A C02-SILICA GEOTHERMOMETER FOR/67531/metadc876560/m2/1/high_res_d/893351.pdf · a c02-silica geothermometer for i( it low temperature geothermal resource assessment, with application

A C02-SILICA GEOTHERMOMETER FOR

I( It

LOW TEMPERATURE GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT,

WITH APPLICATION TO RESOURCES IN THE SAFFORD BASIN, ARIZONA i! 1 li

BY

JAMES C. WITCHER (GEOCHEMIST)

and

CLAUDIA STONE (GEOLOGIST)

. FOR THE

ARIZONA SOLAR ENERGY COMMISSION (James F. Warnock, Executive Director)

1700 W. Washington, Room 502 Phgenix, Arizona 85007

AND THE

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY San Francisc Operations Office

1333 Broadway Oakland, CA 94612

I

CO-OPERATIVE AGREEMENT #DE-FC03-8 ORA50 0 76 (MOO 7) I; I'

, : /I ji , November, 1983

DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Geothermal Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Geothermometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Silica Geothermometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Previous Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Data Collection and Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Data Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Field Water Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Chemical Analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Drillers’ Logs of Well Lithology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

8

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

u . s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Geothermometers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Site Selection for this Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Physiography and Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Historical Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Basin-Filling Sediments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Cactus Flat-Artesia Subsurface Geology . . . . . . . . . . . Buena Vista Subsurface Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geohydrology Cactus Flat-Artesia and Buena Vista . . . . . . Thermal Regime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Geochemical Nodel at Cactus Flat-Artesia . . . . . . . . . .

General Thermodynamic Basis of Chemical Geotherrnornetry . . . The Geochemical System within Basins in the Southwestern

Identification of Factors Affecting the Use of

12

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Study Areas 23

31 36 36

43

Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Silica Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Silicate.. Water Reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Carbon Dioxide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Interpretation of Field Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

A C02-Corrected Quartz Geothermometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

57

....

Application of the New C02 Correction to the Quartz Geothermometers at Cactus Flat-Artesia and Buena Vista. . . 68 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Appendices Drillers' Logs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Water Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Geochemistry of Water Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C WATSPEC Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D

i

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No.

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Stages of basin-fill diagenesis . . . . . . . . . . Location of study areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Map of major structures in the Safford Basin. . . . Geologic cross section of the Safford Basin . . . . Location of geologic cross sections at Cactus Flat-

Artesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geologic cross section B to B' from Swift Trail

to Cactus Flat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geologic cross section C to C' from Swift Trail

to Artesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geologic cross section D to D' at Cactus Flat . . . Map showing elevation tops of the blue clay and

inferred structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ground water elevation map at the Cactus Flat-

Artesiaarea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Distribution of artesian wells in Cactus Flat-

Artesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Flow rate versus depth of artesian wells. . . . . . Solubility of albite expressed as a function of

Log A H ~ s ~ o ~ versus Log pC0, concentration. . . . Theoretical activity diagram for the system

Na0-A1203-Si0,-H,0 at 25OC and 1 atmosphere. . . Theoretical activity diagram for the system

Ca0-Mg0-Al20~-Si02-C0~-HzO at 40°C, 1 atmosphere and Log AH4Si04' = -3.54 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Calcite saturation indices versus total calcium

Dolomite saturation indices versus total magnesium

Talc saturation indices versus total magnesium

Chalcedony saturation indices versus -Log pC0,

Quartz saturation indices versus -Log pC02

Maps showing Na-K-Ca (upper) and Si02 (lower) geo-

concentration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . concentration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . concentration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . concentration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . concentration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . thermometer temperatures calculated from published data for Buena Vista . . . . . . . . .

Map showing Na-K-Ca geothermometer temperatures calculated from published data at Cactus Flat- Artesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Map showing SiO, geothermometer temperatures calculated from published data at Cactus Flat- Artesia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . temperatures, this study, Buena Vista. . . . . . temperatures, this study, Cactus Flat-Artesia. .

Map showing C0,-corrected quartz geothermometer

Map showing C02-corrected quartz geothermometer

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i i

LIST OF TABLES

Table No.

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Systematics of drillers' l o g interpretation. . . . . 30 Formation tops of blue clay unit at Cactus Flat-

Artesia.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Analytical expressions relating silica polymorph

solubility to temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Measured and geothermometer temperatures, published

data, Cactus Flat-Artesia and Buena l'ists . . . . 70 Measured, SiOz, and pC02-corrected geothermometer

temperatures, this report, Cactus Flat-Artesia and Buena Vista . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

INTRODUCTION

G e o t h e r m i c s is t h e s t u d y o f t h e e a r t h ' s h e a t e n e r g y , i t , ' 5 a f f e c t on s u b s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e d i s t r i b u t i o n , i t ' s p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m i c a l s o c ~ r c e s , a n d i t ' s ro le i n d y n a m i c g e o l o g i c p r o c e s s e s . T h e t e r m , g e o t h e r m o m e t r y , is a p p l i e d t o t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f e q u i l i b r i u m t e m p e r a t u r e s of n a t u r a l c h e m i c a l s y s t e m s , i n c l u d i n g r o c k , m i n e r a l , a n d l i q u i d p h a s e s . An a s s e m b l a g e o f m i n e r a l 5 or a c h e m i c a l s y s t e m w h o s e p h a s e c o m p o s i t i o n is a f u n c t i o n o f t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p r e s s u r e c a n b e u s e d a s a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r . T h u s a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r is u s e f u l t o d e t e r m i n e t h e f o r m a t i o n t e m p e r a t u r e o f rock or t h e l a s t e q u i l i b r i u m t e m p e r a t u r e o f a f l o w i n g a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n s u c h a s g r o u n d w a t e r a n d h y d r o t h e r m a l f l u i d s .

GEOLHSEMOMEIEES

S e v e r a l t y p e s o f g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s exist t o d e t e r m i n e t e m p e r a t u r e u s i n g a n a l y s e s a q u e o u s sol u t i o n s f rorn n e a r - s u r f ace ( u p p e r c r u s t ) e n v i r o n m e n t s . They i n c l u d e i s o t o p e g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s , wh ich a re b a s e d upon t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n t f r a c t i o n a t i o n ( C r a i g , 1955: L l o y d , 1968; M i t u t a n i a n d R a f t e r , 1967; McKenzie a n d T r u e s d e l l , 1977: a n d E l l i s a n d Mahon, 1977) a n d c h e m i c a l g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s . Commonly u s e d c h e m i c a l g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s f a l l i n t o o n e o f t w o c a t e g o r i e s : ( 1 ) c a t i o n g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s ( W h i t e , 1963; E l l i s and Mahon, 1967; F o u r n i e r a n d T r u e s d e l l , 1973; P a c e s , 1975; F o u r n i e r - , 1979; F o u r n i e r a n d P o t t e r , 1979; a n d B e n j a m i n a n d o t h e r s , 1983). and ( 2 ) s i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s ( E o d v a r r s o n , 1960; F o u r n i e r a n d R o w e , 1966: Mahon, 1966: T r u e s d e l l , 1976; F o u r n i e r , 1975: F o u r n i e r , 1977; F o u r n i e r , 1981; F o u r n i e r a n d P o t t e r , 1982; a n d f i r n o r s s o n a n d o t h e r s , 1983). The s u b j e c t o f t h i s r e s e a r c h is s i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s .

-2-

Silica geothermometers exist for several geothermometry models, which have different characteristics, limits, and uses. In an ideal sense, si 1 ica geothermometers are based upon temperature dependent water solubility of various polymorphs of silica. Common low p r e s su r e polymorphs i ncl ude a1 pha-quartz , alpha-cristobalite, and tridymite (Frondel, 1962; and Deer, Howie, and Zussman, 1966). Alpha-quartz (hexagonal j is a relatively pure, stable form of silica and it is one of the most ubiquitious minerals of the upper crust. Several varieties of a1 pha-quartz exist, which are indentified by color and crystalline state. The latter varieties are of importance in geothermometry due to their solubility differences in water. Crystal 1 ine forms of alpha-quartz are quar t i , while "non-crystalline" forms fall into a group called chalcedony. Chalcedony is actually cryptocrystalline quartz having a fibrous microscopic texture. Agate, chert, petrified wood and flint are all chalcedony. Chalcedony is more soluble than quartz.

A1 pha-cri stobal i t e (tetragonal) is a met astabl e, high-temperature polymorph of silica. It may be a common constituent in volcanic rocks. Opal, normally regarded as amorphous silica, is actually a hydrous sub-microcrystalline aggregate of cristobalite. Tridymite (orthorombic) is another metastable, high-temperature polymorph of silica. In some siliceous volcanic rocks it may be the dominant silica polymorph. Both cristobalite and tridymite contain greater impurities than alpha-quartz and they have solubilities greater than qc\arti and chalcedony. Opal is the most soluble silica species.

Si 1 ica geothermometry was proposed by Bodvarsson (1960). who published a rough empirical relationship describing silica concentration versus temperature from Icelandic geothermal sources. Fournier and Rowe (1966) , using experimental solubility studi,es of quartz at the vapor pressure of solution, which were published by Kennedy ( 1 9 5 0 ) and Morey and others (1962). developed a quantitative silica geothermometer assuming quartz is the equilibrium silica phase. Mahon (1966) showed that silica concentrations in New Zealand geothermal wells 0.150 OC) were controlled by quartz equilibrium.

While quartz is the most stable silica polymorph, other varieties of silica, such a s metastable chalcedony, cristobalite and opal may also control silica concentrations in water.

-3-

F o u r n i e r (1981) r e v i e w e d e v i d e n c e f o r n o n - q u a r t z c o n t r o l of d i s s o l v e d s i l i c a . T h i s e v i d e n c e i n c l u d e s ( 1 ) a n o m a l o u s l y h i g h s i l i c a c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n n a t u r a l waters; (2) p a r a g e n e t i c s e q u e n c e s o f s i l i c a m i n e r a l s i n d r i l l co re f r o m g e o t h e r m a l a r eas ; a n d ( 3 ) e x p e r i m e n t a l s i l i c a s o l u b i l i t y s t u d i e s t h a t d e t e r m i n e d of t w o d i f f e r e n t s i l i c a v a r i e t i e s c o n t a c t a s o l u t i o n , t h e more 5 O l L I b l e o n e c o n t r o l s s i l i c a c o n c e n t r a t i o n . A r n o r s s o n (1975) d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t c h a l c e d o n y c o n t r o l s i l i c a c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n I c e l a n d i c g e o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s i n b a s a l t i c r o c k s b e l o w 11C)'C a n d t o 180 'C i n some cases. T o s u m m a r i z e , c o n t r o l of s i l i c a c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n n a t u r a l waters rests l a r g e l y upon t h e s i l i c a p h a s e p r e s e n t a n d upon r e a c t i o n k i n e t i c s ( d i s c u s s e d i n 2 l a t e r s e c t i o n ) , i n a d d i t i o n t o t e m p e r a t u r e .

I n o r d e r t o s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l y s i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s t o g e o t h e r m a l e x p l o r a t i o n a n d r e s e r v o i r e n g i n e e r i n g , s e v e r a l m o d e l s h a v e b e e n d e v e l o p e d f o r t h e i r use. T h e s e m o d e l s d e s c r i b e c i r c u m s t a n c e s commonly f o u n d i n n a t u r e . Each model h a s i t s own set of r e q u i r e m e n t s , wh ich must h o l d t r u e i f r e s u l t s of g e o t h e r m o m e t r y are t o b e a c c u r a t e a n d r e l i a b l e . T h e s e m o d e l s are:

( 1 ) The c o n d u c t i v e model

I f a s o l u t i o n cools c o n d u c t i v e l y ( h e a t 1055 t o c o u n t r y roc)::) a f t e r i t l e a v e s a r e s e r v o i r w h e r e i t has e q u i l i b r a t e d w i t h some p o l y m o r p h s o f s i l i c a , i t does n o t lose or g a i n d i s s o l v e d s i l i c a ; i t is n o t mixed w i t h cool n e a r - s u r f a c e w a t e r , or i t h a s n o t l o s t steam. a c o n d u c t i v e s i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r a p p l i e s . C o n d u c t i v e s i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s exist f o r q u a r t z , c h a l c e d o n y , c r i s t o b a l i t e , a n d o p a l ( F o u r n i e r , 1973; F o u r n i e r a n d o t h e r s , 1974; F o u r n i e r , 1977; a n d A r n o r s s o n , 1983).

( 2 ) The a d i a b a t i c model

I f a g e o t h e r m a l water h a s 105t steam, t h e r e s i d u a l s i l i c a i n s o l u t i o n increases p r o p o r t i o n a l t o steam los s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f a d i a b a t i c steam

. l o s s t o c o n d u c t i v e c o o l i n g is u s e d t o cor rec t t h e si 1 ica g e o t h e r m o m e t e r . A d i a b a t i c g e o t h e r r n o m e t e r s exist f o r q u a r t z a n d c h a l c e d o n y ( F o u r n i e r a n d o t h e r s , 1977; F o u r n i er , 1977; a n d A r n o r s s o n , 1983). T h e s e g o e t h e r m o m e t e r s a p p l y t o n e a r - s u r f ace b o i l i n g s y s t e m s w h e r e min ima l or n o c o n d u c t i v e h e a t l o s s o c c c ~ r s a n d n o l o s s o f d i s s o l v e d s i l i c a O C C L I ~ S .

(3) M i x i n g m o d e l s

S e v e r a l m i x i n g m o d e l s exist , which may i n c l u d e t h e e f f e c t o f s u r f a c e b o i l i n g ( s i n g l e s t a g e steam los s a t a s p e c i f i e d e n t h a l p y ) . The s i m p l e s t m i x i n g model is h o t

-4-

water m i x e d w i t h cold water w h e r e t h e g r o s s c o m p o s i t i o n s o f e a c h d i f f e r , n o steam l o s s o c c u r s , n o s i l i c a p r e c i p i t a t e s b e f o r e or a f t e r m i x i n g a n d n o c o n d u c t i v e h e a t 1055 o c c u r s . M i >: i ng model g e o t h e r m o m e t r y t e c h n i q u e s may i n c l u d e t h e use of h e a t , s i l i c a a n d c h l o r i d e - b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n s , w h i c h a r e s o l v e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y , e n t h a l p y - s i 1 i c a d i a g r a m s , a n d e n t h a l p y - c h l o r i d e diagrams. T h e l a t te r t e c h n i q u e may c a l c u l a t e e n t h a l p y w i t h s i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s o r c a t i o n g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s a n d t h e c o m b i n e d e f f e c t s o f m i :*: i n g , b o i 1 i n g a n d c o n d u c t i v e h e a t l o s s may b e o b s e r v e d p r o v i d e d s e v e r a l d i s c h a r g e s f r o m t h e same r e s e r v o i r a r e u s e d ( F o u r n i e r a n d T r u e s d e l l , 1974: T r c i e s d e l l a n d F o u r n i e r , 1977: Mahon, 1975; and F o c i r n i e r 1979). B e f o r e m i x i n g m o d e l s a r e a p p l i e d t h e o c c u r r r e n c e of m i x i ng mus t b e e s t ab l i s h e d . T r u e s d e l l a n d Focirni er (1976) F o u r n i e r (1979, 1981) r e v i e w e d f a c t o r s t h a t may i n d i c a t e m i x i n g : ( 1 ) c h l o r i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n v a r i a t i o n s too g r e a t t o b e e x p l a i n e d b y steam l o s s i n b o i l i n g ( w h i c h c a u s e s i n c r e a s e d c h l o r i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n ) : ( 2 ) s y s t e m a t i c v a r i a t i o n of r a t i o s of h i g h l y s o l u b l e and c o n s e r v a t i v e c o n s t i t u e n t s s u c h a s C1 /E, B / L i a n d C1 / L i ; ( 3 ) v a r i a t i o n s i n o x y g e n a n d h y d r o g e n i s o t o p e s ; (4) C o o l s p r i n g s w i t h h i g h f l o w ra tes b u t h i g h g e o t h e r m o m e t e r v a l u e s ( e i t h e r s i l i c a c o n d u c t i v e or c a t i o n g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s ) ; (9) s y s t e m a t i c v a r i a t i o n s o f s p r i n g c o m p o s i t i o n s a n d m e a s u r e d t e m p e r a t u r e s . S u c c e s s f u l a p p l i c a t i o n o f m i x i n g m o d e l s may r e q u i r e k n o w l e d g e o f c h e m i s t r y a n d t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e c o l d m i :.: i n g w a t er 5

We p r o p o s e t h a t a n o t h e r m o d e l , w h i c h w e c a l l a s t e a d y - s t a t e model , h a s use a s a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r o n l o w - t e m p e r a t u r e waters ( . : : : 150°C) . A t t h e s e t e m p e r a t u r e s s i l i c a - r e a c t i o n k i n e t i c s a r e s l o w a n d may h a v e s i m i l a r or lower ra tes t h a n a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e - w a t e r r e a c t i o n s . Our s t u d y a d d r e s s e d t h e a f f e c t o f CO2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n on s i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t r y a n d d e v i s e d a method t o correct CO2 a f f e c t s i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n a n a c c u r a t e s i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r f o r u s e o n waters less t h a n 100°C.

I m p e t u s t o s t u d y a n d d e v e l o p t h i s g e o t h e r m o m e t r y model w a s two-f 01 d . F i r s t , s y s t e m s w i t h r e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e s less t h a n 150 OC f r e q u e n t l y d o n o t r e a l i s t i c a l l y f i t m o d e l s p r e v i o u s l y d e v e l o p e d , w h i c h w e r e o u t l i n e d i n t h e p r e c e e d i n g d i s c u s s i o n . T h i s m a 1 : : e s g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s u n r e l i a b l e a n d a m b i g u o u s t o i n t e r p r e t . One major r e a s o n is t h a t t h e s i l i c a i n t h e s e waters is n o t f r o m q u a r t z or o t h e r s i l i c a p o l y m o r p h f o r m s . T h e d i s , s o l v e d s i l i c a c o n t r i b u t i o n s are f r o m n o n - e q u i l i b r i u m r e a c t i o n s whose r a t e s may e x c e e d p o l y m o r p h e q u i l i b r i u m . S e c o n d , t h e p r o b l e m is i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e t h e g r e a t e s t number o f g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e s h a v e r e s e r v o i r t e m p e r a t u r e s 1 ess t h a n 150 O C . S u c c e s s f 1-11 d e m o n s t r a t i o n a n d u s e o f a s t e a d y - s t a t e g e o t h e r m o m e t r y model w i 11

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a i d ex p 1 or a t i on and developement o f t h e 1 ow- moder ate-temperature resources.

to

Feth and o t h e r s (1964) and Gar re l s and Mct:::enzie (1967) showed t h a t t h e r e a c t i o n s o f d i sso l ved carbon d i o x i d e w i t h priinar,; r,zcl.:: minera l s such as f e l d s p a r s e x p l a i n t h e chemical composi t ions o i sp r ings i n t h e S i e r r a Nevada o f C a l i f o r n i a and Nevada. Dissolved s i l i c a i n these low-temperature waters may be due en t i i -P ly t o a c i d a t t a c k by d i sso l ved carbon d i o x i d e on a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e minera ls , which a l s o re leases c a t i o n s t o s o l u t i o n . tusenberg and Clemency (1975) have exper imen ta l l y determined i n long-term t e s t s a t standard c o n d i t i o n s and constant pCO2 ( 1 atmosphere) t h a t s i l i c a i s i n i t i a l l y re leased r a p i d l y du r ing fe ldspar-water reac t i ons . However, a f t e r severa l days t h e s i l i c a re lease r a t e was ve ry slow and n e a r l y constant. S tud ies by H i m s t i d t and Barnes (1980) showed t h a t e q u i l i b r a t i o n r a t e s o f s i l i c a polymorphs a r e ext remely s low a t lower temperatures. Paces (1978) has suggested t h a t aqueous concen t ra t i ons associated w i t h a c i d (pC02) a t t a c k o f a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e m ine ra l s a r e c o n t r o l l e d by "hydrodynamic o r chemical s teady-state mechanisms o r through chemical e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h a r e v e r s i b l e metastable (aluminum s i l i c a t e s o l i d . " The fo rego ing s t u d i e s ma1::e i t abundant ly c l e a r t h a t s i l i c a geothermometry a t low temperatures ( l e s s than 80 C ) i s f r a u g h t w i t h d i f f i c u l t y due t o r e a c t i o n s which i n t r o d u c e d i sso l ved s i l i c a t o s o l u t i o n f r o m non-polymorph sources.

Thi 5 study i n v e s t i g a t e s s i l i c a - w a t e r r e a c t i o n s i n low-temperature geothermal water i n areas near Saf fo rd . southeastern Arizona, and de r i ve5 a pCO2 c o r r e c t i o n f o r conduct ive s i l i c a geothermometers. Use and l i m i t a t i o n s o f t h e technique a re a l s o discussed. Data c o l l e c t i o n , i n t e r p r e t a t i o n approach, and bas i c geochemistry, as i t a p p l i e s t o t h i s study, a re o u t l i n e d . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e geology, thermal regime, geohydrology, and gross geochemistry o f t h e S a f f o r d area a re reviewed. F i n a l l y , geothermal p o t e n t i a l , as i n d i c a t e d by t h i s s tudy and p rev ious s t u d i e s i s discussed.

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DATA COLLECTION AND INTERPRETATION

Data c o l l e c t e d f o r t h i s study i nc lude ground water chemical analyses, d r i l l e r s ' l o g s o f water we l ls , geohydrologic and geologic in fo rmat ion . Publ ished chemical analyses were compiled from Witcher, 1981; Swanberg and others, 1977: Mu l l e r and others, 1973: D u t t and McCreary, 1970: and Hem, 1950. Add i t i ona l analyses from an area near Buena V i s t a were obtained from a U n i v e r s i t y of Arizona Master 's t h e s i s on a sub-economic minera l deposi t (Yar ter , 1981). Knechtel (1958) publ ished several analyses from t h e area i n a U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper. Knechte l 's data were no t inc luded i n our data base because they were r e l a t i v e l y incomplete. Unpublished chemical analyses were obtained from f i l e s o f t h e c i t y o f Sa f fo rd ' s engineers' o f f i c e and from f i l e s o f t h e U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources D i v i s i on Tucson. Because avai 1 ab le pub1 i shed and unpubl i shed chemical analyses u s u a l l y had no aluminum, boron, o r 1 i t h i u m analyses and because r e l i a b i l i t y o f pH and a l k a l i n i t y data were genera l l y u n k n o w n , f i e l d collection of an additional 42 chemical analyses o f ground water was performed.

D r i l l e r s ' l o g s and geohydrologic i n fo rma t ion were obtained from Knechtel, 1938; Witcher, 1982; and from f i l e s o f t h e CIrizona Department o f Water Resources, Phoenix and t h e U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources D i v i s i on, Tucson.

Samples were s e l e c t i v e l y taken from f l o w i n g a r t e s i a n w e l l s except f o r one pumped we l l a t Euena V i s t a and one sur face r u n o f f sample. Temperature, pH, and t o t a l a l k a l i n i t y were c a r e f u l l y measured i n t h e f i e l d i n order t o o b t a i n t h e most accurate

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values. The pH and a l k a l i n i t y a re c r i t i c a l measurements t o determine pCO2 pressure.

The pH was measured w i t h a Corning Model 6 l O A Expand Por tab le Meter equipped w i t h a Corning 476115, KC1-AgC1 Combination Glass Electrode. C a l i b r a t i o n was done by s tandard iz ing t h e e lec t rode i n pH7 b u f f e r standard. The b u f f e r standard was temperature e q u i l i b r a t e d t o t h e sample temperature. Th is temperature was s e t on t h e pH meter temperature compensator du r ing t h e c a l i b r a t i o n . The e lec t rode was r i n s e d i n de ion ized water a f t e r c a l i b r a t i o n and placed i n an u n f i l t e r e d volume o f sample. The pH readings were taken a t i n t e r v a l s o f t ime u n t i l t h e pH meter s t a b i l i z e d . The s t a b i l i z e d pH value was recorded. Temperatures were taken w i t h a 0.1 C graduated mercury thermometer.

FIfter measuring temperature and pH, an e l e c t r o m e t r i c t i t r a t i o n was performed on an u n f i l t e r e d 50ml p i p e t t e volume o f sample. c)

O.C)2297N standardized s o l u t i o n o f H2S04 was used f o r t i t r a t i o n . Acid was added i n smal l increments (0.1 t o 0.05ml) near t h e CO3 and HCQ3 end p o i n t 5 (approximately p H 8.3 t o p H 4.5, r e s p e c t i v e l y ) . End p o i n t s were determined by n o t i n g t h e h ighes t r a t i o s of pH/ m l ac id . The volume o f a c i d requ i red t o reach these end p o i n t s was used t o c a l c u l a t e a l k a l i n i t y .

Two samples were prepared i n t h e f i e l d t o preserve chemistry f o r l a b o r a t o r y ana lys is . Both samples were f i l t e r e d through a 0.45 micron Nalgene f i l t e r , us ing an on - l i ne vacuum f i l t r a t i o n system. A hand pump was used t o c rea te t h e vacuum. The f i r s t sample cons is ted o f approximately 500ml o f pure f i l t e r e d sample. The second sample cons is ted o f approximately ‘500ml o f f i l t e r e d sample w i t h S m l o f 1N HC1 added t o preserve c a t i o n s and aluminum. Both samples were placed i n clean, r i n s e d p l a s t i c b o t t l e s . Because very h igh s i l i c a concent ra t ions (:::. IC)<) ppm) were n o t expected, sample d i l u t i o n w i t h de ion ized water was no t performed t o prevent s i l i c a po lymer izat ion.

Samples were shipped i n wooden boxes l i n e d w i t h Styrofoam by bus t o E. C. Labora tor ies i n Bakers f i e ld , C a l i f o r n i a . B l u e i c e packages kept t h e box i n t e r i o r s cool du r ing shipment. Analyses were performed according t o APHA-AWWA-WFCF-EPA standards (Ameri can Pub1 i c Heal t h Associ a t i on, 1979; Environmental F r o t e c t i o n Agency, 1979).

M i 11 i equi v a l en t charge ba l ances o f 1 ab analyses were a1 1 1 ess

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than 2 percent. I o n charge balance a f t e r spec ia t i on ca l cu la t i ons , us ing f i e l d pH and a l k a l i n i t y , were w i t h i n th ree percent, except f o r f o u r samples. Charge balance d i f f e r e n c e s between f i v e and seven percent occurred i n t h r e e samples; l6W63 was o f f by 15 percent. Samples 21W83 and 40W83 are from t h e same we l l b u t were c o l l e c t e d on d i f f e r e n t days. Agreement between analyses i s b e t t e r than 96 percent. Thus, t h e combined e f f e c t s of sampling e r r o r , l a b e r r o r and changes i n discharge chemistry w i t h t ime are minimal i n these two samples.

Ava i l ab le d r i l l e r s ' l o g s were compiled t o o b t a i n subsurface s t r a t i graphic and s t r u c t u r a l in fo rmat ion . D r i l l e r s ' l ogs a re d i f f i c u l t t o i n t e r p r e t and they may be ambiguous because d r i l l e r s they u s u a l l y do no t f o l l o w geologic convent ion or vernacular. However, i n areas where d i s t i n c t i v e l i t h o l o g i c u n i t s occur, d r i l l e r s ' l og5 can be i n t e r p r e t e d w i t h a f a i r degree o f confidence. I n many cases they p rov ide t h e on ly a v a i l a b l e subsurf ace i n f ormat i on.

Table 1 shows t h e systemat ics o f d r i l l e r s ' - l o g i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . T h i s method o f i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s no t pe r fec t ; bu t i t a l l ows cons is ten t eva lua t i on o f t h e logs. It has been used success fu l l y i n t h e San Simon and Wi l lcox bas ins (Witcher, 1981; 1982). U n i t s w i t h d i s t i n c t i v e co lo r , t e x t u r e and g r a i n s i z e are genera l l y noted consistently by drillers. In t h i s area, the blue-green c l a y and sand and grave l d e s c r i p t i o n s f a l l i n t o t h i s recognizable category. The b l u e o r green c l a y i s a r e a l u n i t , which i s found i n outcrop. Harbour (1966) and White and S m i t h (1965) i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e u n i t i s o f l a c u s t r i n e o r i g i n . Witcher (1981; 1982) showed t h a t i t occurs as a l e n s shaped marker bed i n t h e Safford-San Simon bas ins and t h e Wi l l cox basin. The b l u e o r green c l a y th ickens toward depos i t i ona l bas in centers; bu t t h e blue-green c l a y e l e v a t i o n , t ops u s u a l l y vary o n l y s l i g h t l y . Perhaps t h e most d i f f i c u l t s t r a t i g r a p h y t o d i s t i n g u i s h i n d r i l l e r s ' l ogs i s t h e evapor i t e sequences w i t h i n t h e bas ins o f southeastern Arizona. Geophysical l o g s and r e s i s t i v i t y data a re used t o supplement d r i l l e r s ' . l o g s when they are ava i l ab le . These methods are s e n s i t i v e t o c l a y and evapor i t e sequences (and t o ground water w i t h h i g h TDS t h a t i s associated w i t h these u n i t s ) . D r i l l e r s ' - l o g i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s are on ly guides and are no t abso lu te l y r e l i a b l e by themselves. However, t h e i r usefu lness should no t be underestimated; t h a t i s why we used them when o ther i n f o r mat i on was unavai 1 ab1 e.

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Standard laboratory chemical ana-yses were used to determine the gross chemistry of ground water. These analyses are reported in terms of total analytical concentration of sodium, potassium, calcium, silica and so forth. Concentrations of individual ions and ion pairs are not reported. For instance, r e p o r t e d calcium concentrations are actually the sum of several ionic calcium species and uncharged complexes (ion pairs) present in the ground water:

E q u a t i o n 1

Ca (analyzed) = Ca++ + CaC03" + CaS04" + . . .etc. In detailed studies of equilibrium and reaction kinetics the

thermodynamic state or saturation level of a sample water is required. In order to know the thermodynamic state of ground water, ionic speci ation requires calculation. Because of electrostatic interaction of ions in a soluition, the Gibbs free energy change may be different in a real solution than in an ideal solution. Hence, it is necessary to determine effective concentration (activity) of ions in solution. Species activity is related to species concentration b y an activity coefficient:

Equation 2

ai = yi mi

ai is activity concentration of specie5 i

mi is concentration of species i

yi is activity coefficient of species i

In dilute solutions activity is near unity. As concentratrion

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increases t h e c o e f f i c i e n t dev ia tes more and more from u n i t y .

Ca lcu la t i on of spec ia t i on i s accomplished by s e t t i n g up a geochemical model i nvo l v i nq mass b a l ance equat 1 on5 s i m i 1 a r t o Equat ion 1. M a s s a c t i o n equat ions a re then der ived t o descr ibe a l l o f t h e components i n t h e m a s s balance equations. Using a s i m p l i f i e d example from Equation 1, t h e mass a c t i o n equat ions are:

Equat ion 3

K l = aCaC03° / aCa++ aC03--

Equat ion 4

K2 = aCaS04' / aCa++ aS04--

from these equations:

Equat ion 5

Equat ion 6

mCaS04o = K Z aS04-- mCa++ yCa++ / yCaS04O

combining equat ions 5 , 6, and 1:

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A s e t of equat ions s i m i l a r t o Equat ion 7 i s so lved simultaneously by i t e r a t i v e methods u n t i l a mass-charge balance i s obtained.

When a c t i v i t i e s have been c a l c u l a t e d i t i s poss ib le t o determine aqueous s a t u r a t i o n w i t h s o l i d minera l phases. Several geochemical models and computer proqrams have been developed t o determine spec ia t ion , a c t i v i t i e s , and minera l s a t u r a t i o n o f ground water 5 . O u r s tudy has employed t h e WATSFEC program (Wigley, 19771, which i s a shortened FORTRAN I V program based upon t h e longer and more d e t a i l e d WATEQ (Truesde l l and Jones, 1974) and WATEQF (Plummer and others, 1976) programs. WATSFEC was chosen because i t uses on ly major c o n s t i t u e n t s normal ly analyzed i n ground water. I t i s w e l l documented, and i t uses l i t t l e computer time. Because our data d i d no t i n c l u d e eH data and our study d i d no t r e q u i r e t r a c e element spec ia t ion , t h i s program was b a s i c a l l y t a i l o r e d t o our research.

WATSFEC uses an ex tended Debye-Huckel equat ion t o c a l c u l a t e a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s ( S t u m m and Morgan, 1970). Thermodynamic data used i n WATSFEC has t h e same values as those used i n WATEQ. Temperature adjustment o f e q u i l i b r i u m constants i s done w i t h t h e Van't Hof f r e l a t i o n s h i p except where a n a l y t i c a l expressions were emp 1 oyed .

A DEC PDP 11 computer was used t o process data through t h e WATSFEC program. The WATSPEC program was mod i f ied t o e l i m i n a t e c a l c u l a t i o n o f i r o n and sul fur spec ia t ion . E q u i l i b r i u m constants smal ler than 10E-97 f o r c e r t a i n sulfur and i r o n species i n a data statement caused an over f low problem. Since i r o n and 5 L i l f u r were no t c r i t i c a l t o our study, these c a l c u l a t i o n s were overr idden. I n add i t i on , our da ta base was incomplete w i t h respect t o i r o n and sul fur . The program was a l s o mod i f ied t o c a l c u l a t e s a t u r a t i o n i n d i c e s o f s i l i c a phases, us ing t h e l a t e s t a n a l y t i c a l expressions o f t h e temperature dependence o f t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e e q u i l i b r i u m constants. S i l i c a s a t u r a t i o n i n d i c e s us ing o r i g i n a l e q u i l i b r i u m constants a re s t i l l ca l cu la ted and presented i n output along w i t h the new values. WFITSPEC was f u r t h e r mod i f ied t o g i v e a d d i t i o n a l ou tpu t i n fo rma t ion i n a d i f f e r e n t format than t h e pub1 ished vers ion.

Because WATSFEC accepts chemical da ta i n m i l l i m o l e s per l i t e r , a smal l FORTRAN I V program, MOLAL, was w r i t t e n t o conver t p a r t s per m i l l i o n concent ra t ion i n t o m i l l i m o l e s per l i t e r and make a data base w i t h a s u i t a b l e format f o r WATSPEC t o accept.

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BACKGROUND

Chemical geothermometry i s based upon two impor tant concepts desc r ib ing a chemical reac t i on . These concepts, chemical e q u i l i b r i u m and r e a c t i o n k i n e t i c s , a re best descr ibed i n terms o f energy changes t h a t occur du r ing a chemical reac t i on . A s a r e a c t i o n proceeds, a p o i n t i s even tua l l y reached where no n e t change i n energy takes place. A t t h i s p o i n t a chemical system i s i n chemical equ i l i b r i um. The r a t e a t which a r e a c t i o n approaches e q u i l i b r i u m i s descr ibed by r e a c t i o n k i n e t i c s . When a chemical system reaches an e q u i l i b r i u m cond i t i on , no ne t change i n energy occurs un less new fo rces are introduced. L i k e phys i ca l systems i n a non-equi l ibr ium cond i t i on , chemical systems undergo a spontaneous change u n t i l t h e energy o f t h e system has been min i m i zed. T h i s minimiied-energy c o n d i t i o n o r equi 1 i br ium energy i s c a l l e d Gibbs f r e e energy.

Gibbs f r e e energy i s a thermodynamic parameter t h a t i s used t o r e l a t e t h e concent ra t ions of chemical species i nvo l ved i n a reac t i on . The d r i v i n g f o r c e i n a non-equi l ibr ium o r i n i t i a l s t a t e t h a t causes a system t o change t o a f i n a l o r e q u i l i b r i u m s t a t e i s c a l l e d t h e Gibbs f r e e energy change ( G I . Th i s parameter commonly employs un i t s o f C:cal/mole and i s expressed as:

Equation 8

G = A G ( f i n a l ) - A G ( i n i t i a l )

I n terms o f a chemical r e a c t i o n t h e Gibbs f r e e energy change may a l s o be w r i t t e n as:

Equat ion 9

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A G =SG(products) -ZG(reactants)

The Gibbs f r e e energy o f an i n d i v i d u a l species i s dependent upon temperature, pressure, and concentrat ion. These phys ica l c o n d i t i o n s d e f i n e a s ta te . fit standard s t a t e c o n d i t i o n s (25 C, 1 atmosphere and 1.0 molar .pure concent ra t ion o r u n i t a c t i v i t y ) Gibbs f r e e energy i s designated as standard f r e e energy o f fo rmat ion ( G f ) .

Because t h e concent ra t ions o f t h e species i nvo l ved i n r e a c t i o n s i n n a t u r a l systems a r e general 1 y d i f f e ren t f rom those s p e c i f i e d f o r t h e standard s ta te , i t i s necessary t o r e l a t e standard f r e e energy o f fo rmat ion t o Gibbs f r e e energy change. Chemical thermodynamics p r e d i c t s t h e f o l l o w i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p :

Equat ion 10

Gx = G f + RTlnax

R i s u n i v e r s a l gas constant o r 1.907 ca l /mol t:

T i 5 absolute temperature i n degrees K e l v i n ( E )

a>: i s a c t i v i t y concent ra t ion o f chemical species x

This r e l a t i o n s h i p can be extended t o i n c l u d e a l l species i n a r e a c t i o n i n order t o determine t h e Gibbs f r e e energy change i n a reac t i on . F i r s t , a general chemical r e a c t i o n may be w r i t t e n as:

Equat ion 11

a A + bB = CC + dD

a, b , c , d are s t o i c h i ometr i c coef f i c i ents

F I , B , C , D , are o f species i nvo l ved i n t h e r e a c t i o n

Second, by combining equat ions 9 and 11 an expression f o r Gibbs f r e e energy change f o r t h i s r e a c t i o n i s obtained:

t h e

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Equation 12

Inorder t o r e l a t e Gibbs f r e e energy change o f t h e r e a c t i o n t o standard f r e e energy o f format ion, equatdons 1 0 and 12 are combined and terms rearranged t o give:

Equat ion 13

or s t a t e d another way:

OGr = O G f + RTlnQ

C d a b Q i s a r e a c t i o n quot ien t Q = ( a C ) (aD) / ( a h ) (aB)

Because a system a t e q u i l i b r i u m shows no ne t energy change, a system a t e q u i l i b r i u m a t standard s t a t e i s descr ibed as fo l lows:

Equat ion 14

AGr = 0 = A G f + RTlnQ

or

OGf = -RTlnC:

K i s an e q u i l i b r i u m constant

A t e q u i l i b r i u m t h e r e a c t i o n quot ien t (0) equals t h e e q u i l i b r i u m constant (V; ) . Because geothermometry by d e f i n i t i o n assumes e q u i l i b r i u m a t some s p e c i f i e d s ta te , t h e l o g r a t i o Q/K i s an impor tant f a c t o r t o p r e d i c t how f a r a r e a c t i o n has proceeded toward e q u i l i b r i u m and assess t h e geothermometer r e l i a b i l i t y i n a n a t u r a l system, T h i s r a t i o i s o f t e n r e f e r r e d t o a5 I, an i n d i c e s of sa tura t ion :

Equation 15

l o g I = l o g Q/V;

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I i s r e l a t e d t o Gibbs f r e e energy change by:

Equation 16

A G r = 2.303

I n order t o I

RT l o g I

se chemical geothermometry . i t is necessar I t o r e l a t e t h e thermodynamic equ l i b r i um constant ( K ) t o temperatures and pressures o ther than standard s ta te . The i n f l u e n c e o f pressure a t shal low depths i s minimal and w i l l n o t be discussed.

another d e f i n i t i o n o f Gibbs f r e e energy change prov ides a use fu l s t a r t i n g p o i n t t o d iscuss t h e e f f e c t s o f temperature on equ i l i b r i um. Gibbs f r e e energy change f o r a g iven chemical r e a c t i o n a t constant temperature i s dependent upon t h e enthalpy change ( H I t h e ent ropy change ( S) I and temperature as fo l l ows :

Equat ion 17

A G r = AHr - TASr

AHr i s commonly i n u n i t s ):cal/mole

OSr i s commonly i n u n i t s ca l /deg mole

T i s absolute temperature degrees K e l v i n

The magnitude and d i r e c t i o n o f a r e a c t i o n i s dependent upon temperature and t h e r e s p e c t i v e s igns o f enthalpy and entropy. Because enthalpy change (nHr) i s a q u a n t i t y o f heat l i b e r a t e d o r absorbed i n a chemical r e a c t i o n ,, enthalpy change i s u s e f u l t o r e l a t e the e q u i l i b r i u i m constant (K) t o temperatures o ther than a standard s ta te . T h i s i s done us ing t h e Van’t Hof f r e l a t i o n s h i p :

Equat ion 18

I n

The qu as s u m e d

K t / l n Ks = (-OHf/H ) ( T t - Ts/TsTt)

n t i t y ofAHf i s t h e standard enthalpy change and i t i s t o remain constant over t h e temperature range T t t o Ts.

Discussion up t o t h i s p o i n t r e l a t e s t h e e q u i l i b r i u m constant ( K ) t o temperatures and concent ra t ions other than standard s t a t e cond i t ions . I t should be po in ted out t h a t t h i s d iscuss ion o f

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concent ra t ion i s i n terms o f a c t i v i t y concentrat ion. The re1 a t i onship between a c t i v i t y concentrat ion, spec ia t ion , and measured l a b o r a t o r y concent ra t ion is discussed i n a l a t e r sect ion.

