type used for firing standards or both. Organic residue
found on the in terio r surfaces of a few of the vessels indicates
their probable use in the preparation of food items.
In the chapter that follows, a summary of the procedures used
during the attribute analysis is presented along with a description
of the attribute classes and individual attribute states that were
investigated. One ware grouping, in particular, is briefly discussed
in light of this analysis.
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CHAPTER V
ATTRIBUTE ANALYSIS
Throughout this study references are made to specific parts
of the prehistoric pottery vessels, for example, rim, l ip , and neck.
These terms are used as recognized in current archaeological lite ra
ture and the reader is referred to Figure 7 for an illu s tra tio n .
This chapter outlines the procedures that were used to deduce the
vessel by vessel attribute descriptions presented in Appendix I .
These attribute descriptions were obtained by abstracting from each
vessel the individual attributes which i t displayed. During the
course of analysis the attributes that were observed on each vessel
were recorded on mark-sense forms (stock no. NCS Trans-Optics
08-7317-321). One form per vessel. These forms were used to gener
ate a disk f i le in Western Michigan University's Dec-System 10
computer. All sorting and statis tica l manipulation of the attribute
data was accomplished using the SPSS program package (Nie et a l.
1975).
A l is t of 10 pre-selected attribute classes and their cor
responding attribute states is presented in the succeeding pages.
This l is t provides detailed descriptions of the attributes that were
investigated during the analytical abstraction of each vessel. A
total of 47 attribute states were investigated, of which 43 were
34
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discrete, 3 were continuous, and 1 was grouped data. Coding of the
mark-sense forms involved entering either a one or two d ig it number
arb itra rily selected to represent the various attribute states.
This was done for every attribute class until each of the 230
vessels studied had been coded. Whenever data were absent a "0" was
entered on the form, and wherever i t could be determined that data
were simply missing from a particular vessel, for whatever reason,
a "9" was entered for the appropriate class. Because missing data
were not used in the calculation of frequencies and percents, some
of the frequency totals encountered in the following pages may be
skewed.
NECK
SHOULDER
BODY-
LONGITUDINAL AXIS RIM PROFILE
Figure 7. Vessel form terms used in this study,
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36
Attribute List
Attribute Class Attribute State
Motif(as i t appears on the exterior, inte rio r , and lip surfaces)
Plain: having no discernable decoration, usually manifested as either a smooth or cord roughened surface.
Horizontal: where the direction of decoration runs approximately 90° to the longitudinal axis of the vessel. On the lip the decoration is applied in a direction parallel to the edge of the vessel rim.
Vertical: where the direction of the decoration runs parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vessel. On the lip the direction of the decoration is at a 90° angle to the edge of the vessel rim.
Oblique: where the direction of the decoration runs at less than or greater than a 90° angle to the longitudinal axis of the vessel. On the lip the direction of the decoration is less than or greater than a 90° angle to the edge of the vessel rim.
Criss-cross: alternating le f t and right oblique incisions or impressions that are superimposed in a crosshatched pattern.
2. Technique (as i t Smoothed over: where the surface of theappears on the exterior, vessel has been smoothed out obliteratingin te rio r, and lip sur- any irregularities and impressions thatfaces) may have occurred during construction.
Cord roughening: where the surface of the vessel has been either impressed with fabric or malleated with a textured (usually cord wound) paddle. Often this is referred to as cord marking. Since i t is d if f ic u lt to distinguish between fabric impressed and cord marked surfaces, this term is used for the sake of consistency.
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2. Technique (co n t'd ) A ttr ib u te State 37
Smoothed over cord roughening: where the roughened surface of the vessel has been smoothed out obliterating any previous cord roughening.
Split stick impression: where the end of a sp lit twig or other pronged curvilinear tool has been used to punctate or in other words impress the surface of the vessel.
Cord impression: where linear impressions that usually encircle the neck or rim of a vessel, are made with a cord-wound-cord or other flexib le object.
Push-pull incision: where an incising implement, usually a pointed tool, has been repeatedly jabbed forward at an angle into the surface of a vessel and then dragged backward in a single motion resulting in an interrupted linear impression.
Tool impression: where a vessel has been impressed with any variety of curvilinear or recti inear implement usually resulting in patterns of short crisp markings.
Incision: where the vessel has been scored or slashed with a sharp tool or pointed implement.
Cord wrapped tool impression: where the vessel has been marked with a solid implement such as a stick or paddle edge that has been wound with cording.
Punctation: where the vessel has been jabbed with a somewhat pointed stick or other curvilinear implement at a 90 angle to the surface and then pulled straight out.
Corded punctation: same as above except using a cord wound implement.
Acute corded punctation: same as above except the impression was made at less than a 90° angle to the surface of the vessel.
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38
A ttr ib u te Class A ttr ib u te State
2. Technique (con't) Circular punctation: where a reed orother hollow curvilinear implement was used to make circular impressions on the vessel surface. This is sometimes called annular punctation.
Dentate tool impression: where an implement such as a mussel valve, stick, or small bone has been carved into a serrated edge and used to make linear comb-like impressions in the vessel surface.
3. Rim and Lip Profile (Codes are after Fitting 1965:14-19)
Note: a ll profiles are illustrated in Appendix VI.
B1: s im p ly th icken ed rim w ith a roundedTTp.
Bla: rounded lip with a thickened rim as a result of having the lip pushed or rolled over the exterior surface.
B2: s im p ly th icken ed rim w ith a squaredTTp.
C: wedge shaped rim with a flattened lip .
D1: squared rim with an inward facingor slanting lip .
D l-4: squared rim with an inward "and"outward slanting bevelled lip .
D2: squared rim with a flattened lip .
D3: squared rim with a flattened lip in which an incision or linear cord impression has been made that forms a channel or groove around the circumference on the lip surface.
D4: squared rim with an outward facingor slanting tip .
E: simply squared rim with a rounded lip .
4. Punctate-Boss Exterior punctation: (see punctationunder techniques above).
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39
Attribute Class
4. Punctate-Boss (cont'd)
5. Punctate Diameter (in millimeters)
6. Caste!lation
A ttr ib u te State
Exterior punctation-Interior bossing: (bosses are the raised nodes directly opposite and on the reverse surface of punctates).
Exterior punctation-No in terior bossing.
In terio r punctation-Exterior bossing.
In terio r punctation-No exterior bossing.
Actute exterior punctation-No interior bossing.
a continuous attribute ranging from 2 mm to 15 mm.
Pointed: where the vessel has been pinched at intervals around the circumference of the rim forming a series of low profile peaks.
Rounded: where the vessel has been pinched at intervals around the circumference of the rim forming a series of gradually sloping blips.
7. Surface Treatment (preparatory to decoration)
Smooth: where the surface of the vessel has been rubbed over obliterating any irregu larities and impressions.
Cord roughened: where the surface of the vessel has been given a texture by using either a cord wrapped paddle or fabric.
Smoothed over cord roughening: where the roughened surface of the vessel has been rubbed over obliterating any previous cord roughening.
8. Rim Thickness a continuous attribute ranging from(in millimeters) 3 mm to 10 mm.
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A ttr ib u te Class A ttr ib u te State
40
9. Rim Diameter (in centimeters)
a continuous attribute ranging from 8 cm to 44 cm.
10. Tempering Material (grouped data)
Fine: where the largest grain observed in section measures less than .9 cm.
Medium: where the largest grain observed in section measures between 1 mm and 1.9 mm.
Coarse: where the largest grain observed in section measures between 2 mm and 3 mm.
Very coarse: where the largest grain observed in section measures greater than 3 mm.
Prior to the s tatis tica l manipulation of attributes, the
Draper Park vessels were separated into 9 existing Great Lakes ware
groupings from 6 different ceramic traditions using the "common
typological method" as outlined by Whallon (1971:6). This was done
in order to maintain continuity and avoid mixing of meaningful data
that would have otherwise occurred had a ll of the vessels been handled
together.
Wayne Tradition vessels constitute the single largest group
of generically related specimens in the assemblage accounting for
74% of the analyzable vessels. Clearly, Wayne Ware dominates in
the overall assemblage and, therefore, i t seems appropriate here
to brie fly summarize a few of the attributes that typify these
specimens as a group. Over one half of the Wayne Ware vessels in
the assemblage lack exterior decoration of any kind. These account
for 65% of a ll observations, a characteristic not uncommon in Wayne
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Tradition components at other Late Woodland Period sites in southern
Lower Michigan. On the exteriorly decorated vessels that were en
countered the most frequent motifs included obliques and horizontals.
These represent 16% and 15% of the sample respectively. The most
common techniques used to form these motifs were divided between
punctations and cord wrapped tool impressions which account for 12%
and 9% respectively. Incision (6%), simple cord impressions (4%),
and plain tool impressions (4%) are included in the remaining tech
niques observed in this ware grouping. The most frequent rim /lip
profiles are primarily divided between uncoilared, squared rims with
flattened lip (D2/55%) and simple rounded lips (E/24%) varieties
which, together, account for almost 80% of a ll Wayne Ware obser
vations. A quantitative summary of the other Wayne Ware attributes
discussed in this study are presented in Appendix I I .
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CHAPTER VI
TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
In the preceding chapter i t was described how each of 230
Draper Park vessels were analytically abstracted on the basis of 10
attribute classes. In the present chapter, using the attributes
identified in the previous stage of analysis, the same vessels are
individually described and organized into established typological
constructs that have been developed for various major ceramic
assemblages in the Great Lakes region.
Middle Woodland Vessels
Five vessels in the Draper Park ceramic assemblage, one
with linear cord impressions and four with banked stamping exterior
motifs, are related to ceramics commonly attributed to the Lake
Forest Middle Woodland period in the Upper Great Lakes region. None
of the specimens can be characterized as being classic examples of
any extant ware groupings, since there appears to be considerable
variation between ceramic types described in the literature and those
observed at Draper Park. Furthermore, because "Lake Forest Middle
Woodland ceramic 'types' are a sometimes thing" as Fitting (1979:110)
observed at the Straits of Mackinac, s tr ic t typological classification
of these vessels is not attempted here. Consequently, 4 of the
5 Middle Woodland vessels in this assemblage are simply described
42
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43
and compared with other Upper Great Lakes ceramics in terms of their
primary exterior decorative motif and technique.
Lake Forest
Goodwin-Gresham Ware
Type: Goodwin-Gresham Cord Impressed
Vessel: .209
Plate: 1
Rim thickness: 5 mm Rim diameter: 12 cm Rim profile : D3
Description: This vessel is recognized from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is smooth and decorated with multiple horizontal rows of ligh tly marked linear cord impressions that begin 11 mm below the lip and extend down the rim for an unknown distance.The in terio r surface is smooth and is without decoration. The lip is also smooth except for a single linear cord impression that encircles the o rifice . The rim of this vessel is essentially vertical in orientation to its body. The overall form of this vessel cannot be determined, however.
Probable relationships: This vessel is most similar to the Middle Woodland type "Goodwin-Gresham Cord Impressed" except that i t lacks in terio r punctates as described by Fitting et a l . (1969: 150-151; Plate 5,b) from the Goodwin-Gresham site located at the mouth of the Au Sable River on Lake Huron in Iosco County, Michigan. The authors of the Goodwin-Gresham report suggest that this ceramic type is similar to both Weaver Ware and Naples Cord Wrapped Stick from Illin o is , although i t more closely resembles North Bay Corded Stamped from northeastern Wisconsin and Jack's Reef Corded Punctate from New York (F itting 1969:159-160).
Chronological position: One radiocarbon date of 1340+110 radiocarbon years: A.D. 610(M-1625) is reported from Goodwin-Gresham. The authors of the report reject i t as being to recent to date the major occupation of the s ite . Based on typological comparisons and geological data i t has been suggested that a period between A.D. 50 and A.D. 300 more accurately dates the Middle Woodland materials at Goodwin-Gresham (Fitting 1969:179-180).
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MILESValley Sweets Posters Hodges Mahoney Bussinger Stadelmeyer Schultz Jahr Fletcher Tobico Goodwin-Gresham
2y.Norton Mounds
2 8 .Spring Creek29.Brunnett Mound
30,Juntunen
onaldson 11H8 Younge 20-LP-98 Draper Park WolfFuller I Riviere Au Vase Furton II Fort Wayne Mound Springwells Gibraltar SissungMoccasin Bluff 46th Street
31.Summer Isi 32,Schular 33.Skegemog 34.Pinery
Map 4. Location of archaeological sites mentioned in the text. Sites o ff the map: Heron Bay,Pelican Falls, Esch Mounds, Hog Hollow, Smith, Martin Bird, Porteous, and Princess Point,
45
Bank Stamped Vessels
Type: undetermined
Vessel: 49
Plate: 1
Rim thickness: 7 mmRim diameter: 20 cm Rim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is also recognized from one rim sherd. The rim is slightly outward flaring and displays exterior cord roughening. Four horizontal rows of shallow, acutely angled corded punctates decorate the exterior surface beginning 14 mm below the lip . The in terior is smooth and is decorated with short vertical cord wrapped tool impressions that extend down from the lip . The lip its e lf is decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The overall form of this vessel cannot be determined.
Probable relationships: Similar banked stamped motifs appear on vessels reported from sites bearing Laurel Tradition ceramics (Wright 1967a). The Laurel Tradition is known primarily in northern Minnesota (Wilford 1943; 1955) and southeastern Manitoba (MacNeish 1958), although certain "typical" tra its have been found that extend its range considerably east and south of there. The Donaldson site in southern Ontario is an example of a Saugeen Middle Woodland manifestation with Laurel Tradition a ffilia tio n s . This site is geographically closer to Draper Park and has produced Laurel Tradition pottery very similar to this vessel (Wright and Anderson 1963, Plate XIX, 4 and 6).
Chronological position: The Donaldson s ite has been radiocarbon dated to 2480+60 radiocarbon years: 530 B.C. (S-119), a date that is to ta lly accepted by the authors of the Donaldson report (Wright and Anderson 1963:53-54). Mason (1966:337) and Fitting et a l. (1969:178; cf. also Fitting 1975:141), however, do not agree with Wright and Anderson and are convinced that a date in the f ir s t century A.D. is more reasonable and in better agreement with the materials there.
Type: undetermined
Vessel: 27
PI ate: 1
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Rim thickness: 6 rim Rim diameter: 28 cm Rim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is represented by one cord roughened rim sherd. The exterior surface is decorated with multiple rows of shallow, closely spaced, acutely angled corded punctates that begin approximately 15 mm below the lip . A single row of round, deep punctates is superimposed over the second row of punctates 22 mm to center below the lip and spaced 17 mm apart A single row of corresponding low re lie f bosses occurs on the smooth in terio r surface. The lip is roughened with what appears to be closely spaced cord wrapped tool impressions. Although the form of this vessel cannot be determined, the rim is essent ia l ly vertica l, lacking any outward flare suggesting that i t was attached to an elongate body.
Probable relationships: Similar vessels have been reported from the Heron Bay site on the north shore of Lake Superior and the Pelican Falls site located on the shore of the English River near Lac Seul in western Ontario (Wright 1967a, Plate I , 5; V II, 8). Both o f these sites are Laurel Tradition components.
Chronological position: Four radiocarbon assays have been runon materials from the Heron Bay site which range between the f if th and eighth centuries A.D. These dates s ta tis tica lly average a date of 1276+49 radiocarbon years:A.D. 674 (Long and Rippeteau 1974). Wright (1967a:95) unsurprisingly rejects a ll four dates considering them to be too recent. Brose (1970: 89), however, in making comparisons with materials from Summer Island, finds these dates " . . . quite acceptable, although not a ll should pertain to the Laurel occupation."
Type: undetermined
Vessel: 32
Plate: 1
Rim thickness: 10 mmRim diameter: undeterminedRim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from one cord roughened rim sherd. The rim is slightly outward flaring and the exterior surface is decorated with a bank of four closely spaced rows of short oblique tool impressions. A single row of round punctates is superimposed over the upper most row of impressions 12 mm to center below the lip spaced 2.3 cm apart. A
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corresponding row of low re lie f bosses is formed on the smooth in terio r surface immediately below a row of short oblique tool impressions similar to those on the exterior. The lip is smooth and decorated with oblique tool impressions. The form of this vessel cannot be determined, although the shoulder area appears to be gradually sloped.
Probable relationships: unknown
Chronological position: Probably transitional Middle to Late Woodland based on its combination of motifs common to both periods
Type: undetermined
Vessel: 176
Plate: 1
Rim thickness: 8 mmRim diameter: 32 cmRim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from two small rim sherds. The exterior surface is smooth and decorated with multiple rows of closely spaced vertical tool impressions that appear as slash-like punctates banked one row on top of another beginning at the lip and continuing down the rim. The in terio r surface is smooth and undecorated. The lip is decorated with vertical tool impressions similar to those that appear on the exterior. The shape of this vessel cannot be determined.
Probable relationships: Similar vessels have been reported from Summer Island in northern Lake Michigan at Bay De Noc (Brose 1970:Plate IV ). I have also observed almost identical examples from Point Pelee in southwestern Ontario housed in the Sanderson collections at the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan.
