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RESEARCH Open Access
A comparative study on shared-usemedicines in Tibetan and
Chinese medicineMing-ming Zhao1,2, Ke-ru Wang1, Rui Gu1* and
Shi-hong Zhong3
Abstract
Background: Tibetan medicine (TM) and traditional Chinese
medicine (TCM) are two independent traditionalmedical systems. Due
to geographical factors, the development of Tibetan medicinal
theory is relativelyindependent, but there are still many
shared-use medicines in TM and TCM. However, a thorough and
comparativestudy on those medicines is still absent. This study
listed shared-use medicines by TM and TCM and analyzed
thesimilarities and dissimilarities of these two medical systems.
This paper also aimed to understand mutual influenceslike the
shared history of TM and TCM and to roughly outline the exchanging
process between them.
Methods: Shared-use medicines in TM and TCM were listed
alphabetically. Information on the scientific name,material name,
medicinal parts, and medical efficacy were extracted from
publications. Shared-use medicines weregrouped according to
medicinal properties and medicinal parts used by TM and TCM. The
historical origin andcurrent status of clinical prescriptions of
shared-use medicines were analyzed.
Results: A total of 136 shared-use medicines in TM and TCM were
listed. Shared-use medicines that were used fora similar purpose in
TM and TCM accounted for 14% of the total, while those used for
different purposesaccounted for 49% of the total, with some of the
latter being commonly used in TCM. Shared-use medicinal herbsthat
originated from both Tibetan and Han regions accounted for 49% of
the total, and those that were importedfrom South Asia and
Southeast Asia were frequently observed in TM.
Conclusion: Owing to its unique geographical location and
cultural diversity, the Tibetan region played a role as
adevelopment cradle for various traditional medicinal theories and
knowledge. Medicinal knowledge was exchangedbetween TM and TCM
during their parallel independent growth. Shared-use medicines in
TM and TCM were mostlydetermined by flora similarity and medicinal
trade, and they marked significant differences in their
medicinalproperties. However, medicines that were used for similar
purposes in TM and TCM presented obvious commercialmedicinal
characteristic as well as the same chemical profile. The Tibetan
region not only provided medicinal usageknowledge of TCM, but also
served as a supply of medicinal resources attributing to “high
altitude” locations.
Keywords: Tibetan medicine, Traditional Chinese medicine,
Shared-use medicines, Comparative study
BackgroundTibetan medicine (TM) is rich in medicinal
resources,approximately 80% of which are produced in the
Qing-hai-Tibet Plateau, with significant ethnic culture andregional
biological distinctness, which is reflected in itbeing a culturally
traditional medicine. Tibetan medicinepresents obvious
characteristics of national culture anddistinct
ecological-geographic conditions [1]. It is gener-ally believed in
medical documents that during the
inheritance and development process, TM has continu-ously
acquired knowledge and absorbed beneficial ingre-dients from
Chinese traditional medicine (TCM), IndianAyurveda medicine, and
Arabic medicine. Earlier re-search on the history of Tibetan
medicine [2] showedthat Chinese and Tibetan medicines were widely
ex-changed during the Tubo period, while there are fewdocuments
about medical communication occurringbetween Han and Tibetan people
at a later period.Princess Wencheng of the early Tang Dynasty
brought“a hundred prescriptions for the treatment of four hun-dred
and four diseases, five kinds of diagnostic methods,
© The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
4.0International License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits
unrestricted use, distribution, andreproduction in any medium,
provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and
the source, provide a link tothe Creative Commons license, and
indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain
Dedication
waiver(http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies
to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise
stated.
* Correspondence: [email protected] University of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 1166, Liu-tai Road,Wenjiang
District, Chengdu 611173, ChinaFull list of author information is
available at the end of the article
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0320-5
http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1186/s13002-019-0320-5&domain=pdfhttp://orcid.org/0000-0003-3120-6290http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/mailto:[email protected]
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six kinds of medical devices, and four kinds of theory
onmedicine...” to Tibet, following her marriage with KingSongtsan
Gambo of Tibet. A Han doctor translatedthem into the Medical
Encyclopedia, and later, trad-itional Chinese medicine (TCM)
practitioner Han Wen-hai contributed Small Sporadic External
Therapy andFearless Weapons coauthored with Scorpion and
PersianDoctors during the period of Chi Dezuzan (704–745).Princess
Jincheng dedicated a variety of medical books,such as Jumbo Drugs
by Han doctor Zhang Song andHuman Body Torso translated by doctor
Zambia Lahafrom Yutian, in the Western Region, to the Tibetan
king.During the period of Akamatsu Dezan, Yuewang DrugClinic was
translated into the Tibetan language, andthree famous Chinese
medical practitioners, includingDongsong Gangwa of the Tang
Dynasty, were recruited.At the end of the eighth century, Yutuo
YuandanGongbu was sent by the Tibetan King to the mainland,such as
Wutai mountain, to study TCM [3].Based on the above historical
literature, many scholars
believe that Tibetan medicine has been largely influ-enced by
traditional Chinese medicine during its devel-opment. An earlier
article [4] revealed that there weremany connections in the
historical background, theoret-ical system, and application of
prescriptions betweenTM and TCM, and TM possesses its own unique
fea-tures in addition to what it shares in common withTCM regarding
medicinal properties, pharmacology,clinical medical practices,
prescriptions, and patent med-icines. However, we still do not know
much about thesimilarity or dissimilarity of the two traditional
medicinalsystems, and a thorough study on shared-use medicinesin TM
and TCM is still absent. In view of this, the maingoals of the
present paper are to systematically listshared-use medicines in TM
and TCM, evaluate the dif-ferences of the medicinal parts and
medical efficacies,analyze the mutual influence of history and the
exchan-ging process of the two medical systems, and discuss
thehistorical and cultural background leading to thoseshared-use
medicines.
MethodsTCM use a total of 12,807 [5] different types of
medi-cine, and TM use 3105 [6] species according to docu-mentation.
However, comprehensive statistics on thesetotal varieties cannot
reflect the clinical status of TMand TCM. Luckily, earlier, Zhong
Guoyue compiled 502medicinal materials that are used in the Tibetan
medi-cine prescriptions. The present paper listed commonlyused
Tibetan medicines based on his study, includingpublications such as
the Ministry of Health of thePeople's Republic of China • Tibetan
Medicine, Book 1[7] and the Tibetan Medicine Standards for Six
Provinces[8]. According to The Collection of Chinese Herbal
Medicines [9], shared-use medicines, including animal,plant,
mineral, and fungi resources, were documented al-phabetically.
Information on the scientific name, medi-cinal parts, and medical
efficacy was extracted frompublications, such as Chinese
Pharmacopoeia, Book 1(2015 edition) [10], The Collection of Chinese
HerbalMedicines [9], Chinese Medicine Dictionary [11], Minis-try of
Health of the People's Republic of China • TibetanMedicine, Book 1
[7], Tibetan Medicine Standards forSix Provinces [8], The Four-Part
Medical Classics [11],Crystal Beads [12], Tibetan Medicine
Chronicles [13],Chinese Materia Medica (Tibetan Medicine) [14],
Ti-betan medicine in China [15], and Tibetan Herbals inChina [16],
and was pooled together. Information on thefamily and genus was
analyzed based on Flora ReipublicaePopularis Sinica [17], and
Higher Plants of China [18].The shared-use medicines recorded by
ChinesePharmacopoeia, Book 1 (2015 edition) [10] and the Med-ical
Standards of the Ministry of Health of the People's Re-public of
China • Tibetan Medicine, Book 1 [7] weremarked in this
paper.According to the medicinal property, the shared-use
medicines in TM and TCM were divided into fivecategories:
classes I, II, III, IV, and V. The shared-usemedicines with the
same purpose fell into class I; theshared-use medicines with
medicinal usage by TM basic-ally covering that by TCM fell into
class II; the shared-use medicines with medicinal usage by TCM
basicallycovering that by TM fell into class III; the
shared-usemedicines that were used for different purposes fell
intoclass IV; and the shared-use medicines with partial
over-lapping medical effects in the two medicinal system fellinto
class V.According to the medicinal part differences, the
shared-use medicines were divided into five types: clas-ses A,
B, C, D, and E. The shared-use medicines withsame medicinal parts
in TM and TCM fell into class A;the shared-use medicines with
medicinal parts in TMcovering that in TCM fell into class B; the
shared-usemedicines with medicinal parts in TCM covering that inTM
fell into class C; the shared-use medicines with to-tally different
medicinal parts in the two medical systemsfell into class D; and
the shared-use medicines with par-tial overlapping medicinal parts
in the two medicinalsystem fell into class E. The above information
weregiven in Tables 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5.Based on the plant
distribution recorded in the Flora
Reipublicae Popularis Sinica and other research on me-dicinal
materials, the origins of the shared-use medicinescould be roughly
divided into the following five types:the first category included
varieties that were distributedin both the Tibetan region and in
the areas that weremainly covered by the Central Plains throughout
history;the second category included varieties that were mainly
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 2 of 27
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Table
1TheInform
ationof
classI
No.
