4
Mad scenes in early 19th-century opera Erfurth A, Hoff P. Mad scenes in early 19th-century opera. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 102: 310±313. # Munksgaard 2000. Objective: It is our objective to examine the phenomenon of mad scenes in bel canto opera from a modern perspective. Method: The development of psychiatry and music at the beginning of the 19th century is described. Common elements of romantic music and mental disorders are discussed. It is shown how bel canto composers represent psychiatric illness by musical means. The psychopathology depicted in a prototypical mad scene is evaluated. Results: Early romantic music is characterized by imagination, illusion and loss of structure; characteristics which can be well expressed in mad scenes. While madness (withdrawal into a utopian world) gained a certain attraction in society, clinical psychiatry increasingly focused on emotional causes of illness and on drug-induction of mental disorders. Conclusion: Mad scenes in bel canto opera can be understood as expression of an increasing interest in emotional aspects in music and society as well as in clinical psychiatry. A. Erfurth 1 , P. Hoff 2 1 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Mu Ènster and 2 Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen, Germany Key words: mental disorders; music; history Dr Andreas Erfurth, Klinik fu Èr Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Westfa Èlische Wilhelms-Universita Èt, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 11, 48129 Mu Ènster, Germany Accepted for publication March 15, 2000 Introduction The ®rst half of the 19th century is of special importance for the conceptual history of philoso- phy, natural sciences and the arts. Psychiatry is necessarily closely connected with historical and conceptual developments within society (1) and, needless to say, so are the arts. Taking this parallel as a background, it might be of interest to demonstrate the mutual in¯uence of artistic work and psychiatry by the example of mad scenes in romantic music. Aspects of psychiatric history In Germany authors such as J.C.A. Heinroth (1773±1843) and K. Ideler (1795±1860) represented a point of view which was later summarized as `romantic psychiatry' (2±6). They opposed the rationalistic attitude of the philosophy of enlight- enment (Aufkla Èrung). These authors focused on the individual biography of patients, especially on the development of affects (Leidenschaften), which they believed to be of major importance for the origin of mental illness. Although having many speculative ideas, romantic psychiatrists developed theoretical concepts that are still of interest today; e.g. Heinroth's hierarchical model of mental life, differentiating between `instinct', `consciousness' and `super-ego', terms that are strongly reminiscent of psychoanalytical concepts discussed some dec- ades later (7±9). In Britain Joseph Adams (1756±1818) (10), in his Treatise on the Supposed Hereditary Properties of Diseases ... Particularly in Madness (1814), argued that it was not a mental disease that was inherited but a susceptibility to disease, and that therefore prevention and cure were possible. In France the psychiatrist Jacques-Joseph Moreau de Tours (1804±1884) wrote Du haschich et de l'alie Ânation mentale (1845, recently translated and reprinted in (11)), describing, in the medical literature for the ®rst time, the effects of hashish and including his personal experience with drug-induced psychosis (15 years after the former medical student Hector Berlioz (12, 13) had described the effects of opium intoxication in his Symphonie fantastique). Herewith, Moreau introduced into psychiatry the idea that there is `continuity between normality and alienation' (14). Our examples might exemplify that the borders between `normal' and inevitably `abnormal' pro- gressively softened in the view of clinical psychia- trists, facilitating the phenomenon of madness interpreted by artists `as a refuge from unbelief (as described later in this manuscript)'. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2000: 102: 310±313 Printed in UK. All rights reserved Copyright # Munksgaard 2000 ACTA PSYCHIATRICA SCANDINAVICA ISSN 0001-690X 310

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Page 1: A. Erfurth, P. Hoff. Mad Scenes in Early 19th-Century Opera.pdf

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