C l e a r l y t h e r e a re severa l r e a c t i o n s t h a t have a t h e o r e t i c a l p o t e n t i a l as geothermorneters. However, more i s requ i red than temperature dependence of species concent ra t ion i n a reac t i on . For a s p e c i f i e d r e a c t i o n t o have use, species i n t h e r e a c t i o n can

Just as no t be invo lved i n o ther r e a c t i o n s a t f a s t e r ra tes . important, i n order t h a t geothermometers have any meaning beyond measured sur face cond i t ions , t h e r e a c t i o n k i n e t i c s must be slow a t low temperatures. Th is slow r e a c t i o n r a t e preserves t h e chemical species concent ra t ion a f t e r t he aqueous s o l u t i o n a t equi 1 i b r i urn 1 eaves a r e s e r v o i r and cool s? t h u s a1 1 owi ng c a l c u l a t i o n o f a r e s e r v o i r temperature.

K i n e t i c s i s descr ibed by a general r e a c t i o n o f t h e form:

Equation 19 k: f

C + D L A + E , I: r

k f and k r a re r a t e constants

The forward r e a c t i o n r a t e ( H f ) i s descr ibed by:

Equat i on 20

R f = k f C A I C B 1

Brackets denote a c t i v i t y concent ra t ion o f species CS and E.

Th is r e l a t i o n s h i p i s i n t e r p r e t e d t o show t h a t as a r e a c t i o n proceeds, t h e a c t i v i t y concent ra t ions of A and E decrease; l i k e w i s e R f , which i s i n i t i a l l y la rge , decreases also. The reverse r a t e ( R r ) i s descr ibed by:

Equation 21

R r = k r C C l [ D J

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A s t h e r e a c t i o n i n E q u a t i o n 19 p r o c e e d s t h e a c t i v i t i e s o f C a n d D i n c r e a s e , a n d R r i n c r e a s e s . When R f = R r , e q u i l i b r i u m is r e a c h e d . T h i s c o n d i t i o n is d e s c r i b e d by:

E q u a t i o n 22

K t = k f / k r = CC3CDl/CA3CEl

tr’ t is a n e q u i l i b r i u m c o n s t a n t f o r t h e r e a c t i o n a t t e m p e r a t u r e t

I n summary, t h e p r e c e e d i n g g e o c h e m i c a l d i s c u s s i o n p r o v i d e s a g e n e r a l b a s i s f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g chemical g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s . Two ma in c o n c l u s i o n s f rom t h i s d i s c u s s i o n are r e l e v e n t t o c h e m i c a l g e o t h e r m o m e t r y i n n a t u r a l a q u e o u s s y s t e m s :

( 1 ) A r e a c t i o n m u s t h a v e s u f f i c i e n t s t a n d a r d e n t h a l p y c h a n g e t o allow a n e a s i l y o b s e r v e d t e m p e r a t u r e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a t i o n of s p e c i e s c o n c e n t r a t i o n . (2) T h e r e a c t i o n k i n e t i c s m u s t b e f a s t e r a t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d much slower a t lower t e m p e r a t u r e s f o r a r e a c t i o n t o h a v e u s e a s a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r .

However , t h e m a i n f a c t o r r e q u i r e d fo r s u c c e s s f u l g e o t h e r m o m e t r y is t h a t a p a r t i c u l a r r e a c t i o n mus t reach t e m p e r a t u r e - d e p e n d e n t e q u i l i b r i u m i n a n a t u r a l s y s t e m . F o r t h a t t o h a p p e n t h e chemical s p e c i e s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e r e a c t i o n m u s t b e p r e s e n t , a n d t h e s p e c i f i e d r e a c t i o n m u s t o c c u r , n o t a n o t h e r r eac t ion t h a t uses t h e s a m e s p e c i e s .

I n o r d e r f o r s i l i c a a n d c a t i o n g e o t h e r m o m e t r y t o p r e d i c t v a l i d s u b s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e s , t h e r e a c t i o n s upon w h i c h t h e y are b a s e d mus t o c c u r . A t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s (greater t h a n 100 t o 1 5 0 ° C ) a l t e r a t i o n a n d m i n e r a l a s s e m b l a g e s f o u n d i n a c t i v e a n d f o s s i l g e o t h e r m a l s y s t e m s are c o m p a t i b l e w i t h t h e g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s . R e l i a b i l i t y of g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s a t lower t e m p e r a t u r e s (less t h a n 150 t o 1c70°C) is less c e r t a i n . P a r t of t h e p r o b l e m d e a l s w i t h slower r e a c t i o n k i n e t i c s a t lower t e m p e r a t u r e s , a n d p a r t i n v o l v e s t h e o c c u r r e n c e of t h e s p e c i f i e d r e a c t i o n s n e c e s s a r y f o r v a l i d g e o t h e r m o m e t r y r e s u l t s . I n order t o a d d r e s s t h i s l a t t e r p r o b l e m ,

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t h e geochemical systems found i n bas ins i n t h e southwestern U. S. m u s t f i r s t be character ized.

The processes o f sediment diagenesis prov ided general i n fo rma t ion on bas in geochemistry. Diagenesis has been def ined by P e t t i j o h n and o the rs (1973) as . . . " a l l those processes, chemical and phys ica l , which a f f e c t t h e sediment a f t e r depos i t i on and up t o t h e lowest grade o f metamorphism, t h e greenschis t fac ies . I ' The o v e r a l l t r e n d du r ing diagenesis i s towards equ i l i b r i um, however, e q u i l i b r i u m i s u s u a l l y no t reached between a l l m inera ls and contained f l u i d s . I n an i d e a l sense, he re in l i e s t h e main d i f f e r e n c e between diagenesis and metamorphism. General ly, d iagenet ic minera l and a l t e r a t i o n assemblages on ly approach equi 1 ibr ium; whereas metamorphic and hydrothermal assemblages a re sometimes i n t e r p r e t a b l e i n terms o f t h e assemblage e q u i l i b r i u m a t a s p e c i f i e d temperature and pressure ( P e t t i john and others, 1973). Factors respons ib le t o vary ing degrees f o r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i n o v e r a l l s t a t e o f chemical e q u i l i b r i u m are r e a c t i o n k i n e t i c s , t ime, and f l u i d - f l o w r a t e .

A s w i t h hydrothermal and metamorphic processes, d iagenet ic processes a l s o d r a m a t i c a l l y change t h e chemical composi t ion o f rocks by chemical mass t r a n s p o r t i n aqueous so lu t i ons . These chemical processes i n v o l v e bo th d i s s o l u t i o n and p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f minera ls and cements. D i s s o l u t i o n may be congruent o r incongruent. Congruent d i s s o l u t i o n removes a l l components i n a so l i d speci e5 i n t o so l u t i on. Incongruent d i s s o l u t i o n s e l e c t i v e l y removes a few components t o change t h e composit ion o f a s o l i d . A l t e r a t i o n o f f e ldspars t o c l a y minera ls i s an example o f incongruent d i s s o l u t i o n . P r e c i p i t a t i o n r e q u i r e s t h a t t h e system i s open t o f l u i d f l o w i n order t o r e p l e n i s h supersatured sol u t i ons. However, w i t h t ime p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f cements and authigenic m i n e r a l s decreases permeability by filling pore spaces.

Diagenesis o f b a s i n - f i l l sediments i n t h e southwest Un i ted Sta tes and nor thern Mexico have been discussed i n d e t a i l by Walker and o the rs (1978) and Turner (1980). Walker and o the rs (1978) showed t h a t four post-deposi t i o n a l processes a f f e c t b a s i n - f i l l sediments: ( 1 ) mechanical i n f i l t r a t i o n o f d e t r i t a l c l a y i n t o t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l pore spaces; (2) d i s s o l u t i o n o f pr imary d e t r i t a l framework s i 1 i c a t e ( t e c t o s i 1 i c a t e ) minerals; ( 3 ) replacement o f pr imary d e t r i t a l framework s i l i c a t e minera ls by c lay; and (4) p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f a wide v a r i e t y o f s t a b l e and metastable au th igen ic cementing' minerals. These authors noted t h a t these processes a re "not equa l l y impor tant everywhere, bu t almost everywhere one o r more o f these processes s i g n i f i c a n t l y a l t e r e d the o r i g i n a l t e x t u r e and minera l composit ion o f t h e sediments. I ' Three stages o f d iagenesis through t ime were i n d e n t i f i e d by Walker and o the rs (1978) (F ig . 1). Stage 1 i s i n f i l t r a t i o n o f d e t r i t a l c lay; stage 2 i s s i g n i f i c a n t a l t e r a t i o n o f pyroxene, amphibole and ca lc ium p lag ioca lse ; stage 3 i s

I I

_ , I ” , .I1,,.”. _..”” ...-.-.. - , Figure 1 Stages ot Dasin-rl l l alagenesls

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complete o r n e a r l y complete 1055 o f pyroxene, amphibole and most ca lc ium p lag ioc lase , w h i l e potassium fe ldspar and quartz may show evidence o f a l t e r a t i o n .

A l t e r a t i o n o f pr imary framework s i l i c a t e minera ls i s g rea tes t i n minera ls low i n t h e Goldich s t a b i l i t y s e r i e s (Goldich, 1938; Loughnan, 1969; Walker and others, 1978; and Turner, 198C)). These minera ls i n c l u d e p lag ioc lase , a u g i t e and hornblende. D i s s o l u t i o n and replacement by c l a y i s t h e common a l t e r a t i o n mechanism.

Walker and o the rs (1978) found t h a t replacement o f s i 1 i c a t e minera ls by c l a y commonly exceeds 15 percent of t h e sediment volume and t h a t i n most instances t h i s c l a y is near l y pure montmor i l lon i te .

Most au th igen ic minera ls i n t h e b a s i n - f i l l sediments a re extremely f i n e gra ined and normal ly they are very d i f f i c u l t t o recognize w i thout t h e a i d o f a scanning e l e c t r o n microscope (Walker and others, l978) . Potassiuum fe ldspar i s one o f t h e most common auth igen ic minerals. D e t r i t a l g r a i n s o f pr imary potassium fe ldspar and p lag ioc lase serve as hos ts f o r overgrowths o f secondary po tass i u m fe ldspar . I n many l o c a t i o n s potassium fe ldspar c r y s t a l s a re impor tant components o f i n t e r s t i t i a l m a t r i x along w i t h i n f i l t r a t e d c l a y and au th igen ic mon tmor i l l on i te (Wal k:er and othersi, 1978).

C l i n o p t i l o l i t e , a h i g h - s i l i c a z e o l i t e , forms a common cementing mater i a1 where vo lcan ic1 a s t i c d e t r i t u s occurs. A u t h i geni c potassium fe ldspar and ' quartz a re commonly associated w i t h t h i s z e o l i t e (Walker and others, 1978). Sheppard and Gude (1973) descr ibed t h e occurrence o f z e o l i t e minera ls i n t h e B i g Sandy fo rmat ion i n western Arizona. Authigenic z e o l i t e s a re most abundant i n a l t e r e d v i t r i c t u f f s and tu f faceous sediments, and may show l a t e r a l l y o r v e r t i c a l l y zoned z e o l i t e assemblages. Commercial z e o l i t e depos i ts e x i s t i n t h e Safford-San Simon bas in nor theas t o f Bowie, Ar izona (Eyde, 1978).

Authi geni c montmor i 1 1 on i t e i 5 f r e q u e n t l y observed i n i n t e r s t i t i a l c a v i t i e s as smal l c r y s t a l s i n a d d i t i o n t o be ing a common replacement o f a l t e r a t i o n minera ls (Walker and others, (1978).

Walker and o the rs (1978) found t h a t s i l i c a i s p r e c i p i t a t e d a5 quartz, e x h i b i t i n g two c r y s t a l forms. They s tated, "We have no t observed t h e two c r y s t a l forms occu r r i ng together , and t h e r e f o r e we conclude t h a t one i s n o t t h e precursor o f t h e other . We a l s o conclude t h a t t h e two forms r e f l e c t e i t h e r d i f f e r e n t concent ra t ions o f SI02 i n t h e groundwaters o r o ther d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e i n t e r s t i t i a l chemical c o n d i t i o n s b u t we do n o t know t h e na ture o f t h e d i f fe rences . Both quartz forms commonly a re associated w i t h au th igen ic potassium fe ldspar . 'I They f u r t h e r noted t h a t d i s s o l u i t i o n o f d e t r i t a l s i l i c a t e minera ls precedes

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precipitation of authiqenic quartz.

Authigenic calcite most commonly causes induration of basin-fill sediments. Calcite is usually coarse grained and it fills interstitial voids and voids formed by dissolution of detrital minerals. Hematite is an additional authigenic mineral common to basin-fill sediments.Ch1orite was not discussed by Walker and others (1978); however, Turner (1980) pointed out that it is one of the common minerals in ancient red-bed deposits.

Studies of diagenesis in basin-fill sediments reveal that si 1 i cate minerals and aqueous solutions interact extensively. Primary detrital minerals such as amphiboles, pyroxenes, biotite, and calcium plagioclase are altered or dissolved to the greatest extent. Authigenic minerals and cements include various clay minerals, various zeolites, potassium feldspar, quartz and calcite. Thus silica dissolved in water is lost t o solution by precipitation of aluminosilicates and quartz. No mention was found of other solid silica phases such as chalcedony or cristobalite having been identified as authigenic precipitates in basin-fill sediments. (Chalcedony, cristobalite, and opal have been found as primary detrital minerals where detritus from volcanic terranes comprises the basin-fill sediments.)

Chemical reactions occur and mineral phases exist in basin sediments and their fluids which are compatible with cation and silica geothermometers. But, the primary detrital minerals are not an equilibrium assemblage as shown by their dissolution and ex t ensi ve a1 ter at i on. A s they dissolve or alter their contributions of silica and cations t o solution cause supersaturation of components that are necessary to precipitate authigenic (equilibrium) minerals such as quartz and potassium feldspar, zeolites, chlorite, claysi, and calcite. If t h e kinetics of the dissolution reactions exceed the kinetics of precipitation reactions, silica geothermometry will predict high and unrealistic reservoir temperatures. In the case of the quartz geothermometer, the rate at which dissolved silica from alteration of primary detrital framework silicate minerals is added t o solution may exceed the rates of quartz and authigenic aluminosilicate precipitation t o give excess dissolved aqueous silica and erroneously high reservoir temperatures.

In order t o maintain dissolution, authigenic mineral precipitation, and excess dissolved silica in ground water, a

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c o n s t a n t s u p p l y o f r e a c t i v e f l u i d is r e q u i r e d . Ground water c o n t a i n i n g s i g n i f i c a n t q u a n t i t i e s of d i s s o l v e d c a r b o n d i o x i d e is h i g h l y r e a c t i v e w i t h a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s . The a t m o s p h e r e a n d d e c a y o f o r g a n i c material p r o v i d e t h e s o u r c e s f o r a c o n s t a n t s u p p l y o f C O 2 i n areas o f r e c h a r g i n g g r o u n d w a t e r .

T w o areas n e a r S a f f o r d , A r i z o n a w e r e s e l e c t e d f o r t h i s s t u d y . T h e p r i n c i p a l area is s o u t h o f S a f f o r d a t C a c t u s F l a t - A r t e s i a . The o t h e r is a t Buena V i s t a n o r t h e a s t o f S a f f o r d .

Major f a c t o r s f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e s e s i tes i n c l u d e d a k n o w l e d g e o f s u b s u r f ace t e m p e r a t u r e s a n d a n u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f local g r o u n d - w a t e r g e o c h e m i s t r y a n d t h e g e o h y d r o l o g i c f l o w s y s t e m . A t C a c t u s F l a t - A r t e s i a t h e s e f a c t o r s h a v e b e e n w e l l c h a r a c t e r i z e d . The g e o c h e m i c a l , g e o h y d r o l o g i c a n d t h e r m a l r e g i m e s a t Buena V i s t a a re less w e l l known. A n o t h e r major f a c t o r i n s e l e c t i n g t h e s e s i t es w a s t h a t t h e y m e e t t h e c r i t e r i a n e c e s s a r y t o a d e q u a t e l y s t u d y g e o t h e r m o m e t r y . T h e s e c r i t e r i a i n c l u d e :

( 1 ) d i s t i n c t , a n d c o n f i n e d g r o u n d w a t e r a q u i f e r s . ( 2 )

r e l a t i v e l y w i d e a n d p r e d i c t a b l e s u b s u r f a c e t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e s . (4) l o n g t e r m w e l l d i s c h a r g e so t h a t t e m p e r a t u r e a n d c h e m i s t r y b e s t r e f e c t a q u i f e r c o n d i t i ons. (5) a d e q u a t e k n o w l e d g e of s u b s u r f a c e g e o l o g y t o d e t a i l g e o c h e m i s t r y a n d g e o h y d r o l o g y .

r e l a t i v e l y unmixed d i s c h a r g e s f r o m t h e a q u i f e r s . ( 3 )

The C a c t u s F l a t - A r t e s i a area, c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y n u m e r o u s t h e r m a l a n d n o n - t h e r m a l f l o w i n g a r t e s i a n w e l l s , meets t h e s e c r i t e r i a v e r y w e l l . W h i l e t h e Buena V i s t a area h a s f l o w i n g w e l l s , its g e o l o g i c a n d g e o h y d r o l o g i c c o n d i t i o n s are less w e l l known. I t w a s s t u d i e d p r i m a r i l y t o g a i n more i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e g e o t h e r m a l p o t e n t i a l t h e r e . R e s u l t s a n d c o n c l u s i o n s o b t a i n e d i n s t u d i e s i n t h e C a c t u s F l a t a rea , t h e r e f o r e , h a v e b e e n a p p l i e d t o assess g e o t h e r m a l r e s o u r c e s a t Buena V i s t a .

-23-

STUDY AREAS

The two areas i n v e s t i g a t e d du r ing t h i s study l i e w i t h i n t h e nor thwest- t rending Safford-San Simon bas in (F ig . 2). The Cactus F l a t - A r t e s i a area s t radd les U. S. Highway 666 between 8 t o 24 ):m south o f Saf ford. The Buena V i s t a area encompasses a 16):m area nor theas t o f t h e town o f Sa f fo rd along t h e G i l a River . Both areas have thermal f l o w i n g w e l l s w i t h temperatures vary ing from 35 t o 50OC. A t present, these waters a re u t i l i z e d i n t h r e e minera l baths and a c a t f i s h farm i n t h e Cactus F l a t - A r t e s i a area.

FljYSI0GRAPli-l-AND CLIMATE

The Cactus F l a t - A r t e s i a area i s a t t h e base o f t h e Pinaleno Mountains (F ig . 2). Stockton, Mari j i l d a and Graveyard washes, which discharge sur face water from deep canyons i n t h e Pinaleno Mountains, have d issected t h e area i n t o a succession o f mesas. fans, and arroyos. Flow occurs du r ing w in te r and e a r l y s p r i n g due t o snow mel t a t h igh e leva t ions . A l l drainage f l ows n o r t h and east toward t h e G i l a Val ley.

The impressive Pina leno Mountains r i s e a b r u p t l y t o form a range over 3,300m i n e leva t ion , where more than 76cm/yr o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n f a l l s . The Cactus F l a t area l i e s a t 900 t o 1,1(30m e l e v a t i o n and rece ives on ly 20 t o 25cm o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n annual ly. Because o f h igh mean annual temperature (17 O C ) and t h i c k stands of tamarisk t rees, evapot ransp i ra t ion i s h igh i n t h i s area.

The Buena V i s t a area i s i n t h e G i l a R iver f l o o d p l a i n a t an e l e v a t i o n o f 910 t o 9 2 0 m . West o f Buena V i s t a , t h e f l o o d p l a i n widens and curves northwestward south o f Sa f fo rd t o form a

-24-

t 5 0 5 Kilometers N -

Arizona I

STUDY

F i g u r e 2 Location of study areas

-25-

f la t -bot tomed v a l l e y J t o 8km across (Fig. 2). Eastward, t h e

canyon formed by t h e G i l a River between t h e G i l a Mountains and t h e P e l o n c i l l o Mountains. Pai red te r races 20 t o 30m h igh bound t h e f l o o d p l a i n . Above t h e t e r r a c e s 5 t o 20km-wide piedmonts s lope g e n t l y upward toward t h e G i l a and P e l o n c i l l o Mo~tntain5 except n o r t h o f Buena V i s t a where a t l e a s t two more o lde r ances t ra l G i l a R iver te r races are found. Mean annual temperature i s 17'C and p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s le55 than 25cm/yr. The G i l a River i s a perenn ia l stream a t t h i s l oca t i on .

f l o o d p l a i n narrows i n t o t h e nor theast - t rending G i l a B o w , a

The c r u s t o f t h i s r e g i o n i s h i g h l y an i so t rop i c and i s dominated by a west-northwest s t r u c t u r a l g ra in , which i s superimposed on a / o lder nor theas t g r a i n (Swan, 1982; S i l v e r , 1978). Th i s a n i s o t r o p i c i t y o r i g i n a t e d du r ing t h e Precambrian. Dur ing t h e Mesozoic, tecton ism r e a c t i v a t e d s t r u c t i i r e s t o c rea te a h igh land t h a t crosses t h e Sa f fo rd reg ion (Coney, 1978; Turner, 1962; Els ton, 1958). Major erosion, r e s u l t i n g from u p l i f t , removed Paleozoic and pre-Late Cretaceous rocks t o expose Precambrian basement. La te Cretaceous shales and sandstones were deposi ted over t h e Precambrian te r rane (Elston, 1958). La ter , Paleocene (Laramide) volcanism and p lu ton ism was a c t i v e i n t h e area. Laramide a n d e s i t i c f l ow5 and s i l i c i c s tocks crop out i n t h e G i l a Mountains and a re associated w i t h economic copper m i n e r a l i z a t i o n (Dunn, 1978). T h e Eocene w a s an i n t e r v a l o f e ros ion and l o c a l sedimentation, probably accompanying major tecton ism and a break i n volcanism. Dur ing t h i s t ime copper m i n e r a l i z a t i o n was unroofed i n t h e G i l a Mount.ains, and La te Cretaceous shales were p a r t i a l l y removed. La te Oligocene .and e a r l y Miocene volcanism bu r ied t h e area i n b a s a l t i c and a n d e s i t i c f l ows and vo l canoc las t i c sediment up t o 1km t h i c k (Strangway and others, 1976; R ich te r and o the rs3 1981). L i m i t e d s i l i c i c volcanism occurred a5 r h y o l i t i c - . d a c i t i c domes and associated p y r o c l a s t i c depos i ts i n t h e vents and on margins o f l a r g e s t ra tovolcanoes and along major s t r u c t u r a l l ineaments. No major s i l i c i c cauldrons, such as those found i n southwestern New Mexico and i n t h e Chir icahua Mountains, Arizona, have been observed i n t h e Sa f fo rd area. However, s i l i c i c . m i d - T e r t i , a r y p l u t o n s were emplaced i n t h e F ina leno Mountains (Thorman, 1981). Dur ing Miocene, c r u s t a l extens ion began t o form t h e p r o t o Basin and Range. Th is normal f a u l t i n g was charac ter ized i n p laces by l i s t r i c s t y l e r o t a t i o n of upper c r u s t a l f a u l t b locks, o v e r l y i n g low angle decol lements at depth. Local sedimentat ion accompanied t h i s tectonism. Low angle f a u l t s a re sometimes c l o s e l y r e l a t e d s p a c i a l l y and

g e n e t i c a l l y t o metamorphic complexes i n Arizona (Davis and Coney, 1979). The Pinaleno Mountains have been descr ibed by Davis and Coney (1979) as a metamorphic core complex. Dur ing mid t o l a t e Miocene h i g h angle normal f a u l t i n g began t o c rea te t h e gross s t r u c t u r e and topography o f t h e contemporary Basin and Range Province (Scarborough and Peirce, 1978). By t h e t ime t h i s l a s t stage o f tecton ism was w e l l underway, volcanism had ceased. The yougest vo lcan ic rocks i n t h e Sa f fo rd area are 16 m.y. o l d a l k a l i - r i c h b a s a l t s i n t h e Whit lock Mountains (R ich ter and others, 1981 ) . P1 i ocene t o Quaternary basal t s a re found northwest of t h e area on t h e San Car los Ind ian Reservation. Major l a t e Miocene and Pl iocene sedimentat ion occurred i n t h e Sa f fo rd basin. A l a r g e Pl iocene l a k e e x i s t e d i n t h e bas in and through-f lowing drainage o f t h e G i l a system probably d i d no t e x i s t p r i o r t o l a t e s t P l iocene o r e a r l i e s t P le is tocene (Harbour, 1966).

F igures 3 and 4 p rov ide one i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f t h e gross s t r u c t u r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s o f t h e Sa f fo rd basin. F igu re 4 i s a s t r u c t u r a l c ross s e c t i o n through t h e Cactus F l a t - A r t e s i a area and t h e Buena V i s t a area. S t r u c t u r a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s are based upon pub1 ished geology, deep we1 1 d r i 11 core, d r i 1 l e r s ’ l o g s o f water wel ls , Eouguer g r a v i t y , and e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y in fo rmat ion .

The Sa f fo rd bas in i s an assymetr ica l graben complex bound by a major f a u l t zone a t t h e base o f t h e Pinaleno Mountains on t h e southwest and south. The bas in i s probably under la in by a s e r i e s o f f a u l t e d s t a i r - s t e p blocks, which r i s e upward t o form t h e G i l a Mountains on t h e nor theas t and nor th . Houguer g r a v i t y p r o f i l e modeling by Oppenheimer and Sumner (1981) suggests t h a t bedrock i n t h e bas in center i s b u r i e d by a l e a s t 3,O”JOm o f c l a s t i c sediments. The ex is tance o f s t r a t i g r a p h i c u n i t Tso shown i n F igu re 4 has been i n f e r r e d by us from sonic l o g s and t h r e e cores from t h e Sa f fo rd A-1 w i l d c a t e x p l o r a t i o n h o l e (D-9-26-16ab) d r i l l e d by P h i l l i p s Petroleum i n 1982. The core and l o g a re on f i l e a t t h e Ar izona O i l and Gas Commission i n Phoenix. A l l t h r e e cores are a t t h e bottom o r i n t h e lower 61Om o f t h e h o l e and cons is t o f an indura ted redd ish brown g r a n i t e conglomerate. No vo lcan ic c l a s t s o r metamorphic c l a s t s were observed i n t h e cores; there fore , we b e l i e v e t h i s u n i t i s an Eocene t o e a r l y Oligocene fanglomerate (o r o l d e r ) and i t should p r o p e r l y be c l a s s i f i e d as a pre-Basin and Range sediment.

P le is tocene f a u l t scarps occur a t t h e base of t h e Pinaleno Mountains (Menges and o the rs 1982). Another P le is tocene(?) scarp o c c ~ ~ r s southeast of Buena V i s t a (F igure 3) (Menges and

. . . . -. .

T 6 S

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Figure 3 Map of major s t r :x tu res in the Safford Basin

A

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A' N

EXPLANATION

-1-YIDYDQNE W I N F I L L SEWYENTt

?C-LATL MIOCENE CLASTIC SEDIMENTS

YIOEENE DlflTf 10 M(IDC1TlC FLOWS

MID-TERTIUY (MIOCENE) M S U l l C

Ir*l Am DRECCIA a ANDESITE U Y L W o C U I T l C ROCKS

M U W E N € ILARAYIDE) vo(wyIC ROW(!

MLaXENE (LARAYID€) VOLCANIC KICK¶

UNDIFFERENTlAlEDClFlDTIUNL

Genoralizod Geologic Cross Section of the Safford Basin d

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Complete Bouguer Gravity Profile I N OJ I

Figure 4 Geologic cross section of the Safford B a s i n

-29-

others, 1982).

Redrock (noncontinental clastic rocks) includes mostly schist, gneiss, granite, quartzitic mylonite, andesitic to basaltic volcanic rocks and minor rhyolitic t o dacitic volcanic rocks. Mineralogy of these units includes common aluminosilicate minerals, hornblende, augite, biotite, chlorite and feldspars. Volcanic minerals probably comprise olivine, chalcedony, cristobalite, zeolites and calcite. Quartz is common to all units. Rocks associated with Laramide copper mineralization also contain kaolinite, sericite, epidote, chlorite, gypsum and anhydrite.

Sediments filling the contemporary Safford basin are over 1 , 2 2 0 m thick and they indicate several distinct depositional environments. In general , but not always, the f ine-grained and evaporite sediments are found toward the basin center and away from the margins. Basin-filling units are probably most important in this study because nearly all water sampled during this study has been confined t o these formations. Water in the Euena Vista area is a possible exception; it may have flowed upward from underlying bedrock.

Harbour (1966) divided the basin-fill into two major units, upper and l o w e r b a s i n f i l l . These u n i t s are separated by a time-stratigraphic horizon that shows a change in sedimentation processes(fluvia1-lacustrine-playa t o fluvial-alluvial) and by a Pliocene t o Quaternary faunal transition. Harbour (1966) also divided the basin-fill sediments into facies. Because drillers' logs were used in our subsurface interpretations, we have generalized Harbour's units in t o three major groups. Table 1 shows the correlation of our stratigraphic units with those of Harbour and gives the systematics of drillers'-logs interpretation within our stratigraphic divisions. We used the following stratigraphic subdivisions: ( 1 ) a sand-conglomerate facies, ( 2 ) a silt-clay facies, and (3 ) an evaporite facies. We have divided the silt-clay facies into two sub-units: (1) a blue or green clay unit, and ( 2 ) a brown-yellow silt and clay. 611 of the facies intertongue.

The silt-clay facies is lacustrine (blue-green clay) and fluvial over-bank (blue-green clay, in part, and the yellow-brown silt and clay unit). The evaporite facies consists of gypsiferous clay, gypsum, anhydrite, and halite and it was

~

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T A B L E 1 - Systematics of d r i l l e r s ' log i n t e r p r e t a t i o n

Co rre lati on with H a r b o u r ' s b a s in-f i 1 I D ri 1 le rs'

Unit D e s c r i p t i v e T e r m uni t s

Sand/conglo- S a n d , g r a v e 1, cong 10- Basa l cong Lome rate m e r a t e f a c i e s m e r a t e , honeycomb f a c i e s , p iedmont facies,

f o r m a t i o n , caliche, o r a n g e s i l t and eonglo- s a n d y loam, s i l t g r a v e l , c e m e n t

m e r a t e f a c i e s

Si 1 t/c Lay facies black c l a y , g r a y clay, b lue clay g r e e n clay, s t i c k y clay,

Blue clay, b lue s h a l e , G r e e n clay f a c i e s

whi te and b lue clay

S it t / c lay Brown clay, ye l low G r e e n c l a y f a c i e s , f a c i e s clay, muds tone , r e d d e l t a f a c i e s , red f a c i e s b rown c l a y clay, tuff, s a n d y clay,

s i l t s t o n e , g r a v e l c l a y , s i l t and clay, s a n d y clay, g r a v e l s i l t

E v a p o r i t e G y p s u m , anhydr i t e , Evapor i t e f a c i e s f a c i e s e v a p o r i t e s , s a l t ha l i t e ,

h a r d l a y e rs, h a r d p a n

-3 1-

deposited in a playa environment. In a few areas the top of the silt-clay facies consists of a zone of gypsiferous, limonitic and calcareous clay. These deposits may indicate desiccation of the Pliocene lake. Air-fall ash deposits are common in the upper silt-clay facies and they are commonly zeolitized, diatomaceous, or argi 1 1 ic and calcareous. Harbour (1966) suggested the most common basin-fill clay mineral is montmorillonite.

Upper basin-f i 1 1 consists of mostly grusl i k e sand with gravel lenses, except north of Buena Vista, where fine grained tuffaceous sediments are interbedded in sandy and silty sediments adjacent to the Gila Mountains.

A thin generally less than 2Om-thick cobble to boulder conglomerate caps the basin-fill deposits t o form Pleistocene t o Recent geomorphic surfaces. These sediments are pediment caps, ancestral Gila River terrace deposits, and alluvial fan deposits. Ancestral Gi la River gravel s are usual 1 y we1 1 rounded dark volcanic clasts with a few well rounded red granite clasts (Morenci Granite?).

Calcite is the most common cement in upper basin fill and in degradational deposits. Harbour (1966) stated that coarse upper basin-fill units frequently show "replacement" of hornblende and plagioclase by sparry calcite. Other minerals such as quartz and orthoclase may show "corrosion" by calcite. Harbour also described two unusual forms of interstitial calcite: spherolitic cementation, and sand-calcite crystals.

We have inferred subsurface geology has been inferredfrom drillers' logs. Figure 5 shows the locations of cross sections in Figures 6, 7, and 8. Cross section B-B' from Swift Trail to Cactus Flat shows the blue clay unit pinching out t o the south and fine grained units becoming dominate at Cactus Flat. Cross section C-C' is from Swift Trail t o Artesia. The blue clay pinches out t o the west and silt-clay is dominant towards Artesia. Cross section D-D' is from west t o east across the Cactus Flat area. Drillers' 1095 were used t o infer structure also, which is somewhat speculative. However, the high total dissolved solids in wells in this area could result from contact with the gypsiferous sediments (evaporites) that we have interpreted t o be faulted upward in a narrow horst block in this area (also see Figure 9). This structural interpretation is based upon blue clay elevation tops and the top of the evaporite

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D-8-26-28 DEB

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Location of geologic cross sections at Cactus F tat-A r tes ia

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sequence as i n t e r p r e t e d from d r i l l e r s ' logs, us ing Table 2 . F igu re 9 shows t h e b l u e c l a y e l e v a t i o n tops and a s t r u c t u r a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n . Probably t h e most noteworthy f e a t u r e o f these cross sec t ions i s t h e p e r s i s t e n t l a y e r s o r lenses of sand and gravel t h a t produce water. These zones have been i n t e r p r e t e d as tongues o f t h e sand-gravel f a c i e s t h a t predominate t o t h e south and west i n t h e subsurf ace nearest t h e Pinaleno Mountains.

Buena V i s t a o v e r l i e s a s t r u c t u r a l bench bound by f a u l t zones (see F i g 3 ) . C l a s t i c b a s i n - f i l l sediments o v e r l i e t h e bench, which i s composed main ly o f Lar imide vo lcan ic and i n t r u s i v e rocks. S i l t - c l a y and sandy c l a y w i t h g rave l lenses o v e r l i e sand and grave l and c l a y lenses (Witcher, 1981). The f i n e gra ined sec t i on i s probably equ iva len t t o t h e s i l t - c l a y fac ies , w h i l e t h e coarse un i t s represent t h e sand-conglomerate fac ies . A t Euena V i s t a t h e base o f t h e s i l t - c l a y f a c i e s i s 105m below t h e surface. Th is un i t t h i n s and pinches out t o t h e nor theas t near t h e G i l a River . Recent f l o o d p l a i n g rave ls l e s s than 3 0 m t h i c k o v e r l i e t h e s i l t - c l a y fac ies . Well D-6-27-35cbb penetrated pre- b a s i n - f i l l fo rmat ions a t 2 1 0 m depth. Mid-Ter t ia ry vo l can ic rocks and associated interbedded c l a s t i c sediments occur between 210m and 275-11. A t 275m an ep ido t i zed andesi te con ta in ing ox id i zed copper m i n e r a l i z a t i o n has been observed, which we b e l i e v e represents t h e Laramide vo l can ic sequence. We1 1 D-7-27-2cdb encountered " red g r a n i t e " a t 2 1 3 m . T h i s rock may be a Laramide i ron -s ta ined and a l t e r e d s i l i c i c t u f f o r f e l s i c i n t r u s i v e rock. Deep co re d r i l l i n g a t t h e Sol copper prospect Skm southeast of Buena V i s t a encountered Laramide rocks between 300 and 6OOm of b a s i n - f i l l sediments (Yar ter , 1981). I n t h e adjacent G i l a Mountains, t h e Laramide sequence i s a l t e r e d and h i g h l y f r a c t u r e d and sheared, e s p e c i a l l y near i n t r u s i v e minera l i zed s tocks (Robinson and Cook, 1966; Dunn, 1978). Nor theas t - s t r i k i ng d i k e swarms. f a u l t s and f r a c t u r e s a re common.

F igure 10 i s a water- tab le map const ructed from shal low heat- f low h o l e data ( l e s s than 6 0 m ) (Witcher, 1982) and from water we l l

T A B L E 2 - Formation tops of blue clay unit at Cactus Flat-Artesia

No.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 15

Wel l Location

(0-8-26) 5bbc (D-8-26) 6ccb (D-8-26) 7acc (D-8-26) 7adc2 (D-8-26) 7bbb (0-8-26) 7bcc2 (D-8-26) 7bda (D-8-26) 7bdbg - (D-8-26) 8bdc

(0-8-26) 17bbc (D-8-26)21cdc (D-8-26) 28dbb

(D-8-26) 17abb

(D-8-26) 30aca (0-8-26) 30baa

E levati on

3,100' 3 , 200' 3,170' 3,160' 3,180'

3,180' 3 , 200' 3,160' 3,130' 3,180' 3,210' 3 , 230' 3 , 342' 3 , 350'

3,190'

Top Blue :lay (Depth)

148' 115' 48' 81' 80' 40'

269' 269' 557' 190' 565' 101' 81' 60' 80 '

Top BLue 2Lay (Elevation)

2 , 952' 3 , 085'

3 , 079'

3,115' 2,911' 2,331' 2 , 603' 2 , 940' 2,615' 3,109' 3,149' 3 , 282' 3,270'

3,122'

3,100'

d a t a ( less t h a n l(30m) (U. S. Geological S u r v e y , WRD, T u c s o n ) . S h a l l o w u n c o n f i n e d g r o u n d w a t e r f l o w s g e n e r a l l y toward t h e n o r t h and n o r t h - n o r t h e a s t a s d o e s s u r f a c e d r a i n a g e . The water t a b l e g r a d i e n t is about 100 feet p e r m i l e . A s m a l l g r o u n d - w a t e r d e p r e s s i o n exists a t A r t e s i a , w h i c h may r e s u l t f r o m drawdown d u e t o h e a v y pumping .

A r t e s i a n w e l l s o c c u r i n a 3 - k m - w i d e a rc , w h i c h m i m i c s t h e F i n a l e n o M o u n t a i n f r o n t . T h i s arc is b e t w e e n 3 a n d 4C:m f r o m t h e m o u n t a i n f r o n t ( F i g . 11). W e b e l i e v e t h e a r c u a t e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e a r t e s i a n w e l l s is a r e s u l t o f s a n d - c o n g l o m e r a t e t o n g u e s i n t h e s i l t - c l a y a n d e v a p o r i t e f a c i e s 3 , r a t h e r t h a n f a u l t - i n d u c e d g e o h y d r o l o g i c p r o c e s s e s . The c o n v e r g e n c e o f t o p o g r a p h y a n d h y d r a u l i c h e a d i n s a n d a n d g r a v e l a q u i f e r s is o f p r i m a r y i m p o r t a n c e i n a l l o w i n g f l o w f r o m t h e s e w e l l s . Flow rates f r o m t h e a r t e s i a n w e l l s i n c r e a s e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y w i t h d e p t h ( F i g . 12). T h i s f a c t s u g g e s t s t h a t several d i s t i n c t a n d c o n f i n e d a q u i f e r s exist a n d t h a t h y d r a u l i c p r e s s u r e a l s o i n c r e a s e s w i t h d e p t h .

S e v e r a l f l o w i n g w e l l s a n d pumped a r t e s i a n w e l l s d i s c h a r g e t h e r m a l water 035 OC) a t Euena V i s t a . Fumped f l o w ra tes e x c e e d 1 , 0 0 0 gpm (U. S. G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y , WRD, T u c s o n ) . T h i s water 15

p r o d u c e d from s a n d - c o n g l o m e r a t e f a c i e s t h a t are c o n f i n e d b e l o w

-38-

T

S a

BLUE CLAY, P INCH O U T

3

t I I t

< 3109 \

0

3149 0

N SCALE I": I MILE

I 1 0 I mile

E X P L A N A T I O N

2940(%!- Depositional top believed missing due to uncontormity ( m m s u r m n t IS htghest obaerved elevation)

Elevation (feet) of topof Blue Clay

Well location

/ Inferrod structure

F i g u r e 9 Map showing e l eva t ion tops of the b lue clay and i n f e r r e d s t r u c t u r e

T 7 S

n I

/ I i I H I.

~

! Figure 10 Ground water elevation map at the Cactus Flat- Artesia area

(Water tobh elmvatIan for WIID Ian than 1 6 0 toot in dlgth)

-40-

25 26 27 28 29 24 f

F i g u r e 11 Dis t r ibu t ion of a r t e s i a n weLls in C a c t u s Flat- A rtesia

Data from Knectfel fJ938)

500

0 m '11 -.I I n

3 m 4 m ;II cn Y

I I I I I I l l 1 1 I I I I I I I I

0

I O 0

200

300

400

I I I I

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X e

X X

X X

e e

X e X e

e X

X

X e xx x

X XX

X

X X

x xx x X

X

X

e

x x x

IO 5 0 100 200 I 5

FLOW R A T E (GPM)

F i g u r e 12 Flow r a t e versus depth of a r t e s i a n w e l l s

I c I

t-J

-42-

t h e s i l t - c l a y fac ies , bu t temperatures suggest a deeper o r i g i n . Mining company w e l l s northwest o f t h e area, along t h e piedmont of t h e G i l a Mountains, produce thermal water (>.35 OC) t h a t has chemistry and temperatures s i m i l a r t o Euena V i s t a w e l l s ( s e e Well D-6-26-35ccc i n Table 6 ) . A deep we l l i n t h e bas in near Saf fo rd , which was completed i n t h e sand-conglomerate f a c i e s below t h e s i l t - c l a y and evapor i t e fac ies , produces brack ish water w i t h a much h igher t o t a l d isso lved 5 o l i d s than t h e Huena V i s t a waters.