Family
Scientific
name
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreated
inTC
M
Disease
grou
pstreated
intm
1Apidae
Apiscerana
Fabr*
蜂蜜
*Hon
eyBeew
ax,
hone
ybee
Indicatio
ns:epigastric
pain
alleviated
after
mealsor
bypressing
;dry
coug
h;constip
ation;
externaluseforsores,scalds,and
burns[10]
Indicatio
ns:d
rycoug
hwith
outph
legm
,intestinaldryconstip
ation,
coun
teract
toxicity
ofacon
itum;externalu
sefor
ulcersin
themou
th,sores,b
urns,and
scalds
[8]
BDigestive,
respiratory
disorders
Digestiveand
respiratory
disorders
2Asteraceae
Auckland
iae
radix
木香
*Ro
otRo
otIndicatio
n:abdo
minaldisten
sion
and
epigastricpain,d
iarrhe
a,dysentery,
indige
stion,
loss
ofappe
tite[10]
Indicatio
n:abdo
minaldisten
sion
and
epigastricpain,vom
iting
,diarrhe
a,and
pneumon
ia[8]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
3Con
volvulaceae
Cuscuta
chinensid
sLam.*
菟丝
子*
Seed
Seed
Indicatio
ns:impo
tence,seminalem
ission
,dripping
ofurineafterurination,
enuresis,
frequ
enturination,
aching
andweakness
oftheloinsandknees,blurredvision
and
tinnitus;threaten
edabortio
ndu
eto
deficiencyof
thekidn
ey;d
iarrhe
adu
eto
hypo
functio
nof
thespleen
andthekidn
ey;
anexternaluseforvitiligo[10]
Indicatio
ns:p
ainin
theloinsand
knees,im
potence,seminalem
ission
,strang
uriawith
turbid
discharge,
abno
rmalvaginal
discharge,diarrhea,and
tinnitus[14]
AReprod
uctive
system
disorders
Reprod
uctive
system
disorders
4Elapidae
Bung
arus
multicinctus
Blyth
银环
蛇Meat
Meat
Rheumatic,stroke,he
miplegia,convulsion
,spasm,tetanus,lep
rosy,and
scab
[10]
Rheumatic,h
emiplegia[19];con
vulsion,
spasm,tetanus,syphilis,and
scab
[13]
ANervous
system
ailm
ents
Nervous
system
ailm
ents
5Fabaceae
Dalbergia
odorifera
T.Che
n
降香
*Heartwoo
dHeartwoo
dHem
atem
esis,traum
atiche
morrhinia,
hypo
chon
driacpain
dueto
stagnatio
nof
liver
qi,vom
iting
,and
stom
achpain
[10]
Liverdiseases,lim
bed
ema[13]
ACirculatory
system
disorders
Circulatory
system
disorders
6Pipe
raceae
Piperlong
umL*
荜拔
*Fruit
Fruit
Indicatio
ns:epigastric
pain,vom
iting
and
diarrhea
caused
bycold,m
igraine;and
externalusefortoothache[10]
Indicatio
ns:rLung
diseases
incold
synd
rome,precordialandabdo
minal
pain
with
cold
sensation,
nausea
and
vomiting
,borbo
rygm
us,and
diarrhea
[8]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
7Po
lygo
naceae
Rheum
officinaleBaill.*
药用
大黄*
Rootsand
rhizom
eRo
otsand
rhizom
eIndicatio
ns:fever
with
constip
ation,
retention
offecesandabdo
minalpain;d
ysen
tery;
jaun
dice
caused
bydamp-he
at;h
ematem
esis,
epistaxis,inflammationof
eyes
andsore
throat
dueto
heat
inbloo
d;appe
ndicitiswith
abdo
minalpain;b
oils,sores
andabscess;
amen
orrhagedu
eto
bloo
dstasis;traum
atic
injuries;he
morrhagefro
mtheup
per
gastrointestinaltract;andexternalusefor
scalds
andbu
rns[10]
Indicatio
ns:con
stipationdu
eto
excessive
heat,ind
igestio
ndisten
sion
synd
rome,
tene
smus,jaund
icein
damp-he
atsynd
rome,bloo
dstasis,amen
orrhea,
sores,andbo
ils[8]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
8Po
lygo
naceae
Rheum
palmatum
L.*
掌叶
大黄*
Rootsand
rhizom
eRo
otsand
rhizom
eThesameas
above[10]
Thesameas
above
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
9Po
lygo
naceae
Rheum
tang
uticum
Maxim
.ex
Rege
l*
唐古
特大黄
*Ro
otsand
rhizom
eRo
otsand
rhizom
eThesameas
above[10]
Thesameas
above
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
10Ru
taceae
Zantho
xylum
bung
eanu
mMaxim
.*
花 椒*《藏
标》
Exocarp
andseed
Exocarp
andfru
itIndicatio
ns:epigastric
pain
cold
sensation,
vomiting
anddiarrhea;abd
ominalpain
dueto
intestinalparasitosis;ascariasis;and
Indicatio
ns:g
astrop
athy,fun
giand
tricho
mon
ad;externalu
sefor
derm
atosis[15]
EDigestive,
immun
esystem
Digestiveand
immun
esystem
ailm
ents
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 3 of 27
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Table
1TheInform
ationof
classI(Co
ntinued)
No.
Family
Scientific
name
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreated
inTC
M
Disease
grou
pstreated
intm
externaluseforitching
ineczema[10]
ailm
ents
11Selagine
llaceae
Selaginella
pulvinata
(Hoo
k.et
Grev.)Maxim
.
垫状
卷柏
Who
leplant
Who
leplant
Indicatio
ns:amen
orrhea,h
ematoche
zia,
andarchop
toma[10]
Indicatio
ns:amen
orrhea,m
assesin
theabdo
men
,hem
afecia,and
prolapse
ofrectum
[8]
AReprod
uctive
anddige
stive
disorders
Reprod
uctiveand
dige
stive
disorders
12ApiaceaeA
piaceae
Ferula
sinkian
gensisK.
M.She
n*
新疆
阿魏*
Resin
Resin
Indicatio
ns:ind
igestio
n,cong
estio
n,and
stom
achpain
dueto
parasitic
diseases
[10]
Indicatio
ns:ind
igestio
n,cong
estio
n,and
stom
achpain
dueto
parasitic
diseases
[8]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
13ApiaceaeA
piaceae
Ferula
fukanensisK.
M.She
n*
阜康
阿魏*
Resin
Resin
Indicatio
ns:ind
igestio
n,cong
estio
n,and
stom
achpain
dueto
parasitic
diseases
[10]
Indicatio
ns:ind
igestio
n,cong
estio
n,and
stom
achpain
dueto
parasitic
diseases
[8]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
14Zing
iberaceae
Alpinia
katsum
adai
Hayata*
草豆
蔻*
Seed
pellets
expe
lled
Seed
pellets
expe
lled
Indicatio
ns:accum
ulationof
damp-cold
inthespleen
andthestom
achmanifested
byep
igastricdisten
tion,
andpain
andcold
feelingaccompanied
with
belching
,nausea,
vomiting
,and
anorexia[10]
Indicatio
ns:spleendiseases
and
gastropathy[15]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
15Zing
iberaceae
Alpinia
officinarum
Hance*
高良
姜*
Rhizom
eRh
izom
eIndicatio
ns:epigastric
pain
with
cold
sensation;
vomiting
,belching,
andacid
regu
rgitatio
ndu
eto
cold
inthe
stom
ach[10]
Indicatio
ns:epigastric
pain
with
cold
sensation,
vomiting
anddiarrhea
dueto
cold
inthespleen
andstom
ach;
loss
ofappe
tite[8]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
16Zing
iberaceae
Kaem
pferia
galang
aL.*
山柰
*Rh
izom
eRh
izom
eIndicatio
ns:d
yspe
psiaaccompanied
with
epigastricdisten
sion
,pain,
andcold
feeling[10]
Indicatio
ns:com
plicationof
badkan
diseases
andrlu
ngdiseases
[15]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
17Zing
iberaceae
Amom
umtsaoko
Crevost
etLemair
草果
*Fruit
Fruit
Indicatio
n:abdo
minaldisten
sion
and
epigastricpain,vom
iting
,malaria,and
fever[10]
Toremovecold
inthespleen
and
stom
ach;
prom
otedige
stion[13]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
18Zing
iberaceae
Zing
iber
officinale
Rosc.*
姜*
Rhizom
eRh
izom
eIndicatio
ns:com
mon
cold
caused
byexterio
rwind-cold.Vom
iting
dueto
cold
inthestom
ach[10]
Indicatio
ns:b
adkandiseases,rlung
diseases,abd
omen
pain
dueto
cold
inthespleen
andstom
ach,
vomiting
anddiarrhea,cou
ghanddyspne
adu
eto
cold
inthelung
,and
rheumatoid
arthralgia[8]
ARespiratory,
dige
stive
disorders
Respiratory,
dige
stive,and
immun
esystem
ailm
ents
19——
Cordyceps
冬虫
夏草
Fung
iFung
iPu
lmon
arytube
rculosis,cou
gh,h
emop
tysis,
dyspne
aof
deficiencytype
,night
sweatin
g,em
ission
,impo
tence,andsorene
ss-tiredof
waistandknee
[10]
Lung
diseases,emission
,and
impo
tence
[14]
ARespiratory
and
reprod
uctive
system
disorders
Respiratory
and
reprod
uctive
system
disorders
*Sha
red-usemed
icines
recorded
bythe20
15ed
ition
ofCh
inaPh
armacop
oeia
Class
Ainclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
thesamemed
icinal
partsin
TMan
dTC
M;class
Binclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
med
icinal
partsin
TMcoverin
gthat
inTC
M;class
Cinclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
med
icinal
partsin
TCM
coverin
gthat
inTM
;class
Dinclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
totally
differen
tmed
icinal
partsin
thetw
omed
ical
system
s;an
dclassE
includ
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
partialo
verla
ppingmed
icinal
partsin
thetw
omed
icinal
system
s
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 4 of 27
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Table
2Inform
ationon
classII
No.