Chronological position: Banked stamped vessels such as this are in Middle Woodland context at Summer Island and have been dated by three radiocarbon assays which s ta tis tic a lly average a date of 1745+76 radiocarbon years: A.D. 205. In Brose's opinion a ll three dates " . . . show clear overlap in the period A.D. 150 to A.D. 290. This clearly is an acceptable period for similar materials from Wisconsin (Mason 1966) and Ontario (Wright 1967a; Johnston 1968)." The Point Pelee materials in the Sanderson collection have been dated somewhat la ter by Keenlyside (1978:314-317) who places some of these in his Time Period I , A.D. 650-800; and some in his Time Period I I , A.D. 800-900. I would suggest a transitional Middle to Late Woodland position for this vessel.
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PLATE 1
Middle Woodland rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 209 27Row two: 176Row three: 32 49
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49
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Late Woodland Vessels
50
One hundred ninety-four vessels in the assemblage display
a ffin ities to types commonly attributed to the Late Woodland Period.
The following vessels are classified according to extant Late Woodland
pottery types defined for the Upper Great Lake region. In most
cases, however, the Draper Park vessels tend to d iffe r slightly
according to one or more elements considered to be characteristic
of the respective type categories used in the analysis. Consequently,
except for the Wayne Ware, their classification here is provisional
as many of the specimens are only similar to, and not necessarily
classic examples of, the type to which each is tenatively assigned.
Wayne Tradition
Wayne Ware
The following vessels are classified according to the refined
Wayne Ware type descriptions developed for the Fletcher site materials
by Janet Brashler (1973). In her analysis, Brashler investigated
many of the same attributes used in the present study. A monothetic
subdivisive computer program based on the chi-square s ta tis tic was
used to discover significant attribute configurations of the Fletcher
ceramics from which she was able to discern 2 distinct types, 6
varieties, and 10 sub-varieties of Wayne Ware.
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Type: Wayne Undecorated
Variety: smoothed
Sub-variety: plain in terio r
Vessels: N=12; 10,69,90,150,165,182,183,185,196,224,228,245
PI ate: 2
Rim thickness: N =ll; range 6-9 iron; >[=7.5 mmRim diameter: N=5; range 8-26 cm; X=20 cmRim profile: N=12; (Profile=n/%) D2=8/67, E=4/33
Description: All of these vessels are known from one rim sherd. The exterior of these vessels is simply smooth and without decoration. The in terio r surfaces are also undecorated and smooth as are the lips . Four vessels, however, display oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The form of these vessels cannot be determined.
Type: Wayne Undecorated
Variety: cordmarked%
Sub-variety: rolled rim
Vessels: N=25; 23,38,39,80,97,108,112,118,121,133,149,155,158,160,162,167,169,174,193,211,212,215,221,234,244
Plate 3
• Rim thickness: N=25; range 309mm; %6 mmRim diameter: N=9; range 8-40 cm; X=21 cmRim profile: N=25; (Profile=n/%) D2=8/32, E=7/28, Bl-a=6/24,
B2=2/8, B l= l/4 , C=l/4
Description: All of these vessels are known from one rim sherd apiece except vessels 133 and 234 which are known from two each. The exterior surface on these vessels is simply cord roughened except vessel 193 which has been smoothed over. In each case the lip has been slightly pushed, rolled, or folded over theexterior surface extending anywhere up to 13 cm down the rim.The lip /rim juncture on vessel 234 is altered with vertical cord wrapped tool impressions that form somewhat of a notched rim. Vessel 97 displays a row of unobtrusive oblique slash-like tool impressions immediately below the lip . The interior on 16 of the vessels is simply smooth and undecorated. Eight vessels are in terio rly decorated with short oblique cord wrapped tool impressions' that extend down from the lip . Vessel 97,
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PLATE 2
Wayne Undecorated, smooth, plain in terior rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 183 69 228Row two: 90 185 196Row three: 150 224 182Row four: 164 10 245
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PLATE 3
Wayne Undecorated, cordmarked, rolled rim rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 80 38 211Row two: 39 174 193Row three: 221 234 215Row four: 121 133 212 23
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55
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however, evidences oblique incisions. All 9 of the in terio rly decorated vessels display the same decoration on the lip . The lips on the other 16 vessels are generally smooth or cord roughened although 5 of these vessels also evidence oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The overall form of these vessels cannot be determined.
Type: Wayne Undecorated
Variety: cord marked
Sub-variety: not rolled rim
Vessels: N=61; 6,13,16,35,41,55,57,70,73,84,94,98,106,115,130,131140,142,143,152,153,154,157,159,161 ,163,165,171 ,173,175,177, 179,181 ,184,188,190,194,195,197,198,200,201 ,206,210,218,219, 220,222,229,230,231,233,235,237,239,240,241,246,247,251,255
Plate: 4
Rim thickness: N=57; range 4-10 mm; X=6.4 mmRim diameter: N=19; range 10-28 cm; X=20 cmRim profile: N=61 (Profile=n/%) D2=35/56, E-16/26, D3=5/10,
01-4=4/6, B2=l/2
Description: All of these vessels are known from one rim sherd except for vessel 219 which is known from two. Each of these vessels has an undecorated cord roughened exterior surface.The in terio r is undecorated and simply smooth on 39 (63%) of the vessels, whereas 19 (30%) have short cord wrapped tool impressions that extend down from the lip . Vessel 235 is decorated on the in terio r with a row of short rectangular tool impressions at the l ip , and vessel 195 is impressed with multiple rows of annular punctates spaced 1.1 cm apart. Vessels 181 and 194 have eroded interiors and cannot be analyzed. The lips on 38 (61%) vessels are decorated with either oblique or vertical cord wrapped tool impressions, whereas 15 (24%) are simply smooth or cord roughened. Five vessels are marked with a horizontal linear cord impression. The lips of 2 vessels are decorated with rectangular tool impressions and one is marked with vertical incisions. Finally, the lip on vessel 143 is impressed with a row of acutely angled corded punctates. Although the overall form of these vessels cannot be determined, 3 do display b lip -like low profile castellations.
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PLATE 4
Wayne Undecorated, cordmarked, not rolled rim rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 175 246 233Row two: 201 235 190Row three: 200 219 197Row four: 184 247 218
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58
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Type: Wayne Decorated
Variety: horizontal
Sub-vari e ty: punctate
Vessels: N=24; 11,12,21,22,24,33,45,50,51,53,78,82,87,89,107,127,137,141,151,191,204,242,243,257
Plate: 5
Rim thickness: N=24; range=5-8 mm; mmRim diameter: N=9; range=8-44 cm; X=21 cmRim profile: N=24; (Profile=n/%) D2=l3/54, E=4/17,
C=3/13, B2=2/8, D3=l/4, D4=l/4
Description: All of these vessels are known from one rim sherd except vessels 51, 82, and 87 which are known from two each. In a ll cases the exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with at least one horizontal row of round punctates. Secondary decoration appears on 3 vessels: vessel 141 which displays a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions above the row of punctates beginning at the lip ; vessel 53 which displays a row of short oblique incisions superimposed over the punctates; and vessel 87 which displays a row of short, oblique rectangular tool impressions both above and below the row of punctates.The in terio r on 17 vessels is decorated with oblique or vertical cord wrapped tool impressions that begin at the l ip . Vessel 87, however, is decorated with oblique tool impressions on both its in terio r and exterior surfaces. Eight vessels are simply smooth on the in terio r. The lips on 17 are decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions, and 8 are smooth. The lip on vessel 45 is criss-cross incised, and vessel 87 displays oblique tool impressions. The overall form of these vessels cannot be determined, although vessel 78 appears to have had low profile caste!lations.
Type: Wayne Decorated
Variety: horizontal
Sub-variety: impressed (linear cord)*
Vessels: N=8; 61,63,123,178,199,205,225,250
PI ate: 6
Rim thickness: N=8; range 6-8 mm; X”-(k 5 cm Rim diameter: N=3; range 16-26 cm; X=20 cm
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PLATE 5
Wayne Decorated, horizontal, punctate rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 11 53 78Row two: 82 257 89 24Row three: 12 51 242 21Row four: 87 191 33 141
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61
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PLATE 6
Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (linear cord) rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 61 63Row two: 199 205 225Row three: 250 178 123
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Rim profile: N=8; (Profile=n/%) D2=6/75, D4=l/12.5, E=l/12.5
Description: All of these vessels are known form one rim sherd each. In each case the specimen is cord roughened and decorated with horizontal linear cord impressions on the exterior surface. The in terio r on 7 of the vessels is smooth and decorated with a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions extending down from the lip . Vessel 61, however, displays a row of round in terio r punctates located 14 mm to center below the lip and are spaced 11 mm apart. Vessel 63 is also decorated with a row of in terio r punctates located 26 mm to center below the lip . In both cases the punctates form a corresponding row of bosses on the exterior surface. The form of these vessels cannot be determined.
*In Brashler's (1973) typology, linear cord impressed vessels and corded punctate vessels were combined under the Sub-variety "Impressed." For the purposes of this study, however, they are dealt with separately should future investigations substantiate their division.
Type: Wayne Decorated
Variety: oblique
Sub-variety: f la t lip
Vessels: N=2; 4,44
Plate: 9
Rim thickness: Vessel 4-9 mm; Vessel 44=7 mmRim diameter: Vessel 4=undetermined; Vessel 44=undeterminedRim profile: Vessel 4=D2; Vessel 44=D2
Description: These two vessels are known from one rim sherd each.The exterior surfaces are corded roughened and decorated with oblique linear cord impressions that extend down the rim for an undetermined distance from the lip . The in terio r of vessel 4 is smooth and decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions at the lip . Vessel 44 is in teriorly decorated with short, oblique cord wrapped tool impressions above a horizontal row of slash-like punctates located 22 mm to center below the lip spaced 19 ran apart. The lips of both of these vessels are decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The form of either vessel cannot be determined.
Type: Wayne Decorated
Vari e ty: hori zontal
Sub-variety: impressed (corded punctate)
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Vessels: N=25; 9,14,30,35,52,60,64,68,75,76,91,92,109,110,113, 65124,129,139,192,213,223,236,252,253,258
Plate: 7 and 8
Rim thickness: N=25; range 4-8 mm; Xf6.5 mmRim diameter: N=8; rnage 12-36 cm; X=23 cmRim profile : N=25; (Profi1e=n/%) D2=16/64, E=5/20, 01=1/4,
D l-4=l/4, D3=l/4, 04=1/4
Description: All of these vessels are known from one rim sherd except vessel 14 which is known from two. In each case with the exception of vessel 182, which is smooth on both in terio r and exterior surface, the exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with at least one and usually more rows of corded punctates. In most instances the punctates are applied at an acute angle to the surface resulting in obliquely angled impressions. Vessel 64 does not seem to be typical of the rest of the specimens in this class. The row of small unobtrusive corded punctates on its upper rim at the lip do not dominate, resulting in an appearance not unlike that of the type Wayne Undecorated, cord marked variety. The in terior of this vessel is smooth and decorated with a row of vertical cord wrapped tool impressions situated above a row of round punctates located 3 cm to center below the lip spaced 3 cm apart. These punctates form a corresponding row of bosses on the exterior surface. The in terio r surface on the other 24 vessels is smooth. Nineteen vessels are decorated with short, oblique cord wrapped tool impressions extending down from the lip . Vessels 110 and 252 are simply smooth on the in terio r. Vessels 52 and 76 are decorated with a row of in terio r punctates, similar to vessel 64 above, whereas vessel 92 displays multiple rows of small, closely spaced punctates. The lips on a ll of these vessels are decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The form of these specimens cannot be determined.
The remaining 14 Wayne Ware vessels do not fa ll into any of the
formally defined Wayne Decorated categories established by Brashler
(1973) for the Fletcher s ite . Consequently, I have suggested the
following additional categories within which to place these remaining
Wayne Ware vessels. Primarily because of the small sample size, only
further independent analyses of other Wayne assemblages w ill substan
tia te or formalize these categories, and for this reason they must
necessarily remain provisional. However, I offer them essentially
for ease of communication in this study and because of the lack of
any existing satisfactory classificatory construct.
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PLATE 7
Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (corded punctate) rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 213 75 52Row two: 236 253 223Row three: 252 192 9 36Row four: 14 76 92 124 30
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67
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PLATE 8
Wayne Decorated, horizontal, impressed (corded punctate) rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
64
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PLATE 9
Wayne Decorated, oblique, f la t lip rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 44 4
Wayne Decorated, oblique, incised rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row two: 226 74 232Row three: 47 144 122 136
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71
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Type: Wayne Decorated
Variety: oblique
Sub-variety: incised
Vessels: N=10; 47,74,99,116,122,136,144,148,226,232
Plate: 9
Rim thickness: N=10; range 5.8 mm; 5 mm Rim diameter: N=4; range 10-28 cm; X=18.5 cmRim profile: N=10; (Profile=n/%) D2-8/80,E=2/20
Description: These vessels are known from one rim sherd each.In each case the exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with oblique incisions that extend down the rim from the lip for an undetermined distance. The in terio r of these vessels is smooth. Five vessels evidence either short oblique or short vertical in terior incision that extend down from the lip . Vessel 74 is decorated with a row of round in terio r punctates located 15 rran to center below the lip spaced 11 mm apart, which form correspondingly low re lie f bosses on the exterior surface. The lips on 7 vessels are decorated with oblique incisions and the remaining 3 are simply undecorated. The form of these vessels cannot be determined.
Type: Wayne Decorated
Variety: horizontal
Sub-variety: incised
Vessels: N=2; 202, 238
Plate: 10
Rim thickness: Vessel 202-7 mm; Vessel 238=7 mmRim diameter: Vessel 202=18 cm; Vessel 238=undeterminedRim profile: Vessel 202=Dl-4; Vessel 238=E
Description: Vessel 202 is known from one rim sherd and vessel 238 is known from 8 fragments. The exteriors are cord roughened and decorated with multiple horizontal incisions which begin at the lip and continue down the rim for an undetermined distance. The incisions on vessel 238 terminate near the shoulder with a horizontal row of short oblique incisions directly beneath. The in terio r surface on these vessels is smooth and undecorated. The lips are decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions.The overall form of either of these vessels cannot be determined.
Type: Wayne Decorated
Variety: crosshatched
Plate: 10
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PLATE 10
Wayne Decorated, horizontal, incised and crosshatched (5) rim andbody sherds
Vessel Numbers
238 202 5*
♦Vessel 5 is crosshatched variety
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74
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Rim thickness: Vessel 5=6 mm; Vessel 126=5mm 75Rim diameter: Vessel 5=undetermined; Vessel 126=24 cmRim profile: Vessel 5=D2; Vessel 126=B1-a
Description: Both of these vessels are known from only one rimsherd. Each is cord roughened on the exterior and decorated with a combination of parallel vertical and horizontal incised lines that form a checkerboard criss-cross design. The incisions begin at the lip and continue down the rim for an undetermined distance. The in terio r of these vessels is smooth and undecorated. The lip of vessel 5 is obliquely incised and the lip of 126 is altered with an obliquely incised push-pull design. The form of these vessels cannot be determined.
Relationships: Wayne Ware, and its so-called companion wares,Allegan, Spring Creek, Moccasin B luff, and Crockery Ware (cf.Brashler 1978:8; Fitting 1968 and 1975:xix; Flanders 1965; Rogers 1972) are found at many intensively and extensively occupied Late Woodland sites in southern Lower Michigan. These sites include, for example, Riviere Au Vase, Springwells, Sissung, and Gibraltar (F itting 1975:150) in southeastern Michigan; Hodges (F itting and Sasse 1969), Fosters (Bigony 1970), Valley Sweets (Brose 1966), Bussinger (Halsey 1976), Fletcher (Brashler 1973), Schultz (Fitting 1972), Tocico (Carstens 1972), Jahr (Butterfield 1979), and 20-LP-98 (Lovis 1979) in the Saginaw Valley; and Spring Creek (Fitting 1968), Moccasin Bluff (Bettarel and Smith 1973) and the 46th Street and Fennville sites (Rogers 1972) in western Michigan to name a few of the more important loca lities . Sites bearing Wayne-like pottery also occur, to a very limited extent, in southwestern Ontario, i . e . , at Pinery Park and Point Pelee (Ian Kenyon and David Stothers, personal communication). F itting (1965:159) noted other generic sim ilarities to Wayne Ware from the Esch Mounds (c f. Greenman 1939a) and the so-called "Intrusive Mound Culture" in Ohio.
The Wayne Undecorated ceramics are similar to undecorated Allegan, Spring Creek, and Moccasin Bluff wares in western Michigan. Incised Wayne Ware, including the crosshatched variety, seems closely linked to the incised vessels illustra ted by Fitting (1968:28) from the Spring Creek site and the Brunnett Mound (Prahl 1966:191). These vessels are simply cord roughened with a band of incised lines on the neck area. Other sites that have produced cord roughened incised pottery include Fletcher, Bussinger, Mahony (Bigony 1970:177), Springwells (Halsey 1968), the Fort Wayne Mound (F itting 1975:151), 11H8 on Point Pelee in Ontario (Keenlyside 1978), and the Hog Hollow s ite , a transitional Middle to Late Woodland site in Grant County, Wisconsin (Geier 1978:204-205). Margaret Rogers (1972:86) observes that the crosshatched vessels from the Fennville and 46th Street sites could have a ffin itie s to the type Norton Crosshatched described by George Quimby (1940:491) from the Middle Woodland Norton Mounds in Grand Rapids. She suggests that crosshatched and cord wrapped tool impressed varieties may be a carryover
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76
of Middle Woodland techniques into a later period. This may also be the case at Draper Park, although the strati graphic distribution of crosshatched vessels do not bear this out (cf. Appendix I I I and Figure 8).
