A. Context Expression Functions

The following set of functions is provided for the definition of contextexpressions in the UBA:

Function Min.Args

Max.Args

Result/Comment

abs(v) 1 1 Absolute value of v. abs(-4.3) returns 4.3

mod(v, d) 2 2 Remainder of v/d. mod(5.2,2.5) returns 0.2

ipart(v) 1 1 Integer part of v. ipart(3.2) returns 3

fpart(v) 1 1 Fractional part of v. fpart(3.2) returns 0.2

min(v, . . . ) 1 – Minimum number passed. min(3,2,-5,-2,7) re-turns -5

max(v, . . . ) 1 – Maximum number passed. max(3,2,-5,-2,7) re-turns 7

pow(a, b) 2 2 Value a raised to the power b. pow(3.2,1.7)returns 3.21.7

sqrt(a) 1 1 Square root of a. sqrt(16) returns 4

sin(a) 1 1 Sine of a radians. sin(1.5) returns around 0.997

sinh(a) 1 1 Hyperbolic sine of a. sinh(1.5) returns around2.129

asin(a) 1 1 Arc-sine of a in radians. asin(0.5) returnsaround 0.524

cos(a) 1 1 Cosine of a radians. cos(1.5) returns around0.0707

cosh(a) 1 1 Hyperbolic cosine of a. cosh(1.5) returnsaround 2.352

acos(a) 1 1 Arc-cosine of a in radians. acos(0.5) returnsaround 1.047

tan(a) 1 1 Tangent of a radians. tan(1.5) returns around14.101

tanh(a) 1 1 Hyperbolic tangent of a. tanh(1.5) returnsaround 0.905

© Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH 2017A. Kolesnikov, Load Modelling and Generation in IP-basedNetworks, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-19102-3

288 A. Context Expression Functions

Function Min.Args

Max.Args

Result/Comment

atan(a) 1 1 Arc-tangent of a in radians. atan(0.3) returnsabout 0.291

atan2(y, x) 2 2 Arc-tangent of y/x, with quadrant correction.atan2(4,3) returns about 0.927

log(a) 1 1 Base 10 logarithm of a. log(100) returns 2

pow10(a) 1 1 10 raised to the power of a. pow10(2) returns100

ln(a) 1 1 Base e logarithm of a. ln(2.8) returns around1.030

exp(a) 1 1 e raised to the power of a. exp(2) returnsaround 7.389

logn(a, b) 2 2 Base b logarithm of a. logn(16,2) returns 4

ceil(a) 1 1 Rounds a up to the nearest integer. ceil(3.2)returns 4

floor(a) 1 1 Rounds a down to the nearest integer.floor(3.2) returns 3

rand() 0 0 Returns a uniformly distributed number be-tween 0 up to but not including 1.

random(a, b) 2 2 Returns a uniformly distributed number be-tween a up to and including b.

srand(a) 1 1 Seeds the random number generator with avalue. Return value is unknown

randomize() 0 0 Seed the random number generator with avalue based on the current time. Return valueis unknown

deg(a) 1 1 Returns a radians converted to degrees.deg(3.14) returns around 179.909

rad(a) 1 1 Returns a degrees converted to radians.rad(180) returns around 3.142

if(c, t, f) 3 3 Evaluates and returns t if c is not 0.0. Elseevaluates and returns f. if(0.1, 2.1, 3.9) returns2.1

select(c, n, z[,p]) 3 4 Returns n if c is less than 0.0. Returns z if c is0.0. If c is greater than 0.0 and only three ar-guments were passed, returns z. If c is greaterthan 0.0 and four arguments were passed, re-turns p. select(3, 1, 4, 5) returns 5

A. Context Expression Functions 289

Function Min.Args

Max.Args

Result/Comment

equal(a, b) 2 2 Returns 1.0 if a is equal to b. Else returns 0.0.equal(3,2) returns 0.0

above(a, b) 2 2 Returns 1.0 if a is above b. Else returns 0.0.above(3,2) returns 1.0

below(a, b) 2 2 Returns 1.0 if a is below b. Else returns 0.0.below(3,2) returns 0.0

avg(a, . . . ) 1 – Returns the average of the values passed.avg(3,3,6) returns 4

clip(v, min, max) 3 3 Clips v to the range from min to max. If v isless than min, it returns min. If v is greaterthan max it returns max. Otherwise it returnsv. clip(3,1,2) returns 2

clamp(v, min, max) 3 3 Clamps v to the range from min to max, loop-ing if needed. clamp(8.2,1.3,4.7) returns 1.4

poly(x, c1, . . . ) 2 – This function calculates the polynomial. x isthe value to use in the polynomial. c1, c2,and on are the coefficients. poly(4,6,9,3,1,4)returns 2168 same as 6 ∗ 44 + 9 ∗ 43 + 3 ∗ 42 +1 ∗ 41 + 4 ∗ 40

and(a, b) 2 2 Returns 0.0 if either a or b are 0.0. Else returns1.0. and(2.1,0.0) returns 0.0

or(a, b) 2 2 Returns 0.0 if both a and b are 0.0. Else re-turns 1.0. or(2.1,0.0) returns 1.0

not(a) 1 1 Returns 1.0 if a is 0.0. Else returns 0.0.not(0.3) returns 0.0

for(init, test, inc, a1,. . . )

4 – This function acts like a for loop in C. First initis evaluated. Then test is evaluated. As longas the test is not 0.0, the action statements (a1to an) are evaluated, the inc statement is eval-uated, and the test is evaluated again. Theresult is the result of the final action state-ment. for(x=0,below(x,11),x=x+1,y=y+x) re-turns 55.0 (if y was initially 0.0)

many(expr, . . . ) 1 – This function treats many subexpressions asa single object (function). It is mainlyfor the ’for’ function. for(many(j=5,k=1),above(j*k,0.001), many(j=j+5,k=k/2), 0)

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[RFC2474] K.Nichols, S. Blake, F. Baker, and D.Black, “Definition of theDifferentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6Headers”, RFC 2474, December 1998.

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[RFC2960] R. Stewart, Q.Xie, K.Morneault, C. Sharp, H. Schwarzbauer,T.Taylor, I. Rytina, M.Kalla, L. Zhang, V.Paxson, “StreamControl Transmission Protocol”, RFC 2960, October 2000.

[RFC3168] K.Ramakrishnan, S. Floyd, and D.Black, “The Addition ofExplicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP”, RFC 3168,September 2001.

[RFC3448] M.Handley, S. Floyd, J. Padhye, J.Widmer, “TCP FriendlyRate Control (TFRC): Protocol Specification”, RFC 3448, Jan-uary 2003.

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[RFC3692] T.Narten, “Assigning Experimental and Testing Numbers Con-sidered Useful”, RFC 3692, January 2004.

[RFC3951] S.Andersen, A.Duric, H.Astrom, R.Hagen, W.Kleijn,J. Linden, “Internet Low Bit Rate Codec (iLBC)”, RFC 3951,December 2004.

[RFC3954] B.Claise, “Cisco Systems NetFlow Services Export Version 9”,RFC 3954, October 2004.

[RFC3984] S.Wenger, M.M.Hannuksela, T. Stockhammer, M.Westerlund,D. Singer, “RTP Payload Format for H.264 Video”, RFC 3984,February 2005.

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[RFC6184] Y.-K.Wang, R.Even, T.Kristensen, R. Jesup, “RTP PayloadFormat for H.264 Video”, RFC 6184, May 2011.

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