Family
Scientificname
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TM
1Aristolochiaceae
Aristolochia
debilis
Sieb
.et
Zucc*
马兜铃*
Root
Aerialp
arts
Indicatio
ns:d
yspn
eaasthma,coug
handbloo
dysputum
dueto
heat
inthelung
;bleed
ing,
andsw
ollenand
painfulh
emorrhoids
dueto
heat
inthelargeintestine[10]
Indicatio
ns:b
lood
disease,clun
gdisease,
liver
disease,foorgandisease,badkan
diseases,p
lagu
edisease[15]
DRespiratory
anddige
stive
disorders
Respiratory
anddige
stive
disorders
2Cervidae
Cervus
elaphu
sLinn
aeus
马鹿
Antler
Antlerand
testis
Indicatio
ns:impo
tence,em
ission
,carbun
cle,sores,andsw
elling[10]
Indicatio
ns:vertig
o,im
potence,flaccid
limbs,d
eafness,andmetrorrhagia[15]
BReprod
uctive
and
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Reprod
uctive
andurinary
system
disorders
3Cervidae
Cervus
nippon
Temminck
梅花鹿
Antler
Antlerand
testis
Indicatio
ns:impo
tence,em
ission
,carbun
cle,sores,andsw
elling[10]
Indicatio
ns:vertig
o,im
potence,flaccid
limbs,and
deafne
ss,m
etrorrhagia[15]
BReprod
uctive
and
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Reprod
uctive
andurinary
system
disorders
4Asteraceae
Inularacemosa
J.D.H
ooker*
土木香*
Roots
Roots
Indicatio
ns:d
istend
ingpain
inthe
chest,hypo
chon
driaandep
igastrium,
vomiting
anddiarrhea;b
ruiseor
sudd
ensprain
ofthecheatwith
pain
durin
gbreathing;
abortio
nthreat
[10]
Toremovehe
atfro
mbloo
d[12]
ADigestive
disorders
Immun
esystem
ailm
entsand
dige
stive
disorders
5Asteraceae
Dolom
iaea
souliei
(Franche
t)C.
Shih
川木香
Roots
Roots
Indicatio
ns:abd
ominaldisten
sion
,gu
rglingsoun
d,anddiarrhea
[10]
Indicatio
ns:lossof
appe
tite,gastric
ulcer,
abdo
minaldisten
sion
,and
rheumatism
[15]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
6Crassulaceae
Rhodiola
crenulata(Hoo
k.f.et
Thom
s.)H.
Ohb
a*
大花红
景天*
Rootsand
rhizom
eRo
otsand
rhizom
eIndicatio
ns:con
strictio
nin
thechest
with
heartpain,apo
plexy,lassitu
de,
andasthma[10]
Indicatio
ns:nausea,vomiting
,cyano
sis
onthelipsandpalm
dueto
clim
atic
sickne
ss;lossof
streng
th,che
stdistress,
insomniaanddream-disturbed
sleep,
andalso
used
fortube
rculosis[14]
ADigestiveand
nervou
ssystem
ailm
ents
Digestive,
andne
rvou
ssystem
ailm
ents
7Brassicaceae
Raph
anus
sativus
L.萝卜
Aerial
parts
Roots
Toprom
otedige
stionandstop
thirst,
removehe
at,and
coun
teract
toxicity.
Indicatio
ns:m
assesin
theabdo
men
,ob
stinateph
legm
,dyspe
psiadu
eto
stom
achcold,eye
disease,consum
ptive
thirst,constip
ation,andinfluen
za[16]
DDigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
8Fabaceae
Medicago
ruthenica(L.)
Trautv.
花苜蓿
Seed
Who
leplant
Toremovetoxic-he
at,relieve
coug
h,andarrestbleeding
[9]
Indicatio
ns:b
oilsandmeasles,cou
ghdu
eto
heat
inthelung
[7].Externaluse
toelim
inateinflammationandarrest
bleeding
[8]
BRespiratory
disorders
Respiratory
disorders
9Liliaceae
Allium
sativum
L.大蒜
Bulb
Bulb
Indicatio
ns:carbu
ncle,furun
cles,skin
disease,ph
thisis,cou
gh,d
iarrhe
a,and
dysentery[10]
Indicatio
ns:carbu
ncletoxin,skin
diseases,
cold,hem
orrhoids,urin
aryretention,and
leprosy[14]
ARespiratory
disorders
Urin
ary,
respiratory
anddige
stive
disorders
10Malvaceae
Malva
crisp
a冬葵*
Roots,
Flow
erand
Indicatio
ns:enu
resis,ed
ema,thirst,
Indicatio
ns:anu
resis,go
norrhe
a,ed
ema,
DUrin
ary
Urin
ary,
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 5 of 27
-
Table
2Inform
ationon
classII(Con
tinued)
No.
Family
Scientificname
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TM
Linn
.*stem
,seed
,and
leaf
fruits
andurinaryinfectionwith
oliguria
[10]
thirst,andseminalem
ission
[7]
system
disorders
reprod
uctive
system
disorders
11Myristicaceae
Myristica
fragran
sHou
tt.*
肉豆蔻*
Kernel
Kernel
Indicatio
ns:d
eficiency-cold
ofthe
spleen
andstom
achwith
persistent
diarrhea,epigastric
andabdo
minal
disten
sion
andpain,ano
rexia,and
vomiting
[10]
Indicatio
ns:rhe
umatiche
artdisease,
abdo
minalpain
dueto
cold
inthe
stom
ach,dyspep
sia,feelingof
anxietyin
theqi
deficiencysynd
rome,and
epidem
icfebrile
disease[16]
ADigestive
disorders
Circulatory
system
disorders
12Myrtaceae
Ewgewia
caryophyllata
Thun
b.*
丁香
*Flow
erbu
dFlow
erbu
dIndicatio
ns:hiccup,
vomiting
,diarrhea,and
abdo
minalpain
with
cold
sensation[10]
Indicatio
ns:hiccup,
vomiting
,diarrhe
a,abdo
minalpain
with
cold
sensation,and
impo
tence[8]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
13Pedaliaceae
Sesamum
indicum
L.胡麻《藏
标》
Seed
Seed
Toreplen
ishtheliver
andkidn
ey,
tonifybloo
d,moisten
intestines,and
prom
otelactation[10]
Indicatio
ns:w
indsynd
romeof
head
and
dizzinessdu
eto
yinde
ficiencyof
the
liver
andkidn
ey,con
stipationin
deficiencysynd
rome[8]
AReprod
uctive
andne
rvou
ssystem
ailm
entsand
dige
stive
disorders
Reprod
uctive
andne
rvou
ssystem
ailm
entsand
dige
stive
disorders
14Sciurid
aeTrogopterus
xanthipes
复齿鼯
鼠Dry
excrem
ent
Excrem
ent,
meat
Toactivatebloo
dcirculationand
elim
inatebloo
dstasis,and
arrest
bleeding
[10]
Excrem
ent:prom
otetheflow
ofbloo
danddred
gethemeridians,elim
inate
bloo
dstasisandpain,use
forstom
ach
pain,d
ysmen
orrhea,and
amen
orrhea;
meat:gyne
cologicald
iseases,and
oxytocin,con
tracep
tion[16]
BDigestive,
reprod
uctive
and
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Digestive,
reprod
uctive
system
disorders
15Pipe
raceae
Pipernigrum
L.*
胡椒*
Fruit
Fruit
Indicatio
ns:vom
iting
,abd
ominalpain,
diarrhea
andloss
ofappe
titedu
eto
cold
inthestom
ach;inappe
tence,
andep
ilepsywith
profuseph
legm
[10]
Indicatio
ns:b
adkandiseases,cold
phlegm
,ind
igestio
n,vomiting
and
dysenterydu
eto
cold,and
abdo
minal
pain
with
cold
sensation[8]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
16Ranu
nculaceae
Acon
itum
pend
ulum
Busch
铁棒锤
Tube
rTube
r,seed
ling,
roots
Todispelwindandrelieve
pain,
removebloo
dstasis,arrestbleeding
,redu
cesw
elling,
andremovetoxin[9]
Indicatio
ns:rlung
diseases,colddiseases,
yellow
fluid
diseases,lep
rosy,and
epilepsy[7]
BLocomotor
system
ailm
ents
Nervous
system
ailm
ents
17Ru
biaceae
Rubiacordifolia
L.*
茜草*
Roots
Roots,
rhizom
e,andwho
leplant
Indicatio
ns:spittingof
bloo
d,ep
istaxis,abno
rmaluterinebleeding
,traumaticbleeding
;amen
orrhea,
arthralgia,and
traumaticsw
ellingand
pain
[10]
Indicatio
ns:w
holegrass:pn
eumon
ia,
neph
ritisandtricho
mon
alvaginitis;roo
t;spittingof
bloo
d,ep
istaxis,
hematoche
zia,abno
rmaluterine
bleeding
,men
strualdisorders,
men
oxen
iaabdo
minalpain,ecchymom
apain,traum
ainjury,and
bloo
dydysentery[12]
BDigestive,
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Digestive,
reprod
uctive
and
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
18Euph
orbiaceae
Euph
orbia
fischeriana
Steude
l*
狼毒*
Roots
Roots
Tocauseurination,remove
indige
stion,andkillparasites[10]
Indicatio
ns:b
oilsandsores,scrofula,
externaluseforde
rmatitis,andulceratio
n[7]
AIm
mun
esystem
ailm
ents
Respiratory
andim
mun
esystem
ailm
ents
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 6 of 27
-
Table
2Inform
ationon
classII(Con
tinued)
No.