Chronological position: Numerous radiocarbon determinationsassociated with Wayne, Spring Creek, and Allegan Tradition materials in both burial and habitation context have been run at at least 11 sites in Michigan and southwestern Ontario (cf. Appendix V). These determinations place the Wayne and other local traditions between A.D. 600 and A.D. 1300, particularly in western Michigan and the Saginaw Valley. Wayne Ware does not, however, persist in southeastern Michigan after ca. A.D.700 or A.D. 800, with the overriding influence of incoming Younge peoples (F ittin g 1975:155). Only a minor percentage of Wayne vessels at Draper Park display castellations and none evidences true collaring; two attributes more commonly associated with assenblages post-dating A.D. 1000. Incised over cord roughened vessels account for approximately 8% of the Wayne pottery here. These vessels are believed to be indicative of the early portion of the Wayne Tradition, ca. A.D. 600 to A.D. 800. Consequently, typological data indicate that the Wayne Tradition occupation at Draper Park lasted at least some four or five hundred years ( i . e . , A.D. 600-1000) and possibly more.
Riviere Ware
Western Basin Tradition (Younge Sequence)
Type: Vase Corded
Vessel: 15
Plate: 11
Rim thickness: 7.5 mmRim diameter: undeterminedRim profile: Dl-4
Description: This vessel is known from one weathered rim sherd. The exterior surface is decorated with a horizontal row of acutely angled corded punctates that encircle the rim 8 mm to center below the lip . Directly beneath is a row of punctates located 20 mm to center below the lip . The spacing of these punctates cannot be determined. A corresponding row of bosses is formed on the otherwise undecorated in terior surface. The lip is beveled inward and outward, forming a peak, and is decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.
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77
Type: Vase Corded
Vessel: 208
PI ate: 11
Rim thickness: 8 mmRim diameter: undeterminedRim profile: D4
Description: This vessel is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is decorated with multiple horizontal rows of acutely angled corded punctates that are spaced tightly together. The top row begins at the lip and the succeeding rows continue immediately below, extending down the rim for an undetermined distance. The in te rio r surface is decorated with a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions that extend down from the lip .The lip i ts e lf is also marked with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The overall form of this vessel cannot be determined.
Relationships: Vase Corded has been reported from Riviere AuVase, Fort Wayne Mound, Younge, Wolf, and the Gibralter sites in southeastern Michigan (Fitting 1965:156) and the Fletcher site in Saginaw Valley (Brashler 1973). Other external relationships may include Krieger Stamped and Uren Corded in southern Ontario (F itting 1965:156).
Chronological position: Riviere Au Vase phase of the YoungeSequence A.D. 600-900 (Fitting 1966).
Type: Vase Tool Impressed
Vessel: 65
Plate: 13
Rim thickness: 7 mmRim diameter: 22 cmRim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from one large rim and body sherd. The exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with two parallel rows of oblique tool impressions placed immediately below the lip extending 37 mm down the rim. The in terio r is smooth and decorated with a row of short oblique tool impressions. A row of round punctates encircles the rim 17 mm to center below the lip . A corresponding row of bosses is formed on the exterior surface in the middle of the upper row of tool impressions. The lip is simply decorated with oblique tool impressions. The form of this vessel appears to be somewhat globular and long necked.
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78
Type: Vase Tool Impressed
Vessel: 81
Plate: 12
Rim thickness: 7 mmRim diameter: 18 cmRim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from two large rim sherds andtwo small neck sherds. The exterior surface is smooth and decorated with three alternating rows of oblique tool impressions above a row of oblique incised lines which form a herringbone pattern. The in terio r is smooth and decorated with a row of short oblique tool impressions below the lip . A row of deep slash-like punctates appears 3 cm to center below the lip and a corresponding row of bosses is formed on the exterior in the middle of the second row of tool impressions. The lip is decorated with oblique tool impressions. The overall form of this vessel cannot be precisely determined, although the sloping shoulder suggests an elongated ja r .
Relationships: Vase Tool Impressed has been reported fromRiviere Au Vase, Fort Wayne Mound, Younge, and the Wolf sites in southeastern Michigan (Fitting 1965:155) and the Fletcher site in the Saginaw Valley (Brashler 1973). Somewhat sim ilar vessels have also been reported from the Stadelmeyer site (Bigony 1970: 130). Other external relationships include Krieger Incised,Owasco Herringbone, and Castle Creek Beaded in New York and Ontario Oblique and Uren Noded in southern Ontario (F itting 1965:155). S im ilarities have also been drawn to Mixter Tool Impressed in northern Ohio (Brashler 1973).
Chronological position: Riviere Au Vase phase of the Youngesequence A.D. 600-900 (Fitting 1966).
Type: Macomb Linear Corded
Vessel: 56
PI ate: 12
Rim thickness: 7 mmRim diameter: 18 cmRim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from 5 rim sherds. The exterior is smooth on the neck and cord roughened on the upper
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rim at the lip . Two closely spaced horizontal rows of linear cord impressions encircle the rim beginning 15 mm below the lip . Directly beneath are two horizontal rows of short oblique tool impressions parallel to each other. The 4 rows together form a band 35 mm wide. The interior surface is smooth and decorated with a row of slash-like punctates 2 cm to center below the lip and spaced 20 mm apart. These punctations form a corresponding row of low re lie f bosses on the exterior between the two rows of linear cord impressions. The lip is simply cord roughened.The form of this vessel cannot be determined.
Relationships: Macomb Linear has been reported from Riviere Au Vase, Fort Wayne Mound, Younge and the Wolf sites in southeastern Michigan (Fitting 1965:157) and the Fletcher site in the Saginaw Valley (Brashler 1973). Other generic relationships include Uren Corded and Iroquois Linear in southern Ontario and Owasco Corded Collar and Bainbridge Linear in New York (F itting 1965: 157).
Chronological position: Middle to late Late Woodland period of the Younge Sequence A.D. 1000-1250 (F itting 1966)
Type: undetermined
Vessel: 18
Plate: 11
Rim thickness: 8 cmRim diameter: undetermined Rim profile : D2
Description: This vessel is known from 2 rim and one neck sherd. The exterior surface is decorated with small diameter punctates massed on the rim area. Beginning at the lip there are 2 horizontal rows of vertica l, acutely angled corded punctates closely spaced together. Below these are multiple oblique rows of sim ilar punctates. There are v irtua lly no undecorated areas on the rim or upper neck. The in terio r is smooth and decorated with short oblique cord wrapped tool impressions that extend down from the lip . A row of round punctates encircles the rim 17 mm to center below the lip spaced 16 mm apart. The lip its e lf is decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The rim is altered with small pointed b lip -like castellations. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.
Probable relationships: There is a close parallel with a single specimen illustrated by Greenman (1937:Plate XIX, Figure 1,G) from the Younge s ite , a Younge phase occupation in southeastern Michigan.
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80
Chronological position: unknown, probably post ca. A.D. 1000.
Type: undetermi ned
Vessel: 214
PI ate: 11
Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 26 cm Rim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is decorated with oblique rows of acutely angled corded punctates that extend down 3 cm below the lip . Immediately below is a single horizontal linear cord impression followed by another series of acutely angled, corded punctates as above. This decoration continued down the rim for an unknown distance. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.
Probable relationships: see vessel 18 above.
Chronological position: see vessel 18 above.
Juntunen Sequence
Mackinac Ware
Type: Mackinac Banded
Vessel: 59
Plate: 14
Rim thickness: 6 run Rim diameter: 36 cm Rim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from 3 rim and 2 body fragments. Its rim is slightly outward flaring and the neck is rather broad. The exterior of this vessel is by far the most complicated of any in the Draper Park collection. The neck is smoothed to the shoulder and the body of the vessel is simply cord roughened and undecorated. Four alternating bands of obliques and horizontals adorn the neck. The upper-most band is composed of oblique incisions that start at the lip and extend down the rim for a distance of 27 mm. Below this band is another
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PLATE 11
Vase Corded rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 15 208
Untyped rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row two: 18 214
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PLATE 12
Vase Tool Impressed rim sherd
Vessel Number
Top: 81
Macomb Linear Corded rim sherd
Vessel Number
Bottom: 56
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84
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85
PLATE 13
Vase Tool Impressed vessel fragment
Vessel Number
65
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PLATE 14
Mackinac Banded vessel fragment
Vessel Number
59
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88
C M
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89
consisting of 3 rows of push-pull incisions 15 mm wide. A single row of small round punctates is superimposed over the top row of this band. These punctates are spaced 17 mm. apart and form a corresponding row of bosses on the smooth in terior surface. Immediate ly below the second band of incisions is a third band composed of 3 horizontal rows of linear corded push-pull impressions 14 mm wide. This band is , in turn, followed by a fourth composed of oblique corded push-pull impressions of undetermined width. The in terior is decorated with a row of short vertical cord wrapped tool impressions that s tart at the lip and stop just above the row of bosses. The lip is similarly decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions.
Probable relationships: Vessels very similar to this have beenreported in Late Woodland context at the Juntunen site on Bois Blanc Island in the Straits of Mackinac (McPherron 1967b:92;Plates X II, c ,d ,f,g ; XIV, XV, XVI). These vessels have been defined as the type Mackinac Banded by McPherron, a manisfes- tation of Mackinac ware. Also, less complicated but similar examples are reported at the Tobico site (Carstens 1972:158) in Bay County and at the Schulur and Skegemog Point sites (F itting 1975:187) in Grand Traverse County, Michigan.
Chronological position: McPherron (1967:86) places the Mackinac Banded ceramics in the Mackinac phase which he dates ca. A.D. 700- 1100 in the Juntunen sequence. The Tobico site has one date of 880+100 radiocarbon years: A.D. 1070 (Carstens 1972:148) which seems to agree with the assemblage there. Three radiocarbon determinations are available for the Skegemog Point site which s ta tis tica lly average an uncorrected date of 810+69 radiocarbon rears: A.D. 1140 (Fitting 1975:187). Since this vessel lacks both castellations and collaring of any form, this researcher would tend to place i t temporarily sometime just prior to ca. A.D. 1000.
Juntunen Ware
Type: Juntunen Linear Punctate
Vessel: 48
Plate: 15
Rim thickness: 7 mmRim diameter: 20 cm Rim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from 2 rim sherds. The exterior surface is decorated with 12 horizontal rows of small acutely angled corded punctates sometimes referred to as "linear
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90
punctation." A horizontal row of deep rectangular punctates is superimposed over the third row of punctates approximately 24 mm to center below the lip and spaced 13 mm apart. A corresponding row of boses is formed on the otherwise undecorated in terio r surface. The lip is undecorated and smooth. The form of this vessel cannot be determined although i t would appear that its rim had an outward flaring curvature and its shoulders were shallow and unpronounced.
Relationships: Juntunen Linear Punctate was defined by McPherron(1967b:111-112, Plate XX,d) at the Juntunen site in northern Michigan. The Juntunen vessels d iffe r from the Draper Park specimen, however, primarily in their heavily collared rim. Consequently, the assignment of the vessel here remains provisional, although its general appearance greatly resembles the type in most other respects.
Chronological position: McPherron (1976b:111-112) places Juntunen Linear Punctate in the Juntunen phase which he dates between A.D. 1070 and A. D. 1330. Since the Draper Park specimen lacks collaring (a common attribute after ca. A.D. 1000) and displays a decorative technique involving the use of a cord wrapped tool in its design (a popular technique in assemblages of the early Late Woodland Period), this researcher would tend to place this vessel somewhat ea rlie r than other similar occurrences at Juntunen.
Type: Undetermi ned
Vessel: 62
PI ate: 15
Rim thickness: 7 mmRim diameter: 28 cmRim profile: B2
Description: This vessel is known from 4 rim and 8 body fragments. I t has an outward flaring rim that is decorated on its smooth exterior surface with 7 horizontal rows of corded punctates situated between a row of oblique corded punctates above and another row directly beneath. The in terio r surface is smooth and decorated with a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions below which a row of rectangular punctates is formed 21 mm to center below the lip and spaced 3 cm apart. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.
Probable relationships: Although this vessel shows some sim ilaritie s to Juntunen Linear Punctate ceramics from the Juntunen s ite , i t is probably s ty lis tic a lly closer to the massed or banked stamped
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PLATE 15
Untyped rim sherd
Vessel Number
Top: 62
Juntunen Linear Punctate rim sherd
Vessel Number
Bottom: 48
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92
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93
vessels illustrated by Greenman (1939b:PI ate VI ,h) from the Furton I I site located on the west shore of Lake St. Clair in Macomb County, Michigan. These vessels display primarily cord wrapped tool impressions and corded punctates on the neck and upper rim. Fitting (1975:160) suggests that Furton I I is in many respects akin to the Fuller I site located about one mile away from Furton I I in Chesterfield Township. In addition, this site has produced pottery of thelocalized Younge Tradition which is believed to have been strongly influenced by cultures in southern Ontario during the Late Woodland Period in southeastern Michigan.
Chronological position: Fitting (1975:160) was unable to assignan age to the materials from either the Furton I I or Fuller I sites, but i t is his opinion that these two sites may represent fishing stations of a more northern group which visited the area only a fter A.D. 1400 when the previously dominant Younge peoples in the region were greatly diminished. However, based on certain isolated ceramic a ffin itie s with materials from Ontario and Michigan that have been recently reported, this researcher would tend to place the Furton I I ceramics with an occupation significantly earlie r than A.D. 1400, probably closer to ca. A.D. 900.
Blackduck Tradition
Blackduck Ware*
Type: Blackduck
Vessel: 85
Plate: 16
Rim thickness: 6 mmRim diameter: 24 cm Rim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from 5 rim sherds. I t has a fa ir ly straight sided rim that grades into a very shallow shoulder area. The overall form of this specimen cannot be determined although i t is thought to have been slightly elongated. The cord roughened exterior is decorated with a band of 6 closely spaced rows of
*A concise synthetic characterization of Blackduck Ware is given by Carmichael (1977:5-6). A further refinement of the sequential Blackduck ceramic phases is presented by Lugenbeal (1979) for materials recovered from the Smith site in northern Minnesota.
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PLATE 16
Blackduck-like rim/neck sherd
Vessel Number
85
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95
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96
horizontal linear cord impressions set o ff on the top and bottom by a row of short oblique tool impressions. The upper row is formed using a cord wrapped tool that has been impressed into a strip of clay f i l l e t or applique which encircles the rim at the l ip . This is similar to collaring or bracing, but i t is much less obtrusive and barely noticeable. The lower row of obliques are formed using a thin rectilinear tool creating incision-like impressions. A row of slash-like punctates is superimposed over the second and third row of linear cord impressions which form a corresponding row of low re lie f bosses on the otherwise undecorated in terio r surface. The lip is decorated with horizontal cord wrapped tool impressions.
Type: Blackduck
Vessel: 20
Plate: 17
Rim thickness: 10 mmRim diameter: undeterminedRim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is decorated with a row of round punctates located 17 mm to center below the lip . These punctates are set o ff on the top by a row of oblique tool impressions and on the bottom by a series of horizontal rows of push-pull incisions. The in terior surface is smooth and decorated with a row of oblique tool impressions extending down from the lip . The lip is decorated with similar oblique tool impressions that appear as almost incision-like.The form of this vessel cannot be determined.
Type: B1ackduck
Vessel: 77
PI ate: 17
Rim thickness: 8 mm Rim diameter: 24 cmRim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from one small rim sherd and is in most ways identical to vessel 20 above, except that the in terio r punctates are set o ff with cord wrapped tool impressions.
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97
Type: Blackduck
Vessel: 17
Plate: 17
Rim thickness: 7 mmRim diameter: undeterminedRim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is decorated with two horizontal rows of linear cord impressions set off by an upper row of short oblique cord wrapped tool impressions and a lower row of oblique acutely angled corded punctates. The in terio r surface is smooth and decorated with a row of vertical cord wrapped tool impressions. The lip is simply decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions.
Type: Blackduck
Vessel: 71 and 256
PI ate: 17
These vessels are known from one and 2 rim sherd(s), respectively, and are so fragmentary that i t is d iff ic u lt or impossible to describe them beyond lis tin g those attributes given in Appendix A.In general, they resemble 77 and 20 above, where the dominant decorative technique involves the use of a cord wrapped tool.
Relationships: These six vessels bear certain sim ilarities to the rather wide spread Blackduck ceramics found in northern Minnesota and Wisconsin, and southeastern Manitoba, parts of Saskatchewan, and western Ontario. Occasionally, Blackduck-like ceramics are found in sites located in northern Michigan (cf. Dorothy 1978). In his discussion of similar vessels from the Juntunen s ite , McPherron found that " . . . the Juntunen Blackduck lies closer to Mackinac ware than to the more northerly Blackduck ware. The Juntunen Blackduck pottery, then, presents a problem in classification because of its intermediate status; but there are differences from Mackinac ware, and the assignment to the established Blackduck ware does emphasize the close s ty lis tic sim ilarities with the northern ware" (McPherron 1967b:100-101). This situation seems to be true at Draper Park where some of the specimens resemble certain Blackduck types (cf. Snortland-Coles 1979:Plates 19-20; Tiesdale 1978:Plates 2,5,16-17) but do not embody some elements considered indicative of the ware. Their assignment here is considered provisional.