Background heat f l o w f o r t h e Sa f fo rd area i s about EKIrnWm-2, which i s t h e approximate average va lue obtained f r o m several deep (:::.30(:)m) ho les i n t h e G i l a Mountains (He i te r and Shearer. 1979). S u r f ace discharge temperatures o f a r t e s i a n waters a t Cactus F l a t , exc lud ing w e l l s a t Ar tes ia , show a l i n e a r increase i n temperature w i t h t h e depth (4.5 "c per 1 0 0 m ) (Witcher, 1979). Two a r t e s i a n w e l l s were temperature logged and showed le55 than 1 OC temperature change from sur face t o bottom (Witcher, 1979). Heat f l o w s t u d i e s (Witcher, 1982) i n d i c a t e t h a t b a s i n - f i l l sediments i n t h i s area have thermal c o n d u c t i v i t i e s l e s s than 1.88W/mk::. Thus a 45'C/km temperature grad ien t i s normal f o r a conduct ive heat f l o w o f i3c:)mWm-2.

Unusually warm w e l l s near A r t e s i a have est imated g rad ien ts exceeding 1 0 0 OC/km. A s o i l mercury survey and heat f l o w study have de l ineated a hidden convect ion system south o f A r t e s i a (Witcher, 1982). No w e l l s penet ra te t h i s system. We have est imated t h a t t h e heat f l o w over t h e top o f t h i s system exceeds L(-)(-)mWm-2. I - . - -

Wells a t Buena V i s t a a re anomalously warm f o r t h e i r depths. R e i t e r and Shearer (1979) measured heat f l o w i n a minera l e x p l o r a t i o n h o l e 5km east o f Huena V is ta . A value o f 209mWm-2 was repo r ted f o r t h e 50(:) t o 5 0 0 m depth i n t e r v a l ; SOmWm-2 was repo r ted f o r t h e 950 t o 1,05Om i n t e r v a l . A temperature l o g o f t h i s h o l e shows a temperature i n v e r s i o n below 5 O O m , which accounts f o r t h e repo r ted heat f low. Apparent ly t h i s h o l e encountered a h o r i z o n t a l f l o w o f thermal water (approximately 70 OC) a t about 6OCSm depth. I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of temperature i n fo rma t ion from t h i s ho le i n d i c a t e s t h e ex is tence o f a nearby low t o moderate geothermal convect ion system and suggests t h a t t h e thermal anomaly a t Eciena V i s t a i s more ex tens ive and h o t t e r than is

-43-

C o l d (.:ISO°C) g r o u n d w a t e r i n t h e C a c t u s F l a t area h a s g e n e r a l l y s o d i u m s u l f a t e - b i c a r b o n a t e c h e m i s t r y w i t h TDS less t h a n 1,C)W ppm. The rma l w a t e r (:::.SO O C ) h a s s o d i u m c h l o r i d e - s u l f a t e c h e m i s t r y w i t h TDS b e t w e e n 1 , 000 a n d 9,00(:r ppm. W i t c h e r (1981 1 showed t h a t t h e m i l l i e q u i v a l e n t c h l o r i d e - s u l f a t e v e r s u s b i c a r b o n a t e r a t i o h a s a l o g a r i t h m i c r e l a t i o n t o t h e m i l l i e q u i v a l e n t l i t h i u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n . T h i s c o r r e l a t i o n s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e r m a l a n d n o n t h e r m a l water c h e m i s t r y e v o l v e s f r o m c o n t a c t w i t h d i + + o r i n q rocks t h r o u g h e q u l i l i b r i a and ( o r ) i o n e x c h a n g e p r c c e s s e s . T h e s i 1 t - c l a y a n d e v a p o r i t e f a c i e s p r o v i d e a suurcz -fnr sul i . 3 t e .

c h l o r i d e , a n d l i t h i u m .

S i l i c a c o n c e n t r a t i o n s are f r e q u e n t l y h i g h e s t i n n o n t h e r r n a l , s o d i u m b i c a r b o n a t e waters . A 1 so, u n u s u a l 1 y w a r m waters n e a r A r t e s i a d o n o t d e v i a t e f r o m t h e s e o b s e r v a t i o n s a n d t h e i r g r o s s c h e m i s t r y t r e n d s a re i n d i s t i n c t f r o m o t h e r waters i n t h e C a c t u s F l a t - A r t e s i a area. T h e f o l l o w i n g g e o c h e m i c a l model a p p l i e s i n t h e C a c t u s F1 a t area. Meteoric water r e c h a r g i n g a q u i f e r s n e a r t h e F ' i n a l e n o M o u n t a i n f r o n t h a s h i g h d i s s o l v e d c a r b o n d i o x i d e c o n t e n t , w h i c h a t t a c k s a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s t o f o r m s o d i u m - b i c a r b o n a t e water. A s g r o u n d water f l o w s d e e p e r i n t o a n d l a t e r a l l y t h r o u g h s a n d a n d g r a v e l z o n e s c o n f i n e d b y s i l t - c l a y a n d

e v a p o r i t e s e q u e n c e s , gypsum, h a l i t e , a n d c a r b o n a t e m i n e r a l s d i s s o l v e . S o l L ! t i o n o f e v a p o r i t e s a n d i o n e x c h a n g e w i t h c l a y m i n e r a l s O C C L I ~ S t o t r a n s f o r m t h e s o d i u m b i c a r b o n a t e water i n t o s u l f a t e - c h l o r i d e water .

-44-

GEOCHEMISTRY

T h e g e o c h e m i c a l d i s c u s s i o n p r e s e n t e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n f o c u s e s o n m i n e r a l - w a t e r t h e r m o d y n a m i c p r o c e s s e s a n d how they re la te t o s i l i c a c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d d i s s o l v e d c a r b o n d i o x i d e . I n a p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n t h e r a t e s o f c h e m i c a l p r o c e s s e s w e r e d i s c u s s e d i n t e r m s o f r e a c t i o n k i n e t i c s f r o m a t h e r m o d y n a m i c s t a n d p o i n t . Hydrodynamic f a c t o r s a r e e q u a l l y i m p o r t a n t i n o v e r a l l i : : i n e t i c s o f n a t u r a l s y s t e m s . Hydrodynamic f a c t o r s i n v o l v e t h e f l o w p a t h s , c o n t a c t t i m e , a n d n a t u r e of t h e i n t e r f a c e b e t w e e n m i n e r a l s a n d s o l u t i o n s . I n - d e p t h d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e s e f a c t o r s are f o u n d i n F e r n e r (1978, 1980) , F r e e z e a n d C h e r r y (1979) , D o m i n i c 0 (1977) , a n d F a c e s (1976) . I n t h i s r e p o r t t h e s e f a c t o r s are n o t d i s c u s s e d e x c e p t w h e r e t h e y g r o s s l y i n f l u e n c e t h e r m o d y n a m i c p r o c e s s e s .

D i s s o l v e d s i l i c a s o l u t i o n s t h a t become s u p e r s a t u r a t e d w i t h r e s p e c t t o o p a l a r e u n i q u e c o m p a r e d t o m o s t o t h e r i n o r g a n i c s o l u t i o n s b e c a u s e s i l i c a t e n d s t o p o l y m e r i z e a n d s t a y i n s o l u t i o n a s c o l l o i d a l p a r t i c l e s a n d g e l s ( I l e r , 1 9 7 9 ) . H o w e v e r , a t c o n c e n t r a t i o n s u s u a l l y e n c o u n t e r e d i n l o w t e m p e r a t u r e waters, s i l i c a o c c u r s a s a monomer ic s p e c i e s r a t h e r t h a n i n a m u l t i m e r i c f o r m . S t u d i e s b y A l e x a n d e r a n d o t h e r s (1954) h a v e shown t h a t t h e c o l o r e d c o m p l e x , f o r m e d b y s i l i c o - m o l y b d a t e c o l o r i m e t r i c m e a s u r e m e n t s of a q u e o u s s i l i c a , r e s u l t s f r o m monomer ic s i l i c i c a c i d ( H 4 S i 0 4 O ) . S o l i d s i l i c a p o l y m o r p h s d i s s o l v e i n water t o p r o d u c e t h i s s p e c i e s .

S i O 2 ( q t z ) + 2 H 2 0 = H4Si04'

T h e s o l u b i l i t y c o n s t a n t (b:: q t r ) f o r t h i s r e a c t i o n is:

E q u a t i o n 23

K q t z = a H 4 S i 0 4 ' / a H 2 0

A d i l u t e s o l u t i o n o f a H 2 0 is a b o u t 1.

K q t z = aH4Si04'

D i s s o l v e d s i l i c i c ac id dissociates a t pH g r e a t e r i o n i c s p e c i e s of d i s s o l v e d s i l i c a (Stumm and Seward, 1974). The f o l l o w i n g m a s s a c t i o n e q u a t i o n s p r o c e s s e s :

E q u a t i o n 24

H 4 S i 0 4 ' = H 3 S i 0 4 - + H+

E q u a t i o n 25

K l = aH3Si04- a H + / a H 4 S i 0 4 O

E q u a t i o n 26

H 3 S i 0 4 - = H2Si04-- + H+

E q u a t i o n 27

k::2 = aH2Si04-- + aH+/aH3Si04-

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t h a n 9 t o f o r m Norgan . l Y 7 O : describe these

Seward (1974) s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e N a H Z S i O 4 o complex may b e a n i m p o r t a n t s i l i c a s p e c i e s i n h i g h pH (ph:;8) s o l u t i o n s w h e r e s o d i u m exceeds 0.1 molar c o n c e n t r a t i o n . This s p e c i e s w a s n o t c a l c u l a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y a l t h o u g h some of t h e g r o u n d water w e s a m p l e d f i t s Seward's c r i t e r i a f o r i ts p r e s e n c e . T o t a l m e a s u r e d si 1 i c a c o n c e n t r a t i o n s i n n a t u r a l water a re d e s c r i b e d b y t h e f o l l o w i n g m a 5 5 b a l a n c e e q u a t i o n :

E q u a t i o n 28

Si 02 ( m e a s u r e d 1 = m H 4 S i 04' + m H S S i 04- + m H 2 S i 0 4 - -

On ly t h e H4Si04' s p e c i e s is u s e d i n s i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t r y . T h e r e f o r e , when r e s e r v o i r pH e x c e e d s 8.0 i t may b e n e c e s s a r y t o m a k e a pH co r rec t ion t o m e a s u r e d s i l i c a v a l u e s i n order t o cor rec t f o r d i s s o c i a t i o n . S p e c i a t i o n a n d a c t i v i t y c a l c u l a t i o n s i n t h e WATSPEC p r o g r a m a u t o m a t i c a l l y p e r f o r m t h i s c o r r e c t i o n . T r u e s d e l l a n d J o n e s (1974) p r e s e n t e d a n e q u a t i o n t h a t is u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e s i l i c a s p e c i a t i o n , b u t i t may a l so be u 5 e d a s a pH c o r r e c t i o n f o r s i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t r y . T h i s e q u a t i o n w a s d e r i v e d by c o m b i n i n g e q u a t i o n s 25, 27, a n d 28 a n d r e - e v a l u a t i n g a n d r e a r r a n g i n g t h e terms.

-46-

E q u a t i o n 29

m H 4 S i 0 4 " = S i O Z ( m e a s u r e d a s m o l a l i t y ) / C l + yH4Si04' ( K l

l(1 /yH5Si04- + KlK2 10 /yH2Si04--) 1 PH 2pH

where :

Y i = a c t i v i t y c o e f f i c i e n t o f s p e c i e s i m i = molal c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f s p e c i e s i

A n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s t h a t may b e used t o c a l c u l a r s t . a n d i a t a n y t e m p e r a t u r e are:

E q u a t i o n 30

C::1 = - 2 5 4 9 / T - 15.36 X 1OE-6 TE2 ( A r n o r s s o n a n d o t h e r s , 1982 1

E q u a t i o n 31

k::z = 5.37 - 3 3 2 0 / T - 20 X 1OE-3 T ( A r n o r s s o n a n d o t h e r s , 1982)

where :

T = a b s o l u t e t e m p e r a t u r e i n d e g r e e s K e l v i n

C o n s t a n t s Vi1 a n d C::2 u s e d i n t h e WATSPEC p r o g r a m a r e d e t e r m i n e d u s i n g a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s g i v e n b y T r u e s d e l l a n d J o n e s (1974) . Q u a r t z s o l u b i l i t i e s h a v e b e e n m e a s u r e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y o v e r a w i d e r a n g e of t e m p e r a t u r e s and p r e s 5 w - e ~ i n b o t h p u r e w a t e r a n d i n s a l t s o l u t i o n s . F o u r n i e r a n d Fotter (1982) a n d F o u r n i e r ( 1 9 8 3 ) h a v e r e v i e w e d t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s a n d p r o v i d e d a d d i t i o n a l e:.: p e r i m e n t a l sol u b i 1 i t y i nf ormat i o n . T a b l e 3 lists s e v e r a l a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s f r o m r e c e n t l i t e r a t u r e r e l a t i n g q u a r t z s o l u b i l i t i e s t o t e m p e r a t u r e .

E x p e r i m e n t a l s o l u b i l i t i e s o f o t h e r p o l y m o r p h i c f o r m s o f s i l i c a are f o u n d i n Kennedy (1950) A l e x a n d e r a n d o t h e r s (1954) S i e v e r (1962) , K r a u s k o p f (1956) F o u r n i e r (1973) F o u r n i e r a n d R o w e (1977) , R i m s t i d t a n d B a r n e s (1981) , a n d F o u r n i e r a n d M a r s h a l l (1983). T h e e m p i r i c a l s o l u b i l i t y o f c h a l c e d o n y b a s e d o n g e o t h e r m a l w e l l s i n I c e l a n d w a s g i v e n b y A r n o r s s o n a n d o t h e r s (1983). T a b l e 3 lists a n a l y t i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s r e l a t i n g v a r i o u s s i l i c a p o l y m o r p h p h a s e s o l u b i l i t i e s t o t e m p e r a t u r e .

The k i n e t i c s o f s i l i ca-water r e a c t i o n s w e r e r e p o r t e d i n t e r m s of i n t e r f a c i a l area a n d w a t e r m a s s b y R i m s t i d t a n d B a r n e s (1981) . They r e p o r t e d t h a t r e v e r s e r a t e ( p r e c i p i t a t i o n ) c o n s t a n t s o f a l l s i l i c a p h a s e s are t h e same a t a s p e c i f i e d t e m p e r a t u r e . However

-47-

T A B L E 3 - Analyt ical expressions relat ing s i l ica polymorph sol ubi li ty to temperature

I . Quartz

(A) Log Kqtz = 0.41 - 1309/T Fournier (1977) Arnorsson and others ( 1 982)

(6) Log Kqtz = 1.881 - 2.028 x (T) - 1560/T Rimstidt an3 Farries ;79&0)

3 (C) Log Kqtz = A + B (Log V) + C (Log VI-

Fournier and Potter (1982)

V = specific volume (inverse o f density) A = 4.66206 + 0.0034063T + 2179.7/T -

B = - 0.0011180T - 806.97/T C = 3.9465 x 10-4(T) T = OK

1.1292 x 106/T' + 1.3543 x 108/T3

11. Chalcedony

(A) Log Kchal = 0.11 - 1 fOl/T A rnorsson and others ( 1982)

111. Alpha-Cristobalite

(A) Log Kcrist = -0.0321 - 988.2/T Rimstidt and Barnes (1980)

IV. Amorphous S i l i ca (opal)

(A) Log Kamorph = 0.3380 - 7.889 x 10-4(T) - 840.1/T Rimstidt and Barnes (1980)

.

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t h e f o r w a r d r a t e ( d i s s o l u t i o n ) c o n s t a n t s v a r y d e p e n d i n g upon t h e p o l y m o r p h i c p h a s e p r e s e n t a t a p a r t i c u l a r t e m p e r a t u r e . R e a c t i o n rates are f a s t e r a t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s and slower a t l o w e r t e m p e r a t u r e s . One p r a c t i c a l a s p e c t o f t h e R i m s t i d t a n d B a r n e s (1981) w o r k is,

"Upon c o o l i n g a s i l i c a - s a t u r a t e d s o l u t i o n b e l o w t h e e q u i l i b r i u m t e m p e r a t u r e , t h e d e c r e a s i n g r s c l c t b i l i t y c a u s e s i n c r e a s i n g s u p e r s a t u r a t i o n , w h i c h t e n d s to r a i s e t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n ra te , b u t t h e r a t e c o n s t a n t s r 3 g i d l y d e c r e a s e , w h i c h t e n d s t o lower t h e p r e c i p i t a t i a n r a t ? . T h e s e c o m p e t i n g e f f e c t s c a u s e a maximum r a t e of p r e c i p i t a t i o n 25-50 "C b e l o w the saturation t e m p e r a t u r e . A t t e m p e r a t u r e s b e l o w t h a t of t h e m a x i m u m r a t e , s i l i c a is o f t e n q u e n c h e d i n t o s o l u t i o n b y very s l o w r e a c t i o n ra tes . C o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e q u a r t z g e o t h e r m o m e t e r w i l l g i v e t h e m o s t a c c u r a t e r e s u l t s i f s a m p l e s a r e t a k e n f r o m t h e h o t t e s t , h i g h e s t f l o w r a t e , t h e r m a l s p r i n g s w h i c h o c c u r a b o v e h i g h l y f r a c t u r e a reas . 'I

A p a r a l l e l c o n c l u s i o n d r a w n b y t h e s e a u t h o r s is t h a t d u e t o f a s t r e a c t i o n ra tes a b o v e 150 "C, q u a r t z g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s w o r k : b e s t on s y s t e m s w h o s e reservoi r t e m p e r a t u r e s a r e b e l o w 200 "C . I n s y s t e m s n e a r or a b o v e 2 0 0 ° C , s i g n i f i c a n t p r e c i p i t a t i o n of q u a r t z i s h i g h l y p r o b a b l e , as t h e wa te r s cool a n d f l o w t h r o u g h t h e 131) t o 20(? O C t e m p e r a t u r e z o n e s on t h e m a r g i n s o f h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e svstems.

I n c o n c l u s i o n , t h e c o n g r u e n t d i s s o l u t i o n ( a n d p r e c i p i t a t i o n ) r e a c t i o n rates of silica p o l y m o r p h s a r e v e r y slow a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e s . Where v e r y f i n e g r a i n e d p a r t i c l e s o r c r y s t a l s o f t h e p o l y m o r p h s exist , r e a c t i o n ra tes a re f a s t e r a n d s o l u b i l i t i e s a r e a p p a r e n t 1 'y h i g h e r .

So f a r d i s c u s s i o n h a s shown t h a t s i l i c a p o l y m o r p h s i n c o n t a c t w i t h w a t e r a r e s o u r c e s of d i s s o l v e d monomer ic s i l i c i c a c i d . A n o t h e r l a r g e g r o u p o f w a t e r - m i n e r a l r e a c t i o n s a l s o releases H 4 S i 0 4 " t o s o l u t i o n . S t u d i e s b y F e t h a n d o t h e r s (1964) w e r e among t h e f i r s t t o d r a m a t i c a l l y d e t a i l t h e s e s o u r c e s of H4Si04 i n l o w t e m p e r a t u r e w a t e r . F e t h a n d o t h e r s (1964) i n s t u d i e s o f l o w t e m p e r a t u r e a n d t h e r m a l s p r i n g s i n t h e S ie r ra Nevada of

-49-

California and Nevada, demonstrated thermodynamically that reactions between silicate minerals in granitic rocks and water rich in dissolved carbon dioxide may account for the chemistry of and silica contained in Sierra Nevada springs. Follow-up studies by Garrels (1967) and Garrells and MacKenaie (19671, using a mass balance approach, showed that Sierra Nevada spring chemistry is controlled almost entirely by reactions o f dissolved carbon dioxide-rich water with aluminosilicate minerals. Their studies indicate that virtually all silica dissolved in these waters was obtained form dissolution o f . aluminosilicate minerals. They further concluded that plagioclase reactions with carbon dioeide-rich water accounted for more than three quarters of the dissolved constituents found in spring waters that have had contact with silicic rocks in near surface environments.

A typical raction of an aluminosilicate mineral with water is:

Equation 32

NaAlSi308 (albite) + CO2 + 5.5HZO = Na+ +HC03- + 2H4Si04' + (>.541 2Si 203 (OH) 4 (kaol i ni te)

In this reaction Na+ , HC03-, and H4Si040 are released into solution. CI solid residue of kaolinite remains to conserve aluminum in a solid phase and retains a portion of silica originally contained in albite. Reactions of this kind are incongruent because not all components of albite go into solution. The equilibrium composition of water as a function of pCOZ can be calculated because the charge balance, t h e stoichiometric relationship of Na and HC03- to H4Si040 ,is known and the equilibrium constant (Keq) for the albite-kaolinite reaction can be estimated.

Equation 33

mNa+ = mHC03- (charge balance)

mNa+ = m 4 H4Si04' (stoichiometric relationship) log Keq * 41ogaH4Si04' - logpC02 log Keq = -8.18

The equilibrium constant Keq was estimated using standard free energy of formation values given in Drever (1983). Standard free energy values for kaolinite and albite are those of Robie and others (19781, which were tabulated by Drever (1982). Using Equation 33, the solubility of albite expressed a5 activity H4Si04', is shown as a function of pCO2 in Figure 13. Figure 13 shows that albite is more soluble with higher pCO2. Stumm and Morgan (1970) showed that other common aluminosilicate minerals behave similarly. Instead of expressing solubilities as H4Si04-

.. ...

-50-

- 2

-3

-4

-5

Albi te -Kaolinite

I I I

- 8 -7 -6 -5 -4

F i g u r e 1 3 So lub i l i t y of a lb i t e expressed as a funct ion of Log A H 4 S i 0 4 v e r s u s Log pCO2 concen t r a t ion

-51-

they used HC03- in a manner identical to our example with albite.

Another way to study solubility of silicate minerals is with activity-activity diagrams, which define an equilibrium system. These diagrams are useful to model incongruent dissolution of aluminosilicate minerals. Figure 14 is a stability diagram for the system H20-NaO-Al203-Si02 at 25OC and 1 atmosphere pressure. This diagram will be used to show what happens to the composition of water as albite reacts with water and the solution reaches equilibrium or becomes stable with respect to various alteration phases. Successive small amounts of albite are hypothetically added and allowed to reach equilibrium. Helgeson (1969) discussed models of this type in detail. The first batch o f albite will dissolve completely.

Equation 54

fit point A the solution becomes saturated with gibbsite and t h e albite then alters to gibbsite.

Equation 35

NaGlSi308 + 8H20 = Al(OH13 + Na+ + OH- + 9H4Si04'

Path A to R is followed as more albite alters to gibbsite and Na+, OH-, and.H4Si04O enter solution. This reaction is also accompanied by a pH rise due to loss of H+ to gibbsite. At E the solution is in equilibrium with kaolinite. However, the solution will not leave the gibbsite stability field as long as gibbsite remains in the system. Addition of more albite to the reaction causes the gibbsite to alter to kaolinite .

Equation 36

2NaAlSi308 + 481(OH)3 + H20 = 3A12Si205(OH)4 + 2Na+ + 2 (OH-)

Note that no silica is released to solution. Any release of H4Si04' is quickly consumed in the gibbsite to kaolinite conversion. Further addition of albite causes all gibbsite to be converted into kaolinite at C. Between C and D albite is converted into kaolinite and again H4Si04' is released to sol uti on.

Equation 37

2NaAlSi308 + llH20 = GlZSi205(OH)4 + ZNa+ + Z(0H-) + 4H4Si 04'

-52-

I I

-6 -5

G i bbsi te

C

Log u H4 Si 04

F i g u r e 1 4 T h e o r e t i c a l act.ivity d i a g r a m f o r the s y s t e m NaO-A1203-Si02-H20 at 25OC and 1 a t m o s p h e r e . D i a g r a m s h o w s p r e d i c t e d path o r evolut ion of so lu t ion as a lb i t e r e a c t s with w a t e r ( a f t e r D r e v e r , 1982).

Kool mi te

I - 2 -4 -3

1 ,/

After Drover /l982/

-53-

N o t e t h a t t h i s r e a c t i o n is t h e same a s t h e o n e g i v e n i n E q u a t i o n

s t o i c h i o m e t r y w a s r e d u c e d b y o n e h a l f f o r a l l c o m p o n e n t s . A t D t h e s o l u t i o n is i n e q u l i b r i u m w i t h N a - m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e . I n t h i s case t h e s o l u t i o n e v o l v e s a l o n g D-E, as more a l b i t e is reacted, u n t i l a l l k a o l i n i t e i n t h e s y s t e m is c o n v e r t e d t o N a - m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e . & l o n g t h i s p a t h , N a + is released b u t H4Si04' is t a k e n f r o m s o l u t i o n i n t h e k a o l i n i t e t o m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e c o n v e r s i o n . Garrel s (1967) h a s shown t h a t t h e kaolinite-montmorillonite b o u n d a r y f o r m s t h e c o m p o s i t i o n a l l i m i t o f most l o w t e m p e r a t u r e waters.

7- e x c e p t COZ w a s a d d e d , OH- w a s r e p l a c e d b y HC03-, a n d

I t is c lear t h a t n o t o n l y does pCO2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n e f f e c t H 4 S i 0 4 ' c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f water i n c o n t a c t w i t h s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s , b u t t h e d e g r e e t o w h i c h s i l i ca t e -wa te r r e a c t i o n s h a v e t a k e n p l a c e a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p o f water c h e m i s t r y t o s t a b i l i t y b o u n d a r i e s h a v e i m p o r t a n t e f f e c t s upon H4Si04" c o n c e n t r a t i o n s .

K i n e t i c s of i n c o n g r u e n t d i s s o l u t i o n of s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s a t l o w t e m p e r a t u r e h a s b e e n s t u d i e d b y n u m e r o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s (Garrels and H o w a r d , 1957; Wollast, 1967; H e l g e s o n , 1 9 7 1 ; Luce a n d o t h e r s , 1972: P a c e s , 1973; B u s e n b e r g a n d C lemency , 1976: H o l d r e n a n d B e r n e r , 1979: B e r n e r a n d H o l d r e n , 1977; P e t r o v i c a n d o t h e r s , 1976; C o r r e n s , 1963; B a i l e y , 1976; a n d Wildman and o t h e r s , 1968). Most of t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t e r s h a v e s t u d i e d f e l d s p a r r e a c t i o n s .

S t u d i e s b y Wollast (19671, H e l g e s o n (1971) , F a c e s (1973, 1978) , a n d B u s e n b e r g a n d C lemency (1976) s u g g e s t t h a t 1 : : i n e t i c s of f e l d s p a r d i s s o l u t i o n a r e c o n t r o l l e d b y t h e f o r m a t i o n o f a s u r f a c e a l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c t l a y e r . T h i s l a y e r a p p a r e n t l y c o n t r o l s d i f f u s i o n r a t e s t o t h e f e l d s p a r s u r f a c e a n d ( o r ) r e v e r s i b l e si 1 i ca a n d a luminum e x c h a n g e w i t h s o l u t i o n . T h e l a y e r model e x p l a i n s c a t i o n a n d s i l i c a release t o s o l u t i o n v e r s u s t i m e i n f e l d s p a r - d i s s o l u t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s . B u s e n b e r g a n d C lemency (1976) showed f o u r s t a g e s of a l t e r a t i o n p r o c e s s e s i n t h e i r e x p e r i m e n t s , e a c h w i t h d i f f e r e n t r e a c t i o n rates: ( 1 ) i n i t i a l r a p i d release o f c a t i o n s a n d s i l i c a l a s t i n g a b o u t 1 m i n u t e ; ( 2 ) a 1.5 t o 1 0 0 h o u r release of s i g n i f i c a n t a m o u n t s o f c a t i o n s a n d s i l i c a t h a t d o e s n o t c o r r e s p o n d t o a n y s i m p l e r a t e e q u a t i o n model ; (31 release o f s i l i c a a n d c a t i o n s f o r - u p t o 19 d a y s , f o l l o w i n g a p a r a b o l i c r a t e l a w ; a n d ( 4 ) s l o w l i n e a r r a t e l a w release of s i l i c a a n d c a t i o n s o v e r a v e r y l o n g t i m e s p a n .

I n o t h e r s t u d i e s , P e t r o v i c a n d o t h e r s (1976), B e r n e r a n d H o l d r e n (1977, 19791, a n d H o l d r e n a n d B e r n e r (1977) a r g u e t h a t SEM does n o t c o n c l u s i v e l y show t h e e x i s t e n c e o f a s u r f a c e l a y e r . They d l 5 0 a t t r i b u t e t h e commonly o b s e r v e d p a r a b o l i c r a te l a w k i n e t i c s t o v e r y f i n e f e l d s p a r p a r t i c l e s a n d c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e d i s l o c a t i o n s . Because s u r f a c e e n e r g i e s o f s m a l l p a r t i c l e s a n d c r y s t a l d i s l o c a t i o n s are r e l a t i v e l y h i g h c o m p a r e d t o idea l s u r f a c e s , g r e a t e r s o l u b i l i t y is p r e d i c t a b l e u n t i l s u r f a c e e n e r g i e s are m i n i m i z e d . D r e v e r (1982) s t a t e d :

-54-

' I . . . a l t h o u g h H e r n e r a n d H o l d r e n e x p l a i n e d w e l l t h e ra te o f d i s s o l u t i o n of s i l i c a t e s , t h e i r mechan i sm d o e s n o t d i r e c t l y e x p l a i n t h e s t o i c h i o m e t r y . I n e x p e r i m e n t s o f B u s e n b e r g a n d C lemency ( 1 9 7 6 ) , a n d i n t h o s e o f L u c e a n d o t h e r s ( 1 9 7 2 1 , c a t i o n s a p p e a r e d i n s o l u t i o n a t a more r a p i d r a t e t h a n s i l i c a , i m p l y i n g t h a t a si 1 i ca-r i c h r e s i d u e m u s t e>: i st somewhere . I'

Models p r e s e n t e d b y P a c e s (1978, 1975) may b e s t e x p l a i n t h e l o w s i l i c a release rate. c o m p a r e d t o c a t i o n s , a n d s o l i d c o n s e r v a t i o n of a luminum, d u r i n g l i n e a r r a t e l a w release. Faces (1378, l C 7 T ) p r o p o s e d t h a t a n a m o r p h o u s m e t a s t a b l e r e v e r s i b l e a l~ - tminun s i l i c a t e w h o s e c o m p o s i t i o n v a r i e s w i t h pH c o n t r o l s s i l i c a c o n c e n t r a t i o n r a t h e r t h a n a s t r i c t l y i r r e v e r s i b l e a n d i n c o n g r u e n t d i s s o l u t i o n m o d e l , s u c h a s w a 5 p r e v i o u s l y d i s c u s s e d in t h i s s t u d y u s i n g a s t a b i l i t y d i a g r a m a n d a l b i t e r e a c t i o n s . W h e t h e r cr n o t Faces' h y p o t h e s i z e d m e t a s t a b l e a l u m i n u m s i 1 i c a t e f o r m s a d i + f c t s i v e s u r f a c e l a y e r , w h i c h c o n t r o l s e a r l y c a t i o n release, is a p p a r e n t l y h i g h 1 y rm c er t a i n .

O t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g r e s u l t s o f f e l d s p a r r e a c t i o n e x p e r i m e n t s a r e a l so p e r t i n e n t t o t h i s s t u d y . B a i l e y (1976) showed t h a t h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e s i n c r e a s e t h e l i n e a r r a t e k i n e t i c s o f i n c o n g r u e n t s i l i c a t e d i s s o l u t i o n . R e s u l t s o f B u s e n b e r g a n d C lemency (1976) i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n t f e l d s p a r p h a s e s h a v e l i n e a r r a t e k i n e t i c s a t a p a r t i c u l a r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d pCO2, w h i c h are w i t h i n a n o r d e r o f m a g n i t u d e o f o n e a n o t h e r . F i n a l l y , P a c e s ( 1 9 7 3 ) a n d W i 1 dman a n d o t h e r s (1968) showed t h a t i n c o n g r u e n t s o l u b i 1 i t y of s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s is a l s o a f u n c t i o n o f pCOZ i n n a t u r a l s y s t e m s .

R e g a r d l e s s o f t h e exact n a t u r e o f a 1 umi num si 1 i c a t e d i s s o l u t i o n , the f o l l o w i n g c o n c l u s i o n s are e v i d e n t f r o m t h e 1 i t e r a t u r e :

( 1 ) B o t h t e m p e r a t u r e a n d pCO2 h a v e a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s o l u b i l i t y . ( 2 ) pH of waters i n t e r r a n e s c o m p r i s e d o f s i l i c i c rocks is b u f f e r e d b y d i s s o l u t i o n o f p r i m a r y s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s . (31 H4Si04' i n l o w t e m p e r a t u r e w a t e r i n c o n t a c t w i t h s i l i c i c r o c k s is l a r g e l y d u e t o i n c o n g r u e n t d i s s l o l u t i o n a n d p o s s i b l y s t e a d y - s t a t e e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h v a r i o u s s t a b l e a n d metastable a l t e r a t i o n p r o d u c t s s u c h as. magnes ium s i l i c a t e s , z e o l i t e s , c l a y m i n e r a l s , a n d a luminum s i l i c a t e s . T h e e f f e c t o f s i l i c a p o l y m o r p h c o n t r o l o n H4Si04' c o n c e n t r a t i o n may i n c r e a s e w i t h h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e a n d ( o r ) l o w e r pCO2.

-55-

The sources o f d i sso l ved carbon d i o x i d e may be very impor tan t t o ocir study. One source o f carbon d i o x i d e i s t h e e a r t h ' s atmosphere.

Equat ion 38

A CO2 (gas 1 + H20 - H2COS atmospheric d i sso l ved carbon d i o x i d e carbon d i o x i d e

Henry 's law s t a t e s t h a t t h e p a r t i a l pressure ( i n ba rs ) o f a gas phase (pCO2) i n con tac t w i t h a d i l u t e water s o l u t i o n w i l l be i n v e r s e - y r e l a t e d toe m o l a l i t y o f t h e d i sso l ved gas (HZCO3o) i n e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h t h e s o l u t i o n by a p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y constant (KC02) .

Equat ion 39

KCO2 v a r i e s o n l y w i t h temperature. pCO2 i s used i n ocir d iscuss ions i n terms of a h y p o t h e t i c a l gas phase, s i n c e no gas phase i s a c t u a l l y present i n subsurface aqu i fe rs , and i t i s r e l a t e d t o aH2COZo by Equat ion 39. Note t h a t H2COZo is carbonic ac id . Average atmospheric pCO2 i s about 10-3.5 atmosphere p a r t i a l pressure. Another source o f carbon d i o x i d e i s decomposit ion o f o rgan ic mat ter :

Equat i on 40

2CH20 -+ CH4 + CO2 o rgan ic methane mat te r ( h i g h l y s i m p l i f i e d )

Very l a r g e amounts of CO2 a r e produced i n t h i s manner i n near-surface s o i l environments. The same processes can occur i n t h e subsurface where s i m i l a r r e a c t i o n s decompose organ ic m a t e r i a l such as coa l . In t h i s s tudy w e have assiumed t h a t t h e subsurface chemical system i s c losed t o t h e d i r e c t a d d i t i o n o f atmospheric and organ ic pCO2 except f o r recharge water, which passes from t h e atmosphere through a near-sur face s o i l zone t o an a q u i f e r i n t h e

-56-

s u b ~ ~ ~ r f a c e . C a l c i t e and do lomi te p r e c i p i t a t i o n a r e a d d i t i o n a l subsurface sources o f pCO2. Th is process i s n o t a ne t ga in in carbonate t o t h e system.

Equat ion 41

D e t a i l s o f carbonate chemist ry a re discussed in Gar re l s and C h r i s t (1965) along w i t h common iun e f f e c t s o f g v p s c i m dissoiution on carbonate e q u i l i b r i a .

-57-

INTERPRETATION O F FIELD STUDIES

G e o c h e m i c a l t h e o r i e s a n d l a b o r a t o r y e x p e r i m e n t s r e p o r t e d i n t h e l i t e r a t u r e c o n c e r n i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s b e t w e e n a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s a n d c a r b o n d i o x i d e r i c h waters were t e s t e d a n d a p p l i e d t o t h e c h e m i s t r y o f g r o u n d water c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e S a f f o r d a rea .

E x a m i n a t i o n of m i n e r a l s a t u r a t i o n i n d i c e s c a c u l a t e d b y t h e t a l c

(Mg3Si4010(OH)2) , a n d q u a r t z (SiO2)at-e r o u t i n e l y s a t u r a t e d o r s u p e r s a t u r a t e d . Dolomite (CaMg(C03)2 , c h a l c e d o n y ( S i O Z ) , c h l o r i t e (Mg3AlZSi3010(OH)8) . a n d a r a g o n i t e (CaC03) are sometimes s u p e r s a t u r a t e d , b u t t h e y are u s u a l l y s l i g h t l y u n d e r s a t u r a t e d t o s a t L t r a t e d . A d u l a r i a ( K A l Si 308) , a l b i t e ( N a A l S i 3 0 8 ) , C a - m o n t m o r i 1 l o n i t e ( C a O . 1 6 7 A 1 2 . 33SiS. 67010 ( O H ) 2 ) , a n d kaol i n i t e

u n d e r s a t u r a t e d . M i n e r a l e q u i l i b r i u m was i n d i c a t e d i f t h e i n d i c e s w e r e w i t h i n -+ 5 p e r c e n t of the m i n e r a l e q u i l i b r i u m c o n s t a n t , t a k e n f r o m T r c t e s d e l l a n d J o n e s (1974) . M i n e r a l s i n e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h S a f f o r d a r e a g r o u n d w a t e r a re c o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e m i n e r a l o g y o f b a s i n - f i l l s e d i m e n t s . Where a l u m i n u m c o n c e n t r a t i o n w a s b e l o w t h e u n i t o f r e l i a b l e q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s e s , i n d i c e s f o r a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s w e r e n o t c a l c u a l t e d b y WATSPEC.

WATSPEC p r o g r a m r e v e a l s t h a t c a l c i t e ( C a C 0 3 ) ,

( A 1 2 S i 2 0 5 ( O H ) 4 ) a r e g e n e r a l l y s l i g h t l y s a t u r a t e d t o

S i n c e m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e is a u b i q u i t o u s m i n e r a l i n b a s i n - f i l l s e d i m e n t s , g r o u n d - w a t e r c h e m i s t r y w a s p l o t t e d on a n a c t i v i t y - a c t i v i t y d i a g r a m s h o w i n g t h e s t a b i l i t y f i e l d s f o r M g - m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e , C a - m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e , a n d k a o l i n i t e ( F i g . 15). T h i s d i a g r a m a l l o w s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f v a r i o u s c o m p o n e n t s o f t h e g r o u n d - w a t e r c h e m i s t r y w i t h r e s p e c t t o m i n e r a l p h a s e s . C a l c i t e a n d d o l o m i t e s a t u r a t i o n s u r f a c e s a t a p a r t i c c t a l r pCO2 w e r e p l o t t e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f aCa++/a2H+ ( D r e v e r , 1982). The s a t u r a t i o n s u r f a c e s o f t a l c a n d s e p i o l i t e w e r e p l o t t e d a s a f u n c t i o n of aMg++/aZH+. S o l u b i l i t y c o n s t a n t s f o r t h e s e magnes ium s i l i c a t e s w e r e c a l c u l a t e d f r o m t h e r m o d y n a m i c d a t a t a b u l a t e d i n D r e v e r (1382).

15 -

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+ + s h g ‘12 . -I

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-58-

/ 20<-

Kao I i n ite

IO I1 12 13 14 15

Log ct mg+* + 2pH

F i g u r e 1 5 T h e o r e t i c a l ac t iv i ty d i a g r a m f o r the s y s t e m C a O - M g 0 - A l ~ 0 ~ - S i 0 ~ - C 0 ~ - H 2 0 a t 4OoC, 1 a t m o s p h e r e and a t Log A H ~ S ~ O 4 = -3 .54 ( d i a g r a m modif ied f r o m Cole , 1983)

-59-

Most sampled ground water falls into the Mg-montmorillonite stability field. Four samples plot in the kaolinite field; the remaining samples plot in the Ca-montmorillonite field. Sample 22, which plots in the middle-left portion of the kaolinite field, is surface snow-melt flow from Marijilda Wash. This sample is representative of recharge water before it reacts with soil and near surf ace sediments and enters the ground-water system. A s recharge water reacts with subsurface rocks it loses pCO2 and increases in pH through loss of H+ to silicate alteration minerals. Since talc and sepiolite are apparently saturated, they may control magnesium (and silica) concentration at pH greater than 8.5 and at lower pCO2 (-Log pCO2:::.3.8). 4t lower pH and higher pCOZ concentrations, dolomite is t h e more stable mineral phase.