Family
Scientificname
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TM
19ApiaceaeA
piaceae
Coriand
rum
sativum
L.芫荽
Fruits
Fruits
Indicatio
ns:m
easles,cold,
indige
stion,
andloss
ofappe
tite[9]
Indicatio
ns:ind
igestio
n,loss
ofappe
tite,
thirst,gastric
ulcer,measles,cold,
stom
achdiseases,and
dysentery[7]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
20Zing
iberaceae
Amom
umkravan
hPierre
exGagne
p
白豆蔻
Seed
Fruits
Toprom
otetheflow
ofqi
andarrest
vomiting
,warm
thestom
ach,and
prom
otedige
stion[10]
Indicatio
ns:heartdisorder,g
astrop
athy,
andne
phropathycharacterized
bycold
[16]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive,
urinary
system
disorders
21Zing
iberaceae
Alpiniagalang
a(L.)Willd
大高良
姜Fruits
Fruits,
rhizom
eTo
stim
ulatethefunctio
nalactivity
ofthestom
achby
expe
lling
cold,
prom
otetheflow
ofqi,and
relieve
pain
[10]
Indicatio
ns:fruit;ne
phropathy,
gastropathy[15]
Rhizom
e;precordialand
abdo
minalpain
with
cold
sensation;
indige
stiondu
eto
stom
ach-cold,loin
pain
inkidn
eyde
ficiencysynd
rome,and
lung
abscess[16]
BDigestive
disorders
Digestive,
respiratory
disorders
*Sha
red-usemed
icines
recorded
bythe20
15ed
ition
ofCh
inaPh
armacop
oeia
Class
Ainclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
thesamemed
icinal
partsin
TMan
dTC
M;class
Binclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
med
icinal
partsin
TMcoverin
gthat
inTC
M;class
Cinclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
med
icinal
partsin
TCM
coverin
gthat
inTM
;class
Dinclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
totally
differen
tmed
icinal
partsin
thetw
omed
ical
system
s;an
dclassEinclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
partialo
verla
ppingmed
icinal
partsin
thetw
omed
icinal
system
s
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 7 of 27
-
Table
3Inform
ationon
classIII
No.
Family
Scientific
name
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MParts
used
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TM
1Thym
elaeaceae
Stellera
cham
aejasm
eLinn
.*
瑞香狼
毒*
Roots
Roots
Tocauseurination,removeindige
stion,andkill
parasites[10]
Indicatio
ns:b
oilsandsores,
scrofula,externalu
seforde
rmatitis,
andulceratio
n[7]
ADigestive
disorders
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
2Juglandaceae
Juglan
sregia
L.胡桃
Kernel,
exocarpand
leaf
Exocarp
andleaf
Kernel:toreinforcekidn
ey,relieve
asthma,use
fortin
nitus,coug
h,andasthmain
kidn
eyde
ficiencysynd
rome,seminalem
ission
,lumbago
,tym
panitis,and
astrictio
n;Exocarp:
relieve
swellinganditching
,tracheitis,
lepraalph
os,tinea
capitis,sores,and
boils;
Leaf:leucorrhe
a[10]
Indicatio
ns:rlung
diseases,spasm
oftend
onsandcollaterals,aching
andweaknessof
theloinsand
knees,constip
ation,seminal
emission
,and
impo
tence[8]
CRespiratory
and
reprod
uctive
system
disorders
Reprod
uctive
anddige
stive
disorders
3Fabaceae
Glycyrrhiza
inflata
Bat.
胀果甘
草*
Rhizom
eandroot
Rhizom
eandroot
Indicatio
ns:hypofun
ctioning
ofspleen
and
stom
ach,coug
h,palpitatio
n,sw
ollensore
throat,and
sores[10]
Indicatio
ns:lun
gdiseases
[15]
ADigestiveand
respiratory
disorders
Respiratory
disorders
4Fabaceae
Glycyrrhiza
uralensis
Fisch.
甘草*
Rhizom
eandroot
Rhizom
eandroot
Indicatio
ns:hypofun
ctioning
ofspleen
and
stom
ach,coug
h,palpitatio
n,sw
ollensore
throat,and
sores[10]
Indicatio
ns:lun
gdiseases
[15]
ADigestiveand
respiratory
disorders
Respiratory
disorders
5Legu
minosae
Trigon
ella
foenum
-grecum
L.
葫芦巴
Seed
Seed
Indicatio
ns:coldsynd
romeof
thekidn
eydu
eto
yang
deficiencymarkedby
pain
and
coldne
ssin
thelower
abdo
men
;hernia;and
weaknessanded
emaof
thelegs
caused
bycold-dam
p[10]
Indicatio
ns:m
assform
ationin
the
abdo
men
,discomfortand
disten
sion
inthechestand
hypo
chon
driacregion
s,andkakke
dueto
cold-dam
pness[8]
AReprod
uctive
system
disordersand
dige
stive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
6Liliaceae
Polygona
tum
sibiricum
Redouté*
黄精*
Rhizom
eRh
izom
eIndicatio
ns:w
eaknessof
thespleen
andthe
stom
achmarkedby
lassitu
de,d
ryne
ssin
the
mou
thandanorexia;d
rycoug
hdu
eto
deficiencyof
yinof
lung
;deficiencyof
vital
essenceandbloo
d;andwastin
g-thirstcaused
byinternalhe
at[10]
Indicatio
ns:various
deficiency,dry
coug
hhydrod
ipsia,andthirst[8]
ADigestiveand
respiratory
disorders
Respiratory
disorders
7Arecaceae
Areca
catechuL*
槟榔*
Exocarp
Seed
Indicatio
ns:taeniasis,ascariasis,and
fasciolopsiasis;abdo
minalpain
dueto
intestinalparasitosis;diarrhea
andtene
smus
dueto
accumulationof
undige
sted
food
;ed
emaandweaknessof
thelegs;and
malaria
[10]
Indicatio
ns:kidne
ydisease,
toothache,andparasitic
diseases
[14]
DDigestiveand
urinarysystem
disorders
Reprod
uctive
anddige
stive
disorders
8Po
lygo
naceae
Rumex
nepalensis
Spreng
.
尼泊尔
酸模
Rootsand
leaf
Roots
Toremovetoxic-he
at,arrestbleeding
,relax
bowels,andkillfung
iand
tricho
mon
ad[10]
Indicatio
ns:b
oilsandeczema[7]
CDigestive
disordersand
immun
esystem
ailm
ents
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
9Ranidae
Rana
chensin
ensis
中国林
蛙Meat
Meat
Indicatio
ns:p
alpitatio
n,insomnia,nigh
tsw
eatin
g,andhe
mop
tysis[10]
Indicatio
ns:neurasthe
nia[12]
BRespiratory
disorders
Urin
aryand
nervou
ssystem
ailm
ents
10Ranu
nculaceae
Coptis
黄连*
Rhizom
eRh
izom
eIndicatio
ns:vom
iting
,diarrhe
a,jaun
dice,
Indicatio
ns:infectio
usdisease,
ADigestive
Immun
e
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 8 of 27
-
Table
3Inform
ationon
classIII(Con
tinued)
No.