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PLATE 17
Blackduck-like rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 20 77Row two: 17Row three: 71 256
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100
Chronological position: The dating of Blackduck sites seems to vary with the author consulted but most agree that the period between A. D. 800 and A. D. 1500 or until historic contact encompasses the height of its relatively long florescence. Recently, 3 radiocarbon assays from the Martin Bird site on Whitefish Lake in Manitoba were obtained, which were associated with Blackduck pottery, s ta tis tica lly average an uncorrected date of 1382+65 radiocarbon years: A.D. 568 (Snortland-Coles 1979:48). Interestingly, i f this dating is further substantiated i t would appear to give temporal priority to the Blackduck Wares, extending the Blackduck time range so as to overlap the Mackinac phase at Juntunen (cf. also Carmichael 1977).
Ontario Iroquois Tradition
Princess Point Ware
Type: Princess Point Punctate
Vessel: 259
Plate: 18
Rim thickness: 7 mmRim diameter: 25 cm Rim profile : C
Description: This vessel is the only complete specimen recoveredduring the Draper Park excavations. I t displays a ll of the decorative elements found on vessel 26 below except for a few minor deviations. Unlike vessel 26 this vessel has a much broader neck area, similar to vessel 59 above, over which a series of obliquely angled plaits have been impressed with a cord wrapped tool. Two bands of obliquely angled cord wrapped tool impressions embellish the rim/neck juncture. The plaits and the bands are separated by areas of undecorated smoothed over cord roughing. A row of acutely angled cord punctates are superimposed over the upper most undecorated band on the rim located 2 cm to center below the lip . These punctates are spaced 2 cm apart and form a corresponding row of bosses on the in terio r. A row of shallow thumb-nail impressions lies directly below this row of bosses.The form of this vessel is moderately elongated.
Type: Princess Point
Vessel: 26
Plate: 19
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PLATE 18
Princess Point Punctate vessel
Vessel Number
259
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102
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PLATE 19
Princess Point Punctate rim sherd
Vessel Number
26
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104
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105
Rim thickness: 7 mmRim diameter: 28 cm Rim profile: C
Description: This vessel is known from one large and 2 smallrim sherds. The smooth exterior and in terior surfaces of the rim are decorated with obliquely angled cord wrapped tool impressions that extend 2 cm down from the lip . The entire neck and body of this vessel are covered with lightly marked horizontal linear cord impressions. A row of round punctates is superimposed over these marks on the neck 21 mm to center below thelip . These punctations are spaced 18 mm apart and form a row of corresponding bosses on the in terio r surface. This vessel has an everted rim that grades directly into the upper body contours resulting in a narrow neck line . Presumably this specimen had a globular or slightly elongated form.
Type: Princess Point Punctate
Vessel: 3
Plate: 20
Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 22 cm?Rim profile: D2
Description: This vessel is known from 2 small rim sherds that appear to be very much like the rims of vessels 26 and 259 above, except that this vessel is undoubtedly smaller. L itt le else can be stated concerning this specimen.
Relationships: Princess Point ware characterizes the early Late Woodland Period Princess Point Complex defined by David Stothers (1977:54-58) for southern Ontario. According to Stothers the Princess Point complex represents an intermediate in situ cultural development between the Saugeen Middle Woodland and the later Glen Meyer branch of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition (Stothers, personal communication). The type Princess Point Punctate constitutes a variant of Princess Point Ware originally defined by Stothers in 1972. Specific examples obtained from the Porteous s ite , a component of the Princess Point Grand River focus, are illustrated by Stothers (1977:Plate X I I I , particularly no. 1) and bear notable resemblances to these 3 Draper Park specimens.
Chronological position: The Porteous site has been radiocarbon dated by four separate assays spanning a period of 700 years (A.D. 400 to A.D. 1100). Stothers (1975) notes that 2 of these assays were run on contaminated material which resulted in dates much too early to date the occupation. The acceptable assays s ta tis tica lly average an uncorrected date of 1038+49 radiocarbon years: A.D. 912. Based on the acceptable dates and the transitional
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106
nature of the Porteous site ceramics toward la te r Glen Meyer styles (Noble and Kenyon 1972), Stothers places this occupation in the short lived Late phase of the Princess Point Complex, ca. A.D. 850 to A.D. 950.
Type: Undetermined
Vessel: 207
PI ate: 20
Rim thickness: 8 mmRim diameter: undeterminedRim pro file : D4
Description: This vessel is known from one rim sherd. Theexterior surface is decorated with multiple rows of horizontal linear cord impressions that begin at the lip and extend down the rim for an undetermined distance. A row of deep rectangular punctates is superimposed over the linear cord impressions located 18 mm to center below the lip . The interior surface is smooth and decorated with a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions that start at the l ip . The lip its e lf is decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.
Probable relationships: This vessel resembles some of the Princess Point Punctate vessels from the Princess Point type site in the Grand River focus of the Princess Point Complex (Stothers 1977:Plate XLI). More importantly, however, i t is s ty lis tic a lly closer to a specimen in the Furton I I site assemblage illustrated by Green- man (1939b:Plate V I,d ). The specimen from Furton I I displays almost the identical combination of decorative motif and technique, i . e . , deep rectangular punctates superimposed over linear cord impression.
Chronological position: The Princess Point site is regarded byStothers (1977) to date between A.D. 700 and A.D. 800, during the Early phase of the Princess Point Complex. Based on typological sim ilarities and considering the lack of firm dating on the Furton I I materials, this researcher favors this period as accurately reflecting the temporal placement of vessel 207.
Glen Meyer Branch
Type: Stafford Stamped
Vessel: 216
Plate: 20
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107
Rim thickness: undeterminedRim diameter: 18 cmRim profile: C
Description: This vessel is known from one small rim sherd. The exterior surface is eroded and cannot be adequately analyzed. The in terio r is stamped with massed crescent shaped impressions presumably executed with a handful of hollow reeds or other cylindrical implement held at an angle to the surface. The lip is f la t , smooth, and incised after a criss-cross fashion. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.
Type: Stafford Stamped
Vessel: 187
Plate: 20
Rim thickness: undeterminedRim diameter: 28 cmRim profile: C
Description: This vessel is known from a rim sherd which is very similar to 216 above. The exterior surface is eroded and cannot be analyzed. The in terior is also stamped with crescent shaped impressions, but the markings are larger and more widely spaced. The lip is likewise f la t , smooth, and displays criss-cross incising. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.
Relationships: Stafford Stamped ceramics are characteristicof the Glen Meyer branch of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition. Stafford Stamped vessels illustrated and discussed by Wright (Wright 1973:118-119; Plate I I , 6-10) d iffe r from the Draper Park specimens primarily in their lack of incision on the l ip , a technique not observed in any great proportions in Ontario components. The only reported occurrence of Stafford Stamped pottery in Michigan is from the Fletcher site in Bay County (Brashler 1973) where i t is believed to have been imported.
Chronological position: According to Wright (1973:27) Stafford Stamped vessels increased in popularity during the la tte r half of the Glen Meyer period in the Early stage of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition and minimally survived into the Middle stage. The Glen Meyer period is presently considered to date between A.D, 1000 and A.D. 1300.
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108
Uren Substage
Type: Ontario Oblique
Vessel: 217
Plate: 20
Rim thickness: 7 mm Rim diameter: 22 cm Rim profile: E
Description: This vessel is known from one rim and one small body sherd. The highly compacted, fine tempered paste used in the manufacture of this vessel is unlike any other in the Draper Park collection. I t is a nonfriable light pink colored ceramic. The exterior is smooth and decorated with multiple rows of short a lte rnating oblique tool impressions that form a chevron or herringbone pattern beginning on the upper rim near the lip . I t is not possible to determine how far down the rim this decoration continues. The lip and in terio r surfaces are undecorated and simply smooth. The form of this vessel cannot be determined.
Probable relationships: Clearly, this vessel is a llied to the type Ontario Oblique defined by MacNeish (1952:18; Plate IV, 4 and 8). According to MacNeish this type has noted genetic ties to Uren substage materials in the developing Ontario Iroquois Tradition of southern Ontario.
Chronological position: MacNeish (1952:18) states that OntarioOblique is dominant in Uren times but lasts until Middleport times. This places i t in the late Middle stage of the Ontario Iroquois Tradition which Wright (1973) dates to ca. A.D. 1300 to A.D. 1350.
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessels
Thirty-two vessels in the assemblage cannot be classified according
to any extant typological scheme nor can any of them be shown to con
stitute new types at this time. These vessels are described here by
their dominant decorative motif and technique observed on the exterior
surface of each. Dominant decoration in this instance refers to the
decorative element that appears nearest the lip /rim juncture of the
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PLATE 20
Princess Point Punctate rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 3 207
Stafford Stamped rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row two: 216 187
Ontario Oblique rim sherd
Vessel Number
Row three: 217
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I l l
vessel. Fourteen vessels are simply described under a random "ungrouped"
heading since none of the specimens share enough attributes in common
to assign them to one group based on decoration alone. In a ll cases
neither external relationships nor relative chronological position
can be determined. For detailed information concerning individual
specimens discussed in this section, e .g ., metrical data, e tc ., the
reader is referred to Appendix I .
Oblique Tool Impressed
Vessels: N=14; 1,28,31,43,54,66,72,79,86,134,172,203,248,254
Plate: 21
Description: All of these various vessels are known from one rim sherd each except vessel 254 which is known from 2. Generally speaking, a ll of these s ty lis tic a lly different vessels are exteriorly cord roughened and decorated with oblique motifs using anyone of a variety of techniques. On 8 vessels the decoration is executed with a cord wrapped tool, 3 are impressed with a short bladed rectangular tool, and 3 are simply incised. All of these motifs appear around the upper rim at the lip . The interior surface on a ll of these vessels is smooth. Nine vessels have in terio r decoration, of which, 5 display a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions, and 2 evidence a row of oblique incisions. Vessel 86 is in teriorly decorated with a row of oblique rectangular tool impressions above a row of punctates located 21 mm to center below the lip spaced 15 mm apart. This vessel seems to have been castellated with low profile b lip -like raises around the rim. Vessel 79 also displays a row of interior punctates located 11 mm to center below the lip spaced 16 mm apart. The lips on a ll of these vessels are obliquely impressed using the same tool as employed to adorne the exterior surface of each. The form of these vessels cannot be determined.
Push-Pull Incised
Vessels: N=4; 34,37,88,227Plate: 22
Description: Vessel 34 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is smooth and decorated with oblique push-pull incisions extending down from the lip . Immediately below is at least one horizontal
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PLATE 21
Untyped oblique tool impressed rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 79 86Row two: 43 28 31Row three: 1 172 254Row four: 203 54 72Row five: 66 248 134
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113
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PLATE 22
Untyped push-pull incised rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 88 34Row two: 227 37
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116
linear cord impression. The interior surface is obliquely incised around the upper rim at the lip . The lip its e lf is also obliquely incised.
Description: Vessel 37 is known from one rim sherd. The exteriorsurface is cord roughened and decorated with multiple horizontal rows of push-pull incisions beginning 1 cm below the folded lip .The in terior is smooth and the lip is marked with a linear cord impression.
Description: Vessel 88 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is smooth and decorated with numerous horizontal push-pull incisions using a wedge shaped implement resulting in multiple triangularimpressions encircling the rim beginning 14 mm below the l ip . Ahorizontal row of oval punctates is superimposed over the uppermost portion of these impressions located 21 mm to center below the lip spaced 17 mm apart. The in terio r surface is smooth andthe lip is obliquely incised.
Description: Vessel 227 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is ligh tly roughened and decorated with closely spaced rows of oblique s p lit-s tic k , push-pull impressions beginning 6 mm below the lip . The in te rio r is smooth and decorated with a row of short oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The lip is decorated with vertical dentate stamping.
Their form cannot be determined.
Ungrouped Vessels
Vessels: N=14; 2,19,35,42,67,83,101,103,117,168,170,186,189,249
Plate: 23
Description: Vessel 2 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is cord roughened and decorated with massed sp lit-s tick punctates or impressions. The in terio r surface is smooth and decorated with a row of round punctates located 15 mm to center below the lip spaced 15 mm apart. The punctates form a corresponding row of low re lie f bosses on the exterior. The lip is simply cord roughened.
Description: Vessel 19 is known from 2 rim sherds. The exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with horizontal and oblique dentate stamping. The stamp appears to have been regularly notched or serrated and when impressed into the clay formed a linear series of small, closely spaced, square indentations. The in te rio r is undecorated and simply smooth. The lip is likewise smooth but marked with obliquely angled dentate stamping as on the exterior.
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Description: Vessel 35 is known from one rim sherd and 6 body fragments. The exterior surface is decorated with multiple oblique rows of parallel thumb-nail impressions that extend down the rim for an undetermined distance. A row of round punctates encircle the rim 18 mm to center below the rim spaced 15 mm apart.A corresponding row of bosses is formed on the smooth in terio r below two parallel rows of short oblique incisions. The lip is scalloped after a pie crust fashion that is very distinguishing.
Description: Vessel 42 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is cord roughened and decorated with multiple horizontal rows of small, closely spaced punctates. The in terio r is smooth and decorated with a row of short, oblique cord wrapped tool impressions. The lip is decorated with vertical cord wrapped tool impressions in addition to having been folded over the exterior surface.
Description: Vessel 67 is known from one rim sherd. The exteriorsurface is smooth and highly decorated. On the upper rim at the lip there are two parallel rows of short, oblique incisions situated above numerous oblique rows of small, shallow, oval shaped punctates apparently formed by the end of a cylindrical implement held at an angle to the surface. Between the rows of incisions and punctates there lies a row of bosses formed by in terio r punctates located 16 mm to center below the lip spaced 14 mm apart. The in terio r is exfoliated and cannot be analyzed. The l ip , however, is obliquely incised.
Description: Vessel 83 is known from one rim sherd. The exterioris smooth and decorated with oblique dentate stamping beginning at the lip . A row of round punctates is located immediately beneath, 20 mm below the lip . The in terio r surface is smooth and simply decorated with oblique incisions at the lip . The lip is decorated with horizontal dentate stamping.
Description: Vessel 101 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior surface is smooth and undecorated. The in terio r is also smooth but decorated with oblique rows of small annular punctates. The lip is decorated with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions that extend over the exterior lip /rim juncture.
Description: Vessel 103 is known from one rim sherd. The exterior is smooth and decorated with multiple rows of short, vertica l, rectangular tool impressions. The in terio r surface is smooth and decorated with at least one row of small oblique rectangular tool impressions located 11 mm below the lip . The lip its e lf is decorated with vertical cord wrapped tool impressions.
Description: Vessel 117 is known from one rim sherd; The exterior surface on this specimen is smooth and decorated with a row of
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118
vertical tool impressions. The in terio r is also smooth but undecorated. The lip displays vertical tool impressions executed in a similar manner as on the exterior.
Description: Vessel 168 is known from one rim sherd. The exterioris smooth and decorated with multiple rows of push-pull dentatestamping. The in terior surface is simply smooth and the lip is obliquely impressed with the dentate stamp.
Description: Vessel 170 is known from one rim sherd. The exteriorsurface is badly eroded but appears to be cord roughened and decorated with criss-cross incision. The in terio r and lip are simply smooth.
Description: Vessel 186 is known from one rim sherd. The exterioris smooth and decorated with multiple rows of acutely angled corded punctates that extend for an undetermined distance down from the l ip . The in terio r surface is smooth and the lip is cord roughened; both surfaces lack decoration.
Description: Vessel 189 is known from one rim sherd. The exterioris smooth and decorated with a single horizontal row of small and shallow, square tool impressions running 16 mm below the lip . The in terio r surface is smooth and decorated with a row of oblique cord wrapped tool impressions at the lip . The lip is cord roughened and slightly pushed over the exterior. This vessel appears to have been castellated with low profile b lip -like raises about the rim.
Description: Vessel 249 is known from one rim sherd. The exteriorsurface is cord roughened and undecorated. The in terio r, however, is smooth and marked with a row of short, vertical cord wrapped tool impressions at the lip . The lip is obtrusively rolled over the exterior and marked with oblique cord wrapped tool impressions.
The form of these 14 vessels cannot be determined.
In summary, 194 vessels representing 4 and possibly 5 major Late
Woodland ceramic traditions are in evidence at Draper Park. These
are briefly presented in Table 2.
Draper Park is predominantly a Wayne Tradition occupation. The
presence of almost 50 vessels indicative of other traditions, including
Middle Woodland vessels and aberrant untyped specimens, contribute
to the "mixed" appearance of this assemblage. The occurrence of
vessels common to ceramic traditions other than the Wayne Tradition
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PLATE 23
Miscellaneous untyped rim sherds
Vessel Numbers
Row one: 2 42 249Row two: 19 67 186Row three: 168 103 83Row four: 189 35
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120
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Table 2
Summary of Vessels Representing Various Late Woodland Ceramic Traditions at Draper Park
N %
Wayne Tradition 171 88
Western Basin Tradition (Younge Sequence) 7 4
Ontario Iroquois Tradition 7 4
Juntunen Sequence 3 1
Blackduck Tradition? 6 _3
Totals 194 100
is considered to be the result of either interaction with different
social groups to the north and southeast or periodic short-term occupa
tion of the site by transients stopping over, possibly to portage the
nearby rapids at the mouth of the St. C lair River, before pressing on
with their travels between the Upper and the Lower Great Lakes.