Comparison of the calcite saturation indices with total calcium concentration dramatically shows that calcite equilibrium controls total calcium concentration (Fig. 16). Nearly all samples plot within the bounds of calcite saturation. Figure 17 is a plot of dolomite saturation indices versus total magnesium concentration in parts per million. Generally, concentrations above 0.6 ppm are controlled by dolomite equilibrium. The small number of samples in apparent supersaturation with calcite are in eqilibrium with dolomite. Samples that plot in the Ca-montmorillonite stability field and in the Mg-montmorillonite field above a line drawn between samples 12 and 7, are undersaturated with dolomite. Due to the low magnesium concentration in these waters, another magnesium mineral (5) is suspected to control magnesium concentration in the dolomite- ctn d er sat ur at ed wa t er -

Talc saturation indices were plotted against total magnesium concentration in Figure 1 8 . Samples that were undersaturated with dolomite approach gross equilibrium with talc. Waters with magnesium concentration greater than 1.0 ppm are either in equilibrium or supersaturated with talc. Samples with magnesium concentration less than 0.6 ppm fall into two general groupings. One group approaches gross equilibrium; the other group is in a field approaching supersaturation. The latter group may actually have attained equilibrium with sepiolite. These relationships suggest that magnesium silicates control very low (2:0.6 pprn )

magnesium concentrations. Magnesium silicate solubility control of dissolved magnesium and si1.ica at high pH has been suggested by the field and laboratory studies of Klein (1974) in the San Luis basin, Colorado and by the laboratory experiments of Siffert (1962). For completeness, it should be noted that if a sepiolite equilibria phase exists, it is metastable because talc and dolomite are more stable.

Figure 19 is a plot of pCO2 versus chalcedony saturation indices. It is generally believed by most workers that chalcedony controls silica concentration in waters below 100 C.

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However , m o s t waters s a m p l e d i n t h i s s t u d y p l o t o u t s i d e t h e c h a l c e d o n y s a t u r a t i o n b o u n d a r i e s . Two t r e n d s are s t r i k i n g . I n d i c e s i n c r e a s e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y a b o v e Log pC02 -3.3 a n d t h e y d e c r e a s e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y b e l o w Log pCOZ -3.3. S a m p l e 39 d o e s n o t p l o t i n e i t h e r f i e l d . T h i s water is h i g h l y a n o m a l o u s a n d i ts d i s s o l v e d s i l i c a c o n c e n t r a t i o n is p r o b a b l y i n e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h c h a l c e d o n y . T h i s water h a s h i g h TDS (7797 ppm) , m o s t l y s o d i u m a n d c h l o r i d e , a n d c o n t a i n s 10 ppm b o r o n ! T h e f l o w r a t e o f t h i s w e l l is le55 t h a n 0.5 gpm, a b o u t a n order of m a g n i t u d e lower t h a n a l l o t h e r w e l l s s a m p l e d f o r t h i s s t u d y . I n t e r e s t i n g l y , t h e f l u o r i d e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n S a m p l e 39 is t h e lowest a n a l y z e d i n t h e area. Due t o a l o w f l o w ra te a n d r o t t e n s u r f a c e c a s i n g i t a p p e a r s t h a t major c h a n g e s i n carbonate a n d s i l i c a c h e m i s t r y h a v e o c c u r r e d d u e t o m i x i n g , p r e c i p i t a t i o n . a n d s h a l l o w water-rock i n t e r a c t i o n s a f t e r t h i s water l e f t t h e a q u i f e r . The g r o u n d s u r f a c e a b o v e a n d b e l o w t h i s w e l l w a s m o i s t a n d h a d a s a l t c r u s t .

F i g u r e 20 is a p l o t of q u a r t z s a t u r a t i o n i n d i c e s c o m p a r e d t o pCO2. I t s h o w s t h e s a m e r e l a t i o n s h i p s as F i g u r e 19. T h e u p p e r s u r f a c e l i m i t o f s i l i c a i n d i c e s v e r s u s pCO2 a b o v e Log pCO2 -3.5 is better d e f i n e d w i t h t h e q u a r t z i n d i c e s t h a n w i t h t h e c h a l c e d o n y i n d i c e s . N e a r l y a l l waters p l o t t i n g b e l o w Log pCO2 -3.5 h a v e v e r y l o w magnes ium c o n c e n t r a t i o n , are u n d e r s a t u r a t e d w i t h d o l o m i t e , a n d a r e s a t u r a t e d w i t h t a l c . The t r e n d i n t h e s e l a te r waters s u g g e s t s p r e c i p i t a t i o n of magnes ium s i l i c a t e a f t e r a n i n i t i a l d i s s o l v e d - s i l i c a e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h c h a l c e d o n y or s i l i c a i n p u t f r o m z e o l i t e r e a c t i o n s . Water s h o w i n g a s y s t e m a t i c i n c r e a s e i n s a t u r a t i o n i n d i c e s a b o v e Log pCO2 -3.5 s u g g e s t s a d i s s o l v e d c a r b o n d i o x i d e r e a c t i o n w i t h a l u m i n o s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s . A s t e a d y - s t a t e e q u i l i b r i u m e x i s t s i n t h e s e waters.

A s s u m p t i o n s made i n t h e s e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s are: ( 1 ) n o m i x i n g h a s t a k e n p l a c e ; ( 2 ) c h e m i s t r y is r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a q u i f e r c o n d i t i o n s ; (3 ) w e l l d i s c h a r g e t e m p e r a t u r e s are v e r y Close t o a q u i f e r t e m p e r a t u r e s ; a n d (4) n o c a r b o n a t e or pH c h a n g e h a s o c c u r r e d .

-65-

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-66-

A C02-CORRECTED Q U A R T Z GEOTHERMOMETER

S i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s a re b a s e d upon e x p e r i m e n t a l s o l u b i l i t y o f s o l i d s i l i c a p o l y m o r p h s a t d i f f e r e n t t e m p e r a t u r e s . They w e r e d e r i v e d w i t h p l o t s of l o g s i l i c a c o n c e n t r a t i o n ( l o g t:::) versus the i n v e r s e of a b s o l u t e t e m p e r a t u r e ( T ) . T h e e q u a t i o n i 5 a % / a r i a t i @ n of t h e f a m i l i a r l i n e a r r e l a t i o n s h i p d e s c r i b i n g a l i n e :

E q u a t i o n 42

10(3(3/T = ( m l o g K ) + b w h e r e m a n d b a r e c o n s t a n t s

W e p r o p o s e a correct ion t o t h e s i l i c a g e o t h e r m o m e t e r f o r g r o u n d water less t h a n 100 C. T h i s c o r r e c t i o n i n v o l v e s t h e use of a d i s e q u i l i b r i u m i n d i c e s ( I ) t h a t is d e t e r m i n e d f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n q u a r t z s a t u r a t i o n i n d i c e s a n d l o g pCOZ c o n c e n t r a t i o n . T h i s f a c t o r I is s u b r a c t e d f r o m l o g b:: i n t h e pCO2 corrected g e o t h e r m o m e t er .

E q u a t i o n 43

W e u s e a n u p p e r l i m i t o f q u a r t z s a t u r a t i o n i n d i c e s v e r s ~ i s l o g pCO2 g r e a t e r t h a n -3.50 of s a m p l e s f r o m C a c t u s F l a t t o desc r ibe I (see F i g u r e 2 0 ) . S a m p l e s w h i c h are u n d e r s a t u r a t e d w i t h d o l o m i t e a n d s a t u r a t e d w i t h t a l c ( o p e n s y m b o l s ) are n o t u s e d t o desc r ibe t h i s l i m i t b e c a u s e t h e y may h a v e l o s t d i s s o l v e d s i l i c a d u e t o p r e c i p i t a t i o n of magnes ium s i l i c a t e m i n e r a l s . Cslso, s a m p l e s 17, 37, a n d 39 are n o t u s e d . S a m p l e s 17 a n d 34 a re f o r m Buena V i s t a . S a m p l e 39 is u n r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o f a q u i f e r c o n d i t i o n s (see s e c t i o n o n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f f i e l d s t u d i e s ) . The e q u a t i o n d e s c r i b i n g t h i s u p p e r l i m i t is:

E q u a t i o n 44

-67-

T h i s co r rec t ion is l i m i t e d t o g r o u n d water w i t h l o g pCO2 g r e a t e r t h a n -3.50. A t lower pCO2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n s t r a d i t i o n a l c h a l c e d o n y a n d q u a r t z g e o t h e r m o m e t e r s a p p l y . The q u a r t z g e o t h e r m o m e t e r p r e s e n t e d b y F o u r n i e r (1977, 1981) is m o d i f i e d t o o b t a i n a pCO2 c o r r e c t e d s i l i c a t e m p e r a t u r e a s f o l l o w s :

I

I E q u a t i o n 45

w h e r e l o g Si02 is i n ppm s i l i c a c o n c e n t r a t i o n a n d I is d e t e r m i n e d f r o m E q u a t i o n 44

I n order t o s u c c e s s f u l l y a p p l y t h i s t e c h n i q u e , a c c u r a t e f i e l d pH m e a s u r e m e n t is r e q u i r e d . L a b o r a t o r y a l k a l i n i t y m e a s u r e m e n t w i l l g i v e a c c u r a t e c a r b o n a t e i n f o r m a t i o n i f a n a l y s e s are d o n e w i t h i n a f e w d a y s (o r a c o u p l e o f w e e k s i f t h e s a m p l e is k e p t coo l ) . However , i f c a l c i t e a c t i v e l y p r e c i p i t a t e s a t a s p r i n g or w e l l , f i e l d m e a s u r e m e n t o f a l k a l i n i t y s h o u l d be p e r f o r m e d . S c a l i n g a n d t r a v e r t i n e d e p o s i t s w i l l i n d i c a t e c a l c i t e p r e c i p i t a t i o n . T o t a l a l k a l i n i t y a n d pH are u s e d t o c a l c u l a t e pCO2 c o n c e n t r a t i o n . These c a l c u l a t i o n s a r e w e l l d o c u m e n t e d i n s t a n d a r d r e f e r e n c e s (Garre15 a n d C h r i s t , 1967; Stumm a n d Morgan, 1970: a n d D r e v e r , 1982).

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A P P L I C A T I O N OF THE NEW CO2 CORRECTION TO THE QUARTZ GEOTHERMOMETERS A T CACTUS FLAT-AHTESIA AND BUENA V I S T A

A C O 2 c o r r e c t i o n t o t h e quartz geothermometer was app l ied t o waters having l o g pCO2 grea ter than -3.50. Th is c o r r e c t i o n s u b t r a c t s t h e n o n - s i l i c a polymorph d isso lved f r a c t i o n t o a l l ow r e a l i s t i c a p p l i c a t i o n o f s i l i c a geothermometers t o low temperature ground water. I n o ther waters, w i t h l o g pCO2 l e s s than -3.50, d isso lved s i l i c a i s i n apparent e q u i l i b r i u m w i t h chalcedony (F igure 19). Comparison o f t h e CO2 cor rec ted geothermometer temperatures and t h e chalcedony temperatures w i t h measured temperatures f o r t h e Cactus F l a t - A r t e s i a area shows t h a t these geothermometers agree we1 1 w i t h measured temperatures. Th is i s expected because t h e Cactus F l a t - A r t e s i a samples are from conf ined aqni f ers.

We compared t h e r e s u l t s o f a convent ional resource assessment us ing Na-K-Ca and Si02 geothermometer temperatures c a l c u l a t e d from publ ished data w i t h our C02-corrected s i l i c a geothermometer temperatures and chalcedony geot hermometer temperatures ca l cu la ted from water chemistry c o l l e c t e d du r ing t h i s study. F i r s t . we reviewed t h e publ ished water chemistry from Cactus-Artesia and Euena V i s t a and app l i ed t h e convent ional geothermometers t o es t imate r e s e r v o i r temperatures (Table 4 ) . F igures 21, 22, and 23 show t h a t these geothermometers suggest a 80 t o 100°C r e s e r v o i r a t Buena V i s t a and 80 t o 90°C r e s e r v o i r a t Cactus F la t -A r tes ia . Second, we tabu la ted t h e s i l i c a geothermometer temperatures f o r water samples we c o l l e c t e d (Table 5 ) and app l i ed t h e CO2 c o r r e c t i o n t o those samples having l o g pCO2 greater than -3.5. The c o r r e c t i o n was app l i cab le t o seven samples a t Cactus F l a t and f i v e a t Buena Vis ta.

These new values and t h e rev i sed s i l i c a geothermometer maps (Figs, 24 and 2 5 ) suggest lower r e s e r v o i r temperatures. A more r e a l i s t i c resource temperature a t Buena V i s t a appears t o be i n t h e 50 t o 70°C range, about 30 O C lower than p red ic ted on t h e b a s i s o f an uncorrected s i l i c a geothermometer alone. A temperature-depth p r o f i l e o f a deep we l l 5km east o f Buena V i s t a shows a temperature i n v e r s i o n a t 500m (Re i te r and Shearer? 1979) . This p r o f i l e i n d i c a t e s t h e ex is tance of a 65 t o 70°C convec t ive geothermal system i n t h e Buena V i s t a area. The C02-corrected

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silica geothermometer temperatures for the area range between 52 and 68OC.

Dissolved silica concentrations in the l o w temperature waters are not restricted to silica polymorph solubility. Steady state processes occur that involve introduction of silica b y reaction of water with aluminosilicate minerals and precipitation of magnesium silicates, clay and aluminum silicates. Zeol i te-water reactions may contribute silica: however, thermodynamic data for zeolites are uncertain and their influence was not evaluated.

Non-silica polymorph contributions of dissolved silica may cause traditional silica geothermometers to give t in realistic and unreliable results. Application of a COZ correction to quartz geothermometers appears to give accurate reservoir temperatures of low temperature geothermal resources.

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TABLE 4 - Measured and Geothermometer Temperatures, Published Data, Cactus Ftat-Artesia and Buena Vista

Location

(D-8-25) 1 ddd 12 aaa 12aaa 12aaa

7ab 7ac 7adc 7ba 7bb 7bbb 7da 7dd 7dda 73da 7ddb 7ddb 8bdcc 8ca 9bc 9bc

(D-8-26) 6cbb

1 9cdda 1 9cddb 1 9cddbc 19dccb 20cd 20dbcc 20dc 32dcc 33cccc 33ccd

5acb (D-9-26) 5ab

(D-6-27) 35dddd (D-7-27) 2aadc

2aca 2acb 2adbb 2add 2addcb

1 1 bbb

remP(”C)

36 39 39 39 31 45 37 32 34.5 33.5 34 41.5 42 39 39 35 38 39 39.4 29.4 38.9 27 27 29 27 44 45 39.4 28 31 34 33 33 27 36 37.5 38 40 41 39 43.5

TChat(OC)

31.4 26.5 45.0 31.4 25.2 31.4 50.5 20.5 45.0 45.6 27.3 45.0 38.6 28.3 35.1 35.1 36.9 18.3 35.1 48.1 31.4 68.8 56.2 53.5 71.9 42.0 28.1 45.1 45.1 52.2 42.0 45.1 46.6 73.9 45.1 87.2 82.1 43.5 85.5 83.9 87.2

rQtZ(OC)

63.4 58.7 76.6 63.4 57.4 63.4 81.7 53.0 76.6 78.0 59.5 76.6 70.4 60.5 67.0 67.0 68.7 50.8 67.0 79.4 63.4 98.9 87.1 84.6

101.8 73.6 60.3 76.6 76.6 83.4 73.6 76.6 78.0

103.6 76.6

116.0 111.3 75.1

114.5 113.0 116.0

81 .O 94.3 75.7 95.6 61.7 * 83.6 67.8 85.5 * 87.4 68.0 33.3 86.7 84.8 87.5 74.5 74.8 73.3 92.2 * 92.5 51.9 * 60.4 * 57.3 61 .O 66.9 52.6 93.9

105.2 64.2 82.4 50.5 69.4 66.9 64.3 63.2 * 66.2 78.6 * 67.9 * 29.2 73.3 *

127.6 * 75.8 *

* M g correction applied

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5

TNa4a( "C)

I *6 3

4 3

/ 0

R 2 7 E

e Buena Vista I *76 /-'

Scale in miles

R 27 E

I

uena Vista

'4

5 4 6 1

12

T 6 S

T 7 S

T 6 S

T 7 S

Figure 21 Maps showing Na-K-Ca (upper) and SiO, (lower) geothermometer temperatures calculated from published data f o r Buena Vista

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R 25 E R 26 E

I

29 28 21

3

T 8 S

T 9 S

Figure 22 Map showing Na-K-Ca geothermometer temperatures calculated from published data at Cactus Flat- Artesia

R 25 E

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R 26 E

26 25 I

I

I 35 36

57 8

18

3 0

31

6

5 4 3

I I

Cactus Fiat I

I I7 16 I I S

20 21 22

29 28 27

32 I 33 34

3

T 8 S

T 9 S

F i g u r e 23 Map showing SiOl geothermorneter t e m p e r a t u r e s c a l c u l a t e d from p u b l i s h e d d a t a a t C a c t u s F l a t - A r t e s i a

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Figure 24 Map showing C0,-corrected quartz geothermometer temperatures, this study, Buena Vists

-75-

25

Figure 25 Map showing CO1-corrected quartz geothermometer temperatures, this study, Cactus Flat-Artesia

T 8 5

T 9 5

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TABLE 5 - Measured, Si02, and pC02-Corrected Geothermometer Temperatures, Buena Vis ta

This Report, Cactus Flat-Artesia and

Location

(D-8-26) 7ddba 7ddbc 7bdab 7bbcd 7baac 7adbc 7acad Tacad 7adcd 7bbbc

1 2 aaaa 12aaaa 6ccba 7adcc

(D-7-27) 2aaab 2acda

1 1 bbbb 1 lbbbb

(D-8-26) 7bdbb (D-8-25) 27caaa (D-8-26) 20dbbd

20dbcb 20dbca 20acdb 20acdb 20adcc 18abdd 18abdc 17abbb 8dcaa 8dcad 7dbda 8bdcc

(D-7-27) 2addc (D-8-26) 18addb

7bdbb (D-6-25) 23bbad

36cbbb

Welt No.

1 wa3 2wa3 3W33 4W83 5W83 6wa3 7wa3 aw83

1 ow83 1 1 ~ 8 3 1 2 ~ 8 3

9W83

1 3 W83 15W83 17W83

19W83 1 8 ~ 8 3

2 0 ~ 8 3 2 1 wa3 2 2 ~ 8 3

2 4 ~ 8 3

2 6 ~ 8 3

2 9 \ ~ a 3

3 i wa3 3 2 ~ 8 3 3 3 ~ 8 3 34wa3 3 5 ~ 8 3

37wa3

4 0 ~ 8 3

23W83

25W83

27W83

30W83

36W83

38W83

4 1 W83 42 W83

T emP(OC)

38.6 34.6 34.3 33.1 41.4 29.2 35.3 37.8 33.7 33.8 36.0

30.4 31.6 26.3 39.. 4 48.4 49.2 39.9

6.5 35.1

36.5 33.7 38.0 26.5 37.2 38.9 39.0 26.6 25.1 . 41.3 39.1 40.4 41.4 39.9 39.6 46.1

38.5

38.7

T C ha I (OC)

33.3 33.3 33.3 33.3 25.2 15.4 29.4 27.3 31.4 22.9 22.9 29.4 22.9 12.7 67.8 83.0 85.5 85.5 35.1 25.2 31.4 27.3 38.7 35.1 42.0 27.3 42.0 35.1 33.3 27.3 38.7 35.1 31.4 93.5 35.1 36.9 91.9 85.5

T Q tz ( O C

65.3 65.3 65.3 65.3 57.4

61.5 59.5 63.4 55.3 55.3 61.5 55.3 45.3 98.0

112.1 114.5 114.5 67.1 57.4 63.4 59.5 70.4 67.1 73.6 59.5 73.6 67.1 65.3 59.5 70.4 67.1 63.4

121.7 67.1 68.8

120.3 114.5

48.0 30.8

40.5

54.7 57.8 71.3 61.7

5.2

31.9

27.2 36.7

47.3 65.6 43.9

39.5 52.6

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T u r n e r , G. L. , 1962, T h e Deming axis, s o u t h e a s t e r n A r i z o n a , New Mexico and T r a n s - P e c o s , Texas: in Mogol Lon R im , New Mexico Geologica l Society Guidebook, 13th F z l d C o n f e r e n c e , p. 59-71.

T u r n e r , P., 1980, Cont inenta l Red B e d s , Deve lopmen t s in Sed imen to logy Series, V o l u m e 29: Etsevier S c i e n t i f i c Publ i sh ing Company, New York , 562 p.

T u t t l e , 0. F. a n d England , J. L . , 1952, P r e l i m i n a r y r e p o r t on the s y s t e m Si02-H20: Geologica l Society of A m e r i c a Bul le t in , v. 66, p . 149.

T s u z u k i , Y. a n d Kawabe, I . , 1983, P o l y m o r p h i c t r a n s f o r m a t i o n of kaol in m i n e r a l s i n a q u e o u s so lu t ions : G e o c h i m i c a et C o s m o c h i m i c a A c t a , v. 47, pp. 59-66.

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-90-

BiblioaraDhv - continued

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B r i t i s h Geomorphological

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-91-


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APPENDIX A

DriL Lers' Logs

Depth Interval (feet)

LD-6-25) 7acab

d i r t rock, top soi l 0-20 s i l t 20-35 s i l t w/rock 73-79 red clay 79- 165

JD-6-25) 34bbb

sandy loam grave I clay gravel clay grave I clay

LD-6-25, 36cbb

1-28 28-33 33-98 98-103

103-250 2 50-2 52 252-400

si l ty clay 40- 179 soft clay 179-209 hard clay 209-235 sticky clay 235-292

sticky clay 440-507 hard clay 507-522 sticky clay 522-570 clay 570-7 15 clay w/streaks

of shale 715-754 soft sandy clay 754-770 hard clay 770-88 1 shale 881-897 clay 897-9 1 1 clay w/streaks

sandy shale 1012-1044

clay 292-440

of sand 91 1-1012

shale w/streaks of gravel 1044-1 106

hard cemented sand 1106-1 11 1

sandy shale w/streaks of cemented sand 1198-1389

cemented sand w/streaks of gravel 1389-1510

hard clay & shale 1510-1561 sand & gravel

w/streaks of clay 1561-1654 coarse gravel

w/streaks of clay 7654-1761 nard sandy shale

w/streaks of sand 1761-1812 hard sandy shale 18 12- 1835 cemented sand 1835- 191 8 soft break 191 8- 1922 hard sandy shale 1922- 1927 soft break 1927-1935 hard sandy shale 1935-1938 soft break

" lost some mud" 1938-1945 hard sandy shale 1945-1961 sandy shale 1961- 1985 loose sand & gravel

sandy shale 11 11-1 198

"lost some mud" 1985-1996 hard sand 1996-200 1 fine sand w/streaks

hard sand plus shale 2025-2037 f i l e sand w/streaks

hard sand & shale 2042-2048 loose gravel

"lost some mud" 2048-2052

of shale 200 1-2025

of shale 2037-2042

hard sand 2 052 -2 060

w/some shale 2060-21 19 med. soft sand


med. soft sand 2 119-2 149 hard sand &shale 2149-2161

U.S.G.S. analysis: mudstone 235-850 gypsum 7040% 050- 1650 volcanic sand 1650-2 160

(D-6-26) 7cac

gravel, sand, pebbles, boulders 0-10

unconsolidated 10-90 consolldated sand,

pebbles, boulders of Cretaceous &

Ter t iary volcanics,

Tuffaceous cg (frogs

Ter t iary or ig in 90-710

red porphry docite 710-730

of andes enclosed in m y matr ix)

yel-brn, soft

non-porphyre t ic

Porphry docite? l ight

Pink, soft,

ID-6-26) 8abb

gravel Te r t i a ry volcanic

andesite porphyry dacite porphyry h y o l i t e tuff

c9 andesite rhyolite Tuff cg rhyolite cg - rhyolite tuff andes i te cg - rhyolite tuff alt. tuff & andesite gray andesite

(tuff agglomerate)

(D-6-26) 8ccd

grave l

lD-6-26) 8bbb

gravel Te r t i a ry volcanic

(dacite? prop.) per l i t ic tuff tuffaceous cg;

rhy matr ix

(D-6-27) O2abd

soil malapais

(cavern at 400 ft.)

730- 1060

1060- 1 100

1100-1110

0-450

450-525 525-540 540-6 18 620-630 630-690 690-745 745-020 820-840 840-925 925-960 960-965 965- 1075

1075-1 100

0-580

0-700

700-730 730-800

800-965

0-10

10-505 On outcrop of younger vols.

ID-6-27) 13cc

basalt 0-200

{D-6-27) 30b

top fill & boulders 0-90 red & blue clay 90-305 black mud " in cavity" 305-345


[D-6-27) 35cbb

Logged 1958 by Davidson. Only core 560 to 1,000 ft. located.

dense, wel l cemeqte3 cg w/lenses of ss & tuff beds. Red granite is present. Eedding is up to 30° from perpend. to core. . * . p re Plio- Pleistocene basin f i L l . May be equiv. to Sonita Creek cg. 550-39

May be equiv. to inter- mediate series andes 9 basalts - ear ly

epi3otiZed andesite Cenozoic. 565-893

Cretaceous, pro9. equiv. to Silve-aelL cg of TUCSO? 8S3-T C. - - - - - - - - -

ZSO-5EE =9 m i t e tuW 556-368 mudstone 30° 568-581 sandstone 581-58a siltstone 588-601.7 -ed granite

4" cobble 5oi.a cg g r i t 601.8-616 siltstone & mudstone 615-525 sandstone (red gr) 625-658

cg 658-689 siltstone to s s 689-632 cg 692-754 mudstone 754-756 flow breccis o r cg 756-761 andesite 761-893 andesite &basal t 893-1000

(D-5-26) 35aaa

gravel 0-1 19

gravel a s ~ - i i i 2 clay 119-896

1 l i2-1167 grave I bedrock 1157

grave 1 0-15 gravel 8 caliche,

alternating i n beds 3' apart 15-250

JD-6-27) dbdz dbdc

surface soi l 1-8 water bearing sand

8-69 conglomerate 69-85

& gravel

"nothing for deepen to 250' " deepened to 250' i n 1951 "no water"

(0-6-28) 03 CCd

conglomerate 0-2015

"N40°W trending fault just N E of hole - down drop to SW"

" j us t reached basalt"

ID-6-28) 3 1 dba

top soi l clay. gravel boulders clay & gravel cg sandy clay rocks & clay

JD-7-25) O ~ C C C

sandy loam red blue clay blue, gray clay fine, sandy,

c lay honeycomb clay


1-4 4-36

36-45 45-1 16

116-280 280-294 294-400

0-2 5 25-250

250-975

975-980 980-1 100

(D-7-25) 22ddd

si l t , sand-calcareous 0-18 sand w/some siltstone 18-60 siltstone, grey to

siltstone (described by d r i l l e r as "sticky

brown & calcareous 60-500

clay) grey to brown 500-730 s i l ty clay, calcareous 730-800 siltstone, l imey brown

(d r i l l e r reports i t

siltstone - brown to grey calcareous. Some thin hard layers f rom 1270-1360 ft. 981-1465

Siltstone w.some hard layers. Most ly grey

sticky) 800-98 1

in color 1465-1705 Greyish siltstone 1705-1780 Siltstone w/minor qty.

(gyp") fragments 1780-1828 "Hard rock" probably

gypsum bed i n s i l ts 1828-1935 Siltstone, brownish

calcareous w/some mterbedded gypsum. Temp. up to lOQoF 1835-1988

Siltstone-brown calcareous, l ight grey fragments 1988-2 160

Siltstone - brown, light grey fragments. Temp. 2181 92'

2220 98O 2260 99O 2 160-2282

Siltstone - brown w/lighter fragments. Calcareous Temp. 2320 96'

2380 98' 2420 looo 2282-2422

Hard layer - considerable gypsum i n grey siltstone calcareous 2422-2483

Brown & grey siltstone.

Probably bedrock calcareous 2483-25 15

potash granite 25 15-2535

jD-7-25) 26 cbc2

Sand, few gravels, some gypsum (blue- grey) 0-45

Sand, few gravels, no gypsum (blue-grey) 45-1 19

Fine to coarse sand 119-397 Sand, few gravel 397-668 Grey sand, ra re gravel 668-1499


<D-7-25) 27 dad3

? 0- 130 Grey vol. sand,

gravel, few pebbles 130-230 St icky bmwn clay,

vol. sand & gravel; few granite fragments230-310

w/gypsum fragments 310-446 Gypsum 446-1206

Very ftne to coarse sand

Very ftne to coarse volcanic sand 1206-1396

(D-7-25) 27 dcc

Sand o r sandy gravels interbedded w/si l t o r V.F. sand 0-10

Sand w/inte&edded silt. Enters tuff bed near 20 ft. 10-20

Tuff 20-30 Si l ts & s i l ty tuffs

w/interbedded o r dis- seminated sands 30-40

Bedded sands 40-50 Si l ts & s i l ty tuffs 50-60 Sand w/diseminated

clay o r clay seams 60-70 Si l ts & micaceous tuffs

w/stringers of sand & pebbles 70-80

Clayed sands 5 s i l ts 80-90 Clayey s i l t 90-1 10 Fine s i l t y sand 110-120 S i l t y & clayey sand 120-140 Sandy mudstone o r

Clayey sand o r s i l t 150-170 S i l t y sand w/some

clay 170- 180 Clayey siltstone 180-185 Si l ty sand 185-190

clayey sand 140- 150

V.F. sand w/dissem- inated s i l t o r s i l t layers 190-200

Clayey s i l t 200-2 10 Si l ty c lay 2 10-230

& clays 230-240 Clayey siltstone 240-320

320-330

Interbedded s i l t y sands

Calcareous s i 1 ts tone

SD-7-26) 4 cad

Boulders & sand 1-70 Blue clay 70-2 50

SD-7-26) 07 cbd

Clay & gravel 0-57 Water 52-60

"Fu l l amt. of water" 80 "Dry clay" 90-303

Clay & gravel 57-90

ID-7-26) 17 baa

s o i l 0-8 Gravel & boulders 8-90 Blue & yellow clay;

streaks of gypsum & strata of hard rock

Yellow clay 190-260


Blue clay 250-300

clay 300-700

streaks of clay 700-800

strata of hard rock 800-895

Yellow stratif ied

Yellow clay w/

Yellow clay w/

(D-7-26) 19aa

Yellow brown sand 0-50 Gravel predwn w/

some sand 60-80 Brown sand, some

gypsum; much si l t - stone, some gravel 80-260

Pinkish brown sand; l i t t le gravel, much siltstone 2e9-acc

' 3-7-22> 2Saba

Grey & brown c!ay a Slit 0-1910

Siltstone & rnds.cn. 1910-2255

(D-7-26) 31c3a

Top soi l Sand & rock Fractured rock Tan clay Clay w/mixed grvl . Gravel & water Clay Gravel & water Hard red clay Wash gravel & water Clay Gravel &wa te r Clay Blue clay - - - - - - - - - - -

0- I 1-7

7-23 23-52 52-70 7 0- 82 a2-98 98- 105

105-115 115-120 120-153 153-170 170- 180 180-190 -

Perforations 130- 180 Grave 1 110-190 Grouted 20- 110

(D-7-27) lbbq

Grave I 0-15 Gravel & caliche in

alternating 3' layers 15-250

(D-7-27) 02aaa2

Pediment cap 0-18 Green clay 18-212 Basal cg

Artesian-water rose to 18' depth

2 12-400 - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _

(D-7-27) 02-b~

Brown sand & d i r t Boulders Yellow clay Gravel Clay Gravel, cg Yellow clay c g

0-16 16-24 24-125

125- 180 1 80- 190 190-330 330-350 350-500


<D-7-27) O2aca2

Top soi l Boulders

ID-7-27) 2cbb

Top soi l Sand, dry & gravel Gravel, water Rock & clay Boulders Clay Sand Clay Sand Clay Gravel Clay Sand Clay Sand Clay Grave 1 Clay Gravel Clay Gravel Clay Clay - sandy Sand Clay Grave I Clay Grave l Clay Grave I Clay Gravel & clay Gravel

<D-7-27) O2acd

Top S O l l

Grave 1 Green clay Basal cg

:3-7-27) 2cdb

Surface soi l eoulders Yellow clay Gravel Yellow clay Grave 1 Yellow gravel Grave I Yellow clay Gravel Clay Crave I Clay c g Yellow clay Wate r h r a v e l Yellow clay Water/grave l Ye llow gravel Wate r/grave I Yellow clay Sand &boulders Yellow clay

0-10 10-25

0-8 8-16

16-46 46-66 66-70 70-1 17

117-124 124-131 131-130 138-144 144-149 149-158 158-167 167-175 175-179 1 79- 1 86 106-191 19 1-238 238-247 247-278 278-207 287-291 291-297 297-304 304-323 323-33 1 331-330 330-341 34 1-349 349-360 360-374 374-387 387-435

0-8 8-15

15-262 262-400

0-16 16-48 48- 130

130-142 142-158 158-172 172- 197 197-2 15 2 15-222 222-237 237-248 248-255 255-260 260-30 1 301-307 307-4 15 415-418 4 18-502 502-508 508-535 535-538 538-560 560-566

Water/gravel & sand 566-700 Bedrock - red granite 700-702

.... . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . . . . - - - ~~


{D-7-27) 2dbb

Water - loam 0-14 Grave l rock 14-35 Rock & clay 35-45 Clay 45-55 Clay & gravel 55-75 Wate r/grave l 75-76

(water came up to within 6' of top)

Clay 76-130 Gravel 105-1 12

Gravel 142-148 Clay 148- 155 Grave 1 155-160 Clay 160-166 Grave l 166- 169

169-180 Clay Gravel 180- 187

1 87- 1 93 Clay Grave I 193-198 C lay 198-210 Grave I 210-232 Clay 232-238 Gravel 238-257 Clay 257-268 Gravel 268-276 Clay 276282 Grave l 282-267 Clay 287-291 Gravel 29 1-297

297-308 Grave I 308-3 15 Clay 3 15-322 Grave 1 322-327 Clay 327-334 Grave l 334-342 Clay 342-348 Gravel (flowing water) 348-356

Clay 112-14.2

C lay

Clay Grave i Clay Gravel

(D-7-27) 2dbc

Native top soil Sand & gravel &

Rock & gravel Rock & gravel

water-bearing sand

10-7-27) 1 lbbb

Boulders Clay Sand & water Alternate beds of

sand & clay Grave l Alt . sand & c lay Sandy clay Al t . sand & clay Sandy clay Clay Water/gravel Clay Sand & gravel Al t . sand & c lay Coarse sand

356-364 364-373 373-38 1 38 1-433

0-15

15-75 75-125

125-250

0-18 18-42 42-46

46-1 10 110-1 12 112-129 129-145 145-302 302-339 339-344 344-356 356-361 361-398 398-420 42 0-43 5

(D-8-26) Olaab

Sandstone Red clay Sand & SS hard Sand &water Clay Sand & water Red clay Sand & water Sand & sm gravel River rock &wate r Sand & water Blue clay - - - - - - _ _ _ _


Perforations Gravel Grouted

iD-8-25> 5 C C c

Top soi l E r w n clay & SS Clay & sand 6rown clay Clay & sand Brown clay Gravel Brown clay Grave l Brown clay Blue clay

<D-8-26) 5cc3

Fil l Brown clay Water/sand Red clay Brown clay Dark brown clay Light brown clay Red clay Water/graveL

JD-8-26) 6abc

Sandy loam Sand Sanay clay alt. w/

0-2 2-10

10-53 53-m 50-68 68-72 72-80 80-93 93- 105

105-1 15 115-135 135-145 -

1C5-145 I O C - I 4 5

1-100

0-25 23-29 29-37 37-87 87-9 1 91-103

103-1 19 119-130 130- 145 145-148 148-204

0-30 30-47 47-40 48-65 65-70 70-82 82-88 88-35 95- 106

0-36 35-39

water/gravel i n about 5' beds 34-206

Clay 206-2 10 Sand 2 10-2 14 Sandy clay 2 14-220 Clay 220-224 Sandy clay 224-234 Hard sand 234-235 Water sand & gravel 235-237

50-8-26) 6cbc

Flowing 10 gpm 3-60 Flowing 7-60 Flowing - very

smal l amount 11-60 Water @ 95'; 256'; 403'; 455';

500'; 525'; 624' & 642' _ - _ - - _ - _ _ - _ _ _ Sandy s i l t 0- 10 Si l ty sand wl'interbedded

Interbedded siltstone thin siltstone 10-19

& sands 19-29


ID-8-26) 6cbc - continued

Siltstone w/interb.

Sll tstone w/interb.

Interbed siltstone w/

s i l ty sands 29-42

sil ty sands 42-52

sand. Sil tstone predominate 52-85

Interbed sand & sltstn. 85-96 Limey sand 96-107 Limey s i l ty sand 107-1 17 Lirney sandy s i l t 117-128 LLmey sil tstone 128-139

somewhat sandy 139-172

interbed gypsum 172-2 18

dissem. sand 218-229

Limey siltstone,

Limey siltstone w/

Limey sil tstone, some

Interbed siltstone & sand. Limey 229-239

Interbed sands & Limey sil tstone 239-250

Limey fine sand occas. grading to s i l t 250-261

Lirney s i l t & fine sand 261-271 Limey siltstone

(gypsiferous?) 271-282 Lirney siltstone 282-349 Sand w/interbed

siltstone 349-383 Sand 383-4 14 Siltstone w/interbed

sands ' 4 14-447 Siltstone 447-458 Sand w/interbed

sil tstone 458-469 Sand 469-49 1 Siltstone w/interbed

Sand w/inte*ed siltstone 523-545

Siltstone w/interbed sand 545-589

Interbed sand & s i l t 589-651

sands 49 1-523

jD-8-26) 6ccb

Sandstone E. clay 0-1 15 Blue white clay & sil t-

stone, red clay & siltstone 1 15-256

s ta r ted flowing 624-655

ID-8-26] 7acc

Top sandy soil 0-20 Sand-water (sealed off) 20-28 Brown clay 28-42 Blue sand - blue clay 42-48 Blue clay - all water

sealed off to this depth 48-85

Blue clay 85- 145 Blue sand - gravel

water 145-148 Blue clay 148- 160 Blue sand 160- 162 Blue clay 162- 197 Blue sand 197-198 Brown clay 198-200

. . - .. . . . . . . . . . . , . -. . . . . . . . . . . -. . . . . . . . . .


(D-8-26) 7adc

Slltstone-claystreaks 0-82 Clay 82-2 17 Water at all depth

measurements 2 17-314 Vary between 6" to 4' Water in honeycomb

314-337

formatlon 485-530 U.S.G.S. well depth 545'

(D-8-26) 7 a d 9

Sandstone, clay Water Blue S.S. clay Water Hardpan, clay Water Clay Hardpan Water Brown clay,hardpan Water Brown clay

(D-8-26) 7bbb

Clay Clay & sand Clay, sand & gravel Blue clay Clay, sand

(D-8-26) 7bcc

Sandstone, clay Water at all depms

0-80 80-82 82-187

187-190 190-314 314-316 3 16-385 385-389 389-394 394-647 647-560 660-6668

0-20 20-60 60-80 80-2 70

270-3 10

135 228-271

Measurements vary f rom 290-430 8" to 12'

(D-8-26) 7bcc2

Fill Sand & water Blue clay Red clay Sand water seep Blue clay Sand water s eep Blue clay Sand water Blue clay

SD-8-26) 7bda

SS & clay Water Clay, SS s t r eaks Water Blue clay Water Clay Clay, hard pans Water Clay, hard pans Water btwn hard pans Hard pans, clay Water Clay Water Honeycomb fm

0-16 16-40 40-47 47-8 1 8 1-92 92-109

109-1 10 110-127 127- 128:;

128!+132

0-130 130-132 132-265 265-269 269-356 356-357 357-642 642-760 760-764 764- 1010

1010-1032 1032-1 150 1150-1 160 1160-1265 1265- 13 10

(D-8-26) 7bdb2

SS Clay Water Clay SS Water Blue clay Water Clay Clay Hard Pans Water Clay Hard Pans Water Hard Pans Hard Pans Clay Water Clay Water Clay H a r d Pans Water


0-130 130- 132 132-255 265-269 269-355 356-357 357-642 642-760 750-754 764- 101 0

10 10- 1032 1032-1 150 1150-1 160 1160-1255 1265-1310 1 3 10- 1500 1500- 15 1 E

(3-8-26) 7czc

Rocks, gravel, blde & red clay 476-50a

NOTE. This is ar tes ian water cut high land. Water stands within 40' of surface. Honey comb formation.

LD-8-26) 7dda

Mostly clay & sil t . deposits except f i r s t 3 samples (19-59'). Grayish - blue green clay & s i l t o r mud dominate samples . Some have f a i r amount of sand & smal l gravel. Samples 13,14,15 (208-253') have red coloring which indicated a drymg out period. The r e d is due to oxidation. material p r e s e i t f rom samples 17- 32 (269-544'). At 1275' change in material . Lighter color. Caliche. Coarse sand gra ins may be deform- ed gravel.