Family
Scientific
name
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MParts
used
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TM
chinensis
Franch.
hype
rthe
rmia,insom
niadu
eto
restlessne
ss,
toothache,thirst,skin
diseases,and
eczema
[10]
anthrax,dysentery,andincised
wou
nd[13]
disorders
system
ailm
ents
11Ru
taceae
Zantho
xylum
simulan
sHance.
野花椒
Root
and
fruit
Exocarp
Todispelcold
from
thespleen
andstom
ach,
relieve
pain,killfung
iand
tricho
mon
ad,and
preven
tim
preg
natio
n[10]
Indicatio
ns:g
astrop
athy,fun
giand
tricho
mon
ad,and
externalusefor
derm
atosis[15]
DDigestiveand
immun
esystem
ailm
ents
Digestiveand
immun
esystem
ailm
ents
12Solanaceae
Lycium
chinense
Mill.*
枸杞*
Root
and
bark
Fruits
Indicatio
ns:g
eneralde
bilitywith
deficiencyof
vitalessen
cewith
manifestations
ofaching
oftheloin
andknees,dizziness,andtin
nitus;
diabetes
byinternalhe
at;ane
mia;and
impairedvision
[10]
Indicatio
ns:heartfebrile
disease
andgyne
copathy[15]
DReprod
uctive
system
disorders
Circulatory
system
disordersand
respiratory
ailm
ents
13Urticaceae
Urtica
laetevirens
Maxim
.
宽叶荨
麻Who
leplant,roots,
andseed
Aerial
parts
Indicatio
ns:rhe
umatism
arthralgia,p
ostpartum
andinfantile
convulsion
,infantileparalytic
sequ
el,hypertension,dyspep
sia,stoo
latresia.
Externaluseforurticariainitiallyandsnakebite
[10]
Indicatio
ns:chron
iche
artdiseases
anddyspep
siadu
eto
rlung
diseases
[7]
CLocomotor,
nervou
ssystem
ailm
entsand
dige
stive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
14——
Sulfur*
硫黄*
Natural
elem
ent
sulfur
minerals
Natural
elem
ent
sulfur
minerals
Indicatio
ns:externalu
seforscabiesandfavus,
abscessesdu
eto
cold
andph
legm
retention
andmalignant
ulcers,oraladm
inistrationfor
impo
tencewith
cold
lower
extrem
ities,and
asthmaor
constip
ationof
deficiency-cold
type
[10]
Indicatio
ns:carbu
ncles,soresand
boils,tetter,andleprosyand
externaluseformange
,malignant
sore,p
ruritus
[15]
AReprod
uctive
anddige
stive
disorders
Circulatory
system
disordersand
immun
esystem
ailm
entailm
ents
*Sha
red-usemed
icines
recorded
bythe20
15ed
ition
ofCh
inaPh
armacop
oeia
Class
Ainclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
thesamemed
icinal
partsin
TMan
dTC
M;class
Binclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
med
icinal
partsin
TMcoverin
gthat
inTC
M;class
Cinclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
med
icinal
partsin
TCM
coverin
gthat
inTM
;class
Dinclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
totally
differen
tmed
icinal
partsin
thetw
omed
ical
system
s;an
dclassEinclud
edtheshared
-use
med
icines
with
partialo
verla
ppingmed
icinal
partsin
thetw
omed
icinal
system
s
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 9 of 27
-
Table
4Inform
ationon
classIV
No.
Family
Scientificname
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreated
inTM
1Acanthaceae
Adha
toda
vasica
Nees
鸭嘴花
Who
leplant
Twig
Todispelwindandactivatebloo
dcirculation;elim
inatebloo
dstasis
andrelieve
pain;and
re-jo
intthe
bone
[10]
Indicatio
ns:b
lood
andliver
heat-
relateddiseases,m
khris
padiseases,
traumaticinjury,b
oils,swelling,
and
pain
[15]
ALocomotor
system
ailm
ents
Digestive,
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
2Araceae
Acorus
calamus
L菖蒲
Rhizom
eRh
izom
eTo
dispelwindto
resolvethe
exterio
r,clearhe
atandremove
dampn
ess,relieve
coug
hresolve
phlegm
,elim
inatebloo
dstasis,and
redu
cesw
elling[10]
Indicatio
ns:d
yspe
psia,d
iphthe
ria,
boils,and
sores[7]
ARespiratory
and
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Digestive
disorders
3Berberidaceae
Sino
podoph
yllum
hexand
rum
(Royle)Ying
.
桃儿七
Rootsand
rhizom
eFruits
Indicatio
ns:rhe
umaticarthritis,
traumaticinjury,cou
ghdu
eto
wind-
cold,and
men
oxen
ia[10]
Indicatio
ns:stasissynd
romeof
wom
en,fetalde
ath,mazischesis,and
amen
orrhea
[8]
DIm
mun
esystem
ailm
ents,
locomotor,
respiratory,and
reprod
uctive
system
disorders
Reprod
uctive
system
disorders
4Bo
mbacaceae
Gossampinu
smalabarica
(DC.)M
ern
木棉花*
Flow
erFlow
erIndicatio
ns:d
iarrhe
a,dysentery,and
hemorrhoids
[10]
Indicatio
ns:lun
gandliver
diseases
[15]
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
5Bo
vidae
Bostaurus
domesticus
Gmelin
*
牛黄*
Dry
gallstone
sDry
gallstone
sIndicatio
ns:impairm
entof
consciou
snessin
febrile
diseases
and
stroke;infantileconvulsion
,epilepsy,
mania;sorethroat,ulcersin
the
mou
th;carbu
ncles,andbo
ils[10]
Indicatio
ns:p
lagu
eep
idem
icdisease
andliver-heatsynd
rome[11]
ANervous
system
ailm
entsand
respiratory
disorders
Digestive
disorders
6Bu
rseraceae
Boszvelliacarterii
Birdw
*乳香树*
Resin
Resin
Indicatio
ns:stomachpain,
dysm
enorrhea,amen
orrhea,
rheumatism,traum
aticinjury,
carbun
cle,andsore
[10]
Indicatio
ns:skindiseases
[14]
ACirculatory
system
disordersand
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
7Caryoph
yllaceae
Arenaria
kansuensisMaxim
甘肃蚤
缀Who
leplant
Who
leplant
Tono
urishyinandtonifybloo
d,replen
ishthekidn
ey,and
reinforce
thebo
ne[10]
Indicatio
ns:p
neum
oniaandvario
uslung
diseases
[7]
ADigestive
disorders
Respiratory
disorders
8Cervidae
Moschus
berezovskiiFlerov
林麝
Secretions
insw
eet
bursaof
malebo
dy
Secretions
insw
eet
bursaof
malebo
dy,
meat,testis,
feces
Torestoreconsciou
snessand
activatebloo
dcirculation,stim
ulate
men
struation,redu
cesw
elling,
and
relieve
pain
[10]
Indicatio
ns:stroke,syncop
edu
eto
phlegm
,sud
denattack
ofprecordial
andabdo
minalpain,kidne
ydisease,
massesin
theabdo
men
;externalu
sefortraumaticinjury,carbu
ncle-
abscess,andfuruncles[15]
BNervous,
circulatoryand
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Nervous
system
ailm
ents,
locomotor,
reprod
uctive,
anddige
stive
disorders
9Cervidae
Moschus
moschiferus
Linn
aeus
原麝
Secretions
insw
eet
bursaof
Secretions
insw
eet
bursaof
Torestoreconsciou
snessand
activatebloo
dcirculation,stim
ulate
men
struation,redu
cesw
elling,
and
Indicatio
ns:stroke,syncop
edu
eto
phlegm
,sud
denattack
ofprecordial
andabdo
minalpain,kidne
ydisease,
BNervous,
circulatoryand
locomotor
Nervous,
locomotor,
reprod
uctive,
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 10 of 27
-
Table
4Inform
ationon
classIV
(Con
tinued)
No.