Precisely what the relationships were between Wayne Tradition peoples
and those of other traditions whose pottery is in evidence at Draper
Park supersedes the scope of this study.
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CHAPTER V II
OTHER CERAMIC ARTIFACTS
Miniature Vessels
Twelve miniature vessels represented by 28 fragments were
recovered from Draper Park (Plate 24). These vessels are character
is tic a lly thin walled, untempered, and less than 4 or 5 cm t a l l .
Their orifice rarely exceeds 3 cm in diameter. The exterior surfaces
are generally smooth or occasionally cord roughened. Decoration is
rare but when i t occurs i t ususally consists of exterior tool impres
sions, small round punctations, or cord wrapped tool impressions.
The in terior and lip surfaces are, for the most part, smooth and
undecorated. These pots are undoubtedly related to, and are probably
part of, the Wayne Ware assemblage. Their workmanship is character
is tic a lly in ferio r to their fu ll-s ized counterparts which suggests
that they were manufactured by unskilled artisans or juveniles.
Aboriginal Smoking Pipes
Twelve ceramic fragments representing a minimum of 3 smoking
pipes were recovered from Draper Park (Plate 24). Pipe A is
recognized on the basis of a single rectangular stem fragment. The
surface is highly polished and the ceramic fragment is essentially
devoid of temper. I t is not possible to determine either the form
of the bowl or length of the stem from this small fragment. Pipes B
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PLATE 24
Miniature Vessel fragments
Top two rows
Aboriginal Smoking Pipe fragments
Bottom row: B A Bowl fragment
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
CM
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125
and C (not shown) are known from one ovoid stem fragment each. Both stem
fragments retain a small portion of the charred bowl base, indicating
their use prior to discard. Pipe B is known from a larger fragment
which includes the entire bowl base and pointed stem keel. The
smoke hole diameter of this specimen measures 3 mm, while the hole
in Pipe C measures 4 mm. Both of these specimens appear to have been
elbow pipes, with their bowls oriented at a right angle to the stem.
These two pipes were manufactured with small granular inclusions in
a paste that is otherwise untempered.
Two decorated bowl fragments were also recovered which may or
may not be from one of the three pipes described above. Both of these
fragments appear to be from the same pipe and display multiple rows of
closely spaced horizontal cord impressions located 7 mm below the lip
of the bowl. The remaining 7 fragments appear to be from stems
that cannot be attributed to any of the specimens above.
Broken aboriginal smoking pipes are a common occurrence at many
Late Woodland sites in the Midwest-Riverine area. Generally, however,
unbroken pipes are more commonly associated with burials, although this
is not always the case. According to McPherron (1967b:182), a pipe
stem cross-section may have some temporal significance. Based on
his research at Juntunen he concluded that pipes with rectangular
sections seem to have temporal priority over pipes displaying ovoid
sections during the Mackinac, Bois Blanc, and Juntunen phase sequence
on Bois Blanc Island. McPherron's analysis disclosed a mixture of
both rectangular and ovoid section stems in the Mackinac phase
materials, dating between A.D. 700 and A.D. 1000. I would venture
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126
a similar date for the Draper Park specimens inasmuch as both styles
are also found here. Further information concerning the use of
aboriginal smoking pipes and their occurrence at Michigan sites can
be obtained by consulting McGuire (1899), Halsey (1976:324), and
Butterfield (1979:84-86).
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CHAPTER V II I
INTRASITE DISTRIBUTIONS
Of the 230 vessels analyzed, one-third were recovered from
features (primarily refuse p its ), one-third were located in the
deeply s tra tified deposits at the extreme northern end of the
excavation area, and the remainder are from general level provenience
in the lower portion of level I I I and level IV. Based on the random
sampling of 11 five foot square excavation units, the heaviest con
centration of ceramic vessels appears near the 25 x 30 foot block
excavation area on top of the ridge. Here, individual five foot units
contained as many as 12 and 13 vessels each, from both general level
and feature context. This area produced a ll of the definable pre
historic features and i t seems like ly that this was a major prehistoric
activity area. The majority of these features were probably in it ia lly
associated with food preparation, and their fina l function was to
serve as refuse pits for waste materials such as mammal and fish
bone (Cardinal 1979), discarded f l in t tools and debitage, and broken
pottery. Other than these limited observations, no distinct patterns
of horizontal distribution are readily discernible without a thorough
statis tica l treatment.
Vertical Distribution of Vessels
All of the prehistoric materials at Draper Park are confined to
127
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128
levels I I I , IV, and the deeply s tra tifie d layers in units 10S-40E,
10S-45E, 10S-50E, 15S-50E, and 15S-70E above the old f ille d -in creek
channel. Level I I I has produced an admixture of historic and pre
historic artifacts; the la tte r having been churned up from level IV
below as a result of Euro-American cultivation practices during the
late nineteenth century (see Chapter I I I ) . Therefore, the generalized
prehistoric deposits consist of the lower portion of level I I I and a ll
of level IV.
A total of 76 vessels representing the Wayne, Western Basin
(Younge sequence), Ontario Iroquois, and Blackduck Traditions,
including the Juntunen sequence, were recovered from the s tra tified
stream channel area. A majority of the vessels are Wayne Ware,
numbering 45 specimens or 60% of the to ta l. Figure 8 shows the dis
tribution of Wayne Ware vessels by layer. Assuming that the layers
have retained their post-depositional integrity through time, i t is
evident that varieties of the type Wayne Decorated were more common
during the earliest Late Woodland occupation of the s ite , suggesting
a continuity of more ornate Middle Woodland decorative motifs.
Three of the 5 Middle Woodland vessels recovered during excavation
were in fact discovered in these s tra tified layers, i . e . , F, G, and
S3. Varieties of the type Wayne Undecorated become more profuse in
the middle and upper layers of the s ite , although simple cord marked
vessels are distributed throughout. Curiously, i t is noted that the
types Wayne Decorated, horizontal incised, and Wayne Decorated,
crosshatched are not represented in these layers, occurring only
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129
-DRAPER PARK-Frequency Distribution of Wayne Ware Vessels
in the Stratified Layers
LEVEL
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< H < M <; p O 1 < ft <J »H O 1 O C<2 ft ft cd O T3 ft 1 ft O O T3 O -HO H O iH O H 0 <u O H O £ 0 a> 0 cd0 cd O cd O ft P X 0 cd a h P X p rH0 P 0 P 0 1 s in 0 P 0 1 Z £ Z ftP £ P £ Q <D P cd a c p a) P rt p 1
O O 3 E 0 3 E p0 N 0 N 0 O* 0 0 N 0 o4 0 pZ *H Z *H Z*H z -a z -h Z -H § T3 Z O£3 U £ >H H P £ JK t-i >H iH >H In ?H O< 0 < O C P 5! 0 <: 0 ^ -0 < 0 < E>X s x 3: O 3 0 3= X 3 O 3 O 3 W
T3 X<u XCOP *H p0 O 0EH £ Eh£UmO iH Uh0
0 cd 00 p 0P £ P00 N 02 *H z>H U >H< 05s X 3
Figure 8. Frequency scatterplot of Wayne Ware vessel types in the s tra tified layers at Draper Park.
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130
in the generalized level I I I and IV above. I t is this investigator's
impression that incised Wayne vessels are s tr ic tly common early forms!
Wayne Decorated, oblique incised does, however, show up in layers SI
through S3.
Similar trends can be observed by looking s tr ic tly at the d is tr i
bution of Wayne Ware attributes in these layers. The following two
figures plot separately two variables, exterior motif and exterior
technique. These two variables appear to display the most salient
attribute trends. Figures 9 and 10 show horizontal percentage
bargraphs of dominant attributes counted in each of four strata
composites, i . e . , layers A through 3, E through I , SI through S5,
and S6 through SI 1. These layers were combined because of low frequency
counts in most individual layers and because the overall attribute
trends are easier to visualize. I t should also be observed that
strata composite S6 through SI 1 contains only 4 Wayne vessels from
which to draw conclusions.
Of the 4 exterior motifs in Figure 9, obliques and horizontals
appear to have been more popular early on while verticals seem not
to have been very popular at a l l . Of the 6 exterior techniques
in Figure 10, i t can be seen that only the use of punctations increased
marginally through time. The moderate use of cord wrapped tool impres
sions appears to have remained fa ir ly constant throughout the upper
layers while the use of cord impressions, simple tool impressions,
and incision occur only infrequently in the lower layers. Both
figures clearly show that the most obvious attribute trends are
toward a general increase in plain undecorated vessel exteriors.
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131
5*SOS
ss
W H W Ph Eh Eh <£ O M « S W Q O
OS Ph Ph O S O H O
OS O WEh S
osP.
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COOS
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w .
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Observations
Verticals
Horizontals
Obliques
Plain
1 1 1H
v n r-t0) to CO 03
> -HQ H i 1 PH "H I 1 H SO 3
cd co< H co CO JOH -p o •H 03<13 cd f t tn P> u e p cd<13 P O P P
iJ O T O < CO
Figure 9. Stratigraphic distribution of Draper Park Wayne Ware exterior motifs. Percentages are given in brackets. There are 3 cases of missing data.
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132
as< co wQa or w m w(X, 2 EH2 5Q W r_ eh &«o OSoOS MPh os
2£3CO X OS W os X eh 00 W CO OS _W < >h CJ > 00<Eh I Zw oOSw 0«
coocusooECOEH
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Si VO*13!
CO Ov VO
rv
rv
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Observations
Punctates
Incised
Tool Impressed
Cord Impressed
Cord Wrapped Tool
Undecorated
r ' 1 ' 1 1
x n T—10) CO CO a>
> -HQ H i 1 -pH «H 1 1 tH VO 3
r t O X w CO CO &H -P O •h a)<u cd Q. u +>> P E -H r t<U -H O •p -p
i- l cn o < CO
Figure 10. Stratigraphic distribution of Draper Park Wayne Wareexterior techniques. Percentages are given in brackets. There are 3 cases of missing data.
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133
Fourteen vessels are identified as other Late Woodland types which
were strati graphically associated with Wayne Ware vessels although
not necessarily in the same excavation units. Five of these are
representative of Riviere Ware, of which 4 are typical of the Vase
phase of the Younge Sequence dating between A.D. 600 and A.D. 900.
The presence of one Macomb Linear Corded specimen in layer S4 is
inexplicable, although i t is entirely possible that i t may be in
trusive into this layer from above; or i t may in fact represent an
early occurrence of this ceramic style which is generally not found
in cultural contexts pre-dating ca. A.D. 1100. Sim ilarly, one speci
men of Juntunen Linear Punctate of the Juntunen sequence was also
found in this layer and i t , too, is not common in deposits dating
before this time.
Other vessels, most of which come from the upper layers, include
Princess Point Punctate, Mackinac Banded, and Blackduck-like types,
all of which are known to post-date A.D. 600. Seventeen vessels
found in these s tra tifie d deposits cannot be assigned to any known
type. A lis ting of individual vessels recovered from each of the
layers is presented in Appendix I I I .
Ceramic Contents of Features
Twenty-four features containing prehistoric ceramic materials
have been investigated. These include 17 refuse p its , 2 areas of
sheet midden, 3 historic features or dumping areas, and 2 instances
of modern intrusion. A total of 75 vessels were recovered from
these features, of which 53 were found in refuse p its , 4 in sheet
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134
midden, 7 in historic features, and 11 in modern intrusions.
Looking only at prehistoric refuse pits and sheet midden, the
overwhelming majority of the vessels are again Wayne Ware. Features
5 and 29 also contained one vessel each that is indicative of the
Ontario Iroquois Tradition. Feature 46 produced a vessel reminiscent
of the Blackduck pottery style in additon to other Wayne Ware ceramics.
Except for these 3 isolated instances, a ll other features consistently
produced only Wayne Tradition ceramics. One could logically assume,
therefore, that the inhabitants who made and/or used the features
and contributed to the sheet midden at Draper Park also used and
presumably made the Wayne pottery.
Regarding the historic features, the occurrence of prehistoric
artifacts in predominantly historic context is not uncommon since
random surface materials often find their way into features and dis
turbances created at a much later period. Consequently "older" a r t i
facts become mixed with the general f i l l of a more recent feature.
I t is assumed that this is what happened in the case of the historic
features at Draper Park. A listing of individual vessels found
in a ll 24 features is presented in Appendix IV.
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CHAPTER IX
INTERPRETATIONS
This chapter completes the analysis of the prehistoric ceramics
from Draper Park by presenting a brief discussion concerning their
interpretative significance for the site as a whole, in addition to
a comparison of the various pottery styles with those from other
areas in the Great Lakes Region. The occurrence on nonlocal pottery
styles in the Draper Park assemblage is assumed to be an indication
of some manner of cultural a ff ilia tio n or interaction with other
groups either through the movement of people, trade, or indirect
receivership via an exchange system. However, the chance that
separate groups alternately visited the site each leaving behind
their own distinctively styled borken pots, and seldom i f ever
having occasion to meet or make contact with each other, cannot be
entirely eliminated from the realm of possibility.
General Discussion
Draper Park produced a ratio of 3.5 prehistoric vessels per
square meter of area excavated at the s ite . According to similar
observations by Fitting and Sasse (1969:74) at other Late Woodland
sites in southern Lower Michigan, this represents a high density
of ceramic pots and could indicate that Draper Park was a relatively
intensive seasonal occupation. Assuming that the lith ic assemblage
135
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136
(particularly finished tools and scrapers) represents, for the most
part, male related activities at the site and the ceramic assemblage
primarily female ac tiv ities , cursory comparison of these two a rtifac t
assemblages suggest that Draper Park served more female related
activ ities . However, until a thorough quantitative analysis of the
Draper Park lith ic assemblage is completed, i t is d iff ic u lt to venture
conclusive statements concerning the sexual composition of the group
which used the s ite .
The location of Draper Park near the St. Clair River provides
ample reason to believe that specific areas within the immediate site
environs where several mico-environments meet were exploited, rather
than the entire drainage basin. I t is apparent that the Canadian-
Carolinian transition zone, although not favorable for semi-permanent
hunter-gatherer populations such as those inhabiting the Pacific
Northwest Coast, does provide enough micro-environmental variation
to support a balanced hunting-gathering-fishing seasonal round.
Analysis of the faunal materials recovered from refuse pits
indicates that Draper Park was most like ly a Spring-Summer-Fall
occupation, during which time such resources as fish and deer were
exploited. Undoubtedly, some surpluses which could have been traded
to other groups were realized, but this cannot as yet be demonstrated
for this s ite . I t would be of interest, however, to see whether
future research w ill establish that economic alliances such as this
could have formed the basis upon which some of the known patterns
of social interaction between Great Lakes groups were b u ilt.
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137
External Relationships and Dating
Looking f ir s t to the Straits of Mackinac and to other areas
further north and west, one finds that 5 of the Draper Park vessels
are grossly sim ilar to some ceramics of the Lake Forest Middle Wood
land (Fitting 1975) in the "northern tie r" (Mason 1967) area particu
larly in northern Lower Michigan and on the north shore of Lake
Superior. Exterior decoration on these vessels appears closely
allied to more northern expressions of cord impressed and banked
stamped motifs, some of which are related to the Laurel Tradition.
Chronologically, these vessels collectively date between ca. A.D.
100 and A.D. 500. The occurrence of these nonlocal ceramic forms at
Draper Park does not seem to foreshadow any la te r s ty lis tic trends,
and, likewise, the ir limited number cannot be construed as significant
in the overall assemblage here which dates primarily to a slightly
later time. Their appearances at Draper Park thus remains somewhat
anomalous.
I t was not until the middle portion of the Late Woodland Period
that Draper Park was intensively occupied by peoples using Wayne
Tradition ceramics. In this study the Wayne pottery was classified
according to a refined typological scheme developed by Brash!er
(1973) for the Fletcher site ceramics. To date, Draper Park would
appear to be the only other Wayne Tradition site where this new
scheme has been applied. Close typological comparison with other
Wayne Tradition sites in southeastern Michigan and the Saginaw Valley,
therefore, is d if f ic u lt and superficial at best without f ir s t
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138
reanalyzing these ceramic collections; a task which obviously extends
beyond the scope of this study. Consequently, local comparisons are
drawn here from only the Fletcher analysis.
The Draper Park and Fletcher Wayne Ware types and varieties are
summarized and compared in Table 3. In her analysis of 10 Wayne
Tradition sites in the Saginaw Valley and southeastern Michigan,
including what pottery was then available from Draper Park, Brashler
(1978) established a seriation based on ceramic attributes which
placed Draper Park late (ca. A.D. 1000-1300) and Fletcher early (ca.
A.D. 600-800) in the Wayne Tradition sequence. This seems reasonable
considering the well developed local Middle Woodland ceramic
assemblages at Fletcher and the absence of the same at Draper Park.
Table 3 indicates a wider diversity of Wayne Ware styles at Fletcher
than at Draper Park, although the relative percentages of the f ir s t 5
categories compare quite favorably. This researcher suspects that
this reflects the transitional nature of Fletcher as ceramic styles
were changing from more widely variable Middle Woodland predecessors.