Swamp & lake

Organic

(D-8-25) 7ddb2

W a t e r a t all depm measurements 123-137

Formation SS & clay 174-180

gD-8-26) Badc,

Samples to Bur. of Mines

(D-8-26) Badc2

Samples to Bur. of Mines

LD-8-26) 8bdc

Sand & srnl gravel 19-166 Some fine sand, s i l t ,

clay (mud) 166-392 Si l t gravel 392-557 Si l t & clay (mud)

Mostly s i l t & clay 1098-1399 grey-green 557-1098


LD-8-26) 8cdd

Sandstone, clay, rocks 0-301 Water ss (clay Streaks) Water (honeycomb) Clay

10-8-26) 16bca

Surface so i l Sandstone Clay Clay & sandstone Sand & sandstone Water Clay & sandstone

ID-8-26) 1 6 . ~ ~ 3

Sand, rock & clay Clay & sandstone Honeycomb Honeycomb flowing Sand & c lay Clay Clay

(0-8-26) 17abb

Red SS

30 1-303 303-365 365-4 15 415418

0-60 €0-70 70-2 50

250-300 300-340

340' 340-460

75-85 110-1 12 280-295 400-410 525-535 549-55 1 55 1-564

0-33 "Water stood @ 9' at 33'"

Red SS 33- 190 Blue shale 190-790 .

"Water at 262'; 323'; 390'; 410'; 520'; 574'; 631'; 675'; 734'; 747';"

Some water 756-788 Water good 790' Honeycomb, Lots water 790-842 Layer sand 675'; 734'; 747' Choc. sandy clay 842-1412 Blue shale 14 12- 1449

"Water @ 1449' honeycomb (salt wtr.)" "Water at 1064': 1140': 1164'; 1216'; 1260'; & 1337"'

(D-8-26) 17bbc

Sand & c lay Gravel - 1st water Clay Al t . sand & clay Clay, sand & gravel Sand & gravel Hard sand & gravel CG, hard Grey clay Sand & gravel Clay

13-6-26) 18add

Sandstone & clay

(D-8-26) 19dcc2

Boulders Brown sandy shale Brown sandy clay Brown sandy shale Sand, trace of water Brown sandy clay Brown sand. source

of water Brown clay Sand & gravel Brown shale & sand

0-25 -27

27-260 260-460 4a-475 475-490 490-520 520-565 565-575 575-580 580-610

1250-1 525

0-16 16-90 90- 122

122- 130 130-134 134-203

203-210 2 10-233 233-238 238-250

<D-8-26) 2lcdc

Fill o r overburden Red clay D r y sand Grey clay Red clay Grey-green clay Water sand

Red clay Water gravel Red brown clay Water grave 1 Brown clay Water gravel Red clay

(very l i t t le water)

<D-8-26) 28bdd


0-5 1 51-97 97-101

101- 137 137-154 154-173

173' 173-189 189-192 192-209 209-2 13 2 13-241 241-244 244-2543

Soi l & rocks to 50' Clay to 365'. Water Ln

honeycomb formation 365-390

ID-8-26) 28dbb

Decomposed granite f i l l 0-4

Fill & boulders 4-12 Granite boulder & clay 72-18

Yellow clay 22-27 Brown squeezing clay 27-35

Grey sandstone some water 5 gpm 51-64

Benonite clay 64-72 Red clay 72-76 River salt 76-8 1 Blue clay 8 1-84 Green benonite clay 84-95 Brown clay 95-99 Red clay 99-101

Sandstone 18-22

Red clay 35-5 1

Brown clay 101-1 13 Joint c lay 113-118 Brown clay 118-124 Grey sandstone 124- 13 1 Brown clay 13 1- 145 Benonite clay green 145-152 Brown sandy clay 152- 157

Sandstone 161- 165 Brown clay 165- 169 Sticky olive green clay

w/small gravel & rockl69-187

187-20 1 Grey st icky clay Benonite c lay green 201-205 Grey st icky c lay 205-260

260-268 Green benonite Grey st icky c lay 268-315 Grey clay w/very

fine sand 315-335

Brown benonite c lay 157-161

Grey st icky c lay 335-350 Grey clay w/very

fine sand 350-361 Grey clay 361-430 Blue SS 430-435 Blue sand, e r y fine 435-441

Water Water raised to 100' of surface.

gD-8-26) 29bbd

Sandy so i l Sand & water Sandy clay Sand & water

0-95 95-96 96-140

140-141

Sandy clay Sand & water Sandy clay Sand & water Sandy clay Water & sand

JD-8-28) 29dbd

Soil & clay Sand & clay Gravel & clay Brown clay Blue clay Brown clay Blue clay Brown clay Brown & blue clay

Sandstone Sand & Drown clay Sandstone

water level 213' Sand & clay Sandstone

Sand & clay Sandstone

Sand & clay Gravel

Sand & clay Gravel

Sand & c lay Sand & gravel

Sand & clay Sand & gravel

water level 5' Brown clay Red clay & gravel

mixed layers

water level 128'

water level 75'

water level 38'

water level 18'

water level 9'

gD-8-26) 30 aca

Sand & rock Sandy clay Brown clay Blue sandy clay Green sandy clay Brown sandy clay Brown clay Brown sandy clay Brown clay Sand & water Blue clay Sandstone


141- 182 182-184 184-236 236-238 238-284 284-288

0-3 8-17

17-31 31 -BO 60-7 1 7 1-92 92-99 99-107

107-27 5 275-575 276-302

302-303 303-314

3 14-31 5 315-331

33 1-332 332-338

338-34 1 341-369

369-370 370-386

386-389 389-395

395-397 397-407 407-500

0-23 23-56 56-60 60-104

104-120 120-140 140-151 151-162 162-154 164-166 166- 173 173-220

Coarse sand & water 220-223 Brown clay Brown sandy clay 225-230 Fine sand & water 230-243

223-225

Brown clay 243-248

ID-8-26) 30baa

Big boulders Sandy clay (few bldi Boulders Sand & clay Grave 1 Big boulders Sand, g rv l & clay Sandy clay Clay w/sand & grv l Sand, g rv l & clay

0-1 1 -5 ) 11-20

20-22 22-30 30-32 32-34 34-45 45-60 60-77 77-80


(D-8-26) 30baa - continued

Sandy c lay & blue c lay Brown or g r e y c l a y &

Blue c l a y & sandy c lay 95-1 11 Sandy c lay &

s m a l l s t r e a k s of sand 11 1-126 Brown sandy c lay 126-162 Sand, brown c l a y w/

Sand. grave l & c lay 164-168 Sandy c lay 160-170 Sand, grave l &

c lay s t r e a k s 170-172 Sand & c lay broken 172-186 Sand & c lay broken;

some grave l 186-211 Sand, grave l & c l a y 211-228 Sandy c lay & sand

s t r e a k s 228-238 Sandy c lay 238-246 Sandy c lay s t r e a k s 246-248 Sandy c lay 248-256 Big gravel . sand &

c lay s t r e a k s 256-259 Sandy c lay 259-263

& s m a l l g rave l 263-278 Sand & grave l 278-280 S m a l l s t r e a k s sand

& grave l 280-293 Sand grave l w/few s m .

c l a y s t r e a k s 293-300 Sandy c lay w/sand

s t r e a k s 300-306 S a n d s t r e a k s w/clay &

few gravel s t r e a k s 306-321 Sand & c lay broken 321-339

80-85

blue c lay 85-95

s a n d & grave l 162-164

Sandy c lay w/sand

Clay 339-340 Sand & grave l 340-357 Sand & c lay 357-362 Sand & grave l 362-387 Sandy c lay & sand 387-397

(0-8-26) 3Obdb

Grani te boulders 0-30 Sand w/water 425-450 Most of w a t e r supply 650-670

" F r o m s t a r t to f inish v e r y Little to no clay. Grani te sandstone the e n t i r e way."

(D-8-26) 3Obdd

Grani te f i l l & "boulders" 0-20 Grani te fill 20- 172 Sandstone - w a t e r 172-202 Red sanostone - w a t e r 202-245 Grani te f i l l 245-300

LD-8-26) 30ddd

Sandy so i l Sand & w a t e r Sandy c l a y Sand & w a t e r Sandy c lay W a t e r & sand Sandy c lay Sand & w a t e r Sandy c lay W a t e r & sand

0-95 95-96 96-140

140-141 141-182 182-184 184-236 2 36-2 38 238-284 284-288


LD-8-26) 31 abd

Top so i l Sand ti c lay s t r i p s S m a l l arnt. water90 ' Sand & c lay s t r i p s Red c lay Sand w/water Clay S a n d w/water C l a y Sand w/water

0-35 35-90

90-140 140-2 50 250-257 257-290 290-293 293-404 404-450

LD-8-26) 3 lddc

Sand 0-17 Sandstone 17-26 Sandy c lay 26-29 Sandstone 29-36 Sandy c lay 36+6 W a t e r sand 66-68 Sandy clay 68-84 Red c lay 84- 108

Clay 110-1 15 Sandy c lay 115-123 Sand & c l a y al ternat ing

beds in I 'sand;8'clay 123-161 Sandy c lay 16 1- 175 C l a y 175-209 W a t e r sand 209-2 1 1 Clay 21 1-241 Hard sandy c lay 24 1-2 50

W a t e r g r a v e I 108-1 10

{D-9-26) 5acd

F[ll Brown c lay S e e p Brown c lay w a t e r grave l Red c lay W a t e r grave l Brown c lay

(D-9-26) 6bda

0-25 25-90

90 90-185

185-186 186-232 232-234 234-2 50

Sand & c l a y 0-50 Sand & grave l (1st waterpO-31 Sand, c l a y 51-108 Gravel , w a t e r 108-1 10 Sand, grave l c lay 110-120 Sand, grave l , rock

(caving) 120- 127 Conglomerate 127-140 S a n d 140-14.3 Cong lomera te 143-166 Sandy c l a y 166- 175 Sand, g r a v e l 175-1 80 Sandy c lay 180-200

5D-9-27) 36bc

Hardpan Gravel Ye1 low c l a y Sand li grave l Yellow c l a y Gravel Blue c lay Blue c lay & sar Gravel & sand Blue c l a y Sand Yellow c lay

0-32 32-38 38-90 90-124

124- 132 132-144 144-240

id 240-2 54 254-260 260-284 284-288 288-322


Blue c lay 326-396

Blue c lay 400-592 Gypsum & c lay 592-735 Gypsum 735-765

Sandstone 396-400

{D-9-27) 36cdb

Greylsh brown sand; some grave l , mud- s tone 280-450

Greenish g r a y sand; s o m e grave l , s o m e ca lc i te , ankyd & gypsum 460-950

G r e y sand; s o m e gravel ; s o m e hal i te , ankyd & calci te 360- 1~530

Wnite sand; s o m e grave l , ankycl a calci te 1 GIG- 1790

G r e y sand; some grave l , ankyd, calci te

Grown sand; s o m e grave l , ankydrt te , ca lc i te 3400-3480

1800-3390

APPENDIX B

Water Chemistry

ON ( P P I I ) E X C E P T F O R A L K I L I N I I Y . A L K A L I N I T Y I N H I L L L O U I V A L L E N 5 .

ALKAL I N I T Y 0. 66 0. 65 1 .41 0.98 0.70 3.20 2.10 0.80 0.49 0.74 0.70 0 . 5 s 4.61 1. b8 2.5Y 1.62 4.40 4.33 4.09 4.11 0.41 0.49 0.79 1.39 0.73 0.51 0.73 2.91 2.59 2.08 2.42 0.93 4.20 2. 66 0.68 2.13 4.65 1.33 4.07 0.44 3 .08 1. 2 7

N A 4 t ' , .oo 4 1 I .I10 4 1 7.00 3 2 5 . 0 0

l U 0 0 . 0 0 bb0.00 7YU.00 600.00 4 + 3 . 0 0 * 35 ,00 605.00 840.00 b20.1)O 49O.(iO 500.00 305.00 2vo.00 315.00 365 -00 365 -00 822.00

8.30 3*0.00 c10.00 370.00 425.00 445.00 260.00 255 .00 2l5.00 303 -00 9tB5.00 341.00 200.00 763 .00

1015.00 327 .00 591 -00

2 650 . 00 780 .OO

10bO.00

a C A 1.60 2 h . 8 0

3 . 5 0 h . 0 0 7 . 5 0 8.50 9.50 62-00 5 . V O 5.40 5.50 1b .00 5.20 27.80 '1.40 5.00 3 . Y O 15.00 5.10 2 8 . 0 0

3 . I 0 25.00

7.40 65.00 3.90 2.60 5.70 17.00 *.oo 3.10 3.30 3.40 4.20 5.00 *.YO 3 . 9 0 5 . 0 0 2-90

8 .80 67.00 5.40 3.20

1.90 10.00 2.10 6.90 2 . Y O 19.80 6.40 19.00 5.30 2 8 . 0 0

5.00 6.60 5 . 2 0 6.80 1 . 3 0 3 . 8 0 3.90 4.10

10.20 54.00 7.00 6-80

5.00 2 2 - 0 0

5.70 13.00 9 .20 35 .00

10.70 3 2 . 0 0 7.10 3.80 7.20 18.00

20 .00 90.00 4 -90 6 4 . 0 0

18.80 3 3 . 0 0 Zb00.00 . l O . L O l l V . 0 0

nc 0. 15 0. I f > 0.11 0. I 3 3.20 1.hl) 1.50 1. 00 0.18 0 . 3 1 0.55 0 . 9 6 0.55 0.5')

0.28 0.72 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.52 2.20 0.05 0.19 0.2b 0 . 2 3 0.20 1.50 1.20 0. LC 0.14 6.40 3.20 4 . v o 0.4h 4.20 0. h 4 0 . 4 0

29.50 0 .53 4.50

0 . 4 ~

7.20

CL 4 90.00 4 0 5 0 00 4 0 I . 00 285.00

1140.00 640.00 740.00 609.00 400.00 4 3 0 . 0 0 640.00 V80.00 52tl.00 505 - 0 0 455.00 225.00 224.00 225.00

217.00 956.00

1.80 ZbM.00 443.00

204. 00

3 h 8 . 00 + 74.00 42>.00 182 .00 177.00 225.00

1016.00 22 7.00 128.00 R64.30

1076.00

646.00 3 08 0 .00

93M .OO 121 8 . 0 0 3611 .00

262.00

196.00

s o 4 H C O ~ 346.00 35.Sb 370.00 32. I 6 2 7 0 . 0 0 78.13 205.90 53.08

360.00 189. 12

430.00 44.32

h25 .00 38.19

570.00 115.44

310.00 2 0 . 3 2 310-00 40.12 410.00 39.07 540.00 2 d w Y l 3 8 0 . 0 0 263.65 275.00 99-85 300.00 142.60 100.90 86.54

240.00 254.02

270.00 241.58

21.00 30.13

250.00 79.01 270.00 40.99

95.00 2 5 8 . 9 2

275.00 234.75

525.00 2 2 . 0 7

2'15.00 44.50

290.00 26.98 350 .00 39-0? 100.00 172.03 167.00 158.02 140.00 119.47 130.00 1 3 3 . 0 0 775.00 52.73 223.00 246.66 160.00 157.66 425.00 38.37 675.00 121.40 165.00 265.93 2 8 0 . 0 0 77.08

1650.00 248.23 500.00 22.77 550.00 105.81 750.00 77.b1

C G 3 4 . 6 5 6.55

11.20 6.55 4.65

10.68 12.23

4.65 9.30 4.65 3.79 4-31

17.23 2 .58

15. l b 12-23

9.31) 10. 16 14.82

9.30 2. 7b 0.00 3.79 5.51 3.62 3.79 5.51 5.51 1.00 7.41

13.78 3.79 9.30 4-65 2.76 8.44

17.51 3.19 0.00 3.79 1.89 1 . 00

5 I112 21.00 2 1 .00 21.00 21.00 17.00 13.00 19.00 18.00 20 .00 16.00 16.00 19.00 16.00 2 3 . 0 0 12.00 45.00 46.00 62.00 65.00 65 .00 22.00 17.00 20.00 18.00 24.00 22.00 26.00 17.00 18.00 26.00 2 2 . 0 0 21.00 18.00 2 4 . 0 0 22.00 20.00 75.00 22.00 17.00 2 3 . 0 0 73.00 6 5 . 0 0

ti 0 . 8 0 0 . 7 5 0 . 8 0 0.56 1.40 1.60 1.70 1.00 0 .80 0.80 0.95 1.10 2.30 0.60 1.20 0 .20 0.25 0.50

0.45 0.95 0 .02 0.56 0.45 0.55 0.50 0.75 0.65 0.44 0.50 0.60 1.60 1.10 0.50 1.00 2 .00 0.50 0.90

10.00 0 .Y5 1.30 1.60

0.50

L I 1 . 3 0 1.4u 1.00 0 . ? 5 2.20 0 . M O 1.50 1.50 1.00 1 . 3 0 1.50 2 .00 0 . 7 0 1.20 0.90 0.25 0.25 0 . 3 2

0.35 1.70 0.0 1 0.90 0.90 1.00 1.20 1 .30 0.27 0 .26 0.50 0.60 0.31 0.43 0.2 3 1 - 5 0 1 - 6 0 0.00 1.10 2 . 6 0 1.70 1.30 1 . 1 0

0 . 3 3

AL 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.10 0.01 0 001 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.00 0 .oo 0 .00 0.00 0 .02 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0 .00 0.02 0.02 0.01 0 .00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0 .oo 0 . 0 2 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00

F 15.00 14.40 14.40 15.20 9.30 9.50

11.60 14.40 14.60 14.20 13.00 10.00 11-60 15.20 11.00

7.00 7.40

10 . 8 0 11.+0 11.80 9.20 1.90

16.20 I l e b O 11.40

8. 80 13.40

8.50 8.60

19.60 19.20 12.80 4.90 6.60

10.20 11.20 1 2 . 4 0 13.20

1.70 9.40 7.30 6 .20

C H E M I S

SAHPLt C F 1 CF 2 C F 3 C F 4 C f 5 C F 6 C F 7 C F 8 C F V C F 10 C F l l C F 12 CF13 CF 1 4 C F 1 5 C F L b CF17 CF18 CFl9 C F 2 0 C F Z 1 CF 2 2 C F 2 3 C F 2 4 CF25 CF26 C F Z ? C F 2 8 C F Z Y CF30 CF31 C f 32

I C F 33 C F 3 4 C f 35 C F 36 CF37 CF 38

R Y r(l PI IWT

NA h05.00 W d l . O O 7113.00 H 1 0 . 00 644.U0

1054.00 3R4.00 4 1 4 900 319.00 306.00 444.00 b ?M 030 5Z4.00 410.00 4+9.00 4Ct3.00 5339.00

1152 000 1075.00 3283.00

443.00 23.00 4 H . 0 0 tl0.00 50.00 21.00

379.00 49n.00

304.00 328.00 16 H 0 00 127.00

0.00 I h l .00 111.00

61 -00 lb7.00 24'1.00

r, C A

1 . 1 0 50.00 3 - 1 0 19.00

5.50 65.00 5.30 2 6 . 0 0 2 . 7 0 1.00 6 - 6 0 63.00 7 . 3 0 18.00 2.60 2.00 2 -30 7.20 1-60 9.20 3.00 9.00 3.90 2 2 0 0 0 3.90 21.00 3.50 15.00 2 . 4 0 15.00 2.20 13.00 2.eo 22.00

lD.60 31.00 6-20 42.10

14.10 61 -90 6.20 3 7 - 1 0 ?.20 7.00 3 . 1 0 14.00 2.80 10.00 0.00 30.00 2 .10 8.00 4.30 16.00 5.80 17.00 1.20 7.20 0 . 0 0 4.00 0.00 48.00 0.00 23.00 0.00 9.>0 1-60 3 . 4 0 4.30 15.00 3 . e O 13.00 1.20 4.60 2 . 3 0 17.20

nc 0 .50 0 . '1 0 1.10 0.80 0.50 2.60 0.20 0.50 0 . 2 0 0.10 0 . 4 0 0.50 0 . 4 0 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 4.30 5. 70

20.10 11.40 4.10 2.70 2 .00 7 - 0 0 3.90 0.70 0.60 0. 10 1.00 2.50 6-00 3 .90 0.60 2.80 1.80

1.00 0 . 1 0

I N I T Y . ALKALINITY I N HILLtOUIVALLENTS.

CL so4 H C J l cu3 655.00 392.09 42.00 0 . 0 0 ' 3 4 1 . 0 0 535.00 32.00 0.00

1 0 2 4 . 0 0 497000 31.00 3.60 965.00 5 4 2 . 0 0 31.00 0.00 538.00 330 .00 223.00 0.00 447.00 605.00 4 8 . 0 0 0 .00 418.00 294.00 40.00 13.00 483.00 309.00 129.00 0.00 390.00 2 4 7 . 0 0 65 .00 17.00 294.00 457.00 818.00 204.00 5 0 3 - 0 0 505.00 424.00 5 8 0 . 0 0

1 Obo - 0 0 1125.00 4097.00

365.00 19.00

108. 00 201.00

3 0 . 0 0 16.00

19 T . 00 510.00 260.00 lY6.00 144.00 132.00 101.00 111.00

82.00

195.00 3 1 3 . 0 0 369.00 282 .00 335.00 300.00 325.00 311.00 607.00 595.00

1688.00 410.00

6 000 5 8 . 0 0 95-00 22.00

5 .00 267 .00 290.00 203.00 2 4 0 . 0 0 203.00 100.00

8 8 . 0 0 265.00 345.00

49.00 42.00 40.00 83 .00 33.00 38.00 40.00 38.00 90.00

117.00 165.00 172.00 116.00 1 0 4 . 0 0

96.00 0.00

132.00 99.00 7v.00 86 .00

z12.00 156.00 144.00 1 6 4 . 0 0 113.00 110.00

11.00 0 .OO 2.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 9-00 0. 00 0 000 0 000 0.00 0.00 0 .00 0.00 156.00 120.00 116.00

109.00 106.00 1 3 7 . 0 0 10.00

SI02 2 0 . 0 0 17.60 28.00 20 .00 11.00 20 .00 31.70 15.00 2 8 - 0 0 29.00 1ll.00 28.00 24.00 18.50 22.00 22.00 23.00 14 . 10 22.00 30.00 20.00 47.00 3 6. 00 3 4 .OO

0.00 50.00 26-00 18.40 2 8 . 0 0

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

28.00 33.00 26.00 28 .00

B 0.60 0.00 1.18 0 . 3 0 2.50 1 - 3 0 0.80 0 .60 0.94 0.60 0.70 1.04 0.90 0.00 0.10 0 . LO 0.30 0.00 1 - 7 6 8 . 4 0 2.06 0.20 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.40 0.55 0.00 0.84 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 .00 5.10 4 .80 0 . 7 0 0 . 2 8

L I AL 1 . 1 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.40 0.00 2.10 0.00 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.30 0.00 1-50 0.00 1.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 . 3 2 0.00 5.16 0.00 0 . 9 3 0.0i) 0.10 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.00 1.38 0.00 0 .00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.30 0.00 0.30 0.00 0 . 3 0 0.00 0 . 0 0 0.00

F 11.00

0.00 0.00 1. dO 8-60 9.00

11.70 8.30

14.00 14.60 10.20 9. LO

13.60 0.00

12.50 12.00 11-50 0.00 9.45 1.20 5.40 1 - 2 0 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.10

14.20 11.07 15-50 lO*OO 6 . 2 0 4.80

10.00 9.80 5 . 2 0 0.50

10 .40 151.00 1 7 2 . 0 0 218.00 0.00 29.00 0 . 3 0 0.00 0.00 14 .60

AL KA L 1 PC I TY 0.69 0. 52 0.56 0.50 3.70 0.79 0.89 2.10 1-30 0. Y8 0.60 0. 7 0 1.36 0.54 0 - 6 2 0.65 0.62 1.50 1.90 2.70 2.80 1.90 1.70 1.60 0.00 2.20 1 -60 1.30 1.60 3.50 2.60 2.40 2 . 7 0 1.90 I. 8 0 1.90 2.40 3.60

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APPENDH C

Geochemistry of Water Samples

I N P U l U A T A ( M O L E S P E R L I T E R OF S O L U T I O N : € O U I V A L E N T S P E R L l T k R FOR A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T 0 1 0.6687L-03 M G T O T 0.hZOOE-05 N A T O 1 O.2Ohbt-01 K TU1 0.92106-04 C L T O T 0.1 J O L t - 0 1 A L K 0.6600t-03 5 0 4 1 0 1 0 . IbOZt-02 ALTOT 0.3715E-Oh F € T O T O.OOOOF*OO S K l I I T O . O O O O E * O O d A 1 0 1 0.0000t*Q0 L I T O T 0.1873E-03 N U J T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 S I O Z T O T 0.3494F-03 M T O T 0 . 7 4 O O k - 0 4 t l W T 0 T 0 0 0 0 0 0 E * O O H Z S T O T 0 .0000t*00 ” 4 1 0 1 O ~ O O O O E + O O

P H = 8 . 4 h PF = 9 9 - 9 9 T E M P 78.60DEG C D E N S I T Y * 1 . 0 0 0 C M / C C - L O C I P C U Z B = 3 - 8 8 - L O C I P O Z ) = 99.99 - L O G ( P C H Q ) = 9 9 - 9 9 I O N I C S T R t N G T I 1 = 0.02538 7 0 1 A L D l S 5 SOLIDS = 1 . 4 1 G M / L I l E R S O L N T O T A L I N U R C C A R B O N M O L A L I l Y x 0.5880E-03 I O N B A L A N C t C d R U R = 1 . 4 1 P E R C L N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 . 0 0 7 O E - 0 3 l C H A R C E ~ M U L t S ) H Z O A C T I V I T Y * 0.Y993

I N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S M O L A L I T I E 5

OH- C A O H *

N A S O Q -

H4S 1 0 4 A L O H 4 - F € O H 3 0 F € * +

F I G C ~ ~ O

B A O H *

0.90Y SE -05 0. ? 3 1 4 E - 0 7 0 .Z 7 3 R t - 0 7 0.2064E-03 0. OOOOL 400 0 32 5 3E-03 0 I 3 I Z O E -06 o . 000 OE + 00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ +oo

CO3-- C A C O 3 0 M G H C O 3 N A C L O S R * + H35101 AL SO4 + FEOH4- FEOH+

0.1% 72E-04 0 . 49 5 1 E -05 0.2055E-07 0.5 1 3 7E-05 0 . OOOOE eo0 O.2459E-04. 0.79 5 4 E- 19 0. OOOOE 00 0.0000E+00

HCO3- 0.5 519E-03 C A H C U 3 0.2576E-05 ncsu4o o . ~ ? z ~ E - o ~

S R O H * 0.0000E*O0 K * 0.90 80 E-04

HZS104 0.9732E-07 A L S O 4 2 0.1191E-19 F E C L * * 0.0000E*00 FEOHZU 0.0000E+00

SO*-- C A S O 4 0 N A * K S O C - L I * A L * * + F E * * * F E C L Z * F t U O H -

N H 3 A Q O . U 0 0 0 t + O O N H S S 0 4 O.OOUOE*OO N03- 0.0000E+00 H* H C L O O . l Z 7 l E - 1 5 H Z S A Q O . O O O O E * O O HS- 0.0000E*00 5-- H2803- 0 .1514C-04 H Z C 0 3 + 0.3260F-05 O L I O 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0

I N 0 1 V I D U A L S P E C I ES A C T I V IT I E S I -LOG A C T I V I T Y 1

O H C A C f J 3 0 H G S 0 4 0 u s 0 4 - L I O H O A L O H Z * s ton3 k E O H * N03- S - -

5 - 1 1 5. 30 6-01 5.92 8 . 5 s

11.69 -99 .99 -99. YV -99. Y 9 -9Y.94

c03-- C A H C 0 3 N A K C L 0 L I S 0 4 - M O H 4 - F E II H I - FEUH70 H* uw --

5.0V 5.65 1.76 7 - 6 3 5.90 6 - 5 0

-99.v.4 -99.94

8.46 -99.94

HC03- C A S 0 4 0 N A C 0 3 - A b + * HQS I 0 4 A L S O 4 * F E C L * * F E UOH- HZS040 H39O30

3.32 3.92 5.2v

-99.99 3.49

19.17 -99.99 -99.99

20.35 4 .23

s 04 -- FIG* N A H C O 3 B A O H * c13s 104 A L S O 4 2 F E C L Z * F E S U 4 0 HSO4- t I Z B 0 3 -

M l N t R A L S A T U R A T I O N I N O I C F S

A 1 ) U L A R l A -1 .*8 A L R I I E -1 .53 A N H Y D K I T -1.61 R W U L l I t - 4 . 3 8 C A L C I T E -0 .04 C A - H O N T -2.31 L l R B S l T E - 2 . 7 2 G F O l H I T E -99.Y9 Gk I E G I T t -90.99 H U N T I T E -Y.17 H Y D T O M A G -9.02 I L L I l t -2.58 M A G F l t T l T - V V . V I ) F I I R A H f L T -5.76 N F 5 O U L H U -5.27 S l O t R I T E -9.4.99 S T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C -0.3 ?

S I L I C A S A T U W A T I O N I N D I C C S

- L [ J C H 4 S I I I C O 3.40 O U A Q T Z 0. 10 C t I A L C k D O N Y

2.75 5.54 5.33

-99.99 4.68

19.99 -99.99 -99.9Y

9.05 4.90

0.32776-02 0. I Z O O E - 0 3 0.2047E-01 0.1 409E-05 0. 1861E-03 0.658 1E-19 0.0000E*00 0.0000E*00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0

C L - 0.1384E-01 M G * + 0.5184E-05 NAC(J3- 0.5805E-05 K C L O 0.2353E-07 L I OH0 0 . 2 7 Y B E - 0 8 ALOH** 0.3304E-15 F E O H 0 . 000 OE 00 F E C L 3 0 0. 0 0 0 0 L * O O F L S 0 4 0 0.0000E + O O

0,3949E-08 HZSU40 0.44Q4E-20 H S 0 4 - 0.1030E-08 O.OOOOE*OO BR- O . O O O O E * ~ ~ ~ 3 8 0 3 0 0 . 3 a 9 6 ~ - 0 +

C L - nGow N A S O 4 - SR** t IZS 104 F E * * * FECL30 NH4

H 2 C O 3 ncLo

1.93 8.37 3.75

-99.99 7.27

-9 9.99 -99.9Y -99.99

15.89 5.48

C A + *

N A C L O S R O H * A L * * * F t 0 ( 1 * * F € S O * *

M G C O ~ O

N H 3 A P H L S A O U Z A O

3.53 7.56 5.29

-39 .90 19 - 6 9

-94.99 - ‘#?.YO -3V.99 -99.99 -94.99

C A O H + MGHCOP K * L 1 + ALOH*+ F € OHZ* F t * * NH4 5 0 4 t15-

7.20 7. 76 4 - 1 1 3.79

15.74 -Y9.99 -99.Y9 -99.99 -99.99

A N f l R T t i l T -4.72 A K A G O N I T -0.31 H A R l l t -V9.Y9 B O E H H I T E -2 .00 C € L F S T I 1 -99.99 C H A L C E O M -0.11 C H L O d I I t - 3 . 1 7 0 O L O H l T t -1.96 G Y P S U M -1.65 H A L I T E -5.30 H A L L U Y b T -5.49 H E F I A T l r t -99.VY K A I I L I N I T - 1 . 5 4 K - M I C A -4.0’~ H A C K I N A H -99.99 H A G N E S l T - 2 . 1 9 P H L O C O P T -4.82 P Y R I T E -99.Y9 P Y R O P H Y L - 1 . 4 2 Q U A R T Z 3.32 T t 1 F N A R O T -b.06 H l T H t R l T -99.9’4

-0.06 A - C @ I S T O H A L I T E -0. J 2 bIil)KPt111115 -1.31

- I

P H * 8.61 Pk * 99.99 T E M P = 34.hODtG C D E N S I T Y = l . O O O C H / C C

I O N I C S T R t N G T l i 0.02377 T O T A L D l S S S O L I D S = I.3OGh/LlTtld S O L N T O T A L I N O R G C A R B O N H O L A L l l Y = 0.5675E-03 I O N B A L A N C t E R R O R = 1 . 9 6 P E R C I N T C A T I O N F X C E S S = 0 . 7 7 3 8 F - O l ( C H A R C E * H U L E S ~ HZU A C T I V I T Y = 0.9994

- L O G ~ P C D Z ) = 4.01 - L D C I P ~ Z ) = 99.90 - L O G ( P C H * ) = 99.99

I N O l V l D U A L SPECIES H O L A L l T I E S

OH- C A U H * H C C 0 3 0 N A S U 4 - H A O H + HSSlU4 A L O H 4 - F € O H 3 0

N H 3 A Q H C L O HZBU3-

F t * *

O H C A C O 3 0 M G S O 4 0

u s a s - L lot io A L O H Z * F E O H J F EUH* N O 3 - 5--

0.Y656E-05 0 .7094f -07 0.353 I t - 0 7

0.0000t 400 0 . 3 2 1 3 E - 0 3 0 . 000 OE *oo 0 . 0 0 0 0 E ~ 0 0 O.OOUOE+OO O.QOOOE+OO 0.506ZE -16 O.lt+bE-04

0 . 2 0 3 8 E - 0 3

C1)3-- C A C O 3 0 H G H C 0 3 N A C L O S R * n3s 1 0 4 ALSO** FEOH4- FEOHt NH4S04 n2S AQ H Z C 0 3 *

0.1153E-04 0.5262E-05

0.3946E-05

0.2859E-04

0 . 0 0 0 0 t ~ 0 0 0.00 0 OE 4 0 0 0.0000E too 0 . 00 0 OE 00 0 22 9 ZE-05

0.2044E-07

0.0000E*00

0.00 O O E 4 00

N O l V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V

5 - 0 0 C 0 3 - - 4-98 5 - 2 8 C A H C O 3 5.75 5 - 9 5 N A t 1.79 5.97 K C L O 7. 71 0.53 L I S U 4 - 5 . 8 )

-99.99 A L D H ~ - -99.99 -9V.'#9 F t O H 4 - -99.9'4 -99.9V FF.I)HZO -9909Y -99.99 Ht 8.61 -99.9'4 BR-- -99.9')

H C O 3- C A t i C 0 3 HGSU40 K * S R U H + HLS 104 A L S O 4 2

F E O H Z U NU3- HS-

F E C L * *

0 5 2 95 E -0 3 0.2 O 4 6 E - O 5 0.11 12E-05

0.0000E*00 0.105(tE-06 0.0000E*00 0.0000E* 00 0.0000E*00 g.oooo€*Oo 0.0000E 400

0.7 n i

D Z A O O . O O O O F * O O

T I E S I - L O G A C T I V I T Y 1

ncm- C A S 0 4 0 NACD3- B A * *

A L S O 4 4

F E O O H -

H3HO 30

n4s I 0 4

F E C I - * *

H Z S O ~ O

3 . 3 4 3.92 5.30

-99.99

3.49 - Y 9.99 -Y9.99 -99.99 20.70

4.28

S04- - M G t * N A H C O 3 B A O H * H3S104 AL S O 4 2 F E C L Z * F E S D I O HS04- H Z R U 3 -

so*-- 0.3529E-02 C A S U 4 0 0.1197E-03 MA 0. I 8 B Z E - 0 1 K S 0 4 - 0.125OE-05 L I * 0.200 3E-03 A L + O.OOOOE+OO kc*** 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 E + 0 0 FE C L Z * 0.0000E*00 FEOOH- 0 . 0 0 0 0 E ~ 0 0 H* 0.2 78 5 E - 08 5- - 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 00

2.71 5.51 5.38

-99.99

4.61 -95.99 -99.99 -99.99

9.21 4.84

C L - 0 . 1 1 4 4 E - 0 1 H G * * 0.54JbE-05 N A C U 3 - 0.51bdC-05 K C L O 0.1693C-07 L I OH0 0.29ZOE-Od ~ ~ 0 ~ 4 4 O.OOOOE+OO F E O H * * 0.0000E*00 FECL30 0.0000€*00 FfiS040 0.0000E * O O

HZSO4O 0 . 1 Y M S E - 2 0 MU- 0 . 0 0 0 o ~ 400

C A * * HCOH** N A H C U 3 & A 4 4

L IS04- A L O H Z + FEUH2+ FE so 4 4 NH4 t HSO4- ti38030

0.4975E-03 0.5 364E-OB 0.4 154E-05 0 . 0 OGOE *OO 0.1721E-05 0 .OOOOE 400 0.0 OOOL Ob 0.0 OOOE 400 0.0 000 t 4 00 0.7 IOZE-09 0.5 2G1E-04

C L - MCOH* N A S O 4 - S R t *

FE 4 4 t

F E C L 3 0 " 4 4

H Z C O 3

n z s i o 4

ncLo

2.01 8 . 3 3 3.75

-99.99

7.23 -99.99 -99.9Y -90.99

16.29 5.64

3.55 7.45 5.40

-Y9.y9

-99 .90 -39.9Y -33.9') -99.99 -YV.9Y -99.99

CAOH4 t i G H C 0 3 K t L I * ALOH*t

F k * t FkUHZ*

" 4 5 0 4 ns-

7.21 7.76 4.17 3-76

-99.99 -99. Y Y - 99.99 -99.09 -99.99

H 1 NE R AL S A TU R A f I ON I NO I C t S

A D U L A R I A -990'39 A L B I T E -99.99 A N H Y O R I T -1.63 A N I J R T H I T -99.99 A R A C U N I T - 0 . 2 6 B A R I T E -99.99 B O E H M I T E -99.99 M R U C I T E -4.29 C A L C I T E 0.01 C A - M O M 1 -90.'#9 C E L E S T l l -99.99 C H A L C t D N - 0 . 0 7 C I I L U R I Tk -99.99 D O L O H I T E -1.dZ C I B B S I T E -99.99 C L O T M I T E -99.99 GU i E c i i t -99.99 G y p s u n -1.65 HALITE ->. ' to H A L L O Y S T 4 9 . 9 9 H E H A T I T E - 9 0 . ~ 9 H U N T I T L -8 .92 H Y D T O H A C -8.75 I L L I T E -VY.99 K A O L I N I T -99.9') K - M I C A -99.99 H A L K I N A H -90.99 H A C N E S I T -2.11 H A L N F I I T -YY.'#9 M I R I R I L T -5.61 NI S O U E H O - 5 - l M P H L I I G I I P T -99.90 P Y R l T t -V9.9'3 P Y R I l P l ! Y L -Y9.99 O U A R T L O . J ? S I D t R I T E - '+Y.OY S T R O N T N T -YJ.99 T A L C 0.27 T l l t N A R I l T -6.10 W I I H E R I T -99.9'4

S I L I C A 5 ATUQ A T I O N I ND I C I - S

- L O G H4S I t 1 4 0 3 . 4 9 O U A R T L 0.35 C H A L C F D O N Y -0.02 A - C R I S T O B A L I T E -0.28 A ~ U k P 1 i C ) U S -1.34

I N P U l UATA (HOLES PER L I T E R OF SOLUTIIJN : f Q U I V A L t N T 5 P E R L I T E R FUR A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T 0 1 0.14YIE-03 H G T O T O . R h O O F - 0 5 NATO1 0.1857€-01 K l O I 0.8950E-04 C L T U l 0.114t)L-01 ALK 0 .1470 t -02 S O 4 1 0 1 O.Zl9l l t -OZ ALTO1 0 . J 7 1 5 E - O h F E T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 t * 0 0 S R T I I T 0.0000E*i)O t ) A T O T O.O00Ut*JO L I T O T 0.1441E-03 N U ~ T O T o.uooot*oo S I O Z T O T 0 . 3 4 9 4 ~ - 0 3 B T U T 0 . 7 4 0 0 ~ - 0 4 H R T O I O.OOOI)E+OO t + z h T o T O . O O O ~ L + ~ O ~ H 4 T 0 1 O . O O C M * O O

Pn = 8 . 9 ~ PE - 99.99 TFHP = 3 4 . 3 0 0 ~ ~ c DENSITY = 1.ooocn/cc -LOG(PCOZJ = *.A3 -LOC(PO2l 99.99 -LUC(PCH4l 99-99 I U N l C STR€NCTH = 0.02147 TOTAL O l S S SULIDS = l .Z3Ck /L lTER SOLN T O T A L INORC CARBON MOLALI IY = 0.1231E-02 I I I N BALANCL CMRUR = 1.49PERCLNT CATION € X C E S S = 0.5536E-O3(CHARCE*HULESJ HZU A C T l V l l Y = 0.V994

I N D I V I D U A L SPECIES MOLAL1 T I E S

uti- CAUH* MGC030 NAS04- 8 ~ 0 ~ 4 H 4 S I U 4 ALOH4- FEon3o F k 4 * NH3AO ncL o

0.2252E-04

0.235 1 t -06 0.152 3E-03 0.0000E 400 0.289 3E-03 0 . 3 1 2 O C - 0 6 0.00 OOE + 00

0.4077E-07

0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 4 00 0 . 0 ~ 0 0 ~ 4 0 0 0.20 I 3E - 16