Family
Scientificname
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreated
inTM
malebo
dymalebo
dy,
meat,testis,
andfeces
relieve
pain
[10]
massesin
theabdo
men
;externalu
sefortraumaticinjury,carbu
ncle-
abscess,andfuruncles[15]
system
ailm
ents
anddige
stive
disorders
10Cervidae
Mochu
ssifan
icus
Buchne
r马麝
Secretions
insw
eet
bursaof
malebo
dy
Secretions
insw
eet
bursaof
malebo
dy,
meat,testis,
andfeces
Torestoreconsciou
snessand
activatebloo
dcirculation,stim
ulate
men
struation,redu
cesw
elling,
and
relieve
pain
[10]
Indicatio
ns:stroke,syncop
edu
eto
phlegm
,sud
denattack
ofprecordial
andabdo
minalpain,kidne
ydisease,
massesin
theabdo
men
;externalu
sefortraumaticinjury,carbu
ncle-
abscess,andfuruncles[15]
BNervous,
circulatoryand
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Nervous
system
ailm
ents,
locomotor,
reprod
uctive,
anddige
stive
disorders
11Com
bretaceae
Term
inalia
chebulaRetz.*
诃子*
Fruit
Fruit
Indicatio
ns:p
rotracteddiarrhea
with
hematoche
ziaor
prolapse
ofthe
rectum
andchroniccoug
hwith
sore
throat
andho
arsene
ss[10]
Indicatio
ns:rlung
diseases,b
lood
diseases,m
khris
padiseases,and
badkan
diseases
[15]
ADigestive,
urinary,and
respiratory
disorders
Digestiveand
circulatory
system
disorders
12Com
bretaceae
Term
inalia
cheb
ulaRetz.var.
tomen
tella
(Kurz)
C.B.C
larke
绒毛诃
子Fruit
Fruit
Tocheckdiarrhea
andchronic
coug
handsubd
uetheup
wardqi
[10]
Indicatio
ns:rlung
diseases,b
lood
diseases,m
khris
padiseases,and
badkan
diseases
[15]
ADigestiveand
reprod
uctive
system
disorders
Digestive
disorders
13Asteraceae
Cartha
mus
tinctoriusL.*
红花*
Flow
erFlow
erIndicatio
ns:amen
orrhea,
dysm
enorrhea;reten
tionof
lochia;
abdo
minalmasses;traumaticinjuries,
sores,andulcerswith
swellingand
pain
[10]
Indicatio
ns:p
neum
onia,hep
atitis,
bloo
dhe
at,carbu
ncles,traumatic
injury,and
gyne
copathia[14]
AReprod
uctive
andlocomotor
system
ailm
ents
Respiratory,
locomotorand
reprod
uctive
system
disorders
14Asteraceae
Saussurea
laniceps
Hand.-
Mazz.
绵头雪
莲花
Who
leplant
Who
leplant
Totonifykidn
eyandreinforceyang
;regu
late
men
struationby
arresting
bleeding
[9]
Indicatio
ns:headtrauma,anthrax,
pricking
pain,g
ynecop
athy,
rheumaticarthritis,and
stroke.
Externaluseforsw
elling[7]
AReprod
uctive
system
disorders
Reprod
uctive
andim
mun
esystem
ailm
ents
15Cucurbitaceae
Lagena
riasiceraria(M
olina)
Standl.
葫芦
Exocarp,
seed
Seed
Tocauseurination,redu
cesw
elling.
Usedin
edem
a,ascites,and
tube
rculou
scervicallymph
aden
itis
[9]
Indicatio
ns:d
ysen
tery
dueto
heat,
pulm
onarydisease,andrash
[7]
CUrin
aryand
respiratory
disorders
Respiratory
andim
mun
esystem
ailm
ents
16Dipterocarpaceae
Dipterocarpus
turbinatus
Gaertn.f.*
龙脑香*
Resin
Resin
Indicatio
ns:lossof
consciou
snessin
stroke
andattack
ofno
xiou
sfactors,
syncop
edu
eto
violen
texcitemen
tor
postpartum
anem
ia;inflammation
ofeyes,aph
tha,andsw
ollensore
throat
[10]
Indicatio
ns:highfeverandchronic
hotnessfever[14]
ANervous
system
ailm
entsand
respiratory
disorders
Respiratory
disorders
17Equidae
Equusasinus
L.驴
Skin
Bloo
d,meat
Indicatio
ns:hem
ostasis[10]
Indicatio
ns:rhe
umatism
[14]
DCirculatory
system
disorders
Nervous
system
ailm
ents
18Gen
tianaceae
Gentiana
crassicaulis
Duthieex
Burk
*
粗茎秦
艽*
Roots
Flow
er,
roots
Indicatio
ns:rhe
umaticor
rheumatoid
arthritiswith
muscularcontracture
andsevere
jointpain;fever
recurring
Indicatio
ns:ton
sillitis,urticaria,
carbun
cle,andrheumatoidarthritis
[13]
BNervous,
locomotor
system
Respiratory
andim
mun
esystem
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 11 of 27
-
Table
4Inform
ationon
classIV
(Con
tinued)
No.
Family
Scientificname
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreated
inTM
intheafternoo
n,andfeverin
infants
with
malnu
trition
[10]
ailm
ents
ailm
ents
19Gen
tianaceae
Gentiana
straminea
Maxim
麻花艽
Roots
Flow
er,
who
leplant
Todispelwindanddampn
essand
subd
uede
ficient
heat
[10]
Indicatio
ns:g
astroe
nteritis,he
patitis,
andcholecystitis[7,8]
BRespiratory
ailm
ents
Digestive
disorders
20Gramineae
Bambu
sae
Con
cretio
Silicea*
天竺黄
Secretion
Secretion
Indicatio
ns:com
a,stroke,and
epilepsyandconvulsion
inchildren
[10]
Indicatio
ns:lun
gdiseases
[8]
ANervous
system
ailm
ents
Respiratory
disorders
21Gramineae
Saccharum
sine
nseRo
xb.
甘蔗加
工成红
糖
Stem
Stem
Indicatio
ns:b
lood
stasissymptom
[10]
Indicatio
ns:d
iarrhe
a,im
potence[14]
ADigestive
disorders
Reprod
uctive
system
disorders
22Iridaceae
Crocus
sativus
L.藏红花*
Stigma
Stigma
Indicatio
ns:amen
orrhea,abd
ominal
mass,andpalpitatio
ndu
eto
frigh
t[10]
Indicatio
ns:p
neum
oniaandliver
diseases
[13]
ACirculatory
system
disorders
Digestive
disorders
23Lamiaceae
Lagopsis
supine(Steph
.ex
Willd.)Ikon
n.-Gal.
exKn
orr
夏至草
Who
leplant
Flow
er,
aerialp
arts
andseed
Toregu
late
men
struationby
nourishing
bloo
d[9]
Indicatio
ns:b
lood
diseases
dueto
heat,b
lood
shot
eyes
ofne
buladu
eto
bloo
dhe
at,p
arasito
sis[15]
CNervous,
reprod
uctive
system
disorders
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
24Lamiaceae
Leon
urus
japonicusThun
b.(
Leon
urus
japo
nicas
Hou
tt.)*
益母草*
Who
leplant,fru
itsFruits,seed
andaerial
parts
Indicatio
ns:m
enstrualdisorders,
dysm
enorrhea,amen
orrhea,
incessantdripping
oflochia;ede
ma
andoliguriasuch
ased
emain
acute
neph
ritis[10]
Indicatio
ns:
Fruits:eno
xenia,am
enorrhea,
dysm
enorrhea,m
assesform
ationin
thestom
ach,conjun
ctivalcong
estio
ned
emapain,eye
inflammation,
cornealo
pacity,and
hype
rten
sion
[8];
aerialp
arts;
Seed
:blood
diseases
dueto
heat,
bloo
dsho
teyes
ofne
buladu
eto
bloo
dhe
at,and
parasitosis[15]
CReprod
uctive
andurinary
system
disorders
Reprod
uctive
andcirculatory
system
disorders
25Lamiaceae
Leon
urus
sibiricus
L.细叶益
母草
Who
leplant
Aerialp
arts
andseed
Indicatio
ns:m
enoxen
ia,amen
orrhea,
postpartum
cong
estio
nabdo
minal
pain,nep
hritised
ema,dysuria,and
hematuria[10]
Indicatio
ns:b
lood
diseases
dueto
heat,b
lood
shot
eyes
ofne
buladu
eto
bloo
dhe
at,and
parasitosis[15]
CReprod
uctive
andurinary
system
disorders
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
26Fabaceae
Acaciacatechu
(L.f.)W
illd*
儿茶*
Twig
Woo
dIndicatio
ns:festerin
gwou
nddifficult
tohe
alup
,skindiseases
with
watery
discharge,ulcersin
themou
th,and
traumaticinjury
with
pain
and
bleeding
[10]
Indicatio
ns:cou
ghandthirst,external
useforskin
diseases
with
watery
discharge,ulcerativeging
ivitis,and
ulcersin
themou
thandhe
morrhoid
[8]
AIm
mun
e,locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Respiratory
andim
mun
esystem
ailm
ents
27Legu
minosae
Cassiatora
Linn
.决明*
Seed
Seed
Indicatio
ns:headacheandvertigo,
eyediseases,and
constip
ation[10]
Indicatio
ns:skindiseases
and
epilepsy[15]
AFive
sense
organs
related
ailm
ents
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
28Fabaceae
Pterocarpus
indicusWilld.
紫檀
Heartwoo
dHeartwoo
dIndicatio
ns:furun
cleandsw
ollen[20]
Indicatio
ns:hypertension,
pneumon
ia,and
heartdiseases
[7]
AIm
mun
esystem
ailm
ents
Immun
esystem
ailm
entsand
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 12 of 27
-
Table
4Inform
ationon
classIV
(Con
tinued)
No.