Once established, however, the Wayne Tradition pottery in general
maintained an internal homogeneity for approximately 700 years; an
observation which Brashler (1978:313) attributed to the relatively
stable social conditions developing among peoples participating in
the Wayne, Allegan, and Spring Creek ceramic traditions. This
appears to have been a regional trend west of Ontario in the Great
Lakes area since McPherron (1967a:102-103) noted similar trends
between early Late Woodland Mackinac Ware and late Late Woodland
Juntunen Ware at the Juntunen s ite . Here, Mackinac Ware seems to
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139
Table 3
Frequency and Percent of Wayne Ware Types from the Draper Park and Fletcher Sites
Draper ParkN %
F le tc h e rN %
WAYNE UNDECORATED,cord marked, n o t r o l l e d r im 61 35.7 103 35.8
WAYNE DECORATED, h o r iz o n ta l , impressed 33 19.2 43 15.0
WAYNE UNDECORATED, cord marked, r o l l e d r im 25 14.6 48 16.7
WAYNE DECORATED, H o r iz o n ta l , punc ta te 24 14.0 21 7.3
WAYNE UNDECORATED, smooth, p la in i n t e r i o r 12 7.0 17 6.0
WAYNE DECORATED, o b l iq u e , in c is e d 10 5 .8 — —
WAYNE DECORATED, o b l iq u e , f l a t l i p 2 1.0 23 8.0
WAYNE UNDECORATED, f a b r i c im p . , i n t . dec. - - — 11 3.8
WAYNE UNDECORATED, smooth, i n t e r i o r dec. - - - - 6 2.0
WAYNE UNDECORATED, f a b r i c im p . , p la in i n t . — — 5 2.0
WAYNE DECORATED, o b l iq u e , c a s te l la te d — — 6 2.0
WAYNE DECORATED, v e r t i ca l — — 4 1.4
WAYNE DECORATED, crosshatched 2 1.0 - - —
WAYNE DECORATED, h o r iz o n ta l in c is e d 2 1.0 — —
TOTALS 171 99.3 287 100.0
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140
have lacked attribute clusters making the definition of types during
analysis somewhat d if f ic u lt , whereas the Juntunen Ware was readily
separated into recognizable types; a phenomenon which was attributed
to either a sh ift from patrilocal to matrilocal residence rules or
from local exogamous to endogamous marriage patterns by the Juntunen
inhiabitants (McPherron 1967a:106; 1967b:298). The tendency for
over simplification of such sociological explanations, however,
obscures the real complexity of archaeological social structure
pursuits as discussed in an e a rlie r chapter of this paper.
Temporal placement of the Wayne occupation at Draper Park can
be best estimated when certain ceramic attributes are quantified.
Four Wayne Ware attributes have been identified thus far by other
researchers which posses temporal significance. These include: (1)
finely incised lines and crosshatching over exterior cord roughening
dating between A.D. 600 and A.D. 800 in the Wayne Tradition (Fitting
1965:41); and (2) exterior cord impression; (3) castellation; and
(4) true collaring, a ll of which are believed to be more indicative
of pottery styles that date a fter A.D. 1000 in this area (Brashler
1978:281-282).
A total of 14 vessels, representing 8% of a ll Wayne vessels in
the assemblage, are incised or crosshatched over exterior cord
roughening. This is a relatively small percentage, but the occurrence
of incised vessels in the assemblage is nonetheless expected given
the A.D. 660 radiocarbon date associated with other Wayne Ware
vessels from the s ite . Cord impressions, including cord wrapped
tool (CWT) and simple cord impressions (C .I) , account for 13% of a ll
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141
exterior decoration observed in the sample. This figure would be
even greater i f vessels with corded punctations were likewise included
in the percentage calculation. Considering that 65% of the Wayne Ware
vessels display no exterior decoration whatsoever, this represents
a fa ir ly significant percentage.
Since only 14 Wayne Ware vessels have rim sherds large enough
to confidently estimate the presence or absence of castellations,
of which there were but 3 occurrences, i t shall suffice to say that
this attribute cannot be adequately quantified and that in general
i t would appear that very few of the Draper Park vessels display
castellations of any kind. Likewise, there are no instances of true
collaring on any of the vessels recovered from Draper Park.
Based on these few observations i t can be suggested that the
Wayne Tradition occupation at Draper Park lasted some 5 or 6 hundred
years, between ca. A.D. 600 and A.D. 1200, with the most intensive
occupation occurring during the later portion of this period,
probably between A.D. 900 and A.D. 1100.
Ceramic a ffilia tio n s with other groups south and east of Draper
Park are noted here for the Western Basin Tradition and the Early
Ontario Iroquois Tradition. A total of 7 vessels bear resemblances to
Riviere Ware, a ceramic grouping originally defined by Fitting (1965)
in southeastern Michigan that is indicative of the "Younge Tradition."
This ware is closely a llied to early Ontario Iroquois developments
to the east (particularly Glen Meyer) as far as New York and to
similar developments in northern Ohio. As other typological and
settlement sim ilarities were recognized in this area, the Younge
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142
Tradition sequence was incorporated into the Western Basin Tradition
(Prahl et a l. 1976) which is more comprehensive and encompasses the
entire western Lake Erie drainage basin in southwestern Ontario,
southeastern Michigan, and northern Ohio. A development that has
not met with total acceptance by a ll Great Lakes researchers (cf.
G riffin 1979:267).
The time range given for these ceramic styles spans a period of
650 years, i . e . , between A.D. 600 and A.D. 1250, although only one
of the vessels fa lls in the la ter portion of this range. Most
Western Basin Tradition influence at Draper Park would thus seem
to predate A.D. 900 but is not earlie r than A.D. 600.
Seven vessels are commonly associated with the Early Ontario
Iroquois Tradition in southwestern Ontario. These include Princess
Point, Stafford Stamped, and Ontario Oblique types which collectively
span a period of about 650 years, between A.D. 700 and A.D. 1350.
A majority of these vessels, however, do not post date A.D. 1000
and are more common in deposits dating only after A.D. 800.
Ceramic a ffilia tio n s with two northern Woodland traditions located
at the Straits of Mackinac and to the northwest of there include the
Juntunen Sequence and the Blackduck Tradition, respectively. Combined,
these two Late Woodland groups constitute the major cultures occu
pying the western Upper Great Lakes region at that time. A total
of 3 vessels have been attributed to ceramic influence from the
Juntunen Sequence. These pots typologically represent a span
of 600 years, between around A.D. 700 and A.D. 1300. Likewise,
5 vessels somewhat similar to Blackduck types were recovered which
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appear to post date A.D. 800. Generally speaking, the s ty lis tic
resemblance between these 8 vessels and their northern counterparts
is s tric tly a matter of degree. Where sim ilarities do exist, they
are usually confined to some, but not a l l , of the elements pertain
ing to decorative motifs, the execution of the design (technique),
and vessel form.
These non-Wayne Ware ceramics at Draper Park account for 11% of
the typologically identifiable vessels in the assemblage. Their
presence here does not appear to be the result of any long term
or otherwise extended v is it by the people who made them since few
are associated with features that may suggest this was in fact the
case. Rather, these pots were almost always found in general level
context at the site or in the stra tified channel deposits north of
the primary occupation area. Considering the s tra tig ic location
of Draper Park at a rapids near the mouth of the St. Clair River,
i t would seem plausible to assume that periodic short term stops
in the v ic in ity of the site were made by aboriginal travelers and
traders portaging between the northern lakes and the southern lakes.
Undoubtedly these people chanced to encounter local inhabitants,
who were Wayne Tradition peoples, exploiting nearby resources
during the Spring, Summer, or Fall. I t is conceivable that trading
may have ensued upon such encounters resulting in "foreign" pots
being le f t at the s ite . Whether by trade or as a result of actual
usage of the site by other Great Lakes groups, the appearance of
such a diversity of pottery at Draper Park bears testimony to the
"crossroads" nature of the site .
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Conclusion
144
Archaeological investigations at Draper Park continued for 3
years a fter the s ite 's in it ia l discovery, testing, and nomination
to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. At that time
research was oriented toward obtaining data that could shed light
on the subsistence strategy, site function, settlement pattern,
outside cultural influences, and temporal placement. Preliminary
analysis of archaeological materials that were recovered during
the four fie ld seasons promised to supplement our understanding
of the development and diffusion of the Wayne and Younge Traditions
(Western Basin Tradition) in southeastern Michigan. This particular
study was undertaken as one part of an integrated analysis by five
independent researchers each u tiliz ing archaeological materials
from the Draper Park excavations. The resulting papers w ill be
compiled into a single edited volume for eventual publication.
The ceramic analysis presented here has been designed to address
specific problems related to the overall interpretation of the site .
In addition to presenting detailed descriptive data on the Draper
Park pottery, an attempt has been made to establish the cultural
a ffilia tio n s of the people who occupied the s ite , while suggesting
a possible scenario explaining how these relationships may have
taken place, and to determine as precisely as possible the time
period during which the occupation was most like ly undertaken.
The results of this study are summarized in the preceding sections
of this chapter.
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145
During the course of analysis two methodological approaches
were u tilized , an attribute approach and a typological approach,
in which i t was demonstrated that the Draper Park site witnessed
its most intensive period of occupation between A.D. 900 and A.D.
1100 by peoples strongly a ffilia te d with the Wayne Tradition.
These two approaches were used together in the analysis in an attempt
to satisfy practitioners of both methodologies who, more often than
not, are interested in knowing different things about the data. While
performing the typological analysis i t became clear that many Wayne
Tradition ceramics assemblages must be reanalyzed using the new
classification scheme put forth by Brashler (1973) so that meaningful
comparisons can be attempted in future research. As i t stands, the
data presented herein should be amenable to incorporation into any
large scale comparative analyses that other Great Lakes researchers
undertake in the future.
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APPENDIX I
Draper Park
Vessel by Vessel Attribute Descriptions
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APPENDIX I
147
PHm.Hm.H/HH/OBm.H/OBVV/HV/OBOBm.OBOB/OBOB/Hm.OB/HOB/H/VOB/m.HOB/H/HOB/H/OBOB/H/m.OBOB/m.H/OBOB/H/OB/H
A lt. OB2.Alt.OB3.Alt.OB3.Alt.OB/OB
XX
SMCRSM.CRSSSS.PPC.IC .I/T .ID.T.PP
A ttr ib u te Codes Used in th is Appendix
Code for Motifs
= Plain= Horizontal= Multiple horizontals= Multiple horizontals above a horizontal= Horizontal above an oblique= Multiple horizontals above multiple obliques= Verti cal= Vertical above a horizontal= Vertical above an oblique= Oblique= Multiple obliques= Oblique above an oblique= Oblique above a horizontal= Multiple obliques above a horizontal = Horizontal between an oblique and a vertical = Oblique above multiple horizontals = Horizontal between an Oblique and a Horizontal = Horizontal between two obliques= Horizontal between an oblique and multiple obliques= Multiple horizontals between two obliques
Horizontal above an oblique between an oblique and a horizontal
= Alternating rows of le f t and right obliques= Two alternating rows of le f t and right obliques= Three alternating rows of le f t and right obliques= Three alternating rows of le f t and right obliques
above an oblique = Criss-cross or crosshatched
Code for Techniques
= Smoothed= Cord roughened= Smoothed over cord roughened = Split stick impressed= Split stick push-pull incision= Cord impressed= Cord impression above tool impression= Dentate tool impressed = Push-pull incision
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148
C.PP/PNTT .IT.I/PNTT.I/A.PNT
T.I/PNT/PP
T.I/PNT/T.I
T. I/IN ININ/C.I IN/PNT IN/A.PNT IN/PP/C.PP/C.PP=
CWTCWT/C.ICWT/I.ICWT/PNTCWT/A.PNT
CWT/C.PNTCWT/A.C.PNT
CWT/A.C.PNT/CWT=
CWT/PNT/CWT
CWT/C.I/CWT
CWT/C.I/A.C.PNT=
PNT/A.C.PNT
A.PNT C.PNT A.C.PNT A.C.PNT/C.I/
A.C.PNT
A.C.PNT/A.C. PNT/T.I
CL.P
row of punctates row of acutely angled
Corded push-pull above a row of punctates Tool impression Tool impressions above a Tool impressions above a
punctatesA row of punctates between tool impressions and
push-pull incisions A row of punctates between two rows of tool
impressions Tool impression above incision IncisionIncision above linear cord impressions Incision above a row of punctates Incision above a row of acutely angled punctates Push-pull above corded push-pull incision
between incision and corded push-pull incision Cord wrapped tool impression Cord wrapped tool above linear cord impression Cord wrapped tool above tool impression Cord wrapped tool above a row of punctatesCord wrapped tool
punctates Cord wrapped tool Cord wrapped tool
above a row of acutely angled
row of corded punctates row of acutely angled
above a above a
corded punctates Acutely angled corded punctates between cord
wrapped tool impressions A row of punctates between cord wrapped tool
impressions Linear cord impression between cord wrapped
tool impressions Linear cord impression between cord wrapped
tool and a row of acutely angled corded punctates
= A row of punctates above a row of acutely angled punctates
= A row of acutely angled punctates= A row of corded punctates= A row of acutely angled corded punctates
= Linear cord impression between rows of acutely angled corded punctates
= A row of acutely angled corded punctates between a row of actuely angled corded punctates and tool impressions
= A row of circular (annular) punctates
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Code for Rim Profile
see rim profiles listed on page
Code for Punctate-Boss
EP-? = Exterior punctationEP-IB = Exterior punctation with in terio r bossingEP-NIB = Exterior punctation with no in terio r bossingIP-EB = In terio r punctation with exterior bossingIP-NEB = In terio r punctation with no exterior bossingA.EP-NIB = Acutely angled exterior punctation with no
in terio r bossing
Code for Castellations
P = Pointed castellationsR = Rounded castellations
Code for Surface Treatment
SM = SmoothCR = Cord roughenedSM.CR = Smoothed over cord roughened
Code for Tempering Material
F = Fine, 0-.9 mmM = Medium, 1-1.9 mmC = Coarse, 2-3 mmVC = Very coarse, greater than 3 mm
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APPENDIX I
Lake Forest Vessels
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip C M o tif
acorationrechnique
RimPro.
?unc./Boss
Pune. Di am. mm
Cast. S urf.T reat.
RimThicknessmm
Rim Di am.