C03-- 0.8994E-04 CACO30 0.63VZE-05 HCHC03 0.5b76E-07 NACLO 0.3930E-05 S R * * OIUOOOE*OO H3S IO+ 0.6050C - 0 4 ALSO4t 01 1 3 O Z E - 2 0 FEOH4- O.OOOOE*OO FEOH+ 0.0000E*00 "4504 0.OOOOE 400 HZSAQ 0.0000E*00

HCO 3- CAHCU 3 MCSU40 K *

SR OH HZS I 0 4 ALSO42 FECL44 FEOHZO N03- ns-

0.1 095E-02

0.1 1 4 3E-05 0 . 8 8 5 1 i - 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ *oo 0.5 101E-06 O.1611E-21

0 .O 00 OE 4 0 0 0.0000E*00 0.0000E*I)O

0.1035E-05

0.00 00 € 4 00

I N D l V I DUAL SPEC 1 E S A C 11 V I 11 E S I -LOG A C T I V l T Y J

uti

ncso4o

L iuno

CACU30

KS04-

ALOHZ* FEOH3 FEUH* NO3- 5 --

4.71 5. 1Y 5.94 b o 0 3 8.31

12.56 -99 -99 -99.9v - Y J . 9 Y -9 9 . 9')

C03-- CAHC03 NA KCLO L I S 0 4 - ALOHI- F t OH4- FtOHZO H* 89 --

4.29 6.04 1.HO 7.71 6 0'4 6. 4V

-99.99 -99. w

8.W -99 099

HC03- CAS040 NACO3- R A * * H4S IO4 AL SI1 4 * FECL**

nzs.i+o ~ 3 ~ 1 1 3 0

FEIIOH-

3 002 4.65 4.62

-9Y .99 3.54

20.95 -99.90 -09.99

2 1 . 5 8 4.38

S 0 4 - - H G * * NAHCU3 BAOH* H 3 S i U 4 AL SO42 FECLL* F t S O 4 0 H S O + HZBIl3-

M lN tRAL SATUUATION I N O l C t S

ADULARIA - 1 . 1 3 ALBITE -1.47 ANHYDRII -2.3b BRUCITE- -3.41 CALCITE 0.09 CA-HONT -3 .08 CIMMSITE - 3 . 0 6 C t O T H l T E -99.99 C R l E G l T f -99.99 H U N I I I E -6.37 HYDTOBAG -5.43 I L L I T E -2.81 HAGNETIT - 9 Y . 9 9 H l k A H l L T -5.73 NtSQUtHI l -4.36 SIOERIIE - 9 Y . V Y SIFtONTNT -99.99 TALC 2 .73

S J L I C A SATURATION I N D l C t S

- L O G H4S1(140 3 - 5 4 UUARTZ 0.31 CHALCFOONY

S04-- 0.2636E-02

NA 0.1840E-01 KS04- 0.1079E-05 L I * 0.1433E-03 A L * * 4 O.lZ67E-20

FECLZ4 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * O 0 FEOOH- 0.0000E*00 ne 0.1 156E-08 S -- 0.0000E*00

C A S O 4 0 0.2 25 3E-0 4

FE 0 .0000~400

2.82 5.38 5.07

-v1.99 4.28

21.86 -99.99 -99.99

9.71 4 . 5 6

C L - 0 . 1 1 4 Y E - 0 1

NACU3- O.Zlb4E-04

L I OH0 0 . 48Y 8E -08 ALOH** 0.15 74E-16

nc** O . ~ A ~ ~ E - O S

KCLO 0.1954E-07

FEOH** 0.0000E*OU FECL30 0.0000t 00 F E S O S O 0.0000E*00

MR- 0.00OOt *00 tizsu 4 0 0 . 2 5 9 9 t -2 I

CL - HCOH* NASO4- SR t nzs I 04 F t * * F tCLPO N H 4 * HCL 0 H Z C O ~

2.00 7.83 3.88

-99.99 b.53

-09.09 -09.99 -99.99

1 6.68 5.70

C A * * neon** NAHCO3 B A 4 4 L 1 5 0 4 - ALOHZ*

FES04* "4

H 3 M 0 3 0

FEOH2*

tiso+-

C A * 4 H G C U ~ O NACLO s w t r n t A L * * t F t011*t FESU4* NH3AI) HZSAQ OLAQ

0 . 1 199E-03 0.1681E-07 Om 8 S U E - 0 5 0.0000E*00 0 1 9 4 16E-06 0 . 3 138E-12 0.0000~400 0. 0 0 0 0 ~ 400 0.0000E*00 O.2232E-09 0.4131E-04

7.45 7.31 4 - 1 2 3.90

17.04 -99.99 - 99. VY - 99.9Y -99.Y9

ANURTHIT -5.28 ARACONIT -0.17 8 A R I I t -99.99 B O E H H I T E - 2 . 3 6 C E L E S T I T -0Y.9'4 CHALCEDN -0 .12 C l 4 L U d l l t 1 .20 OULOHl lE -0.91 GYPSUH -2.37 H A L I T € -5.40 HALLOYSI -6 .21 H E H A T I I t -99.YV KAIIL I N I T - 2 . 2 1 K-HlCA -4.59 HACKINAH -99099 H A G N t S I I -1.LV PtiLncnPT -2.10 PVRI i t - 9 0 . ~ 0 P Y ~ U P H Y L -2.61) U U A R T Z 3 . 3 3 II1€NARI)T - 6 . 2 3 W I T H E R I T -99.V')

-0.07 A-CRISTOMALI T E -0. 3 2 AFlIIKPtl!JUS -1.38

C A T 0 1 SO4 TOT N O 3 T O T

N P U l D A T A ( H O L E S P E R L I T E R OF S O L U T I O N : E O U I V A L t N T S P E R L I T E R F U R A L K A L I N I I Y ) 0 . C L C l t - 0 3 HCCTUT 0 .5300E-05 N A T O T 0 . 1 4 1 4 E - 0 1 K T U T 0.6390E-04 C L T O r 0 . 8 0 4 0 t - U Z A L K 0.980W-03 0 . 2 1 3 4 t - 0 2 A L T O 1 0-3715E-0h PC 101 0.0000t*OO S R T U T O.OOOOE*OO l 3 A r O T 0.000Ot*00 L I T O T O . l O 8 l E - 0 3 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 S I O Z T O T O.jrt94t-03 B T U I 0 .5180F-04 M R T 0 7 U . O 0 0 0 E * 0 0 H Z S T O T O . O 0 0 U E * 3 0 N H 4 T O T O . O O C O t * O O

P n = 8.75 P E = 99.99 TEMP = 3 3 . 3 0 ~ ~ ~ c DENSITY = i.ooocm/cc - L O C ( P C O Z ) = 4.02 - L O G ( P O Z ) = 99.99 - L U G ( P C H 4 ) '49.99 I O N I C S T R C N C T H = 0101608 T O T A L D l S S SULIIJS = 0 . 9 1 G M / L l T C R S U L N T O T A L I N O R G C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y = 0.8697E-03 I O N B A L A N C € L l l R O R = 5.27PERCFNT C A T I O N C X C E S S = 0 . 1 4 5 9 C - O Z ( C H A R C E * M O L E S ) H Z O A C T I V I T Y = 0.9996

I N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S M O L A L I T I E S

on- C A O H + M G C 0 3 U N A S 0 4 - M A O H *

H 4 S 104 A L OH4- F E OH30 F E 4 4 N H 3 A 0 n c L o H2803-

un C A C O 3 0 M G S O 4 0 K S 0 4 -

A L O H Z + F E O H 3 F E O H t N 0 3 - 5--

L iuno

O.l186€-U4 0 3 38 1 E - 0 7 0.6702E-07 0.94OSE-04 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 400 0 . 3 1 4 2 t - 0 3 0 .3 7 1 8E -06 0.OUOOE 400 0 . O U O O E * 0 0 O.OUOUE+OO 0.232 ?E-16

c03- C A C O 3 0 M G H C O 3 N A C L O SR.4 H3S104 ALSO44 ~ € 0 ~ 4 - FEOH. NH4SO4 H Z S A Q

0.3604E-04 0.41 B9E-05 0 28 2 9E-0 7 0.21 ?4E-05 0 . 00 00 E 00 0 . 354 7E-04 0. 120bE-19 0.000 OE 400 0.0000E*00 0.0000E.00 0 00 0 OE 4 00

H C 0 3 - C A H C U 3 MGSU4O K + su on t ~ 2 ~ 1 0 4 A L S O I Z F E C L * * FEOHZO NU3- ns-

0.8120E-03 0.1 L76E-05 0.6 Z 7 3 E - 0 6 0 . 6 3 3 3 E - 0 4 0.000DE+03 0.148ZE-06 O.lZ09E-20 0.0000E*00 O.DOOOE*OO 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * O O 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0

NO1 V I DUAL S P E C 1 ES A C T I V 17 I E S I -LUG A C T I V I

* .Ye 5 . 3 8 6.70 0.26 6 - 7 1

lL.04 -9v . 99 -VY . 99 -YV.YY -Y9.9Y

CO1-- C A H C 0 3 NA K C L O L1 S 0 4 - M O H 4 - F t OH4- FEUHZO

BR -- w

4-66 5 .hi 1.91 7.w 6 - 2 9 6.48

-99.99 -49.99

8. ?5 -99.9')

nco 3- C A S 0 4 0 N A C O 3- R A * + tl4SIO4 A L S O * * F E C L * * FEOOH-

H3B030 ~ 2 ~ 0 4 0

3 . 1 4 4.54 5 - 1 2

-99.99 3.50

19.97 -99.v9 -99.99

2 1 . 2 7 4.44

000E*00

H l N t R A L S A T U Q A T I O N I N D I C E S

A O U L A R I A - 1 . 2 8 A L R I T E - 1 . 4 1 A N H Y D R I T -2 .Zh B R U C I T € -4.12 C A L C I T E -0.09 C A - H O N 7 -2.29 G l B i J S l l E -2.77 C E O T H I T E -99.99 CH I E G l 7 t -99.99 H U N T I T E - 8 . 2 2 H Y D T O M A C -7,Hl I L L I T € - 2 . 3 6 M A G N K l l T -99.99 M l K A H l L T -b.OO N F S O U E H O - 4 . 9 1 S I D € R I T E -99.9'4 S I I I O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 0 . Y 4

Y )

S04--

N A H C O 1

H 3 S I04 A L S O 4 2 F E C L Z + F t S O 4 O

M C * *

B A O H *

~ ~ 0 4 - H ~ B O ~ -

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N 1 N O I C F . S

-LOG H ~ S I ~ ~ O 3.50 Q U A R T Z 0. 3b C t l A L C t D I I N I

S04-- C A S U 4 0 U A * KSD4- L I *

& E * * * F E C L Z + F L OOH-

5--

A L 4 * *

n e

0.2011E-02 0.28 7 7E-0 4 0.1404E-01 0.6 190E-06 0.1076E-03 0.133 ZE-19 0.0000E*00 0.0000E400 0.0000~400 0.1985E-08 0.0000E*00

C L - 0 . 8 0 4 5 E - 0 2 M G 4 4 0.4) 76E-05 N A C U 3 - 0.8578E-05 K C L O 0.10 I S E - O ? L ion0 0 . L J W E - O ~ ALUH** O.V197€-l6 F E O ~ ~ 4 0 . O O O O E + O O F E C L 3 0 O.OOOOE.OO FESU40 0 . 0 0 U O t tu0

Liu- 0 .000ot *u0 H Z S 0 4 0 0 . 6 0 6 l E - 2 1

2.91 C L - 5.55 MCOH* 5.30 N A S O 4 -

-99.99 S R * * 4 - 5 1 HZSIOS

20.97 FE-444 -99.99 F E C L 3 O -99.99 NH4t

9.58 ncLu 4.87 H Z C O 3

2 -15 8.28 4 .08

-99.99 7.04

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

16-63 5.58

C A * 4 MGCO 3 0 N A C L O suutit A L * 4 * F E O H * + F E S O I . N H 3 A Q t 1 2 S A Q O L A O

3.V6 7.17 5.66

-v 9. Y 9 20.30

-99.Y9 -3J.YV -v4.99 -YY.YV -9 9.9')

CA.4 M C O H + ~ N A H C 0 3 B A 4 4 L 1504- ~ ~ 0 ~ 2 4 6 E O H 2 4 F E S O 4 * NH4+ ~ ~ 0 4 - ~ 3 ~ 0 3 0

0.178lE-03 0.5 950E-08 0.4 9 l4E-05 0 . 0 OOOE 400 0.5 ? M E - 0 6 O . 1 0 4 0 E - 1 1 0.0000~400 0 0 0 OOE 4 00 0.0000E*00 0.301bE-09 0.3607E-04

CAOH* 7.52 7.60 M G H C 0 3

K + 4 . 2 6 L l * 4-02 A L O H + * 16.25 FEOHZ* -99.99 F E * 4 -99.Y9 NH4S04 -99.99 HS- -99.99

A N O R T H I T -4.95 A R A C O N I T -0.35 B A R I T E -Y9.Y9 B O E H M I T E -2.08 C E L E S T l l -99.99 C H A L C E D N -0.07 C M L O K I IC- -1.56 D O L U H I T E -1.64 G Y P S U M -2.26 H A L I T E -5.66 H A L L U Y S T -5.54 H E M A T I T € -99.99 K A U L I N I I -1.54 K - H I C A -3.97 H A L K I N A H -99.99 M A G N t S l T -1.84 P t i L O G O P T - 4 . Z h P Y R l T t -99.99 P Y k O P H Y L -7.04 c ) U A R T f 0.48 T H E N A R D T -b.54 W I T H E R I T -Y9.99

- 0 . 0 2 A - C W I S T Oi3 A L I T E - 0 . 2 8 A M U R P H I J U S - 1.34

l-l-l-lr-

C A T O T S 0 4 T ( l T N O 3 TOT

P H = 8 . 1 6 P E = 9 9 - 9 9 TEMP * 4 1 . 4 0 D E G C O E N S I T Y 1 . 0 0 0 G M / C C - L O G I P C O Z l = 3 - 5 4 - L U C ( P U Z ) 9 9 . 9 9 - L O G I P C H I I = 9 9 . 9 9 I O N I C S T R L M C T H = 0.05232 T O T A L O l S S S O L I D S = Z . V O C M / L I T E R S O L N T O T A L I N O R G C A R B O N H O L A L I T Y 0.6491E-03 I O N 9 A L A N C € E R R O R = 1 . 7 1 P E R C f NT C A T I U N E X C E S S = 0 . 1 5 5 I E - ~ Z I C H A R G E * H O L ~ S l H Z O A C T I V I T Y * 0 . 9 9 8 6

I N 0 I V 1 DU A L S P E C I E S H O L A 1 1 T 1 E S

UH- 0.5841€-05 c AUH4 0.819 3 a t - 0 7 HGC030 0.268 3E-06 N A S O 4 - 0 . 6 1 1 4 E - 0 3 HAOH4 O.UOOOE+OO H4S I 0 4 O . 2 7 1 * E - 0 3 A L O H 4 - 0.3 726E-06 F E OH30 O.OOOOE4 00 F E t 4 O.OOOOE*OO

C 0 3 - C A C O 3 0 HCHCO 3 N A C C O S R 4 4 H 3 S 1 0 4 ALSO** FEOHI- F €OH+

0 96 54E-05 0.54 e 1 ~ 0 5 0 40 24 €-Ob 0.22 4 6 E - 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 O E 4 0 0 0.12 3 0 E - 0 4 0.9671E-18 0.0000E+00 0 00 00 E 4 00

~ ~ 0 3 - o.t ,036~-0 3 C A H C O 3 0.5732E-05 H C S 0 4 0 0 . 2 3 8 3 E - 0 4

S R O H * 0.0000E+00 H Z S I 0 4 0.365LE-07 A L S O 4 2 0.203YE-18

K 4 0.2382E-03

F EC L 4 4 O.OOOOE4OO FLOHZO 0.0000~400

S04-- L A S O 4 0 N A 4 K S O 4 - L14 A I - 4 4 4

FE.44 F E C L Z 4 F t OOH-

NH3AQ O.OOOOE*OO N H 4 S 0 4 0.0000E+00 N03- O.OOOOE+OO t i 4

H L B O 3 - 0.1614E-04 H Z C 0 3 * 0 . 6 6 b l E - 0 5 O Z A Q 0.0000E+00 HCLO o . ~ ~ c E - L ~ HZSAQ 0.0000~400 HS- 0 .0000~400 s--

I N 0

O H C A C O 3 0 H G S 040 K S 0 4 - L I OH0

VIDUAL S P E C I E S A C T I V I T I E S I - L O G A C T I V

5 - 3 3 5 . 2 6 4.62 5 . 3 b 9.53

A L O H Z e 11121 FLOH3 - 9 9 . 9 9 F E O H + -99.90 N03- - 9 9 . 9 9 s -- - Y 9 . 9 9

C 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 NA 4

K C L O L I so4- M O H 4 - Fk OH+- F t OH20 H4 BR --

5.36

1.46 6 . 8 Y 5.5> 6 .52

-99 .99 -99 .99

8 - 1 4 -9 9 . 9'4

5.32 H C O 3- 3 .30 C A S 0 4 0 3.49 N A C O 3 - 5.20 R A + 4 -99 .99 H 4 S I O 4 3.56 A L S U 4 4 18.10 F F C L + + -99.V9 FEOOH- -99.99 H 2 S 0 4 0 1Y.54 H 3 R 0 3 0 3.94

T Y )

S 0 4 -- M G 4 4 N A H C 0 3 BAOH, H3S104 AI. S O 4 2 F E C L C , F E S O 4 0 H S 0 4 - t lZbfl3-

M I N E R A L S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C E S

A D U L A R I A -1.52 A L B I T E -1.65 A N H Y O R I T -1.17 R K U C l T E -3.58 C L L C I T E -0.00 C A - H O N T -2 .95 G l O B S l T E -2.55 G E O T H I T E -99.99 GR I E G I T k -99.99 H U N T I T E -6.08 H Y O T O H A G -5.13 I L L I T E -2 .33

SlDtRlTt - Y 9 . 9 V S T R O N T N T -93 .99 T A L C 1 . 4 6 M A C N E T I T -90.99 M I R A b I L T -5 .14 N F S O U L H O -4.27

5 I L I C . A S A T U Q A T I O N I N D I C F S

- L O G H 4 S I U * 0 3 . ' ) 6 O U A R T I 0.19 C H A L C E D O N Y

2.61 4 - 3 0 5 . 0 1

-99 .v9 5.00

18. 1 8 - 9 9 . 9 9 -99.9')

8.58 4.90

0 0 5 5 6 3 E - 0 2 0 . 3 176E-0 3 0.4298E-01 0.5 32 8E-0 5 0 . 3 1 4 5 E - 0 3 0.7213E-18 0.0000~400 0.0000~400 0.0000~400

CL- 0 . 3 2 2 3 E - 0 1

N A C 0 3 - 0.7618E-05 K C L O 0 . L L 7 7 E - 0 6 L I O H O 0.29ZZE-08

FEOH44 0.0000E + 0 0 F E C L 3 0 0 . O O O O E 4 00 F E S O 4 0 O . O O O U € + O O

nc44 0 . L O 7 4 ~ - 0 3

A L O H + + 0 . 2 0 0 l E - 1 4

C A 4 4 t lGOHt+ N A H C 0 3 H A 4 4 L I S 0 4 - ~ ~ 0 ~ 2 4 F €OH.?* F E S O 4 * "44

0. 1 2 2 Z E - 0 2 0 . 5 6 4 0 E - 0 1 0.965t)t-05 0 . OOOOE 400 0 - 3 4 3 8 E - 0 5 0.7538E-11 o .0000~400 O.OOOOE+OO O.OOOOE+OO

0 . 8 1 5 7 t - O B H Z S O 4 O 0 . 2 8 2 5 E - L Y H S O 4 - 0.3267L-08 O . O O O O E + O O BR- 0 . 0 0 0 o E ~ 0 0 H 3 8 0 3 0 0.1 131E-03

C L - 1 - 5 9 HG OH 4 7 . 3 3 N A S O 4 - 3 . 3 0 S R 4 4 - 9 9 . 9 9 ti2S 104 7.7tJ F E 4 4 4 -99 .99 F E C L 3 0 -9Y.99 "44 -99 .99 H C L 0 1 5 . 1 3 112C03 5 . 1 7

C A 4 4 H G C 0 3 0 N A C L O S R I I H * A L 4 4 +

F E S O 4 4 F E O H * +

N H 3 A Q t 1 2 S A O O L I O

3.25 C A O H e 6.57 HCHC03 4 - 6 4 U 4

-99 .99 L I 4 1 8 . 7 9 ALOH++

-99.99 F E O H Z t -99.Y9 F E 4 4 -'a9099 "4504 - 9 9 . 9 9 tis- -99 .99

70 14 6.49 3.72 3.59

1 5 . 0 4 -99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99

ANORTHIT -4.75 ARACONII - 0 . 2 8 BARITE -99.99 BOEHMITE - 1 . n ~ C E L E S T I T -99.V9 C H A L C E O N -0.21 C I i L O P I T E 0.68 DOLOHIT€ -0 .93 G Y P S U M - 1 . 2 2 HAL1 T E - 4 . 6 6 I 1 A L L l I Y S T - 5 . 3 6 H E H A T I I€ -99.99 K A O L I N I T - 1 . 4 4 K - 6 l C A - 3 . 7 1 H 4 C K I N A W - 9 9 0 9 9 M A C N t S I T -1.lt3 P N O G O P T -2 .25 P Y R l TE - 9 9 . 9 9 P V K L I P I i V L -1.16 P U A R T L 0.21 T H t N A R D l -5 .32 W l T H t K l T - 9 9 . 9 9

T I T L E 0 0 6 H 8 3 L UL A 1 I I I N 0-0 8 - 2 6- 0 7 A I)H C

INPUV DATA I M O L E S PER L I T E R OF SOLUTION : EOUIVALFNTS PEW L I T E R FOR ALKALIN ITY) C A T 0 1 0.1347C-03 M t i T O T 0.b5ROF-04 NATO1 O.2871F-31 K T U I 0.1509L-03 C L T O T 0.1805E-01 A L K 0 .320of-02 SU4TUT 0.374dE-02 ALTO1 0.3715E-Ob FETOT 0.0000E*00 SKTUT 0.0000t*00 8 A I U T 0 .0000€+00 L I T 0 1 O o L l 5 3 E - 0 3 N U J T O T o.ooooE+oo S I O Z T O T O . Z L ~ ~ E - O ~ H I U T 0 .1480~-03 I R T O T o.oooot+oo t i z s i u i o.oooot*oo NH+TOT 0 . 0 0 0 ~ 4 0 0

PH = 8 . 6 3 PE * 99.99 TEHP 29.200EG C OENSITY = 1.000GH/CC -LOC(PCOZ) I: 3 - 4 1 -LOClPUZ) = 99.99 -LOCIPCH+) = 99.99

I O N 8ALANCt EdRIJR = 1.lOPERCLNT CATION tXCESS = 0 .6299€-03 (CHARGE*H0LES~ H Z O A C T I V I T Y = 0.9991 I O N I C STRFNGIH = 0.03240 T O T A L O I S S SOLIDS = 1a88CH/L ITLR SOLN T O T A L [NORG CARBON HOLALITY 0.3018E-02

I N D I V I D U A L SPECIES MOLAL1 T I E S

on- CAUH* HGC030 NASO4- B A O H *

ALOH4- F €OH30 F E + * NH3AO

H Z B O j -

HISIO~

n c L o

0.6984€-05 0.9975E-08 0 152 7E-0 5 0.2 I 14E-03 O.UOOOE*OO .

0.372 ZE-06

0.0000E*00 0.0000E + 00 0.4340t -16 0.3b75E-04

0.20 18E-0 3

0.0000~400

C03-- CACO30

NACLO S R * +

ALSO4* FE OH4- FEOHe NH4S04 HZSAO

w i c o 3

nJs 1 0 4

H Z C O ~ *

0.9952E-04 0.4595E-05 0.9900E-06 0.9059E-OS 0. OOUOE 4 00

0.0000E *00 0.00 0 0 ~ 4 00

0 . 149 3E-04 0.1356E-18

0.000OE~00 0.0000E*00 0.1199E-04

HCO 3- CAHC03 M C S U 4 0 K 4 SWOH+ H Z S l O 4 ALSO42 FECL+* FEOHZO NO 3- HS - O Z A O

0.2 B 3ZE-0 Z 0.18 73 E-05 0.9 L34E-05 0.14 9 2 E-0 3 0.0000E *oo 0.3387E-0 7 O.lP56E-19 0.0000E+ 00 0.0000E too 0.0000E *oo 0.0000E too 0.0000E * o o

I N D I I I DUAL S P t C I ES A C T I V I T I E S ( -LOG AC T I V I T Y )

on 5.23 C03-- 4.2d HC03- 2 .62 504- CACO30 5 - 3 3 CAHC03 5.80 CAS040 4.67 H C t * MCSO4O 5.04 NA* 1.62 MACO3- +.54 NAHCO3

504-- CASU40 NA* US04-

A L 4 4 + FE .* F E C L Z t F E 00ti-

S --

L 1 4

n t

0.3450E-02 O.ZLO5E-04

0.1981E-05

0.1341E-18 O.OQOOE* 00 0,000 OE 40 0 0.0000E+00 O.Zb94E-08 0.0000E* 00

0. 2 8 4 ZE-0 1

O. l l 46E-03

C L - 0.1808E-01 HG* 4 0.5424E-O+ NACU3- 0.3371E-04 K C L O 014Y02E-07 L I O H O O.1010E-08 ALUH+* 0 0 4 4 7 4 E - 1 5 F E O H * + 0.0000€+00 FECL30 O . O O 0 0 E * O O F E S O I O O . O O O o E t O O

nzso4o O.LZJOE-LO BR- O.OOOoC-*OO

C h * +

NAHC03 B A * * L 1504- ALOHZ* F EOHZ 4

FESO4+ Nt l4 4

HS04- H38030

HCOH*+ 0.1074E-03 0 . 3 396E-0 7 0.323bE-04 0.0000E+00 0.8985E-Ob 0.2659E-11 Q . O O O O E + O O

0.00oo € 4 00 0.0 OOOE 400

0 5 3 98 E -09 0.11 15E-03

2 - 7 5 CL- 1.82 CA*+ 4.25 CAOH* 8.07

4.49 NASO4- 3 - 6 4 NACLO 5.04 K t 3.90 4.54 won* 7.54 H C C O ~ O 5.81 H C H C O ~ 6 - 0 6

K S 0 4 - 5 . r a K C L O 7 - 3 1 ut* -99.99 B A O H * -99.99 S W 4 * -99.99 SROH, -99.99 L1+ 4.01 L I OH0 8.V9 L l S O 4 - 6-12 H 4 S I 0 4 3.69 H3S104 4.90 H Z S l O 4 7.75 A t - * * * 19.42 ALOH+* 15.63 ALOHZ* 11.65 ALOH4- 6.50 ALSO4* 18.94 ALSO42 19.78 F t * * * -99.99 F t O H * t -39.9'4 F€OHZ* -99.99 F t O H 3 -99.99 F t f lH4 - -99.99 FECL+t -99.99 FECL2* -99.99 F t C L 3 0 -99.99 F t S O I t -9J .9V F E * * -99.99 F E O H * -99.99 F tnHZO -99.99 FEOOH- -99.99 FESO40 -99.99 NH4* -99.99 NH3AQ -99.99 NH4S04 -99.99 N03- -w.w nt 8 . 6 3 H L S O C O 20.91 k(SO4- 9 0 3 c HCLO lb .36 H Z S A O -99.V9 HS- -99.99 S -- -9V.99 a R - - -99.99 ~ 3 1 ~ 1 3 0 3 - 9 5 HZROJ- 4.53 H2C03 C.92 OZAQ - 0 V . V V

MINERAL SATURATION INOICI iS

ADULARIA -1 .22 A L B I T E - 1 . 4 6 &NHYDlt lT -2.41 A N O R T H I T -5.48 ARAGONIT - 0 . 2 9 HAKITE -99.99 B O k H H l T k -1.82 IRUCITE - 3 . 6 0 CALCITE -0.03 CA-MUNI - L a 2 7 CEL€STIT -99.99 CHALCEON - 0 . 2 2 CHL(IW1 I t 1.43 DULOHI IE - 0 . 2 5 t i I B l J S l T E -2.49 C t O T H I T E -99.99 C R l F C l I t -99.99 GYPSUM - 2 . 3 9 HAL1 I E -5.03 IIALLUYST -5.28 H E t l A T I 1 L -9'3.99 H U N I I I E -4.22 HYDTOMAC -3.39 I L L I T F -1.95 K A I I L I N I T -1.24 K-HICA -3.34 HALKINAH -99.99 HACNESI I - 0 . 5 2 HAGNETIT -YV.O9 H I R A B I L T -5.07 N1 SOUt t iU -3 .56 P K O G O P T -2.96 P V R l T t -99.99 PYKUPHYL -2 .60 GUAR11 0.25 S I D E R I T E -0V.Y9 STRONTNT -99.99 TALC 2.06 THLNARDI -5.80 H I T H E R 1 1 - 9 Y . O V

S I L I C A SATURATION I N O I C I S

-LOG H4S 1 ~ 1 4 0 3.69 OUAWTL 0 . 2 3 CHALCEDONY -0.Lt1 A-CRISTUBALITE -0.42 AHOKPI1UUS - 1 . 4 9

1 I I L €

C A 101 S O 4 1 0 1 N O 3 TO1

O O i G 8 3 L O C A T ION D - O R - Z b - O I A C A D I

N P U T D A T A ( M U L E S PCR L l l E R OF S O L U T I O N : F 3 U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L l N l T Y l 0 .3r42t -03 HGTOT O . b l TOE-04 N A T O 1 0.33931-01 K T U T 0 . 1 4 0 6 E - 0 3 C L I O T O . Z O L l 8 t - 0 1 A L K 0 . 2 1 O W - 0 2 0.5934E-02 A L T O 1 0.3715E-Oh C E I U T O . O O O O L * O O S R T I I T 0.0000E*00 8ATUT O . O O O O L + O O L I T 0 1 0.2162E-03 O ~ O O O O L - + O O S I O Z T O T 0.3162E-13) M T U T O . l ' i 7 3 E - 0 3 B R T O T 0.0000E+00 H Z S I O T O.OOOOt*OO N H 4 1 0 1 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0

P H P 6-75 P t = 99.99 T E U P = 350300EG C D E N S I T Y l . O O O t i M / C C - L O G ( P C O Z t = 3.72 - L O G ( P O 2 I 99.99 - L O C ( P C H 4 1 = 79.99 I O N I C S l R t N C T H = 0.04009 T O T A L OISS S O L I O S = Z . Z 6 G H / L I T E R S U L N 7 O T A L I N O R G C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y 0.1856E-02 ION B A L A N C E E R R O R = 0 . 4 6 P E R C t N T C A l l O N C X C E S S = 0 . 3 1 7 6 E - O 3 1 C H A R G E * H O L € S )

I N O I V l D U A L S P E C I E S H O L A L l l I E S

0 H- C A O H + M C C 0 3 0 N A S 0 4 - B A O H * H4S 104 A L O H 4 - F €OH30 F E * + N H 3 A 0 H C L O ~ 2 ~ 0 3 -

0 .1454E-04 0.5299t-07 0.1202€-05 0.4030E-03 0.0000t *oo 0 . 2 0 O O E - 0 3 O o 3 ? 2 3 € - 0 6 0.0000E*00 O.OOOOE*00 0.0000f+00 0 . b 894E -1 6 O.SZ39E-04

C03- C A C O 3 0 M C H C 0 3 N A C L O S R * * t i 3 5 1 0 4 AL SO4 F E O H 4 - F €OH* N H 4 S O 4 H Z S A O HZC03*

0. 90 16E-04 0 . 1 I4OE-04 0.5161E-06 0.11 90E-06 010000E* 00 0.3694E -04 OoI658E-I9 O.OOOOE*00 0 . 00 OOE 00 O.OOOOF*OO 0.0000€*00 0.5026E-05

~ ~ 0 3 - 0 .16ne-02 C A H C 0 3 0.3290E-05 H C S U 4 0 0.1 169E-Ol U * 0.13 19E-03 S R O H + O.OOOOE*OO H Z S I 0 4 0 2 2 15E-06 A L S O 4 2 0.3582E-20 F € C L * + 0.0000E+00 F l c O H Z O 0.0000E*00 N O 3 - 0.0000E*00 tis- 0.0000E*00 O Z A O 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 3 0

I NDI V l D U A L S P E C 1 ES ACT I V I T I E S I - L O G AC 1 I V I T Y I

OH C A C 0 3 0 M C S U 4 O K S 0 4 -

ALOHZ* F E O H 3 F E O H * N03- S --

L lono

4.92 4.94 4.v3 5.61 8.35

1 2 0 14 -93.99 -99.9Y -99.99 -9v. 9Y

C O 3 - - CA I i C 03 NA K C L O L I S O S - A L O H 4 - F C I1 H4- F t OH20 H. B R - -

4.3s 5.56 1-55 7.29 5.69 6-51

-99.99 -99.99

8.75 -99.99

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C U 1 - R A + * t i45 104 A L S U 4 + F E C L + * F E O O H - nzso+o m e 0 3 0

2 085 4.10 4.42

-99.99 3.55

19.86 -09.99 -99.99

2 0 . 8 C 3.97

so+-- n c * t N A H C 0 3 B A O H * t i 3 s I04 A L S O 4 2 F € C L L * F E S O 4 0 ~ ~ 0 4 - t I Z d O 3 -

S 0 4 - - CA S O 4 0 N A K S O I - L I + * L e * + f - E + + + F € C L Z * F t U O H - H+ 5- -

2 - 5 0 4.61 4.66

-99.99 4 .51

20.53 -99.99 -99.99

9 . 2 2 4 . ) e

0.536BE-02 0.7932E-04

O.295OE-05 0 , 3 3 4 4 E - 0 1

0.2 I 4 Z E - 0 3 OoL136E-19 0.0000E+00 0. OOOOE * o o 0.0000E* 0 0 0.2 06 7E-0 8 0.0000E*00

H Z O A C T I V I T Y 0.9989

C L - 0.2091E-01

N A C 0 3 - 0.4 53OE-04

L l O H O 0.4455E-08 A L O H + * 0.7940E- 1 b FE OH+ t 0.0000E*00 F E C L 3 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 E ~ 0 0 F E S U I O 0.0000E*00

M C * 0 .48 3 7 E - 0 4

K C L O 0 .5048E-07

HLS040 0 . I 4 3 2 E - L O BR- 0.OOOW +00

C L - MCOH+ N A S 0 4 - S R * +

F € * * + F E C L 3 0 "4+ H C L O H2 C 0 3

nzs 104

I o 76 7.27 3.39

-99.99 6.96

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

16-16 5.29

C A * t H G C 0 3 0 N A C L O

* L e * * snr)ti*

F E O H * * F t S04+ NH 3 A 0 H Z S A Q U Z A O

3 . 8 6 5. 92 4.02

-99.99 20.53

-99.99 -99.9Y -39.99 -9Y.99 - 0 9 . Y Y

C A * * 0.2810E-03 HCOH** 0.6375E-07 NAHC03 0.2182E-04 B A * * 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 L 1 SO4- 0.2 454E-05 A L O H Z * 0.8634E-12 FEonz* O . O O W E * O ~

NH4* 0.000Ot*00 F E S 0 4 4 0.0000€*03

HS04- 0.722?€-09 ~ 3 8 0 3 0 0 . 1 0 5 3 ~ - 0 3

C A O H * ucnc 03 K * LI* ALOH*. F E O H Z * F E * + " 4 5 0 4 HS-

7.35 6.37 3.94 3.74

16.41 - 99.99 -99.99 - 99.99 -99.99

H I N t R A L S A T U R A 1 1 O N I ND I C E S

A D U L A R I A -1.ZB A L B I T E -1.34 A N H Y D K I T -1.80 A N O R T H I l -5.07 A R A G O N I T 0.08 8 A R l T L -V9.99 B O E H H l T E -2.18 8 R U C l T E -3.07 C A L C I T E 0.34 C A - H O N T -2.77 C E L E S l I I -99099 C t l A L C E D N - 0 . 1 4 C H L U r 7 l T t 3.17 D O L O M I T E 0.05 G I B E S I T E -2.88 C F U T H I T E -99.99 GR I E C i T t -9'4.99 G Y P S U M -1.82 H A L I T E -4.92 H A L L U Y S I -5.89 H E U A T I T E -99.09 H U N T I I E - 3 - 9 6 I IYDTOHAC -2.91 I L L I T € - L e 4 4 K A U L I N I T -1.91 K - M I C A - 4 . 1 8 H A C K I N A H -Y9.99 H ~ b ~ t S 1 1 - 0 . 5 1

S I D E R I T E -99.YY S l R U N T N l -99.99 T A L C 3.63 T H E N A R 0 1 -5.50 W I T H t R I l -99.99 M A C N E T I T -99.99 H I R A B I L T -5.05 N F S O U C H L I - 3 . 6 4 P H L O G O P l -0 .93 P Y R l T t -99.99 P Y R U P t i Y L - 2 . 2 8 Q U A R T 1 0 . 3 0

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N D l C t S

- L O G H 4 S I ~ l 4 0 3 - 5 5 O U A R T L 0 . 1 8 C H A L C E D O N Y -0.09 A - C R I S T O B A L I T E -0.35 A H O R P t i O U 5 - 1 . 4 1

I

TITLE 0 0 8 ~ 8 3 L UC AT l l l N D-O 8-26-0 7 A C A O

I N P U I d A T A ( r ( 0 L t S P E R L I T E R flf S O L U I I O N : E O U I V A L t N T S P E R L l T t R F O R A L K A L I N I I Y ) C A T l ) T 0 .b936 t -03 MGTOT 0.41 l o t - 0 4 N A I n T O . Z b l O E - B 1 K T I ) T 0 . 1 3 3 0 E - 0 3 C L l U T 0.1718L-01 A L K 0.8000E-03 5 0 4 1 0 1 0 . 4 * 1 h , t - O Z A L T O 1 0.7430F-06 I - E T O T 0.0000t*00 S R T U T 0.0000E*00 P A T U T 0 . 0 0 U O E ~ O O L I T 0 1 O.Ll62k-03 N O 3 1 0 1 O.U000t*00 3 lU2lOT O.CY95E-0 1 tlTUT 0.3250E-04 B R I O 1 O.OOUOE*OO H L S I O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 t * 0 0 N H 4 1 0 T O ~ O O O O E * O O

P H = 6 - 4 7 PE = 99.99 TEMP * 37.80DEC C D E N S I T Y 0 l .OOOGM/CC -LOC(PCOZ) = 3.81 - L O C ~ P O Z ) = 99.99 - L O G ( P C H ~ ) = 99.99 I O N I C STRLNCTH = 0.03148 T O T A L D l S S S O L I D S = 1 . 7 4 C H / L I T E R S O L N T O I A L INORC C A R B O N H O L A L I T Y 0.7191E-03 I O N B A L A N C E t R R U R = 1 . 8 4 P E R C L N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 . 9 9 0 l E - 0 3 l C H A R G E ~ M O L E S ) H Z O A C T I V I T Y = O.Y992


OH- C *OH* M C C 0 3 0 NASU4- R A O H 4 H4S 104 AL OW- F E O H 3 0 F E 4 4

0.893 7E-05

0.2041E-06 0. b900E-07

0 - 302 5E-03 O.OOGO€ e 0 0 0 -2 7 B W - 0 3 0.744 3 t - 0 6 O.OOOOE.OO 0.0000E .oo

CO3-- C A C O 3 0 HCHCO3 N A C L O S R 4 H 3 S I 0 4 A L S O 4 4 F E O H 4 - F € O H +

0.1883E-04 0 - 5 6 7 ZE -05 0.1547E-06 0.71121E-05 0.00 UOE 4 00 0.2116E-04 0.20 1 B E - I 8 0.0000E+00 O.OOOOE4 00

nco 3- 0.6 7 17 E-o 3

nbso 40 o .I 01 OE -0 5

SROH+ 0.0000E*00

C A H C U 3 0.2958E-05

K * 0.1309E-03

H Z S I 0 4 0 . 8 2 1 ? E - 0 7 AL 5042 0.3518E-19 F E C L * + 0.0000~400 F E O H Z O 0.0000E400

Sfl4-- 0 0 4 0 3 6 E - 0 2 C A S 0 4 0 0 . 1 3 4 6 E - 0 3 N A * 0.25 82 E-0 1 K 504- 0.2 3 3 6E-05 L1* O o Z l 4 6 E - 0 3 A L * 4 * 0.1550E-18 ~ ~ + 4 4 0.0000~400 F t CL z 4 0. ooo OE o o k E OOH- 0.000 OE 0 0 ~-

NH3AQ 0.0000E.00 NH4SO4 O.OOOOC*OO N03- 0.0000E*00 H+ H C L O 0.1406E-I5 H2SAO 0.0000E*00 HS- 0.0000t*00 5-- wee+ 0.i94zt-01 H Z C O ~ + 0.3840~-05 O Z A Q 0.0000~400