Family
Scientificname
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreated
inTM
respiratory
disorders
29Fabaceae
Abrusprecatorius
L相思子
Roots,
rattan
cane
,leaf,
andseed
Seed
Roots,rattan:sorethroat,and
hepatitis.
Leaf:b
ronchitis,seedexternalusefor
boils,and
eczema[9]
Indicatio
ns:g
ynecop
athy
and
gallbladd
ermasses[15]
CRespiratory
anim
mun
esystem
ailm
ents
Reprod
uctive
system
disorders
30Liliaceae
Fritillaria
cirrho
saD.Don
*川贝母*
Bulb
Bulb
Indicatio
ns:d
rycoug
hdu
eto
heat
inthelung
andcoug
hwith
bloo
dysputum
inconsum
ptivediseases
[10]
Indicatio
ns:yellow
fluid
diseases,
men
ometrorrhagia,andtrachitis
[13]
ARespiratory
disorders
Locomotor
and
respiratory
disorders
31Loganiaceae
Strychno
snu
x-vomicaLinn
.*马钱*
Seed
Seed
Indicatio
ns:p
rotractedarthritis,
rheumatoidarthralgia;num
bness
andparalysis;sequ
elaof
poliomyelitis;traum
aticinjury;b
oils
andsores[10]
Indicatio
ns:rlung
diseases,b
lood
heat
diseases,stomachcram
pstoxicosis[15]
ANervous
system
ailm
ents,
locomotor,
immun
esystem
ailm
ents
Circulatory
system
disorders
32Malvaceae
Abelmoschus
moschatus
Med
ic黄葵
Roots,leaf,
andflower
Leaf,
flower,and
seed
Indicatio
ns:
Root:highfever,coug
hdu
eto
lung
heat,p
ostpartum
milk
atresia,stoo
lconstip
ate,dysentery,andurinary
calculi.
Leaf:top
icalfester
swelling,
felon,
bone
fracture.
Flow
er:b
urns
andscalds
[9]
Indicatio
ns:yellow
fluid
diseases,
derm
atosis,p
arasito
sis,anditching
[16]
ERespiratory
and
dige
stive,
urinarysystem
disorders
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
33Men
ispe
rmaceae
Tino
sporasin
ensis
(Lou
r.)Merr.
中华青
牛胆
Rattan
Stem
Tosoothe
tend
onsandactivate
collaterals;d
ispe
lwindandrelieve
pain
[10]
Indicatio
ns:lun
gdisease,rheumatoid
arthritis[7]
DRespiratory,
dige
stive
disorders
Digestive,
immun
esystem
ailm
ents
34Oleaceae
Fraxinus
stylosa
Ling
elsh.
宿柱白
蜡树
Bark
Bark
Indicatio
ns:d
iarrhe
a,leukorrhea,and
conjun
ctivecong
estio
nwith
swelling
andpain
[10]
Indicatio
ns:fracture,hype
rosteo
geny,
andosteom
yelitis[14]
AUrin
arysystem
disorders
Locomotor
system
ailm
ents
35Orchidaceae
Dendrobium
hookerianu
mLind
l.
金耳石
斛Stem
Aerialp
art
Indicatio
ns:thirst,hiccup
,and
lassitu
dein
theloin
andlegs
[10]
Indicatio
ns:ind
igestio
n,gastric
ulcer,
sore
throat,and
hemorrhoids
[12]
BDigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
36Ph
ytolaccaceae
Phytolacca
acinosaRo
xb.*
商陆*
Root
Root
Indicatio
ns:anasarcawith
oliguria
andconstip
ation;externalusefor
carbun
cles
andsores[10]
Indicatio
ns:feb
riledisease,ed
ema,
disten
sion
,dysuria;externalu
sefor
carbun
cles,b
oils,swelling,
and
toxicity
[15]
ADigestive,
urinarysystem
disorders
Digestive,
urinarysystem
disorders
37Po
lypo
diaceae
Pyrrosialingua
(Thu
nb.)Farw
.*石韦*
Who
leplant
Who
leplant
Indicatio
ns:urin
aryinfectionand
urination;spittingof
bloo
d,ep
istaxis,
hematuria,and
abno
rmaluterine
bleeding
;and
coug
handasthma
dueto
heat
inthelung
[10]
Indicatio
ns:p
usandsoresin
the
chest,coug
hdu
eto
heat
inthelung
.Laryng
opharyng
itis,spinalcord
cavity
disease,traumaticinjury,traum
ahe
morrhage,seminalem
ission
in
AUrin
aryand
respiratory
disorders
Respiratory,
locomotor,
and
reprod
uctive
system
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 13 of 27
-
Table
4Inform
ationon
classIV
(Con
tinued)
No.
Family
Scientificname
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreated
inTM
kidn
eyde
ficiencysynd
rome,
neph
ritis,ede
ma,andurinarytract
infections
[16]
disorders
38Pteriidae
Pinctada
martensii(
Dun
ker)*
马氏珍
珠贝*
Pearland
dryshell
Pearland
dryshell
Indicatio
ns:
Pearl:palpitatio
nandinsomnia;
convulsion
,epilepsy;ne
bula;skin
ulceratio
nsdifficultto
heal.
Nacre:headache,dizziness,
fidge
tingn
ess,andinsomnia;
inflammationof
theeyes
dueto
heat
intheliver;and
blurredvision
inde
ficiencyof
theliver
[10]
Indicatio
ns:com
motio
cerebri,he
adinjury,w
hite
veinsdisease,nu
mbn
ess
andpain
inarthritis,and
nosotoxicosis[14]
ANervous
system
ailm
ents
Nervous
system
ailm
ents
39Lythraceae
Punica
gran
atum
L.*
石榴
Root,stem,
bark,
flower,
leaf,fruit
Seed
Indicatio
ns:p
rotracteddiarrhea,
chronicdysentery;he
matoche
zia,
prolapse
oftherectum
;abn
ormal
uterinebleeding
,leukorrhagia;and
intestinalparasitosiswith
abdo
minal
pain
[10]
Indicatio
ns:ano
rexia,dyspep
sia,and
aching
ofkidn
eyandloinsdu
eto
cold
inthestom
ach[14]
DDigestiveand
reprod
uctive
system
disorders
Digestive
disorders
40Ranu
nculaceae
Paeoniaveitchii
Lynch*
川赤芍*
Roots
Roots
Indicatio
ns:m
aculationin
epidem
icdiseases;spittingof
bloo
d,ep
istaxis;
inflammationof
theeye;pain
inthe
chest;am
enorrhea,d
ysmen
orrhea;
massform
ationin
theabdo
men
;traumaticinjuries;andbo
ilsand
sores[10]
Indicatio
ns:carbu
ncles,fever.
Flow
er:d
ermatosis,d
ermatitis[16]
BIm
mun
esystem
ailm
entsand
reprod
uctive
andlocomotor
system
ailm
ents
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
41Santalaceae
Santalum
album
L.*
檀香*
Heartwoo
dHeartwoo
dIndicatio
ns:p
ectoraland
abdo
minal
pain
dueto
stagnatio
nof
qiwith
cold;epigastric
pain,lossof
appe
tite;
andangina
pectorisin
heartdisease
[10]
Indicatio
ns:p
neum
oniaandlung
abscess[16]
ADigestiveand
circulatory
system
disorders
Circulatory
and
respiratory
system
disorders
42Sapind
aceae
Sapind
usmukorossiGaertn.
无患子
Root,fruit
Seed
Toremovehe
atandph
legm
,che
ckdiarrhea
andbloo
dstasis[9]
Indicatio
ns:d
iphthe
ria,vesicula
seminalisdisease,strang
uriawith
turbid
discharge,andfre
quen
turination[7]
DRespiratory
disorders
Respiratory
andurinary
system
disorders
43Saxifragaceae
Bergenia
purpurascens
(Hoo
k.f.et
Thom
s.)Engl
*
岩白菜*
Rhizom
eRh
izom
e,who
leplant
Toremovetoxiche
at,arrest
bleeding
,and
regu
late
men
struation
[9]
Epidem
icfebrile
diseases,liver
and
lung
heat
diseases,and
dysentery
[15]
ACirculatory
system
disorders
Respiratory
anddige
stive
disorders
44Styracaceae
Styrax
benzoin
Dryand.
*安息香*
Resin
Resin
Indicatio
ns:lossof
consciou
snessin
stroke
andattack
ofno
xiou
sfactors,
syncop
edu
eto
violen
texcitemen
tor
postpartum
anem
ia;p
ainin
the
chestandep
igastrium;infantile
convulsion
[10]
Indicatio
ns:rlung
diseases,
subcutaneo
usulcer,andbo
ils[15]
ANervous
system
ailm
entsand
circulatory
system
disorders
Digestive,
immun
esystem
ailm
ents
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 14 of 27
-
Table
4Inform
ationon
classIV
(Con
tinued)
No.