incm
Temper
27 15S-50E IV F M.H A.C.PNT P SM P CR D2 EP-IB 5 CR 6 28 F
32 10S-50E IV G M.OB T .I OB T .I OB T .I D2 EP-IB 4 - CR 10 — VC
49 15S-50E IV S3 M.H A.C.PNT V/ OB CWT/T.I OB CWT D2 - - - CR 7 20 VC
176 60S-35E I I I M.OB T .I P SM V T .I D2 - - - SM 8 32 VC
209 55S-40E I I I M.H C.I P SM H C.I D3 - - - SM 5 12 M
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APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r i or M o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip D M o tif
ecorationtechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. S urf.T reat.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
4 10S-40E IV S5 OB CWT OB CWT OB CWT D2 - - _ CR 9 - VC
5 50S-40E F 30 XX IN P SM OB IN D2 - - - CR 6 - M
6 50S-25E F 29 P CR OB IN OB IN D2 - - - CR 7.5 - VC
9 10S-45E IV C M.H A.C.PNT V CWT OB CWT E - - - CR 7 26 C
10 10S-50E IV C Destroy! d P SM P SM E - - - - - - M
11 10S-45E IV 0 P CR OB CWT OB CWT 04 EP-IB 4.5 - CR 7 22 C
12 10S-45E IV 0 P CR P SM V CWT D2 EP-IB 3 - CR 6 12 M
13 10S-45E IV D P CR Destroye d V CWT D2 - - - CR - - M
14 10S-50E IV D M.OB CWT OB CWT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 8 - F
16 10S-45E IV D P CR V CWT P CR DI -4 - - - CR 7.5 - C
21 10S-45E IV E P SM.CR P SM OB CWT C EP-NIB 4 - SM.CR 7 - M
22 10S-50E IV E P CR Destroye d OB CWT D2 EP-IB 2 - CR 7 - M
23 10S-45E IV E P CR V/H CWT/C.PNT H C.I B2 - - - CR 7 - C
152
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APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels (c o n t'd )
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip D M o tif
ecorationrechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. Surf.T rea t.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
52 10S-45E IV S4 M.H C.PNT P SM V CWT D2 IP-NEB 5 - SM 6 16 C
53 10S-45E IV S4 OB T .I OB CWT V CWT E EP-IB 6 - CR 7 16 C
55 10S-45E IV S4 H C .I P SM OB CWT D2 - - - CR 6 18 F
57 10S-45E IV S5 P CR P SM V CWT D2 - - - CR 6 - M
60 10S-40E IV S2 OB CWT V CWT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 6 - F
61 10s-40E IV S7 M.H C .I P SM OB CWT D4 IP-EB 4 - CR 6 26 M
63 10S-50E IV S8 OB/M.H CWT/C.I OB/H CWT/PNT OB CWT 02 IP-EB 4 - CR 7 18 C
64 10S-45E IV S8 P CR V/H CWT/PNT V CWT E IP-EB 4 - CR 8 32 M
68 J5S-70E IV S10 V CWT OB CWT OB CWT D2 - - - - 6 - F
69 ?0S-40E I I I P SM P SM P SM D2 - - - SM 7 26 VC
70 I0S-40E IV A P CR V CWT OB CWT E - - - CR 6 - C
73 J5S-25E I I I P CR P SM H T .I E - - - CR 8 16 M
74 I5S-70E IV S3 OB IN OB/H IN/PNT OB IN D2 IP-EB 4 - CR 7 24 M
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APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels (c o n t'd )
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip E M o tif
ecorationfechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. S urf.T reat.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
75 10S-40E IV C V CWT V CWT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 6 - C
76 10S-40E IV C M.H A.PNT OB/H CWT/A.PNT H A.PNT DI —4 IP-EB 6 - SM 6 - M
78 10S-40E IV S2 P CR V/H CWT/PNT V CWT D2 EP-IB 4 R CR 8 28 C
80 10S-40E IV S2 P CR P SM P SM D2 - - - CR 6 40 C
82 10S-40E IV S2 P CR P SM P SM.CR D2 EP-IB 4 - CR 7 16 M
84 35S-35E IV P CR P SM OB T .I E - - - CR 6 16 M
87 15S-50E I I I 0B/H/0B T.I/PNT/TI OB T .I V T .I 02 EP-IB 5 - CR 8 - C
89 40S-25E I I I V/H CWT/PNT OB CWT OB CWT C EP-IB 5 - SM 8 - C
90 40S-30E I I I P SM P SM OB CWT D2 - - - SM 6 - C
91 55S-35E IV M.H. A.C.PNT OB CWT OB CWT E IP-NEB 2 - CR 7 - M
92 10S-45E IV E M.H A.C.PNT OB/M.H CWT/PNT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 6 - M
94 40S-45E I I I P CR OB CWT V CWT D2 - - P CR 4 18 M
97 35S-30E F 42 OB T .I OB T .I OB T .I C - - - CR 7 - M
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APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n V esse ls(cont'd )
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
Decorati on Technique
Lip D M o tif
acorationrechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. S urf.Treat.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
98 170S-0E I l l P SM.CR OB T .I OB T .I D2 - - P SM.CR 6 - F
99 40S-40E IV 0B T .I OB T .I OB T .I 02 - - - CR 7 - F
106 55S-45E IV P CR OB CWT OB CWT D2 EP-NIB 4 - CR 6 - VC
107 10S-40E IV B P CR V CWT V CWT E EP-IB 4 - CR 5 8 C
108 35S-40E I I I 0B C .I OB CWT V CWT D2 - - - CR 6 8 C
109 35S-30E I I I M.H. A.PNT H A.PNT OB T .I 01 EP-IB 4 - CR 7 - M
110 40S-25E F 35 H A.PNT P SM V CWT D2 - - - CR 4 - VC
112 45S-40E F 19 P CR OB CWT H C.I D2 - - - CR 7 - M
113 35S-45E I I I 0B C.PNT OB CWT OB CWT 02 - - - SM 4 - M
115 40S-25E I I I P CR P SM P CR DI -4 - - - CR 7 - M
116 55S-40E F 4 P CR V CWT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 5 10 C
118 35S-45E I I I P CR P SM P CR Bl-a - - - CR 6 - C
121 45S-35E IV OB CWT OB CWT V CWT 02 - - - CR 6 - C
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APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels (con t*)
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip 0 M o tif
acoration rechnique
RimPro.
5unc./Boss
Pune. Di am. mm
Cast. S urf.T reat.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.incm
Temper
122 40S-30E I l l OB T .I P SM OB CWT D2 - - - CR 6 - F
123 35S-45E I I I M.H C .I P SM V CWT D2 - - - CR 7 - M
124 35S-25E F 36 M.H A.C.PNT Destroy< d OB CWT D2 - - - - 6 - F
126 45S-40E F 19 P CR P SM H PP Bl-a - - - CR 5 24 F
127 45S-30E IV OB CWT V CWT P CR B2 IP-NEB 2 - CR 7 - M
129 50S-40E F 26 M.H A.PNT V CWT H C .I D3 - - - CR 7 - M
130 35S-35E F 35 P CR OB CWT H C.I D3 - - - CR 8 - M
131 55S-25E F 5 P CR OB CWT OB CWT D2 Ep-7 3 - CR 5 - M
133 45S-40E F 18 P CR H C .I OB CWT Bl-a - - - CR 6 - M
136 35S-35E I I I OB IN P SM OB IN D2 - - - ■ SM 8 - VC
137 50S-40E F 19 H A.C.PNT OB CWT P CR D2 - - - CR 6 - M
139 45S-40E F 19 H A.PNT M.H A.C.PNT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 7 - M
140 35S-40E F 46 P CR P SM P CR D2 - - - CR 6 - M
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APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels (c o n t'd )
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip D M o tif
ecorationTechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. S urf.T rea t.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
141 45S-30E IV OB/H CWT/PNT OB CWT H T .I D2 EP-IB 4 - CR 5.5 - F
142 45S-30E IV P CR Destroy id P CR E - - - CR - - M
143 40S-40E IV P SM P SM OB C.PNT D2 - - - SM 5 - C
144 50S-30E IV OB T .I V T .I OB T .I D2 - - - CR 5 - F
148 10S-40E IV S2 OB IN OB IN OB IN 02 - - - CR 6 14 F
149 35S-45E I I I P SM.CR P SM P SM E - - - SM.CR 5 10 M
150 60S-35E F 8 P SM.CR P SM H DT D2 - - - SM.CR 7 20 M
151 35S-35E I I I P SM.CR P SM P CR D2 EP-IB 3 - SM.CR 6 - M
152 40S-40E IV P CR P SM OB CWT Dl-4 - - - CR 8 - C
153 40S-30E F 35 P CR P SM OB T .I D2 - - - CR 7 - VC
154 35S-30E F 42 P CR P SM P SM E - - - CR 5 - VC
155 35S-45E I I I P CR OB CWT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 7 - C
157 55S-45E I I I P CR OB CWT OB CWT E - - - CR 7 - C
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permission.
APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels (c o n t'd )
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip D M o tif
ecorationtechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune. Di am. mm
Cast. S urf.T reat.
RimThicknessmm
Rim Di am.
in cm
Temper
158 55S-40E I l l P CR P SM P SM E - - - CR 6 - M
159 170S-0E I I I P CR OB CWT V CWT D2 - - - CR 5 - M
160 50S-35E F 18 P CR OB CWT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 9 - M
161 35S-35E F 47 P CR OB CWT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 5 - F
162 60S-25E I I I P CR P SM OB T .I B l-a - - - CR 5 - M
163 35S-45E I I I P CR Destroy id P CR D2 A.EP- NIB 3 CR _ VC
164 55S-45E IV H IN P SM OB T .I D2 - - - SM 9 - C
165 50S-25E IV P CR P SM P SM D2 - - - CR 7 - M
167 45S-40E F 19 OB CWT OB CWT OB CWT D2 - - - SM 6 - F
169 30S-45E F 35 P CR OB CWT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 7 - C
171 50S-25E F 29 P CR V CWT P CR D2 - - - CR 5 - F
173 50S-25E I I I P CR M.OB CWT P CR D2 - - - CR 7 20 M
174 60S-30E I I I P CR P SM P CR E - - - CR 8 18 M
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX 1
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels (co n t'd )
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
L ip C M o tif
ecorationtechnique
RimPro.
3unc./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. S urf.T reat.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
175 60S-30E I l l P CR P SM OB T .I D2 - - - CR 10 - M
177 60S-35E I I I P CR P SM OB CWT E - - - CR 7 - M
178 60S-35E I I I M.H C.I OB CWT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 6 - M
179 60S-35E I I I P CR V CWT P CR D2 - - - CR 6 - C
181 40S-35E IV P CR P SM OB IN D2 - - - CR 6 - C
182 40S-35E VI P SM P SM P SM E - - - SM 8 - VC
183 40S-40E IV P SM P SM P SM E - - - SM 7 8 VC
184 40S-40E I I I P CR P SM P SM E - - - CR 8 - C
185 10S-40E IV A P SM OB CWT P SM D2 - - - SM 7 20 M
188 45S-35E IV P CR P SM P SM D2 - - - CR 6 - F
190 45S-40E IV P CR P SM P SM E - - - CR 10 - C
191 45S-40E IV P CR V CWT H C.I D3 EP-IB 4 - CR 6 12 M
192 45S-45E F 24 M.H C.PNT OB CWT OB CWT D4 - - - CR 7 - C
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels (co n t1)
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Leve l/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip 0 M o tif
scorationtechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.inn
Cast. S urf.Treat.
RimThickness
mm
RimDiam.incm
Temper
193 50S-25E I l l P CR P SM P SM Bl-a - - - CR 7 20 C
194 50S-25E IV P CR Destroy id OB CWT D2 - - - CR - - VC
195 60S-45E IV P CR M.H CL.P P SM.CR D2 - - - CR 6 16 M
196 50S-35E F 4 P SM.CR P SM P SM 02 - - - SM.CR 8 - VC
197 60S-45E IV P CR P SM P SM.CR E - - - CR 5 10 F
198 50S-35E I I I P CR P SM OB CWT 02 - - - CR 10 - M
199 55S-40E I I I M.H C .I P SM OB CWT E - - - CR 6 16 M
200 50S-40E IV P CR P SM H C.I D3 - - - CR 5 18 M
201 50S-45E I I I P CR P SM P SM 02 - - - CR 8 24 C
202 50S-30E I I I M.H IN P SM OB CWT DI -4 - - - SM 7 18 M
204 55S-35E IV P SM OB CWT P SM.CR B2 EP-? 5 - SM 8 - C
205 55S-35E F 3 0B/M.H CWT/C.I OB CWT P SM D2 - - - CR 6 - M
206 55S-35E I I I P CR P SM OB CWT D2 - - - CR 7 22 C
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels (c o n t'd )
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
Decorati on Technique
Lip C M o tif
ecorationtechnique
RimPro.
? un c . /Boss
Pune. Di am.mm
Cast. S urf.Treat.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
210 60S-40E IV P CR V CWT H C .I 03 - - - CR 7 - C
211 45S-40E F 19 P CR V CWT P CR E - - - CR 6 30 M
212 55S-35E F 3 P CR P SM V IN B l-a - - - CR 6 - F
213 55S-40E F 4 V/OB A.C.PNT OB CWT P CR E - - - CR 7 20 C
215 55S-25E F 5 P CR M.OB CWT H C.I B l-a - - - CR 5 26 F
218 55S-40E F 7 P CR P SM OB CWT E - - - CR 6 20 VC
219 60S-45E F 7 P CR V CWT P CR D2 - - - CR 6 28 C
220 60S-40E F 10 P CR OB CWT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 7 - M
221 60S-25E F 12 P CR P SM OB CWT E - - - CR - - C
222 60S-25E F 12 P CR V CWT OB CWT D2 - - - CR 6 - C
223 50S-35E F 14 M M.H. A.C.PNT V CWT H A.C.PNT D2 - - - CR 8 36 M
224 50S-35E F 14 P SM P SM P SM D2 - - - SM 8 - C
225 50S-35E F 18 OB/H CWT/C.I OB CWT V CWT D2 - - - CR 8 - M
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels (co n t’ d)
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip C M o tif
acorationtechnique
RimPro.
f*unc./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. S urf.Treat.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
226 50S-35E F 18 AH. OB IN P SM OB CWT E - - - SM.CR 8 - C
228 45S-40E F 19 P SM P SM P SM D2 - - - SM.CR 9 - C
229 43S-40E F 19 P CR P SM P CR D3 - - - CR 9 - M
230 45S-40E F 19 P CR OB CWT P SM E - - CR 8 _ M
231 40S-30E F 25 P CR Destroye d OB CWT D3 - - - CR 6 - M
232 40S-30E F 25 OB/H IN/PNT Destroye d OB IN E EP-? 5.5 - SM.CR - _ M
233 10S-30E F 25 P CR P SM P CR E - - - CR 8 8 VC
234 10S-30E F 25 P CR P SM V CWT B1 - - «- CR 8 - VC
235 50S-40E F 26 P CR OB/H IN/PNT V IN D2 IP-EB 4 - CR 7 24 C
236 50S-25E F 29 M.OB C.PNT OB/H CWT/PNT OB CWT D2 EP-NIB 4 - CR 8 28 M
237 50S-25E F 29 P CR OB CWT P CR E - CR 4 26 M
238 50S-25E F 29 M.H IN P SM P SM E - - SM 7 M
239 50S-25E F 29 P CR P SM P CR D2 - .. - CR 7 - M
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels (c o n t'd )
(Q~ Ves. ^ No.3CD
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip C M o tif
ecorationtechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. S urf.Treat.
RimThicknessnin
Rim Di am.
in cm
Temper
"n 240c 50S-25E F 29 P CR Destroy id P SM E - - - CR 8 - M
ro 241 50S-25E F 29 P CR 0B CWT 0B CWT Dl-4 - - - CR 9 - VC
jB 242 50S-25E F 29 P CR 0B CWT P SM E EP-IB 4 - CR 6 - C
o. 243 45S-40E F 19 P CR 0B CWT V CWT D2 EP-NIB 5 - CR 7 - C
I - 244 50S-40E F 30 P CR P SM P CR E - - - CR 5 - C
-d 245 50S-35E F 32 P SM P SM P SM E - - - SM 6 24 Fo^ 246 40S-25E F 35 P CR P SM 0B CWT D2 - - - CR 10 28 C
& 247 35S-30E F 35 P CR P SM P SM D2 - - - CR 8 26 VC
250 35S-40E F 35 M.H C.I Destroy ;d 0B CWT D2 - - - SM 6 - VCoS. 251 35S-25E F 36 P CR P SM 0B CWT D2 - - - CR 7 14 F■O® 252 30S-40E F 40 M.H A.C.PNT P SM V T .I D2 - - - CR 4 12 F
8 2 5 _3 _35S-45E F 40 M.H A.C.PNT P SM P SM D2 - - - CR 6 - C
p 255 25S-25E F 57 P CR P SM OB CWT D2 - - - CR 6 - M
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
Wayne T ra d itio n Vessels (c o n t'd )
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip 0 M o tif
scorationtechnique
RimPro.
Junc./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. Surf.Treat.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.incm
Temper
257 10S-45E F 70 P CR V CWT OB CWT D2 EP-IB 4 - CR 7 30 C
258 40S-25E F 35 H C.PNT H C.PNT V T .I D2 - - - CR 7 - M
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
Western Basin T ra d itio n Vessels (Younge Sequence)
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
Decorati on Technique
Lip D M o tif
scorationtechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. S urf.T reat.
RimThicknessnm
RimDiam.incm
Temper
15 10S-45E IV D H/M.H PNT/A.C.PN1 P SM OB CWT Dl-4 EP-IB 3.5 - CR 7.5 - C
18 15S-50E IV D M.H/OB A.C.PNT OB/H CWT/PNT OB CWT D2 IP-EB 5 P CR 8 - VC
56 10S-45E IV S4 M.H/M.OB C .I /T . I P SM P CR D2 IP-NEB 8 - CR 7 18 M
65 10S-45E IV S it OB IN OB/H T.I/PNT OB CWT D2 IP-EP 4 - CR 7 22 M
81 10S-40E IV S4 3.AH.OB/ OB T. I / IN OB/H T.I/A.PNT OB T .I 02 IP-EB - - SM 7 18 M
208 55S-45E I I I M.OB/H CWT/C.PNT OB CWT OB CWT D4 - - - CR 8 - C
214 55S-40E F 4 OB/H/OBL.C.PNT/C.IA.C.PNT
>P SM OB SWT D2 . CR 7 25 M
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
Mackinac Squence Vessels
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip C M o tif
ecorationtechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. Surf.T reat.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
48 10S-40E IV S4 M.H A.C.PNT P SM P SM D2 EP-IB 5 - CR 7 20 M
59 10S-40E IV EOB/H/OB/H
IN/PP/C.PP; C.PP V CWT V CWT D2 EP-IB 4 _ SM 6 36 C
62 10S-40E IV S8OB/M.H/
OBA.C.PNT/A.IPNT/T.I OB/H CWT/PNT P SM B2 IP-EB 7 _ SM 7 28 C
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
Blackduck T ra d itio n Vessels
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
Decorati on Technique
Lip Dj M o tif
ecorationtechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.inn
Cast. S urf.T rea t.
RimThicknessran
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
17 15S-50E IV-E OB/M.H/OECWT/C.I/A.C.PNT V CWT OB CWT D2 EP-? 6 CR 7 M
20 15S-50E IV E OB/H/HT .I./P N T /
OB OB T .I OB T .I 02 EP-NIB 6 . CR 10 C
71 10S-40E I I I OB/HCWT/A.C.
PNT rp SM OB CWT DP EP-7 3 7 VC
77 10S-40E IV D OB/H/V CWT/PNT/CWT OB CWT OB CWT D2 EP-IB 4 - CR 8 24 M
85 10S-40E IV G DB/M.H/OB CWT/C.I/ . T .L P SM V CWT D2 EP-IB 10 _ CR 6 24 C
256 35S-40E F 46 OB/H CWT/PNT OB CWT OB CWT D2 EP-NIB 5 SM 8 32 M
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
O ntario Iroquois T ra d itio n Vessels
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip D| M o tif
ecorationtechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune. Di am.mm
Cast. S urf.T reat.