1 NO1 V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V I T I E S t - L O G A C T I V I I Y 1

OH C A C O 3 0 ncso4o

A L O H Z ~

K 504 - L IUHO

F €OH3 FEOH4 NO]- 5 --

5 - 13 5.2* 5.15 5. 7 0

11.37 - Y 9 . 99 -9v. 99 -99 . 99 -99. Y Y

n o w

CO3-- C A H C O 3 NA 4

K C L O L I S 0 4 - A L O H I - F t O H 4 - FF OH20 H* all --

5.01 5.60 1-66 7.39 5.78 6 - 2 0

-99.9') -99.99

8.47 -99.99

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 NAC03- 01 4*

H4S I 0 4 A L S 0 4 F E C L * + F E U O H - HZS040 t13 A 0 30

3.24 3.87 5.13

-99.99 3.55 18-77

-99.99 -00.99

20.32 4 . 1 3

S 0 4 - - nc* 4

N A H C 0 3 R A O H * H35 I O 4 ALSO42 f E C L L * FE S O 4 0 H S 0 4 - H 1 tlu 3-

2.68 4.75 5 - 1 5

-99.99 4. 7 5

19.53 -99.99 -99.99

9.01 4.80

C L - 0.1720E-01 MG+4 0.3377E-04 N A C U 3 - 0 . 8 707E-05 K C L O 0.4087E-07 L l O H O 0 . 3 0 2 0 E - 0 8 A L O H + * 0 .7217E-I5 FEOH*+ O.OOOOE4OO F E C L 30 0. OOOOE 400 FESU4O O . O O O O E 4 0 O

C A 4 4 0.5515E-03 HCOH** 0.2985E-07

8 A e 4 0.0000E+00 MAHC03 Oo6964E-05

L I S O C - O.196ZE-05 ALOHZ4 0.4994E-11

F E SO 44 0.0 OOOE 400 F E O H Z 4 O . O O O O E 4 00

"44 0.0000E+O0 0o3896E-OB H2S040 0.4749E-LO H S O I - 0.1 164E-08 0.0000E*00 BR- 0o0000E+00 H 3 8 0 3 0 0.7324E-06

C L - ticon* N A S U 4 - S R 4 * HZSlO4 F E 4 * 4

F E C L 3 0 "44 H C L O H Z C U 3

1.84 7.59 3.59

-39.99 7.37

-99.99 -9V.Y9 -99.99

15.85 5.41

C A * * nccu30 N A C L 0 S R I M e A L 4 4 4

F E O I 4 4 4 FESlJ4* N H 3 A Q H Z S A Q O Z A O

M I N E R A L SATURATION I N D I C E S

A D U L A R I A -1.17 A L B I T E -1.30 A N H Y D R I T -1.56 A N O R T H I T -4.24 A R A G O N I T -0.21 B K U C l T E -3 .61 C A L C I T E 0 . 0 3 C A - H O N T -1.78 C F L t S T I I -99.99 C t l A L C E D N -0.17 G l 8 8 S l T E -2.40 C k U T H I T E -99.99 GW I E C I T t -99.99 G Y P S U M -1.60 H A L l T t - 5 . 1 1 H U N T I T € -b.52 H I D T O M A C -5.66 I L L I T E -1.76 K A O L I N I T -1 .02 K - H I C A - 3 . I 1 H A C N E 1 1 T -9V.09 H I R A B I L T -5.47 N t S Q U t H O -4.40 P H L U L O P T - 2 . 2 7 P Y R I l t - V 9 . 9 9 S l U t R I T F -9'4.Y9 S T U O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 1 - 7 4 T M L N A R D T -5.81 W I T H E K I T -99.99

S I L 1 C A S A TUR A T I O N 1 N O l C F S

3.54 6.69 5 - 1 0

-99 .VY 19.36

-'4Y.99 -9Y .9Y -99 .YY - Y V . Y V -99.90

ca0h4 H C H C 0 3 K 4 L I ~ A L O H * + FEOHZ+ F E 4 4 "4504 HS-

7.23 6. 8 9 3.96 3.74

15.42 -99.99 -99.YV -99.99 -99.99

8 A R l T t -99.99 B O E H M I T E -1.68 C t l L O W I T E 1.17 D O L U M I I E -1.03 H A L L U Y S T -4.97 H E H A T I I L -Y9.YY H A C I I N A H -99.99 M A C N t S I T -1 .33 P Y k O P H Y L -1.11 Q U A R T Z 0 . 2 7

- L U G H 4 S 1 0 4 0 3.55 P U A R I L 0.25 C H A L C E D O N Y - 0 . 1 1 A - C R I S T O B A L I T E - 0 . 3 7 A f l U Y P i l I J U S -1.43

I N P U T O A T A I M O L E S PER L I T E R flF S O L U T I O N : E P U I V A L k N T S P E R L I T t R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T 0 1 O.LZC?k-O3 HCTOT O . / ( t O O F - 0 5 N A T D T 0.1927E-01 K TOT 0.8690L-04 C L T O T 0.1128€-01 A L K 0.490Ot-03 5 0 4 1 0 1 0 . 3 2 2 7 t - 0 2 A L T O 1 O . 3 7 1 S E - 0 5 f E TOT 0.0000E*00 S K T O T 0.0000t+00 I ~ A T O T O.OUOUk*OO L I T 0 1 0.1441€-03 N O 3 1 0 1 O.OOOOE*OO 3 1 O Z T O T 0 . 3 j Z 8 E - 0 3 B l O T 0.7400E-04 M R T O T 0.0000E*00 HZS I U T 0.0000E*00 N H I l O T O ~ O O O O t * O O

P H 8 - 9 2 P t a 99.99 TEHP 3 3 0 7 0 D t C C D E N S I T Y = l o O O O G H / C C - L O C ( P C O Z ) = 4.61 - L O G I P O Z ) z, 99-99 - L O C ( P C H 4 ) = 9 9 - 9 9 I O N I C S T R I r ( G l t 1 = 0.02193 T O I A L O l S S S O L I D S = l . Z l G H / L 1 T € R S O L N T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N H O L A L l I Y 1 0.3484E-03 I O N B A L A N C C ELROR = 4 . 1 3 P E R C t N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 . 1 5 5 1 E - O Z ( C H A R G E + H O L E S ) HZO A C T I V I T Y = 0.9994

INOlVlDUAL S P E C I E S H O L A L l T I E S

OH- C AOH* H C C O 3 0 N A S 04-

HIS 104 AL OH4- F E OH30 F E + * N H 3 A Q HCL 0 HZB03-

8 1 0 ~ 4

0.18 39E-04 0 t 8 O O E - 0 7 0.4815E-0 7 0. I B O O E - 0 3 0.0000E 400 0 .28 40E - 0 3 0 . 3 1 2 OE -05 0.0000E*00

0.0000E*00 O.ZZ52E- 16 0.29 71E-0%

0 ~ 0 0 0 0 ~ 4 0 0

C 0 3 - C A C O 3 0 MGHCO 3 N A C L O S R * + H3S104 ALSO4* F E O H 4 -

NH4S04 HZSAQ

FEont

H Z C O ~ *

0.21 8 7E-04 0.1285E-05 0 0 14 05E-0 7 0-3999E-05 0.0000€+00 0.492 4E-04 0.32 4 1 F- 19 0.0000E too 0. OOOOE 00 0.0000E 400 0 0 00 0 OE + 00 0.6728E-Ob

n c 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 H G S O I O K * S R O H * HZSlO4 ALSO42 F E C L * * F E O H Z O NO 3-

UZAQ ns-

0.3 150E-03 0.2 4 66E-06 O.1125E-05 0.0580E-04 0.0000E*00 0.3329E-06 0.4 57 3 E - 2 0 0.0000E*00 0.0000E *o 0 0.0000E t o o 0.0000E t o o 0 . 0 0 0 0 E ~ 0 0

OH C A C O 3 0 HGSO40 K S 0 4 - L I uno A L 0 W* F ton3 F E OH* N O 3- S --

I N O I V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V I T I E S ( - L O G A C T I V I T Y )

+.a0 5. 8 9 5.95 5.9Y 8.40

1 1 - 4 0 - 9 Y . 9 9 -99, 99 -39.99 -VY . 9 0

C 0 3 - - C A H C O 3 NA KCLO L I S O + - ALOH4- FEDHI- F F U H Z O

HK -- nt

4.90 6-61 1-78 7.73 6.03 5. 49

-99.09 -99.99

8.92 -99.90

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C U 3 - B P * * ~ 4 ~ 1 0 4 ALSO44 F E C L * + F E O O H - I12 S 0 4 0 H3HO 30

3.56 4.66 5.23

-99.99 3.54

19.35 -99.99 -99.99

2 1 . 4 0 4.35

so*-- H C + * N A H C 0 3

H 3 S l O 4 AL S O 4 2 F E C L Z * F E S U 4 0 t iso4- I I Z R O 3 -

B A O H *

M l N t K A l S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C E S

A O U L A R I A -0 .33 ALBITE -0.44 A N H Y O R I T - 2 . 3 8 B R U C l T E -1.65 C A L C I T E -0.60 C A - H O N T -0 .58 ClBHSlTE -1.97 C F O T H I T E -39.99 C R I E G I T L -99.99 H U N T l l t -9 .14 I iYDTOHAC - 7 . 1 4 I L L I T E - 0 . C 1 HACNCTlT -V9.99 H l R A M I L l - 5 . h l N t SOUtHU -5.09 S I D L R I T E -99.99 S I U O N T N T -99.99 T A L C L.04

S I L I C A SAlULATION I N D l C t F

-LOG HCSIIIID 3.55 Q U A R T Z 0.31 C H A L C E D O N Y

S04-- CAS040 N A * K S O 4 - L I *

f E * * + f € cL24 F t OOH- t i * S--

2.77 5.44 5.59

-99.99 4.37

20.40 -vv.99 -99.99

9.59 4 . 6 0

00 3026E-02 0.2 164E-04 0.1910E-01 0.1183E-05 0.1432E-03 0 2 796E-19 0.0000E* 00 0 . 0 0 O O E * 0 0

0.1359E-08 0.0000~4 0 0

0.000 O E 400

C L - 0.1 1 Z Y E - 0 1 HC* + 0.62 IO€-05 N A C 0 3 - 0.615 LE-05 K C L O 0. Ld57E-07 LlOHO 0 . J926E-08 ALOH* 0.280m'C-15 FEUH** 0 .0000€*00 F E C L 3 0 0. OOOOE e o 0 F E S O I O 0 , O O O O E * O O

H Z S O ~ O 0 . 3 9 7 1 ~ 4 L BR- 0 . O O O W 400

0.1016E-03 0.1 171E-07 0.2 534E-05 0 . 0 OOOE t o o 0.1075E-05 0 . 4 5 79 E- 1 1

0. OOOOE 400 O.OOM)E*00 0.2949E-09 0.4438E-04

0.0000~400

C L - 2.01 HGOH+ 7.99 N A 5 0 4 - 3.81 S R * * -99.99

F l i t * * -99.99 F E C L 3 0 -99.99 N H 4 * -09.99 HCL 0 16.65 H Z C 0 3 6.17

nzsio4 6.72

C A * * H C C 0 3 0 N A C L O S U O H * A I - * + * F € O H * + F € S O + * N H 3 A Q H Z S A O 0 2 A 0

4.24 7.31 5.40

-09. Y Y 20.03

- 9 Y .9Y -99 .YV -99.99 -99.99 -Y9.9V

C A O H * HCHC03 K * L I * ALOH** F E O H Z * F E + t NH4SO4 HS-

7.61 7.92 4.13 3.90

15.79 - 99.99 - 99.99 -99.99 -99.99

A N O R T H I T -3.34 A R A G O N l T -0 .86 B A R I I E -99.99 BOEHMITE -1.27 C E L E S T l l -99099 C H A L C E O N -0 .12 C H L O U l I t 2 - 2 3 00LUHlTE -2.29 G Y P S U H -2.3'3 H A L I T E -5.39 t 1 A L L U Y S T - 4 . 0 2 H E M A T l I € -99.99 K A O L I N I T -0 .02 K-HILA -1.40 H A C K I N A H -99099 H A G N t S I T -1.98 P t C O G O P T -1.86 P Y R I T E -99.99 P Y k O P H Y L - 0 . 5 7 O U A k T L 0.33 THENARI)T -6.1+ WITHEKIT -99.99

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T I T L E O l l W H 3 L O C A T I O N 0 - 0 8 - 2 6 - I Z A A A A I

INPUT OAIA i n o L E s PER LITER OF SOLUTION : EOUIVALENTS P E R LITER FOR ALKALINITY) C A T 0 1 O . b V 8 6 L - 0 3 MCTOT O . 2 2 6 O E - 0 4 N A T O 1 O . 2 6 3 2 E - 0 1 K T U I 0.1304E-03 C L T O T O . l Y 0 5 E - I ) l A L K 0.7OOOE-03 S O ~ T D T O . ~ Z L R E - O Z A L T n T o . j i i 5 ~ - 0 6 k k i n i O.OOOOE*OO S R T O T O.OOOOE+OO E A T O T o.oooot*oo LITOT o . z 1 6 2 ~ - 0 3 ND~IOT o . o o ( i o ~ t o o S I U Z T O T 0 . ~ 6 6 2 ~ - 0 3 M T U T 0 . 8 7 8 n ~ - 0 4 M R T O T O . O O O O E * O O H Z S T O T o.oo0oEtoo NHITOT o . o o o a t o o

P H = 8.33 PE = 99.99 TEHP = 3 6 . 0 0 0 t C C O E N S I T Y =t l . O O O C H / C C - L O G t P C O Z ) I 3 - 1 2 - L O G l P O 2 ) 99-99 - L U C t P C H 4 J = 99.99 I O N I C S T R t M G l H 0 0.03160 T O T A L O l S S S O L I D S = 1 . 7 5 C H / L l T E R S U L N T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N H O L A L I T Y * 0.65l lE-03 I O N B A L A N C E E R R O R = l o 3 l P E R C E N T C A T I O N € X C E S S * 0 . 8 1 8 5 E - O 3 1 C H I R G E * M O L E S J H L O A C T I V I T Y 0.9991

INDIVIOUAL SPECIES M O L A L I T I E S

on- c AOH, M G C 0 3 0 N A S 0 4 - 8 1 0 ~ 4 111s 10% ALOH4- F E O H 3 0 F E t t N H 3 A Q

H2803- ncLo

0.5708L-05 0.4% 60E-01 0 7 I5 8E-0 7 0.2 08bE-03 0.0000k too 0.25 38E-03 0.372 LE-06 0.0000E+ 00 0 .O 00 OE + 0 0 0.0000E*00 0.171 ZE -1 5 0.1J82E-0*

C 0 3 - - C A C O 3 0 H C H C 0 3 N A C L O S R * 4

A L S O 4 * F E O H 4 - F €OH* N H 4 S O 4 Hzs A 0

t i35104

H Z C O ~ *

0.12 17E-04 0.3555E-05 0.7803E-07 0.8299E-05 0.0000E~00 0 . 1 2 8 9 E - 0 4 0.5185E-18 0.0000Et00 0.0000E+00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ too

0.4315E-05 0 . OOOOE 00

H C 0 3 - 0.616OE-03

HCS040 0.3686E-05 C A H C O 3 0.2628E-05

K t 0.1285E-OJ S R O H + 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * 0 0 HZSIOS 0 . 3 0 2 4 ~ - 0 7 A L S O 4 2 0.8573E-19 F E C L + * O.OOOOE*OO F E O t i 2 0 0o0000E+00 N03- 0. OOOOE 400 HS- 0 .0000E~00 0210 0.0000~400

I N 0 I V I M ) A C S P E C I E S A C T I V I I I E S t -LOG A C T I V l T Y J

OH C A C 0 3 0 MGS 040 K 504-

A L O r i Z t F E O H 3 E € O H * N03- S--

L I ono

5 - 32 5 - 4 5 5.43 5.74 8.73

11.32 -99 . 99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

co3- C A H C 0 3 MA t K C L 0 LIS04-

F E O H 4 - F E O H Z O H I Bw --

u o n 4 -

5.20 5.65 1-66 7.37 5 .80 6.50

-99.99 -99.99

8.33 -99.99

H C 0 3 - C A S U 4 0 N A C 0 3 - E A * * H I S I 0 4 A L S O I t

F E O O H - H Z S D 4 0 H3RO 3 0

F E C C * *

3.28 3 .88 5.35

-99.99 3.59

10.36 -99.99 -99.99

20.10 4 . 1 3

504- H C + + N A H C 0 3 8 ~ 0 ~ 4 H 3 S I 0 4 A L SO42 F E C L 2 4 F E S O 4 O ~ ~ 0 4 - H2M03-

S 0 4 - - CA S O 4 0 N A t K S 04- LI* A L t t t 6 E 4 t 4 F E C L Z * FEOOH- nt 5--

2.70 5.00 5-19

-99.99 4.96

19.14 -99.99 -99.99

8.91 4.95

0 . 3 8 5 0 E - 0 2 0.1298E-03 0.26OLE-01 0.2128E-05 0.2147E-03 0.4 25 3E- 18 0.0000E+ 00 0.000 O E + O O 0.0000E~ 00 0.537 7E-08 0.0000E*00

C L - 0.1808E-01 H G t t 0.1879E-04 N A C 0 3 - 0 . 522 8E -05

L I OH0 0.184%-08 K C L O 0.4219t-07

A L O H + * 0.1243E-14 F E O H + * 0.0000E t o 0 f E C L 3 0 0.0000€* 00 F E f O 4 O O.OOOOE*OO

L R - 0.OOOW * O O t izsoIo 0.1864~-20

C A * + 0.56U)E-03 HCOH ++ 0 104OE-0 7 NAHC03 0.6449E-05 U A + + 0.0000Et00 L I S 0 4 - 0.1875E-05 ALOHZ 0 5 604E-11 6 E OH2 01 0 OOOE + 00 F E S O 4 t 0.0000E+00 N H S ~ o.ooooEtoo ~ ~ 0 4 - 0. ~ ~ S T E - O ~ I ~ 3 ~ 0 3 0 0.7422~-0*

U- MGOH4 N A S O 4 - S R + *

F E 4 * * F E C L 3 0 N i i 4 * H C L O

nzs I 04

H Z C W

1.82 8.05 3 - 6 1

-99.99 1.80

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

15.76 5.31

C A I + H G C 0 3 0 N A C L O S R W + A L + * t F E O H * * F E S O 4 t N H 3 A Q t i Z S A 0 OZAQ

3.53 7.14 5 .oo

-99.9Y 18.92

-99.99 -99 099 -99.99 -99.99 -9Y.Y9

CAOH. MCHC03

L1+ ALUH+* F E O H 2 4 F E + t N H 4 S O 4 HS -

a t

70 42 1-18 3.97 3.74

15.19 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

M I NE R AL 5 ATUR A T I ON I NO I C t S

A O U L A R I A -1.48 A L B I T E - L o b 1 A N H Y O R I T -1.59 A N O R T H I T -4.84 A R A G O N I T -0.43 E A R I I E -99.99 B O E H M I T E -1.78 B R U C I T E -4.25 C A L C I T E -0.17 C A - H O N T - 2 . 1 1 C E L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E O N -0.19 C H L O R l T t -2 .16 0 U L O H l I E -1.68 GlBaSl TE -2.*8 C E O T H I T E -99.99 GR I E G l T t -99.99 G Y P S U M -1.61 H A L I T E - 5 . 0 8 H A L L U Y S T -5.19 H E t i A T l I t -99.99 H U N T l T t -8.13 H Y O T O H A C -7.74 I L L I T E -2.27 K A O L I N I T -1.22 K - H I C A -3.59 H A C K I M A M -99.99 HAGNESIT -1.79 HAGNEI I T -9V.'#9 H l R A E l L T -5.40 N F S O U L H O -4.87 P H L f l G O P l -4.63 P Y R I T E -99.Y9 P V k I I P H V L -1.60 Q U A R T Z 0.25 S I D t R I T E -99.Y9 S T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C -0.17 T H E N A R D T -5.82 W I T H E R I T -99.99

S 1 L I C A S A T l J 4 A T I O N 1 NO I C € S

-LOG H ~ S I W O 3.59 O U A R T Z 0 . 2 3 C H A L C E D O N Y - 0 . 1 4 A - C R I S T O B A L I T E - 0 . 4 0 AMORPHOUS -1.46

~. . . .. . . . . ... -_-c_--

I

_- T I T L E 012wo3 L (IC A T I I1 N 0-0 R-25- 12 A A A A

I N P U r D A T A ( H O L E S PER L I T E R f)F SOLUTION : EOUIVALENTS PER L I T E R FOR ALKALIN ITY) c i r o i O.L~ZZE-OZ ncror 0 . 3 9 5 0 ~ - 0 4 N A T O T 0 . 3 6 9 8 ~ - 0 i Krur 0 . 1 8 9 ~ ~ - 0 3 c L r o r 0 . 2 7 6 5 ~ - 0 ~ ALK O . ~ ~ O O E - O ~ 5 0 4 1 0 1 0.5bZlE-02 A L T O 1 0.)715E-Ob F E T O T 0.0000E*00 J K T O T 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 E * O O BATUT 0 .0000€*00 L1 TOT 0,2882E-03 N 0 3 T O r 0 .0000€*00 SIOZTOT 0.3IbZE-03 B T O T 0.1018E-03 M R T O T 0.0000E*00 H Z S T O T 0 .0000E~00 NHITOT 0.0000€+00

PH = 8.15 PE - 99-99 TEnP = 3 t 3 . 5 0 ~ ~ ~ c DENSITY - ~ . O O O G M / C C - ~ o c t p c n z ) = 3.65 - L O G ( P O Z ) = 99.99 - L O C ( P C H ~ I = 99.99 I O N I C STRtNCTH 0.04523 T O T A L D I S S SOLIDS a 2.50CH/LITER SOLN T O T A L INORC CARBON R O L A L I T Y * 0.5113€-03 I O N BALANCE EYRUR = 1.72PERCENT CATION EXCESS = 0 ~ 1 3 4 1 E - O Z I C H A R C E * ~ O L E S ~ H Z 0 A C T I V I T Y 0.9988

INDIV IDUAL S ? E C I E S MOLAL1 T I E S

OH- C A U W

MASO+- BAOH*

ALOH4- F E OH30 F E t * NH3AQ HCL 0 H2803-

ncc030

~ 4 ~ 1 0 4

O.4blBE-05 0.7655E-07 0.6 136E-07 0.4668E-03 0.0000€*00 0.305ZE-03 0.3 32 4E-06 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 00 0.0000E + 00 0.0000E*00 o . 4 9 0 e€ - is O.lZ lOE-04

C03- CACO30 MCHC03 NACLO 51.4 H 3 S I 0 4 ALSO4* FLOH4- F €OH* NH4SO4 H Z S A Q HZC03*

0.69 b6E-05 0.41 e 5 ~ - 0 5 0.9866E-01 O.lbB7E-04 O.M)OOE*00

0.1798E-I7 0.000 OE 0 0 0. OOOOE 00 0 . 000 OE *oo 0 . 00 0 OE 00 0.5547E-05

0.1178~-04

HCOI- 0 . 4 7 8 9 ~ - 0 3

K 4 0 . 1 8 6 0 ~ - 0 3

ALSOIZ O . ~ + ~ ~ E - L B

CAHC03 0.4629E-05 MGS040 0.b759E-05

SROH* 0.0000E e 0 0 H Z S 1 0 4 0.2508E-0 7

F ECL* 0.0000E*00 FEOHZO 0.0000E*00 N03- 0.0000E * O O HS- 0.0000E~00 O Z A Q 0.0000E*00

OH CACO30

KS04-

ALOH2* FEOH3 FEOH* N03- S --

n c s 0 4 0

L lono

INDlVlOULL S?ECIES A C l I V I T I E S t - L O G A C T I V I T Y )

5.42 5.37 5- 1 7 $.SI 8 .6Y

l l . O ? -99 . 99 -Y9.9Y -99.99 -99 . 99

C03-- CAHC03 NA KCLO LIS04-

FE OH4-

H* BR --

ALOH+-

FEOHZO

5.48 5.41 1-52 7.05 5.63 6 - 5 1

-99.99 -99.9Y

8.15 -99 . 99

HINtRAL S A T U R A T I O N INDICES

HC03- CAS040 NACO3- BA** H4S I 0 4 ALSO4* FECL * 4

FEoun- HZSfl40 H38030

3.40 3.50 5.45

-99.99 3 - 5 1

17.83 -99.99 -99.99

19 963 + . 0 4

S 0 4 -- MG** NAHCO3 B A O H * H3S 104 AL SO 42 FECL2* FESO4O HS04- n z ~ 0 3 -

ADULARIA -1.27 ~ L B I T E -1.38 ANHIORIT -1.19 BRUCITL -4.26 CALCITE -0.11 CA-MUNT -1.75 G l B B S l T E -2.42 C t O T H I T E -99.99 C W I E C l T t -99.99 t i u N r i r E -8.19 nvoTonhc -7.85 I L L I T E -1.96 HAGNETIT -99.99 M l R A H l L T -5.18 NESOUEHO -4.92 S IDEKITE -99.09 S T R O N T N T -99.99 TALC -0. I2

S I L I C A SATUZATION INDICES

-LUG t i 4 5 1 0 4 0 3.51 OUARTl 0 . 2 8 CHALCEDONY

sn4-- CAS040 N A KS04- L I * AL** * + E * * * FECLZ+ F E OOH-

S -- n*

2.65 4. eo 5.17

-99.99 5.02

1 8 - 5 5 -99.99 -9v. 99

8.64 5.03

0.4840E-02 0.3 15 3E-0 3 0. 3657E-0 1 0.3630E-05 0. 2 8 61 E-0 3 0.143 5E-17 0.0000E*00 0.0 00 OE * o 0 01 0000E4 00 0.828ZE-08 0.0000~400

CL- 0 2 7 7OE-01 tic* 4 0.3267L-04 MA CO 3- 0.428 3E-05 K C L O 0.8813E-07 L l O H O 0.2006E-08 ALUH** 0.3181E-14 ~ € 0 ~ 4 0.0000~400 F ECL 30 0. OOOOE 4 00 FES040 0.0000€*00

H Z S O I O 0.232TE-19 B R - 0.0000E * 0 0

CL- nGOH* NASO4- S R * * H Z S I 0 4 FE * * * FECL30 NH4 * HCLO HZC03

1-63 7.94 3.41

-99.09 7.92

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

15.30 5.25

C A * * HCCO30 NACLO

A L 4 + * stiun*

FEOH** FESO44

H Z S A Q NH3AQ

OZAQ

A N f l I T H I T -4.48 ARACONIT - 0 . 3 8

CYPSUH -1.23 H A L l T t -4.71) KAOLINIT -1.00 K - H l C I -3.25

TttENARDT -5.4’4 W I T H t R I T -99.Y9

C E L E s i i r -99.99 CHALCEON -0.13

P n L o w P r -4.27 P Y R i T t - ~ 9 . 0 9

-0 .09 A - C R I S T O 8 A L I T E - 0 0 34

3.21 7.21 4.7?

-90.99 18.4b

-9 9.9Y -09.99 -99.Y9 -99.99 -9Y.09

CA++ MGOH++ NAHCQ3 8 A + * L I S 0 4 - ALOHZ*

FE SO 4, NH4 HSO4- H 3 8 0 3 0

~ € 0 ~ 2 ,

CAOH* ncHCO3 I(* LI* ALOH** FEOHZ+ FE * &

nh45m tis-

0.1 302€-02 0.1369E-07 0.6 6430 E-o 5 0 0 OOOE + 00 01 2847E-05 0.1023E-LO 0 . 0 OOOE 00 0.0000E*00 0. OOOOE *00 0 2 7676-00 0. BV95E-04

1-19 7- 09 3.82 3.62

1 4 - 8 2 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

B A R I T E -99.99 0 0 E H M l T E -1.70 CIILOKI r E -2.07 D U L U H l l € -1.68 H A L L O Y S T -4.94 HEHATI TE -99.99 MACKINAH -99.99 MAGNtSl - 1 . M 4 PYKOPMYL -0.93 O U A R T Z 0 . 3 0

A N f l R P HU US -1.40

I N P U T D A T A I M O L E S PER L I T E R OF S O L U T I O N : t Q U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R FOR A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T 0 1 0.64YOE-04 M C T U T O.LZhOE-04 N A I U T 0.2697E-01 K T O T OoY970t-04 C L I O T 0.1467t-01 A L K 0 . 4 6 l ( x - 0 2 SO41UT 0.3956;-02 A L T O 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 F E T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 S R T U T 0.0000E+00 dAT0T O . O 0 0 0 E * O O L I T O T 0.1009E-03 NU3101 0.0000€*00 S 1 0 2 T O T O . L 6 6 Z E - 0 3 M l U T O . Z l Z 8 E - 0 3 dR T O T O . O O O O E + O O H Z S T U I 0 .0000€*00 NH410T 0 . O O O O E * O O

P H = 8 - 8 3 P E * 99.99 TEMP = 3 0 . 4 0 0 E C C D E N S I T Y 1 . 0 0 0 G M / C C

I O N I C S T R t N C T H = 0 . 0 3 0 8 3 1 U T A L OISS S O L I D S * l . B 3 C M / L I T E R S U L N T O T A L I N O R G C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y 0 . 4 2 1 5 E - 0 2 - L O C I P C O Z t = 3.46 - L O G I P O Z B = 99.99 - L O t i ( P C H S I = 99.99

I O N B A L A N C t E R R U R = 0 . 2 9 P E R C E N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 . 1 5 5 1 E - O 3 ( C H A R G E * M O L E S ) H Z O A C T I V I T Y 0.9991

1 N D I V 1 D U A L S P E C I ES M O L A L I 1 I E 5

OH- C A O H * M C C 0 3 0 N A S O 4 - B A O H * H4S I 0 4 A L OH4- F E O H J O F t * +

0 . I Z 0 5 t - 0 4 0.7925€-08 0.1140E-05 0. L P # 7 € - 0 3 0.0000E eo0 0 Z 3 7 E-03

0.0000€*00 0.000OE*00

0.0000~400

C 0 3 - C A C O 3 0 MCHCO 3 N A C L O S R * * H3S104 ALSO4* F E O H 4 - FEUH*

0.21 8 l E - 0 3 0.4198E-05 0 4498E-06 0.60 39E-05 0 . 0 0 0 0 E 4 0 0 0.29366 - 0 4

0.0000E * o o 0 . 00 OOE* 00

0.0000~400

H C 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 H t i S 0 4 0

S R O H * H Z S l O 4 ALSO42

FEOHZO

!*

F E C L * *

0.3863E-02

0 . 3 7 78E-05 0.984ZE-04 0.0000E * o o 0.1 196E-06 0.0000E.00 0.0000E.00 0.0000E*00

0 1 2 1 1 E-0 5 S04-- CA S O 4 0 NA. KS04- L I ~ A L * * * F E + * * F E C L Z + F E U O H -

N H 3 A Q 0 . 0 0 0 0 E + 0 0 N H 4 S 0 4 O.OOOOE*OO N03- O.OOOOE*OO H* H C L O 0.25Z l t -16 HZSAU 0.0000E*00 HS- 0.0000E+00 5-- H Z B 0 3 - 0.7392F-04 H Z C 0 3 * 0.10Z3E-04 U L A Q 0.0000E*00

I N D I V I O U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V I T I E S I - L O G A C I I V I T Y I

OH C A C O 3 0 M C S 0 4 0 K S04- L I O H 0 A L O H L + F E O H 3 F E D H t N 0 3 - S--

4.99 5.32 5.48 5-91 8.80

-99.99 -99 . 99 -99.90 -Y9.YY -99.99

CO3-- C A H C O 3 NA K C L O LI 504- A L O H 4 - Ff O M S - F E O H Z O H, BU --

3.94 5.98 1.65 7.51 6.14

-99.99 -99.99 -99.90

8 . 8 3 -99.99

H C O 3 - CA SO 40 N A C O 3- B A * * H4S I O 4 A L S O 4 4 F E C L + + F E O O H - HZSO4O H3BU30

2.48 4.98 4 . 2 0

-99.99 3.62

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

21.25 3.85

S04-- M C * * N A H C 0 3

H 3 S IU4 A L S U 4 L F E C L Z * F E S O 4 O 1~504- H Z B U f

B A O H ~


A D U L A R I A -990V9 A L B I T E -99.Y9 A N H Y O R I T -2.71 B R U C I T E -3.61 C A L C I T E -0.01 CA-MONT -99.99 G I B B S I T E -99.9'4 G t U T H I T E -99.99 CR I € G l l k -99.YY H U N T I T E -4.55 I l Y D T O M A C -3.72 I L L 1 7 t -9'4.99 M A C N € T I T -99.09 H l R A B l L T -5.15 N E S Q U L H U -3.h9 S I D E R I T E - ' )9-99 S T U O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 2.20

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C E S

- L O G H 4 S 1 0 4 0 3 . 6 2 Q U A R T Z O.7R C H A L C E O f l N Y

7 - 7 2 5 . 0 2 4 . 3 8

-99.99 5 - 6 1

-1J9.99 -99.99 -90.99

9.49 4.22

0.3671E-02 0.1045E-04

0 . 1 4 3 6 E - 0 5 0. L O O Z E - 0 3 0. OOOOE 00

0 . 0 0 0 0 E + 0 0 0.0000E*00

0.26bZE-0 1

0.0000~4 00

C L - M G * * N A C U 3 - K C L O L I O H 0 A L U H * * FEOH+* F E C L 3 0 F E S O 4 0

0.1469E-01 0. I 7 75E-04 0 . I 4 1 8 E - 0 4 0.2646E-07 0.1583t-08 0.0000E* 00

0 . OOOOE 00 0 . OOOOE 00

0 .OOOOE 400

C A * + M C O H * + N A H C O 3 B A * * L I S O C - A L O H 2 4 F EON24 FtiSO4. NH44

0 4 855E-04 0.1966E-0 7 0.4 AWE-04 0 . 0 OOOE + 00 0 (I 4 55 €-Ob 0.0 OOOE 00 0. OOOOE *oo 0.0 OOOE *OO 0.0000E 00

0.1696E-08 H Z S O 4 0 0.5628E-21 H S 0 4 - Oo37OOE-09 0.0000E*00 BR- O ~ O O O o t * O O ti30030 0.1393E-03

C L - MCOH* N A S O C - vi** H Z S 1 0 4 F E * * 4 F E C L 3 0 "4.

HZ cu 3 ncLo

1.91 7.71 3 . 6 3

-99.99 7.20

-99.99 -99.09 -99.99

16.59 4.99

C A * * M C C 0 3 0 N A C L O snont A L + * * F E U H * * F € S O 4 * N H 3 A 0 H Z l A O O Z A O

A N O R T H I T -99.99 A R A C O N I T - 0 . 2 7 C E L E S T I 1 -99.99 C H A L C E D N -0.16 G Y P S U M -2.70 H A L I T E -5.15 K A U L I N I T -99.99 K - M I C A -99.99 P H L O C U P T -97.99 P Y R l T t -99.99 T H E N A K D T -5 .82 W I T H E R I T - 9 Y . ' ) 9

-0.10 A - C R I S T O B A L I l t -0.37

4.59 5.94 5 . I 6

-99 . 99 -99 099 - 9 Y . 9 9 -09.99 -99.99 -Y9.99 -99.99

C A O H * M G H C 0 3 K 4 L I * A L O H * * F E O W * F E * * NH4S04 HS-

8.17 60 42 4.08 4.07

-99.99 -9Y.9V -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

B A R I T € -99.99 BOEHMITE -99099 C t 4 L U R I TE -99.99 D O L O M l 1 k -0.35 H A L L O Y S T -99.99 I i E M A T l I E -09.99 H A L K I N A H -99.99 M A G N E S I T -0.b4 P Y k U P t I Y L -99.99 Q U A R T Z 0 . 3 u

AHUWPHOUS -1.43

I N P U l U A I A (HOLES P E R L I T E R flk SOLUI ION : EOUlVALENlS PER L I T € R FOR ALKALIN ITY1 CATOT 0.4241C-03 H C T O I 0.2430E-04 NA lUT 0.2132E-01 K l O T 0.1457E-03 C L l O l 0.14Z5fi-01 ALK 0.168a-02 SO4101 O . 2 8 6 3 t - 0 2 A L T O 1 0.I4 3 O F - 0 6 F t T O 1 O . O O O U t + O O S R l O l 0.0000E*00 B A l U l 0.0000E*00 L I T O 1 0.1729E-03 NO3107 O.OOOOE*OO 5 I U Z T O T O.3H27t-03 t l l U l 0.5550E-04 t l R l O 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 E t O O H Z S I O l O . O O O O c * O O NH410T 0 . 0 0 0 O E ~ 0 0

P H = 0.40 PE = 99-99 T E M P 1 4405OD€C C D E N S I l Y = l .OOOGM/CC - L O G ( P C O Z ) = 3.35 -LOC(POZ) = 99.99 -LOC(PCH4) = 99.99 I O N I C STRtNGTti = 0.02471 I U l A L U I S S SOLIOS = 1.42Cl i /LITER SOLN 10lAL INORG CARBON M O L A L I T Y = 0.1569E-02 I U N BALANCt ERROR = 2.03PERCENT CATION EXCESS = 0 . 8 8 2 5 E - O 3 ( C H A R G E ~ M O L E S I

1 N D l V 1 DUAL SPEC I ES MOLAL I T I E S

on- C A O H + MCC030 MAS04- 0AOH+ H I S I04 A L OH4- FEOH30 F E * * NH3 A 0 ncLo HZB03-

0.1182E-04 0.62 70E-07 0.2981E-06 0.1r60E-03 0 . 0 0 0 0 € ~ 0 0 0 - 3535E-03 0.744 1E-06 0.0000f + 00 0.UOOoE 00 0.0000E eo0 0.2630E-15 0.1 1 OLE -04

C03-- CACO30 MCHCO 3 NACLO S R * ~ 3 5 1 0 4

FEon*

ALSO*+ FEOH4-

NH4S04 H Z S A O HZC03*

0.3695E-04 0.9650E-05 0 - 220 OE-06 0.5463E-05 0.0000E*00 0 -29 74E-04 0.6314E-19 0 . O O O O E * 0 0 0 . 0000E* 00 0.0000E t o o 0 000 OE 00 0.9185E -05

HCO3- 0.1474E-02 CAHC03 0.5253E-05 M G S O 4 0 0 . 3 2 OOE-05

SROH+ 0.0000E+00

A L S 0 4 2 0.7 7 3 6€-2 0

K t 0.14396-03

w s i w 0 . ~ 7 8 6 ~ 0 6

FECL+* 0.0000E*00 FEUHZO 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * O O

n5- O . O O O O E + O O N03- 0.0000E*00

OZAO 0.000OE+OU

I N D I V I DUAL SPEC 1ES ACT I V I T I ES f -LOG ACT I V I T I I

OH CACO3O H G S 0 4 0 I( 5 0 4 -

ALOHZ* FEOH3 F k O H * N03- 5--

L lono

5.00 5.01 5.49 5.77 8 - 4 1

1 1 - 4 8 -9v . 99 -99.99 -Y9.9V -99.99

C03-- CAHC03 HA + K C L O L I S 0 4 - ALUH4-

FF UHZO H* BR --

FE u n 4 -

4.69 5.34 1 - 7 4 7.41 6 . 0 3 6.20

-99.99 -99.99

8.40 -99.9')

HCO3- CAS040 NACQ3- 0 A * *

ALSI14* F ECL *+ FEOOH-

H3RU3O

n 4 s I 114

H Z S ~ ~ O

2 -90 4.19 * .7?