Family
Scientificname
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreated
inTM
45ApiaceaeA
piaceae
Angelicasin
ensis
(Oliv.)Diels.*
当归*
Roots
Roots
Indicatio
ns:ane
miawith
dizziness
andpalpitatio
n;men
strualdisorders,
amen
orrhea,d
ysmen
orrhea;
constip
ation;rheumaticarthralgia;
traumaticinjuries;carbun
cles,b
oils,
andsores.RadixAng
elicae
Sine
nsis
(stri-b
aked
with
wine)
amen
orrhea,
dysm
enorrhea,rhe
umatic,arthralgia,
andtraumaticinjuries[10]
Indicatio
ns:chron
icfebrile
diseases,
cardiopyretic
disease,toxicosis,and
complicationof
badkan
diseases
and
rlung
diseases
[15]
AReprod
uctive,
dige
stive,
immun
e,and
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Digestiveand
respiratory
disorders
46ApiaceaeA
piaceae
Heracleum
cand
ican
sWall.
exDC..
白亮独
活Ro
ots
Roots
Indicatio
ns:rhe
umatism
andpain
inthewaistandknee
[10]
Indicatio
ns:b
oils,sores,and
leprosy
[15]
AIm
mun
esystem
ailm
ents
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
47ApiaceaeA
piaceae
Notopterygium
forbesiide
Boiss.
宽叶羌
活Ro
otsand
rhizom
eRo
otsand
rhizom
eIndicatio
ns:com
mon
cold
caused
byexterio
rwind-cold,rhe
umatism
numbn
ess,urticaria,and
itching
[10]
Indicatio
ns:p
lagu
e,greenflyand
pinw
orm,hem
orrhagedisease,
constip
ation,andleprosy[14]
ARespiratory
and
immun
esystem
ailm
ents
Immun
esystem
ailm
entsand
circulatory
system
disorders
48Apiaceae
Notopterygium
incisum
Ting
exH.T.C
hang
*
羌活*
Rootsand
rhizom
eRo
otsand
rhizom
eIndicatio
ns:headachein
common
cold,rhe
umaticarthralgia,and
aching
oftheback
andshou
lders
[10]
Indicatio
ns:lep
rosy,h
eadache,
laryng
opathy,rhe
umaticarthralgia,
andep
idem
icdiseaseor
cholera[15]
ARespiratory
and
immun
esystem
ailm
ents
Immun
esystem
ailm
entsand
circulatory
system
disorders
49Union
idae
Cristariaplicata
(Leach)*
褶纹冠
蚌*
Pearland
dryshell
Pearland
dryshell
Indicatio
ns:p
earl:palpitatio
nand
insomnia;convulsion
,epilepsy;
nebu
la;skinulceratio
nsdifficultto
heal.N
acre:headache,dizziness,
fidge
tingn
essandinsomnia;
inflammationof
theeyes
dueto
heat
intheliver;and
blurredvision
inde
ficiencyof
theliver
[10]
Indicatio
ns:com
motio
cerebri,he
adinjury,w
hite
veinsdisease,nu
mbn
ess
andpain
inarthritis,n
osotoxicosis
[14]
ANervous
system
ailm
ents
Nervous
system
ailm
ents
50Union
idae
Hyriopsis
cumingii(Lea).*
三角帆
蚌*
Pearland
dryshell
Pearland
dryshell
Indicatio
ns:p
earl:palpitatio
nand
insomnia;convulsion
,epilepsy;
nebu
la;skinulceratio
nsdifficultto
heal.N
acre:headache,dizziness,
fidge
tingn
essandinsomnia;
inflammationof
theeyes
dueto
heat
intheliver;and
blurredvision
inde
ficiencyof
theliver
[10]
Indicatio
ns:com
motio
cerebri,he
adinjury,w
hite
veinsdisease,nu
mbn
ess
andpain
inarthritis,and
nosotoxicosis[14]
ANervous
system
ailm
ents
Nervous
system
ailm
ents
51Valerianaceae
Nardostachys
chinensis
Batal.*
甘松*
Rootsand
rhizom
eRo
otsand
rhizom
eIndicatio
ns:epigastric
andabdo
minal
disten
sion
with
anorexiaand
vomiting
;and
externalusefor
toothacheandsw
ollenfeet
[10]
Indicatio
ns:accum
ulationof
damp-
cold
inthespleen
andthestom
ach
manifested
byep
igastricdisten
tion
andpain,externalu
seforulcerative
ging
ivitis,andde
ntalcariesand
ADigestive
disorders
Digestive
disorders
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 15 of 27
-
Table
4Inform
ationon
classIV
(Con
tinued)
No.
Family
Scientificname
Chine
sename
Partsused
inTC
MPartsused
inTM
Usesin
TCM
Usesin
TMParts
used
Disease
grou
pstreatedin
TCM
Disease
grou
pstreated
inTM
swollenfeet
[8]
52Valerianaceae
Nardostachys
jataman
si(D.
Don
)DC.
匙叶甘
松Ro
otsand
rhizom
eRo
otsand
rhizom
eTo
regu
late
theflow
ofqi
andrelieve
pain
andto
invigo
rate
thespleen
functio
n[10]
Toremovetoxiche
at,d
ispe
lcold
andelim
inatesw
elling[14]
ADigestive
disorders
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
53Vitaceae
Vitis
vinifera
L.葡萄
Fruitsand
roots
Fruits
Indicatio
ns:m
easles,d
ysuria,
rheumatism,and
fracture[9]
Indicatio
ns:lun
gdiseases
[15]
CRespiratory,
urinary,and
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Respiratory
disorders
54Zing
iberaceae
Curcum
along
aL.*
姜黄*
Rhizom
eRh
izom
eIndicatio
ns:p
ricking
pain
inthechest
andhypo
chon
driacregion
s,men
orrhea,m
assform
ationin
the
abdo
men
,rhe
umaticpain
ofthe
shou
ldersandarms,andtraumatic
swellingandpain
[10]
Indicatio
ns:ulcerationand
hemorrhoids,sores,and
epidem
icdiseases
[14]
AReprod
uctive,
immun
e,and
locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
55Zygo
phyllaceae
Tribulus
terrestris
L.*
蒺藜*
Fruits,
who
leplant
Fruits
Indicatio
ns:headacheanddizziness,
disten
ding
pain
inthe
hypo
chon
drium;cessatio
nof
lactation,mastitis,and
bloo
dsho
teyes
ofne
bula;and
urticariawith
itching
[10]
Indicatio
ns:headache,itching
,disten
ding
pain
inthe
hypo
chon
drium;reverse
ofqi,
inflammationof
eyes,corne
alop
acity,m
assesform
ationin
the
abdo
men
,and
cessationof
lactation
[8]
ADigestive,
reprod
uctive
andim
mun
esystem
ailm
ents
Urin
arysystem
disorders
56–
Calam
ina
炉甘石
Natural
mineral
Natural
mineral
Indicatio
ns:eye
diseases
andpruritu
s[10]
Indicatio
ns:skindiseases
[12]
AIm
mun
esystem
ailm
ents
Digestive
disorders
57–
Realgar
雄黄*
Natural
mineral
Natural
mineral
Indicatio
ns:carbu
ncle,furun
culosis,
snakebite,epilepsy,andmalaria[10]
Indicatio
ns:g
alland
diph
theria[13]
AIm
mun
esystem
ailm
entsand
dige
stive
disorders
Immun
esystem
ailm
ents
58–
Actinolite
asbe
stos.
(阳起
石)石
棉Natural
mineral
Natural
mineral
Indicatio
ns:p
ainin
waistandknee
andim
potence[20]
Indicatio
ns:ten
doninjury,cou
gh,
swollensore
throat,and
dysuria
[14]
AReprod
uctive
system
disorders
Locomotor
and
respiratory
disorders
59–
Calcitum*
寒水石*
Sulfate
minerals
Sulfate
minerals
Indicatio
ns:fever
andpo
lydipsia,
swollensore
throat,ulcersin
the
mou
thon
thetong
ue,too
thache
,andexternaluseforbu
rnsandscalds
[9]
Indicatio
ns:various
gastropathyand
gastric
ulcerdu
eto
dyspep
sia,
massesin
theabdo
men
,ede
ma,
diarrhea,and
trauma[14]
ARespiratory
disorders
Digestive
disorders
60–
Cinnabaris*
朱砂*
Thesulfide
mineralsof
cinn
abar
Thesulfide
mineralsof
cinn
abar
Indicatio
ns:p
alpitatio
n,insomniaand
dream-disturbed
sleep;
epilepsy,
mania,and
infantile
convulsion
;blurredvision
;ulcersin
themou
th;
Indicatio
ns:p
usof
wou
nds,yellow
fluid
diseases,inflammation,and
bone
fracture[21]
ANervous
system
ailm
entsand
respiratory
disorders
Locomotor
system
ailm
ents
Zhao et al. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine (2019)
15:43 Page 16 of 27
-
Table
4Inform
ationon
classIV
(Con
tinued)
No.
Family
Scien