RimThickness
mm
Rim Di am.
in cm
Temper
3 10S-40E IV A OB/H CWT/PNT OB CWT OB CWT D2 EP-? 5 - CR 7 22 C
26 10S-45E IV E OB/M.H CWT/C.I OB CWT OB CWT C EP-IB 4 - SM 7 28 M
207 55S-40E IV M.H/H C.PP/PNT OB CWT OB CWT E EP-IB 6.5 - CR 9 26 C
259 50S-30E F 29
187 45S-30E IV Destroye d L.AL.OB T .I XX IN C - - - SM - 28 VC
216 55S-25E F 5 Destroye d H CL.P XX IN C - - - - - 18 C
217 55S-45E F 7 3 .AH.OB T .I P SM P SM E - - - SM 7 22 VC
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
Miscellaneous Vessels
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
L ip D M o tif
ecorationrechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. S urf.T rea t.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
1 10S-50E IV A OB/H CWT/PNT OB CWT OB CWT D2 EP-IB 5 - CR 9.5 - M
2 10S-50E IV A OB SS P SM P CR D2 IP-EB 5,5 - - 7 36 F
19 15S-50E F 36 H/OB D.T P SM P SM D2 - - - CR 7 - C
28 10S-40E IV F OB CWT P SM P CR D2 - - - CR 6 - F
31 15S-50E IV 6 OB CWT OB CWT V CWT D2 - - - - 7 - VC
34 10S-50E IV G OB/H IN /C .I V IN OB T .I C - - - CR 5 - M
35 15S-50E IV E OB T .I OB/H r . i P SM 31-a EP-IB 4 - SM 7 - M
37 I5S-50E IV H M.H PP P SM P CR 32 - - - CR 7 - VC
42 I0S-45E IV SI M.H C.I OB CWT V CWT E - - - CR 6 18 C
43 I0S-45E IV SI OB T .I V r . i OB CWT 32 - - - CR 6 - C
54 I0S-45E IV S4 V/OB r . i V/H r.i/PNT V T .I c IP-EB 5 - CR 6 24 M
66 I5S-70E IV S10 OB IN Destroye i OB IN D2 - - - CR - - F
67 15S-70E IV S ll OB/OB IN/A.PNT Destroye d V IN D2 IP-EB 3 P SM - - C
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
Miscellaneous Vessels (c o n t'd )
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip C M o tif
scorationrechnique
RimPro.
?unc./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. S urf.Treat.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
72 10S-40E IV B OB/H/OECWT/C.I/
CWT P SM P CR D2 - - - SM.CR 5 12 C
79 10S-40E IV S2 OB/H CWT/C.I P SM OB CWT D2 IP-EB 4 - CR 8 18 VC
33 35S-25E IV OB/H T.I/PNT OB IN P CR DI EP-? 3 - - 8 - M
86 15S-70E IV S5 M.H A.CPNT OB/H T.I/PNT OB CWT D2 IP-EB 4 - CR 9 36 VC
88 15S-70E IV M.H PP P SM OB IN E EP-IB 2 - SM 8 18 C
101 10S-45E IV A OB CWT OB CL.P OB CWT C - - - SM 5 12 F
103 40S-40E I I I V T .I OB T .I P CR C - - - SM 6 - F
117 60S-40E IV V T .I P SM V T .I E - - - SM 7 - C
134 55S-40E I I I OB/H T .I P SM OB T .I D2 - - - SM 5 - VC
168 60S-25E I I I M.H D.T P SM V D.T D2 - - - SM 8 - C
170 10S-50E IV G Destroy id P SM P SM E - - - CR 9 20 F
172 60S-25E IV M.OB CWT OB CWT V CWT D2 - - R CR 9 - M
186 40S-45E I I I M.H A.C.PNT P SM P CR D2 - - - SM 6 - F
Reproduced
with perm
ission of the
copyright ow
ner. Further
reproduction prohibited
without
permission.
APPENDIX I
Miscellaneous Vessels (c o n t'd )
Ves.No.
U n itNo.
Level/Fea.
E x te rio rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
In te r io rM o tif
DecorationTechnique
Lip D M o tif
scorationtechnique
RimPro.
Pune./Boss
Pune.Diam.mm
Cast. S urf.T reat.
RimThicknessmm
RimDiam.
incm
Temper
189 50-30E IV H CWT OB CWT P SM.CR SI-a - - R SM 9 16 VC
203 55S-35E I I I OB CWT OB CWT H T .I D3 T - - CR 9 - M
227 50S-40E F 19 OB SS.PP OB CWT OB D.T D2 - - - CR 6 - C
248 40S-30E F 35 OB T .I OB T .I OB T .I 02 - - CR 9 - M
249 40S-30E F 35 P CR V CWT OB CWT Bl-a - - - CR 6 - F
254 35S-25E I I I OB CWT OB CWT V CWT D2 IP-EB 4 - SM 9 - C
«
i
APPENDIX I I
Draper Park
Summary of Wayne Ware Attributes
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
173
Summary
Attribute Class
Exterior Motif
Exterior Technique
Interior Motif
Interior Technique
Lip Motif
APPENDIX I I
Draper Park
Wayne Ware Attributes
Attribute States N %
Plain 112 66Horizontal 25 15Vertical 4 2Oblique 28 16Criss-cross 1 1Missing data 1
171NA
T O
Undecorated 111 65Cord Impressed 7 4Tool Impressed 7 4Incised 10 6Cord Wrapped Tool 16 9Punctated 19 12Missing data 1
171NA
100
Plain 75 47Horizontal 5 3Vertical 28 17Oblique 53 33Missing data 10
171NA
100
Undecorated 75 47Cord Impressed 1 1Tool Impressed 7 4Incised 5 3Cord Wrapped Tool 69 42Punctated 4 2Missing data 10
171NA99
Plain 55 32Horizontal 14 8Vertical 26 16Oblique 76 44Missing data 0
171NA
TOO'
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX I I (co n t'd )
A ttr ib u te Class A ttr ib u te State N _%
Lip Technique Undecorated 56 33Cord Impressed 8 5Tool Impressed 15 9Incised 11 6Cord Wrapped Tool 76 44Punctated 3 2Dentate 1 1Push-Pull 1 1Missing data 0 NA
171 100
Rim Profile B1 1 1Bl-a 7 4B2 5 3C 4 2DI 1 1DI-4 6 3D2 95 55D3 7 4D4 5 3E 40 24Missing data 0 NA
171 100
Punctate-Boss Absent 47 54EP-? 3 3EP-IB 19 22EP-NIB 6 7IP-EB 6 7IP-NEB 5 6A.EP-NIB 1 1Missing data 84 NA
171 99
Punctate Diameter Could not be measured 47 54(in millimeters) 2 3 3
3 5 64 21 244.5 1 15 6 75.5 1 16 3 3Missing data 84 NA
T7T "97
Caste!lation Absent 11 79Poi nted 2 14Rounded 1 7Missing data 157 NA
t t t m
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX I I (con t'd )
Attribute Class
Surface Treatment
Rim Thickness (in millimeters)
Rim Diameter (in centimeters)
Temper
Attribute State N J l
Smooth 18 11Cord Roughened 141 83Smoothed Over Cord Roughened 9 5Missing data 3
171NA99
3 1 14 5 35 18 115.5 1 16 54 337 46 287.5 2 18 27 169 6 410 4 2Missing data 7
171NA
100
3 3 510 3 512 3 514 3 516 7 1218 7 1220 8 1422 3 524 5 926 6 1028 4 732 2 336 1 240 1 244 1 2Missing data 113 NA
T7T 100
Fine 23 14Medi urn 72 42Coarse 55 32Very Coarse 21 12Missing data 0 NA
T7T W
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
176
APPENDIX I I I
Draper Park
Tabulation of Ceramic Vessels in S tratified Context
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX I I I
Draper Park
Tabulation of Ceramic Vessels Recovered in S tratified Context
The following vessels were recovered 10S-45E, 10S-50E, and 15S-70E.
Level IV-AWayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
70185
Princess Point Ware Vessel No.:3
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos.:12
101
Level IV-BWayne Ware Vessel No.:
107Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.:
72
Level IV-CWayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
9107576
Level IV-DWayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
11121314 16
Riviere Ware Vessel Nos.:15 18
Blackduck Ware Vessel No. 77
Level IV-EWayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
212223
from sampling units 10S-40E,
Level IV-E (cont'd)Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.
2425 92
Blackduck Ware Vessel Nos.:1720
Princess Point Ware Vessel No.:26
Mackinac Ware Vessel No.:59
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.35
Level IV-FMiddle Woodland Vessel No.:
27Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
30Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.
28
Level IV-GMiddle Woodland Vessel No.:
32Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
33Blackduck Ware Vessel No.:
85Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos
31, 34 Level IV-HWayne Ware Vessel No.:
36Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.
37
Level IV -IWayne Ware Vessel Nos,
3839
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX I I I (con t'd ) 178
Level IV-S7Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
61
Level IV-S8Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
6364
Juntunen (Riviere?) Ware Vessel No.: 62
Level IV-S10Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
68Riviere Ware Vessel No.:
65Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.:
66
Level IV-S11Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.:
67
Level IV -54Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
525355
Riviere Ware Vessel Nos.:56 81
Juntunen Ware Vessel No.:48
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.:54
Level IV-S5Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
457
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: 86
Level IV-S1Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
4445 47
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos,4243
Level IV-S2Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
516078 80 82
148Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.
79
Level IV-S3Middle Woodland Vessel No.:
49Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
50 74
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX I I I
Draper Park
Tabulation of Ceramic Vessels in S tratified Context
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX I I I
Draper Park
Tabulation of Ceramic Vessels Recovered in S tratified Context
The following vessels were recovered 10S-45E, 10S-50E, and 15S-70E.
Level IV-AWayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
70185
Princess Point Ware Vessel No.:3
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos.:12
101
Level IV-BWayne Ware Vessel No.:
107Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.:
72
Level IV-CWayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
9107576
Level IV-DWayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
11121314 16
Riviere Ware Vessel Nos.:15 18
Blackduck Ware Vessel No.:77
Level IV-EWayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
212223
from sampling units 10S-40E,
Level IV-E (cont'd)Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.
2425 92
Blackduck Ware Vessel Nos.:1720
Princess Point Ware Vessel No.:26
Mackinac Ware Vessel No.:59
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.35
Level IV-FMiddle Woodland Vessel No.:
27Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
30Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.
28
Level IV-GMiddle Woodland Vessel No.:
32Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
33Blackduck Ware Vessel No.:
85Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos
31, 34 Level IV-HWayne Ware Vessel No.:
36Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.
37
Level IV -IWayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
3839
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APPENDIX I I I (con t'd )
Level IV-S1Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
4445 47
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos.:4243
Level IV-S2Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
51 6078 80 82
148Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.:
79
Level IV-S3Middle Woodland Vessel No.:
49Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
50 74
Level IV-S4Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
525355
Riviere Ware Vessel Nos.:56 81
Juntunen Ware Vessel No.:48
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.:54
Level IV-S5Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
457
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.: 86
Level IV-S7Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
61
Level IV-S8Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
6364
Juntunen (Riviere?) Ware Vessel No.: 62
Level IV-S10Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
68Riviere Ware Vessel No.:
65Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.:
66
Level IV-511Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No.:
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX IV
Draper Park
Tabulation of Feature Ceramics
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APPENDIX IV
Draper Park
Tabulation of Feature Ceramics
Feature No. 3 Unit: 55S-35E Type: Refuse PitTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 91Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
205212
Feature No. 4Unit: 55S-35 to 40EType: HistoricTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 67Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
116196213
Riviere Ware Vessel No.:214
Feature No. 5 Unit: 55S-25E Type: Refuse Pi tTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 111Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
131215
Glen Meyer Vessel No.:216
Feature No. 7Unit: 55 to 60S-40 to 45E Type: Sheet Midden Total Non-Rim Sherds: NA Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
218219
Uren Vessel No.:217
Feature No. 8 Unit: 60S-35E Type: Sheet Mi dden Total Non-Rim Sherds: NAWayne Ware Vessel No.:
150
Feature No. 10 Unit: 60S-40E Type: Refuse P it Total Non-Rim Sherds: 46 Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
220
Feature No. 12Uni t : 60S-25EType: HistoricTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 237Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
221222
Feature No. 14 Unit: 60S-25 to 35E Type: Refuse Pi t Total Non-Rim Sherds: 14Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
223224
Feature No. 18Unit: 45 to 50S-35 to 40EType: Refuse Pi tTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 155Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
133160225226
Feature No. 19 Unit: 45 to"50S-40E Type: Refuse Pi tTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 605 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
112126137139167211
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APPENDIX IV (co n t'd )
Feature No. 19 (cont'd)228229230 243
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No. 227
Feature No. 24 Unit: 45S-45EType: Modern Intrusion Total Non-Rim Sherds: NA Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
192
Feature No. 25 Unit: 40S-30EType: Refuse Pit Total Non-Rim Sherds: 11 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
231232233234
Feature No. 26 Unit: 50S-40EType: Refuse Pi tTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 56 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
129235
Feature No. 29 Unit: 50S-26E Type: Refuse Pi tTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 457 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
6 171236237238239240241242
Princess Point Vessel No.:259
Feature No. 30 Unit: 50S-40EType: Refuse PitTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 73 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
5244
Feature No. 32 Unit: 50S-35EType: Refuse PitTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 7Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
245
Feature No. 35 Unit: 35 to 40S-25 to 45EType: Modern IntrusionTotal Non-Rim Sherds: NAWayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
110 245 130 247 153 250 169 258246
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel Nos248249
Feature No. 36 Unit: 35S-25EType: Refuse Pi tTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 445 Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
124251
Miscellaneous Untyped Vessel No. 19
Feature No. 40Uni t : 30 to 35S-40 to 45EType: Refuse Pi tTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 152Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
252253
Feature No. 42 Unit: 35S-30EType: Refuse Pi tTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 316
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX IV (co n t'd )
Feature No. 42 (cont'd) Wayne Ware Vessel Nos.:
97154
Feature No. 46Unit: 35S-40EType: Refuse Pi tTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 397Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
140Blackduck Vessel No.:
256
Feature No. 47Unit: 35S-35EType: Refuse Pi tTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 248Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
161
Feature No. 57 Unit: 25S-25E Type: Refuse PitTotal Non-Rim Sherds: 257 Wayne Ware Vessel No.:
255
Feature No. 70Unit: 10S-45EType: HistoricTotal Non-Rim Sherds: NAWayne Ware Vessel No.:
257
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APPENDIX V
Radiocarbon Chronology of Various Late Woodland Sites in Southern Lower Michigan and Southwestern Ontario
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APPENDIX V
Radiocarbon Chronology of Various Late Woodland Sites in Southern Lower Michigan and Southwestern Ontario
Radiocarbon Years Date Site Reference1320+95 A.D. 630 (1-4761) 11H8 (Pt. Pelee) Keenlyside 19781146+57 A.D. 804 (BGS-81)1110+95 A.D. 840 (1-4762)1072+55 A.D. 878 (BGS-82)
1290+50 A.D. 660 (DI-958) Draper Park (Level IV-S8) Weston 1979
1250+120 A.D. 700 (M-1519) Riviere Au Vase Fitting 1966
1200+120 A.D. 750 (M-1843) Fort Wayne Mound Crane and G riffin 1968(Early Late Woodland level)
1000+100 A.D. 950 (M-1084) West Twin Lake Mound Crane and G riffin 1968
983+75 A.D. 967 (M-512 ) Spring Creek Fitting 1968
890+110 A.D. 1060 (M-1937) Moccasin Bluff Crane and G riffin 1969860+110 A.D. 1090 (M-1938)800+110 A.D. 1150 (M-1940)740+110 A.D. 1210 (M-1939)
880+100 A.D. 1070 Tobico Carstens 1972
770+100 A.D. 1180 (M-1648) Schultiz Fitting 1972(Late Woodland level)
APPE
NDIX
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)
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tO >)&- 0)(U toOJ r—o rt3
C d 3=
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o o o o00 CO cm a \CM CM CMr " r— r—
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co-Qs- o o o o(O o o o oo r— . r— i—•,o + + + +
O O o oTD cm CO VO(O 1". VO
C d
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX VI
Draper Park
Prehistoric Pottery Rim Profiles
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX VI 187
13312
193212
189
B212
Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX VI (co n t'd )188
c n125 89
D1
Dl-4
Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX VI (con t'd )189
196137 136y198
206
228175
223
1 0 8 1^5172257
10102 116239
235251 80 20
Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The numberprofipotterybeneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification
rimc
numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le f t .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX VI (co n t'd ) 190
I I 0 J 9 9113179
119 1221 \ 123105 121
195*168
169 178186
219n
225 22022
12253
V C 90 69 m 29
Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le f t .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX VI (co n t'd ) 191
Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le f t .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX VI (co n t'd ) 192
Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX VI (co n t'd ) 193
D3129 128130 191229 20
D4236
218182 197230
190 183 221
207 211
Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The number beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
APPENDIX VI (co n t'd ) 194
r \
9 15* 158 i 57 \ 7^ ,107
130
217233
213
Draper Park prehistoric pottery rim profiles. The numberParkDraper ,_________ .beneath each profile refers to individual vessel identification numbers used in this study. Interiors are to the le ft .
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
195
Allen W., 1971
Ball, J. 1979
Bettarel, 1973
Bigony, B 1970
Binford,1962
Binford, : 1968
Brashler,1973
1978
Brose, D. 1966
1970
1971
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