-99.99 3.45

19.27 -99.99 -99.99

20.20 4.35

SO4-- MG.4 NAHCO3 BACIH* H 3 S I 0 4 A L SO42 FECLZ* F E S O 4 0 HS04- HZBU3-

M I NE RAL S ATUR A T I ON I NO1 CE S

ADULARIA -1.27 ALBITE -1.45 ANHYORIl -1.85 BRUClTL -3 .56 CALCITE 0 . 2 3 CA-HUN1 -2.15 G I L I M S I I E - 2 . 6 0 C t UTHITE -99.99 G K l E G l T k -99.99 H U N T l l E -5.h4 I l Y D T O M A G -4.87 I L L I T F -2.13 HAGNEIIT -Y'?.V9 MlRALI lLT -6.08 I.(F SOULHO -4.22 S I D E R I l € -99-'3Y S l R U N l N l -99.09 T 4 L C I . h b

S I L I C A SATUdATION INOlCFS

- L O G ti4S 1040 3 .45 OUARTZ 0.26 CHALCtDONY

S04-- CAS040 MA K S 04- L 1 + AL*+* F E + * * F € C L Z * FEOOH- H* S --

2.85 4.94 4.89

-99.99 4.60

20.18 -99.99 -99.99

9.02 5.04

0.2621E-02 0.6 39 3E-04 0- 2 11 3E-0 1 0.195 I € - 0 5 0 - 1 7 2 1 E - 0 3 0.6122E-19

0.0000E*00 O.OOOOE* 00 0.45 3 6E-0 0 0.0000E*00

0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ 00

H 2 0 A C l I V I T Y = 0.9993

C L - 0.1426E-01 MG*+ 0.2058E-04 NAC03- 0.1993E-04 KCLO 0.3042E-07 LIOHO O . ~ B ~ I ~ E - O B

FEOH++ 0 . OOOOE roo ALOH++ O.4231E-15

FECL 30 0. OOOOE *OO F E S 0 4 0 0.0000E*00

d1- O . O O O o C + O O HZS040 0 .6318t -20

1.92 7 - 62 3 - 8 2

-99.99 7.01

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

15.58 5.01

C A * + 0.3458E-03 liGOH+* 0.2 l 3 7 E - 0 7 NAHC03 0 - 1285,E-04 BA++ O . O O O O E * O O

ALOHZ+ 0 .381ZE- l i L I S 0 4 - 01 1075E-05

FEOHZ+ O . O 0 0 0 t + 0 0 F E SO 4 0 0 OOOE 00 NH4* 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 E * 0 0 HSOI- 0.1 I Z ~ E - O ~ 1.138030 o.+~wE-o+

C A * t MCC030 N A C L O S R O H * AL*+* F €OH* + FESOQt NH3AU H Z S A Q 02 AU

3.72 CAOH+ 6.52 IJCHCO3 5 . 2 6 I(*

-90.99 L I * 19.72 ALUM++

-V9.99 FEOHZ* -99 .Y9 F E + * -YY.99 NH4SO4 -09.99 HS- -Y9. Y 9

7-27 6.71 3.91 3.83

15.63 -9Y.YY -99.Y9 - 99.99 - 99.99

ANORTHIT -4.47 ARACONIT -0.07 B A R I T t -99.99 B O E H H I T E -1.84 CELESTI I -99.99 CHALCEDN -0.13 CHLUKl l t 0.72 D U L O H I T E -0.b5 GYPSUM -1.92 HALITE -5.ZtJ r iALLUYS1 - 5 . 2 8 H E H A I I T E -90.90 KAOLINIT -1.39 K - M I C A - 3 . 6 1 HACKINAH -99.99 M A C M E S I T -1 .12 P t i L O C O P l -1.73 P Y R I T E -99.09 PYRUPHYL -0.55 UUARIL 0 .29 THtNARDT -6.13 H l T H t R I T -99.Y9

-0 .0 ' ) A-CRISTOBALITE - 0 . 1 4 AHOWPHOUS -1.39

INPUT DATA I l lOLES PER L I T E R OF SOLUTION : EOUIVALENTS P E R L I T E R FOR ALKALIN lTYb CATOT 0.17301:-04 M G T O T 0.197Ot-04 NATO1 0.2175E-01 K T O T 0.1023E-03 CLTOT Oo1284C-01 ALK 0.Z590E-02 S O 4 1 0 1 0 . 3 1 2 3 E - O Z A L I O T 0 . 3 7 1 5 E - O h F E T O T 0.0000E*00 SRTUT OoOOOOE*00 B A T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 t * 0 0 L I T 0 1 0 . 1 2 9 7 i - 0 3 N O ~ I O T o.ooow*oo ~ 1 ~ 2 ~ 0 1 0 . 1 9 9 7 ~ - 0 3 e r u ~ 0.1 1 1 0 ~ 4 3 3 H R I O T o.ooooEtoo H Z S T O T o.ooooe*oo N H ~ T O T o . o o o o ~ ~ o o

PH 8-81 PE = 99.99 TEMP = 31.60DEG C DENSITY = 1.OOOCH/CC -LOGIPCOZ) 3 - 6 8 -LOG(PO2I = 9 9 - 1 9 -LOG(PCH4I = 99.99 I O N I C STRENGTH = 0.02478 T O I A L D I S S SOLIDS = 1.43CH/LITER SOLN TOTAL I N O R C CARBON M O L A L I T Y * 0.23716-02 I O N BALANCE EKROR = 1.17PERCENT CATION EXCESS = 0 . 5 0 6 3 E - O 3 ( C H A R G E + M O L E S I H Z O A C T I V I T Y = 0.9993

I N D I V I D U A L SPECIES MOLALITIES

DH- CAOH* HGCU30 NAS04- BAOHt H I S 104 ALOH4- F € UHJO F E * * NH3ALQ HCLO HZB03-

0 1 2 3 7E-04 0.1087E-07 0 .62 lZE-06 0.1865E-03 0.00U0E*00 0.1781E-03 013 72 OL-06 O.OOOOE *oo 0 .U000€ 00 0.0000E *oo O.Zb53E-16 0.373bE-04

C03- CACO30 HCHCO 3 NACLO S R * * H3SIOl A L S 0 4 FEOH4- F €OH* NH4SO4 H2SAQ H2C03+

01 116OE-03 Oo3669E-05 0.24SOE-06 0 50 5 4E-05 0.000 OE 00 0 . 2 1 92E-04 0.1347E-19 0. OOOOE 00 0. OOOOE 00 0.0000E*00 0. OOOOE * 00 0.6084E-05

HC03- 0.2 188E-02 CAHCU3 0.9409E-06 HCSO 40 0.265 3E-05 K * 0.1012E-03 SROH* 0.0000E*00 HZS104 0.9374E-07 ALSO42 0.1 772E-20 FECL** 0.0000E*00 FEOHZO 0.0000E*00 N03- 0.0000E*00 HS- 0.0000E *OO UZAQ 0.0000E*00

I NO1 V I DUAL S P EC I ES ACT I V I T XES -LOG AC 1 I V I T Y 1

on CAC030 HG5040 KSO4- L I OH0 ALOHZ* F t U H 3 FEOH* NO3- 5--

4.98 5.43 5.57 5 - 9 6 8. b5

IC. LO -99 099 -9Y . 99 -99.Y9 -99. 99

CO3-- CAHCO3 NA t KCLO L l s04 - A L UHI- FF 0 H4- FEOHZO

BR--

4.19 60 0') 1.73 7 - 6 1 6. 10 6.50 - 99 . 9'#

-99.99 8.81

-99.99

HCO 3- CASU40 NACO3- BA** HIS I 0 4 a L s o + * FECL**

H2SU40 FEDIJH-

ti3811 30

2 - 7 2 4.93 4 - 5 1

-99 . 99 3.15

19.94 -99.99 -94.99

2 1 . 2 5 4.13

S04- M G t * NAHC03 8 A O t i t H 3 S I 0 4 ALSO42 FECL2* FES040 HSO4- H L R 0 3 -

S04-- 0.2922E-02 CAS040 0.117ZE-04 NA* 0.2 153E-01 KSOI- 0.1266E-05 L I * 0.1290E-03 A L * * * 0.1315E-19 F E * t 0.0000E*00 F E CLZ 0.0000E~00 FEuon- o . o o o o ~ * o o ne 0.1759E-OB 5-- 0.0000E*00

2.79 5.04 4.71

-99.99 4.73

ZU.82 -99.v9 -99.99

9.54 4.51

CL- 0-1285E-01 HC** 0.1619E-Ol NACO3- 0.3559E-04 KCLO 0.2452E-07 L lOHO 0 ~ 2 2 2 0 € - 0 8 ALUH** 0.846ZE-16 FE OH* 0.0000E *00

FE S U I 0 0.OOOoE * O O

BA- o.ooooE*oo

FECL30 O.OOOOE*OO

HZS040 0 .5533E-21

CL- MCOH* NAS04- S R * * H2S I 0 4 F E * * * FECL30 "4. HCLO n 2 co 3

1.96 7.77 3 * 7 9

-99.99 7.28

-99.49 -99.99 -99.99

16.57 5 - 1 1

C A * * MGCO 3 0 NACLO S*UH* A L * t t F t O H * * FESU4t NH3AQ H Z S A Q O Z A Q

4.47 6.20 5.29

-99.99 20.38

-99.99 -v9.99 -99.99 -9 9.9') -99. Y 9

C A t MCOH** MAHCU3 B A + * L I S04- A L O H Z * FEonz* FESO4* MH4t h504- ~ 3 ~ 0 1 0

C A O W MCHC03 K* L I * ALOH** FEOHZ* F E + * N H I S U I HS-

0.6107E-04 0.1963E-07

0 . 0 OOOE t o o OoYllSE-06 009248E-12 0.0000€*00 0.0 OOOE 00 0.0 OOOE 00 0.33UVE-09 0.7 380E-OI

0.19511~-04

6 - 0 3 6.68 4. Ob 3.95

16.33 -99.99 - 99.99 -99.99 -99.Y9

MINERAL SATURATION IMDlCES

ADULARIA -1.72 A L B I T E -1.88 ANHYDRIT -2.65 ANURTHIT -5.90 AR4GONIT -0.40 B A W I T E -99.99 BOEHMITE -2.09 6RUClTC -3 .60 C I L C l T E -0.14 CA-HUNT -3.19 CELESTIT -99.99 CHALCEON -0.30 CHLURITL 0.51 O O L O N l r E -0.73 GIBBSllE -2.77 G E U T H I T E -99.99 GR I E C I T t -99.99 GYPSUM -2.65 HAL ITE -5.29 HALLUYSI -5.99 H E t I A l l r E -99.99 HUNTITE -5.42 H Y O T O M A C -%.45 I L L I T E -2.88 KAULIN IT -1.97 K - M I C A -4.39 d A C K I N A W -99.Y9 H A G M E S I T -0.89

S IDERITE -'#9.99 STkUNTNT -99.'#9 TALC 1.62 THENAR01 -6.07 HllHtRIT -99.99 M A G N t T I I -9Y.Y') H I K A B I L T -5.45 NFSOUEHO -3.95 P n f l G O P T - 3 . 2 4 P Y R I T t -99.Y9 PYk(JYt1YL -3 .16 PUARTL O e l b

S I L I C A SATURATION INOICFS

-LOG H I S I U 4 0 3 . 7 5 QUARTZ 0 . 1 4 CHALCEOUNY -0.24 A-CRISTOBALI l€ - 0 - 5 0 AHORPHOUS -1.57

T I T L E O l 6 H l l 3 L O C A T 1014 D- l )h -Z7 -35ODDD I

I N P U T D A l A tP4OLtS P E R L I T E R OF S O L U T I O N : F O U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R FOR A L K A L I N I T Y J C A T O T 0.8480t-04 M G T O T O.ll50E-04 N A T O T 0.1327E-01 K T O 1 0.8440E-04 C L T O T O.6347E-OZ ALK 0.162ff-02 S U 4 T O T 0.104lE-02 A L T O 1 0.0000E*00 F E T O T O.OOOOE*OO 5R 101 0.0001)E*00 B A T 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 L I T 0 1 0 .3603E-04 M O ~ T O T o . u o o o ~ ~ o o SIOZTOT o.;l+ne~-03 B T O T o . i e 5 0 ~ - 0 4 B R T O T O . O O O O E * O O nzsror O.OOOOE*OO N H ~ T O T o.ooom*oo

P H * 8.58 PF = 99.99 T E M P = 23.8ODEC C D E N S I T Y 1 . 0 0 0 C M / C C - L O G ( P C O Z t = 3.65 - L O C ( P O Z J = 99.99 -LOGIPCH41 99.99 I O N I C S T R k M C T H = 0.01286 T O V A L O I S S S O L I D S = 0 . 7 8 C H / L I T E R SOLN T O T A L I N O R G C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y = 0.1545E-02 I O N BbLANCE € R R O R = 1 5 . 0 4 P E R C E N T C A T I O N € X C E S S = 0 . 3 5 3 4 E - O Z ( C H A R C E * M O L E S ) H Z O A C T I V I T Y = 0.9996

I NO1 V I D U A L SPEC 1ES M O L A L I I I ES

UH- C A O H * M C C 0 3 0 NAS04- B A O H * n4s 104 ALOH4- F E O H 3 0

“3110

H Z 8 0 3 -

F E * *

ncL o

0.39LOE-05 0.4 746E-08 0.1 +65€-Ob, 0.4343E-04 O.UOOOE*OO O.7155E-03 0 .ooo OE 00 0.00UOE*00 O.UOOOE*00 0.0000E 000 0.1036E-16 0.3639E-05

C03- C A C O 3 0 H G H C 0 3 N A C L O S R * *

ALSO4 FEOH4- F € O W NH4SO4 n2 s A 0

~ 3 ~ 1 0 4

H Z C O ~ ~

0.3390E-04 0.156OE-05 0.1171E-06 0.1662E-05 0.000 OE 00 0 -339 3E-04 0.0000E*00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 O.0000€+00 0 .000OE * o o 0 . OOOO€ 00 0.794 4E-05

H C O ~ - O . L ~ ~ ~ E - O Z

K * 0 . e 4 09 E-o 4 S R O H * O.OOOO€*OO

C A H C 0 3 Oe7252E-06 M C S 0 4 O 0.7353E-06

H Z S 104 0.31 79E-07 A L S O 4 2 0.0000E *00 F E U * * 0.0000E*00 FEOHZO O.OOOOE*OO N 0 3- 0 0 0 0 0 E 00 ns- O.OOOOE*OO OZAO 0.0000E*00

S04-- C A SO40 N A * N 5 0 4 - L I * A L * * * F E * * * F E C L Z + F EOOH- ti* S--

0.99 1 OE-03 0 . 6 2 3 3 E - O S 0.1322E-01 0.3636E-06 0.3S96E-04 0. OOOOE + O 0 0.0000E* 00 0.0000E *oo 0.0000E* 00

0.0000E*00 0.2905~-oe

C L - M G * * N A C 0 3 - K C L O L I OH0 ALUM** FEOH** F E C L 3 0 FES040

HZSO4 BR-

l N D l V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C l I V I T I E S ~ - L O C A C T I V I T Y J

0 6 35 OE -0 2 0 . I05 IE-04 0.5304E-OS 0.1095E-07 0.1719t-09 0.0000E*00 0. OOOOf too 0. OOOOE 00 0.0000E*00

0 0.407bf-21 0. OOOOE 00

O H C A C O 3 0 M C S O I O KS04-

A L O H 2 4 L lotio

F E O H ~ F E O H * N03- 5- -

5 - 4 6 5.81 6.13 6 0 49 9.76

-99.99 - 9 Y .Y9 -99. 99 -99.93 -99.99

CO3--

MA K C L O L I s04- AL D HS- FEOH4- FE OH20

BR --

U H C O ~

w

4.64 6 1 19 1.93 7.96 7-05

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

8.58 -99.99

H C 0 3 - CAS040 N A C 0 3 - EA*. HIS104 A L S O + *

FEOUH- H Z S 0 4 0 H38030

F C C L * *

2.88 5.20 5 - 3 2

-99.99 3.14

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

2 1 - 3 9 4.83

so4- HG* NAHC03 BAOH* H3S I O 4 ALSO42 FECLZ* FESU4O

HZB03- nsu4-

3.20 5 - 1 7 5.05

-99.99 4.52

-9Y. 99 -99.99 -99 . 99

9.81 5.50

C L - MCOH* N A S O C - S R * * H L S 104 FE ** t F E C L 3 0 N H 4 *

H Z C 0 3 HcLo

2.25 8.42 4.41

-99.99 7.69

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

16.98 5.10

C A * * M C C O 3 0 N A C L O SI(OH* A L * * * FEOH** FESO4* NH3AO H Z S A O O L A O

4.31 6.83 5. 78

-v9.90 -09.99 -90.v9 -99 099 -99.99 -99.9’) -YY.YY

C A * * 0.7634E-04 MCOH** 0.4250L-08 “ K O 3 0.8793E-05 B A * * 0~0000E*00 L I S 04- 0 9 961 E-0 7 ALOHZ* 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 F EOHZ 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * O O FES04* 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 E * 0 0 NH4* 0.0000E+00 HSOI- 0 . I ~ S O E - O ~ ti38030 0.1488E-06

CAOH* HGHtO3 K * L I * ALOH*+ F E O H Z * F E * * N H 4 S M HS-

8.37 60 98 4 - 1 3 4.49 - 99.99 - 99.99

-99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99

MINERAL S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C E S

A D U L A R I A -99.99 A L B I T E -99.99 A N H Y D R I T -2.97 A N O R T H I T -99.99 A R A C O N I T -0.74 B A R I T E -99.99 BOEHMITE -99.99 B R U C l T t -4 .67 C A L C I T E -0.48 C A - H O N T -99.99 C E L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E D N 0.39 C H L O W l T t -99.99 D O L O M I T E -1.76 G I B B S I T E -090V9 C E O T H I T E -99.99 CK I E C l T t -99.Y9 G Y P S U M -2.91 H A L I T E - 5 . 7 6 HALLUYjT -99.99 H E M A T l T E -99.99 H U N T I T E -7.93 H Y D T O H A C -7.15 I L L I T E -99.99 I ( A t 1 L I N l T -99.99 K - H l C A -99.99 H A C K L N A H -99.99 MAGNkSIT -1.58 H A G N E T I T -9Y.4’4 IIll4AI31LT -5.69 NESOUEHO -4.61 P H L O C O P T -99.99 P Y R I T E - 9 Y . Y 9 PYMUPI- IYL -99.99 O U A R T I 0 . b 8 S I O t R I T E -‘)V.Y9 5 T L O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 1.60 T H E N A R D T -6.88 W l T H k R I T -VV.YY

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N D I L L S

0.18 A H U K P H O U S -0.89 - L O G H 4 S 1 0 4 0 3 . 1 4 O U A R T Z O . H 5 C H A L C F O O N Y 0.45 A - C R I S T O B A L I T E

T I T L E O l l H B 3 L O C A T 1 f I N O - 0 7 - 2 7-0 Z A d d B

I N P U V D A T A ( H O L E S P E R L I T E R OF S O L U T I O N I E Q U I V A L E N T S P € R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T 0 1 0 . 1 2 4 7 t - 0 3 M C T O T 0.7360E-04 N A T O 1 0.1261E-01 KTU1 OolO74E-03 C L T O T 006319t-02 A L K O.44OOE-02

NU3101 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 L ~ 0 0 S l O Z T O T O . l h 5 4 F - 0 3 B T U T 0 0 2 3 1 3 E - 0 4 HR TU1 0.0000E*00 H Z S T O T 0.0000t*00 N H S I O T O ~ O O O O E ~ O O S U ~ T O T o.vet19t-03 A L T O T O . O O O O E + O O F E T U T O . O O O O E + O O S T O T O . O O O O E ~ O O B A I O T O . O O O O L * O ~ L ~ T O T 0.3603~-04

PH = 8 .52 PE * 9 9 - 9 9 TEMP 26.ZODEC C D E N S I T Y = l . O O O C M / C C - L O G I P C O Z I = 3.13 - L O G t P O Z ) 99.99 - L O C ( P C H I ) = 99.99 I O N I C S T R t N G T H = 0 . 0 1 3 9 4 T O l A L U l S S S O L I D S 0.93GH/LITER S O L N T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N H O L A L I T V = 0 - 4 2 7 3 E - 0 2 I O N B A L A N C E E R R O R * 1 . 4 5 P E R C C N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 . 3 ? 0 6 E - O J I C H I R C E * M U L E S ~ H Z O A C T I V I T Y 0.9996

INOIVIDUAL S P E C I E S MOLALITIES

OH- c AOn4 M G C 0 3 0 N A S O C B A O H 4 t i 4 5 1 0 4 ALOH4- F E O H 3 O F E * 4 N H 3 A O H C L O

0 - 4 1 13E-05 O . ~ O Z O E - O B 0.9387E-06 0. 3 9 0 1E-04 0 -0000E 4 00 0 .?318E-03 0.0000t 400 O.OOOOE*00 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 E 400 ' 0.000OE+00 0.15 I 8E - 16

C 0 3-- C A C O 3 0 H C H C O ~ N A C L O S R 4 4 H3S I04 A L S O 4 4 F EOH4- F E O W NH4.504 H Z S A O

0.920 7E-04 0 . 5#64E -05 008061E-06 0.1556E-05 0.0000€* 00 0 . 3 4 2 qE-04 0.0000E*00 0.0000E~00 0.0000E*00 0 . 0 0 0 0 E t 0 0 0 0 000 OE 4 00

H C 0 3 - 0.4108E-02

N C S U 4 0 0 . 170ME-O 5

S R O H * 0.0000E+00

C A H C 0 3 0.2999E-05

K 4 0.1070E-03

H2S I O 4 0,3758E-07 ALSO42 0 . OOOOE 400 F E C L * 4 0.0000E*00 F E O H Z O 0 .OOOOE 40 0 N03- 0.0000E 400 HS- 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ + 0 0

H 2 0 0 3 - 0-4238€.-05 H 2 C 0 3 * 0.2438E-04 O Z A O 0.0000E*00

INOIVIDUAL S P E C I E S A C T I V I T I E S t -LOG A C T I V I T Y 1

OH C A C O 3 0 M C S 040 K S O I - L I O H O A L O H Z + FtOH3 FEOH4 N03- 5--

5 - 4 4 5 - 2 4 5.?7 6 - 4 0 V - I Z

-99. 99 -v9 . 9Y -99. 9 9 -99 . 9 9 -99.99

cu 3,- C A M C 0 3 MA 4

K C L O L I S O I - ALUH4- FC OH4- F E OH20

Be -- ne

*.24 5.57' 1.95 7-86 7.00

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

8.52 -99.99

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C 0 3 - B A t * H4S I04 A L S O 4 4 F E C L 4 4 FEOOH- HZ S 0 4 0 ~ 3 0 0 3 0

2 - 4 4 5.08 4.89

-99.99 3.13

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

2 1 . 2 1 4.72

so*-- H C 4 4 N A U C O 3 BAOH4 H 3 S I M A L S O 4 2 F E C L 2 4 F E S O S O HSlJ4- H2803-

so4-- C A S 0 4 0 N A 4 K S 0 4 -

A L 4 4 4 F E 4 4 4 F E C L 2 4 F E O O H - ti* S --

L 1 4

3.23 4.78 4 . 6 4

-99.09 4 - 5 2

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

9.75 5.43

00 9403E-03 0.0 2 3 2 E-05 0.1255E-01 0.44976-06 0.3597E-04 0.0000E~00 0. OOOOE 4 0 0 0 0 00 OE 4 0 0 0.0000~4 00 0 . 3 34 7E-08 0.0000E*00

C L - MG OH 4

N A S 0 4 - S R 4 4 H 2 S l O C FE 4 * 4

F E C L 3 0 NHI 4

H Z C 0 3 ncL o

C L - 0.6323E-02 HC** 0.2616E-04 N A C 0 3 - 0 . 1 4 3 Y - 0 4 K C L O 0.13 75E-07 L I O H O 0.190%-09 ALOH4 4 0 0000E+ 00 F E O H 4 0. OOOOE 400

F E S 0 4 0 0 .0000E~00 F E C L 3 0 0 . OOOOE 400

HZS040 0 - 5 7 3 b E - 2 1 8R- 6 . O O O E 400

2-25 8 - 0 0 4.46

-99 . 99 7.62

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 16.82

4 - 6 1

C A 4 4 U C C O 3 0 N A C L O S R L l H 4 A L * t * F E W + * F € S O + * N H 3 A Q H Z S A Q O Z A O


A O U L A R I A -9'3.99 A L B I T E -99099 A N H Y D R I T -2 .84 A N O R T H I T -99.99 A R A C O N I T -0 .18 B R U C I T L -4.25 C A L C I T E 0.08 C A - M O N T -99.99 C E L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E D N 0 . 3 8 C I B M S I T E -990Y9 C E U T H I T E -99.99 Clc I E C I T E -99.99 G Y P S U H -2.79 H A L I T E -5.79 H U N I I T t -4.06 HYDTOMAG -4.80 I L L I T E -990'39 K A O L I N 1 1 -V9099 K - M I C A -99.99 M A L N t T l T -99.99 H I R A B I L T -6.08 N t S ? U L H O - 3 . 7 9 P H L O C O P T -99.99 P Y R I T t -99.Y9 SIDtKIT€ -99.99 T T R U N T N T -99.99 T A L C 2.65 1 H E N A R O T -6.95 W I l H t R I T -99.9')

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N O I C E S

- L O G H C S I U 4 0 j . 1 3 O U A R T Z 0.83 C H A L C r O O N Y 0.4 3 A-CR I S T O R A L I T E 0.17

C A + * 0 0 1 0 7 8 E - 0 3 H6OH** 0- 1123E-07 NAHCO3 0.2290E-04 @ A * * O.OOOO€+OO L ISO4- 0-9293E-07 *Lon2 4 o .o OOOE 400

N w + O.OOOOE+OO tiso+- O . ~ O L I E - O ~

F E O H Z I 0-OOOOE *00 FES044 0~0000E+00

H38030 0.1891E-04

4 - 1 7 CAOH+ 6 . 0 3 MGHC03 5.81 I(*

-99.99 L 1 * -V909Y ALOH** 4 9 . 9 9 F E O H Z t -99.99 F E * + -9Y.99 NH4SOC -Y9.99 HS- -99.99

8.20 6-15 4.02 4. 49 - 99.99 - 99.99

-99.Y9 -99.99 - 99.99

B A R l l t -99.99 BOEHHITE -99.99 C H L O R I T E -99.99 D O L O M I T E -0.37 H A L L U Y S I -99.99 H t H A T l I t -99.99

P V K O P H Y L -99.99 P U A R T Z 0.M3 M A C K I N A H -99099 M A C N k S I T - 0 . I C

A H O K P H U U S -0.90

INPUT O A T A I M O L E S P E R LITER OF SOLUTION : EOUIVALENT5 P E R LITER FOR ALKALINITY) C A T 0 1 0.Y130t-04 HCTOT O . l l 5 O E - 0 4 N A T O T 0.163lE-01 K T U T 0.1253E-03 CLTOT 0.6347E-02 ALK 0.433C€-02 S U I T O T 0.CIYUE-07 A L T O 1 0.0000E*00 F E T O T O . O O O O E * O O SR 1UT 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 BATUT O.OOOOt*OO L I T O T 6-46 12E-04 NO3TUT 0.0000t*00 S I O Z T O T 0.1032E-02 B l O T 0.4625E-04 P R T O T O . O O O O E * O O H Z S T O T O . O O O O E * O O N H I T O I O.OOOCE*OO

PH * 8.47 PE * 99.99 TEMP = 39.4OOEG C D E N S I T Y I.OOOGM/CC -LOC(PCOZ# = 3 . 0 2 -LOCIPUZ) = 99.99 - L O G ( P C H S ) = 99.99 l O N l C S T R E N G T H 0.01851 T O T A L D I S S S O L I D S l.l8GH/LITER SOLN T O T A L INURG CARBON MOLALITY 0.4118E-02 I O N BALANCE E R R O R 3 o Z Z P E R C E N T C A T I O N E X C E S S 0 ~ 1 0 2 9 E ~ O Z ~ C H A R C E + M O L E S ~ H Z O A C T I V I T Y x 0.9995

1 Nul V I O U A L SP EC I E S MOLAL I T I E S

OH- C A O H + NGCO30 NASO4- B A O H * H4S 104 ALOH4- F EUH30 F E 4 4 NH3AQ H C L O HZB03-

0.9640t-05

0 . 4004E-Ob 00 126bE-03 0.OOOOE *oo 0 95 8 1E-03 0.0000E 400 0 . 0 0 0 0 € ~ 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0 0. OOOOE 00 0.6294E -16 0 95 1 8E-05

0.11 bOE-07 C03- CACO30 MCHC03 NACLO S R * 4 H3S104 ALSO4* FEOH4- F €Ut+* MI44504 H Z S A Q HZCU3e

0.1027E-03 0.5647E-05 0 282 6 E-06 OolY35E-05 0.0000E*00 0.751OE-04 0.0000€ *oo 0.0000E *oo 0.0000E*00 0.0000E*00 0.00 OOE 00 0.2297E-04

HC03- CAHC03 RCSO40 U * SROH+ HZSlO4 ALSO62 FECL* FEOHZO N03- H5 - OZAP

0.3920E-02 0.2785E-05 0.1 460E-0 5 0.12 39E-0 3 0.0000E*00 0.3 1 2 8 E-06 0.0000E*00 0.0000E *oo 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 0.0000E 400 0.0000E*00 0.0000E*00

S04-- CAS040 M A * KS04- L I * AL**+ F E * + * FECLZt F E OOH- H* S--

0.2 358E-02 0.1388E-04 0.1614E-01 0 .15 lOE-05 0.459OE-04 0 . 0 0 0 0 € ~ 0 0 0.0000E* 00 0.0000€* 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 0.3808€-08 0.0000E+00

O H CACO30 H C S O I O KS04-

ALOHZ* F €OH3 F €OH* N O 3- 5--

L lono

INDIVIDUAL S P E C I E S A C T I V I T 1 E S (-LOG A C 1 l V l T Y )

5.08 5.25 5.83 5. B B 9.11

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

C03-- CAHC03 NA 4

KCLO LIS04- ALOH4- FEOH4- FE OH20 M* BY --

40 22 5.61 1.85 7-81 6.62

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

8. 47 -99.99

HC03- CAS040 NAC03- E A * * H I S IO4 ALSU4*

FEOOH- H25n40 H3RO 3 0

FECL**

2.46 4.86 4-50

-99.99 3.02

-99.99 -99.99 -Y9.99

20.46 4.43

504--

NAHC03

H3S 104 ALSO42

F E 5040 HS04- HZBU3-

HC* t

BAOH+

FECLZ*

2 086 5.25 4.57

-99.99 4 - 1 8

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

9.17 5.09

U- HCOH* NA 5 04- SR 4 *

H Z S I O 4 F E * * * FECL30 NH4 HCLO HZCU3

CL- 0.635s-02

NAC03- 0.3609E-04

L l O H O 0.7752E-09 ALOH** 0 . OOOOE 00 f E O H * * 0.000M*00

nc*+ 0.9360~-05

KCLO 0.1537E-07

FECL30 0.0000E+00 F E S 04 0 0 . OOOOE 00

8 R - O.OOO0t 400 H Z S 0 4 0 0.3426E-20

2 - 2 6 8.04 3.96

-99.99 6.73

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

16.20 4.64

C A * * HCC030 N A C L O S Y o t i 4 AL** * F E W * * F E S O 4 * NH3AQ H Z S A O J Z A O

4.35 6 .40 5.71

49.99 -99.09 -09.99 -Y9.9Y -v9.99 -90.99 49 .99

C A * MCOH** NAHC03 8A4 L 1 SOC- ALOHZ* FEOH2* F E S O 4 + NH4 HSO4- H3B030

0.7509E-04 0 1 026E-0 7 0.271OE-04 0.0 OOOE+ 00 0.2 7 72 E-O b

0.0000E*00 O . O O O O E + O O 0.0000E *oo 0.7 819E-09 0.3679E-04

0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 400

CAOH. MCHCO3 U * L I * AILOH** FEOH2* F E t + PIHISO+ HS-

I . 99 6-61 3.97 4.39

-99.99 - 09.99 -99.Y9 -99.99 - 99.99

I4 I NE R A L SA TUR A T ION I NDl C E S

IOULARIA -93.99 ALBITE -99.99 ANHYDRIT -2.54 A N U R T H I l -99.99 A R A C O N I T - 0 . 2 6 B A R I T E -99.99 BOEHMITE -99.99 B R U C I T t - 4 . 0 3 CALCITE 0.02 CA-MONT -99.99 CELESTI r -99.9'3 CHALC€DN 0.35 CHLnRlTE -99.99 D O L O H l I E -007'a C I B B S I TE -99.99 C E O T H I T E -99.99 CR I E C I T E -99.99 G Y P 5UH -2 .58 H A L l T t - 5 . 7 2 tIALLUY51 -99.99 H E M A T I -99.Y9 H U N T I T € -5.61 HYUTOMAG -5.14 ILLITE -99.99 KACILINIT -99.99 K - H I C A -99.YY M A C K I N A H -99.99 M A C N k S I T -1.02 HAGNET I T -990Y9 M I Y A B 1 L T -6.09 NESQULHO - 4 . 1 1 PHLOCOPT -99.99 P Y R I T E -99.99 PYI(UPHVL -9Y.Y9 OUAkTL 0.70 S I D E R I T E -99.9'4 S T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 2 . 4 8 1HENAROT -6.37 W I T H E R I T -99.99

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C t S

0.40 A-CRI S T LIB AL I T E 0.15 AMORPHOUS -0.91 - L O G HIS1040 3 - 0 2 QUARTZ 0 . 7h C H A L C E D O N Y

I N P U I D A T A ( H O L E S P E R L I T E R OF S O L U T I O N : E Q U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T O T o . ? z i o t - o + M G T O T O . ~ I O O E - O ~ N L T O T O . ~ S B H E - O L K T O T O . ~ Z ~ B E - O ~ C L T O T 0 . 5 1 5 5 t - 0 ~ ALK O . + O ~ O E - O Z S O 4 T O T O . Z R 6 3 E - 0 2 A L T O 1 O . O O O O E * O O FE T O T 0~000OE*0O SR T O T 0.0000k*00 B A T 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 L I T U T 004756E-04 N O 3 1 0 1 O.OO(iO€tOO S I O Z T O T O.1ORZE-02 B T O T 0.4625E-04 H R T O J 0.0000E*00 H Z S I O T O-OOOOE*00 N H I T O T 0.00OOE*00

PH - 8 . 6 3 f E = 99.99 TEHP = 4 8 . 4 0 0 E G C D E N S I T V = l .OOOGM/CC - L O C ( P C O Z I = 3.18 - L O G ( P O Z ) 2 990Y9 - L O G l P C H 4 ) = 99.99 I O N I C S T R E N G T H = 0.01853 T O T A L D I S S S O L I D S * 1 ~ 1 7 G f l / L I I E R S O L N T O I A L I N O R G C A R B O N H O L A L I I V 9 0.3687E-02 I O N B A L A N C C E R R O R = 2 . 0 4 P E R C E N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 . 6 ~ 6 4 E - 0 3 1 C H A R G E l H O L E S ) H Z O A C T I V I T Y 0.9995


on- o.z5+9~-04 C A O H * 0.2191E-07 H G C O 3 0 0.21 7 4 t - O b N A S O 4 - 0 . 1 * 6 5 € - 0 3 B A O H t 0 .0000t~00

A L On4- 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ t 00 F E OH30 0 OOOOE 00 F t t t 0 . 0 0 9 O E t O O

HIS 104 0.9) 1 1 ~ 0 3

N H 3 A 0 O.OOOOE*OO HCLO 0.9118€-16 H2803- 0.1*07€-04

C03- 0 . 1 4 S I E - 0 3 C A C O 3 0 0.73546-05

N A C L O O.lb93E-05 H G H C O ~ 0.89 r o e 0 7

n3s101 0.152 ~ ~ - 0 3 A L S O 4 * 0.0000E*00 F E OH4- 0 . 000 OE 00 F E O H t 0.0000E*00 NH4S04 0.0000Et00 HZSAQ O.OOOOE*OO

S R * * O e 0 0 0 0 E * 0 0

H Z C O ~ + 0.1353~-04

on C A C O 3 3 M cs 0 4 0 K SO+-

A L O H Z * F E O H I F€OH+ N03- S --

L ion0

I N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V I

4 - 6 6 5 -13 6 . 2 2 5.76 8.58

-99.99 -99 . 99 -99 . 99 -99 . 99 -99.99

C 0 3 - - CAHC03 MA K C L O L I so4- AL OHI- FE 0144- F t OH20 ti* BW --

4.0? 5.72 1.87 7.85 6.55

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

-99.99 8-63

~ ~ 0 3 - 0 . 3 42 ZE-o z C A H C O 3 0.2174E-05 HGSO 4 0 0.5 938E-06 I(+

SR OH + 0 12 59E-0 3 0 00 OOOE +OO

H Z S I U ~ 0.2oesi-os A L SO4 2 0 .0000E e00 F E C L * * 0.0000E*00 F L O U 2 0 0 - 0 OOOE to0 N03- O.OOOO€*OO HS- O ~ O O O O E * O O O Z A Q 0.0000E*00

I E S I - L O G A C T I V I

H C 0 3 - 2.52 CASO'iO 4.94 N A C O 3 - 4.19 B A t * -99.99 H I S 1 0 4 3-03 A L S 0 4 t -99.99 F E C L *+ -99.99 F E O U H - -Y9.99

Y l

SO+-- H G * * M A H C 0 3 BAOH* H3S104 A L SO42 F E C L Z * F E S O 4 0

SO+-- 0.2705E-02 C A S 0 4 0 0.1146E-04 MA+ 0.1565E-01 US 04- 0.2 00 3E-05 L I * 0.47296-01 A L * * * 0.0000E*00 F E * + * O.OOOOE*OO fE C L Z * 0.0000E+00 f EUOH- 0 . 0 0 0 0 E + 0 0 nt 0 rn 2 64 OE-08 S-- 0.0000E* 00

2.81 5 . 7 2 4 - 1 4

-99.99 3.88

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

CL- 0.5760E-02 M G * + 0- 3194E-05 N A C U 3 - 0.7314E-04 U C L O 0. 14 09E-07 L I O H O 0e2613E-08 A L O H + * 0.0000E*00 FE OH+ 0. OOOOE 00 FE C L 3 0 0. OOOOE t 00 F E S O I O 0.00OOE * O O

BR- 0 , 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 tizso4o O . Z ~ Z I E - Z O

C L - MGOHt N A S 0 4 - SR + *

F t * * + F E C L 3 0

nzs Io4

Nt i4 t ticL o

2-30 8.05 3.89

-99.99 5.91

-99.Y9 -99.99 -99.99

16.04

C A * + M C C O 3 O N A C L O S U M * A L * * * FEOH+* F E S O I + N H 3 A Q HZSAP


A O U L A R I A -99.99 A L B I T E -99.99 A N H Y D R I T -2.58 A M O R T H I T -99.99 A R A G O N I T -0 .22 B R U C l T t - 3 - 6 7 C A L C I T E 0.09 CA-MONT -99.99 C E L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E O N 0 . 2 5 G I B d S l T E -99.99 G E O I H I T E -99.99 GR I E G I T E -99.99 G Y P S U M -2.66 H A L I T E -5.80 H U N T I T E -bo10 H V O I O H A G -5.25 I C L I T E -99.99 K A O L I N I T -99.99 K - H l C A -99.99 M A G N E T I T -Y9.79 H I R A B I L T -6.44 NC S Q U E H O -4.34 P H L O G U P T -99099 P Y R I T E -99.99 S I U Z K I T E -9Y.99 S T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 2.66 T H t N A R O T - 6 . 3 3 HlTHtRIT -99.9Y

5 1 L i C A S A T U R A T I O N I N D I L E S

- L O G H S S l O I O 3 - 0 3 O U A K T I 0.63 C H A L C E D O N Y 0 . 2 8 A - C R I S T O B A L I I€ 0.04

4 - 5 2 C A O H t 6.66 M G H C 0 3 5.77 K *

-99.99 L I * -99.99 A L O H * * -99.99 FEOH2* -99.99 F E t t -99.99 N H 4 S O 4 4 9 - 9 9 HS- -99. Y V

0.5 147E-04 0.1020E-07 0. Z 283E-04 0.0 OOOE t o o 003246E-06 0.0 OOOE * O O O.OOOOE*OO 0.0000€+00 0.0 OWE 00 0.8034E-09 0 . 3 2 2 3 E - O +

7.72 1.11 3.96 4.38 - 99.99

-99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99

B A R I T E -99.99 8 0 E H M l T E -99.99 C n L o i t i r E -99.99 O O L O M I T E -0.93 H A L L U Y S T -Y9.99 H E M A T I T E -99.99 M A C K I N A W -99.99 H A G N t S I T -1.23 P Y d U P H I L -99.99 Q U A R T Z 0 . 6 4

AHORPt1OUS -1.01

1

T I T L E 0 2 0 H 8 3 L O C A T l l J N 0-07-27-llBEHH

I N P U t O A I A ( M O L E S PER L I T E R OF S O L U T I O N E Q U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R FOR A L K A L l N l T Y J C A T 0 1 0 . 7 9 H O L - 0 4 NGTOT 0 . 4 1 O O E - 0 5 N A T U T 0 . 1 5 8 8 E - 0 1 K T U T Ool38lE-03 C L T O T 0 . 6 1 2 2 E - 0 2 A L K O . 4 1 1 0 E - 0 2 S O 4 T U T 0.2811C-02 A L T O 1 O.OOOOE*OO F E T O T 0.0000E~00 S R T U l O.OOOOE*OO B A T 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * 0 0 L I T O T O o 5 0 4 4 E - 0 4 N O 3 1 0 1 0.OOOOEtOO S I 0 2 1 0 1 0.1082E-02 B T U T 0 . 4 1 6 3 E - 0 4 B R T O T O.OOOOE400 HZSTUT 0.0000t*00 N H 4 1 0 T O.OOOOE+i)O

P H = 8 - 5 3 PE ' 49 .99 T E N P I 9 r i l O D E C C D E N S I T Y = 1 . 0 0 0 G N / C C - L O C 4 P C O Z l 3.05 - L O G ( P O Z J 99.99 - L O C I P C H 4 1 99.99 I O N I C S T R E N G T H * O o 0 1 8 6 2 T O T A L O l S S S O L I D S l . l 6 C f l / L I T E R S O L N T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y = 0 o 3 7 7 9 E - 0 2 I O N B A L A N C L E K R U R - 1 . 2 1 P E U C t N T C A T I O N t X C E S S J 0 . 3 8 1 3 ~ - 0 3 ~ C H A R G E * M 0 L E S I H Z O A C T I V I T Y = 0.9995

INOIWIOUAL S P E C I E S M O L A L I T I E S

OH- C A O H + N G C O U ) N A S O 4 - BAOH* I 4 4 5 1 0 4 ALOHI- F €01430

N H 3 A Q

HZB03-

F E 4 *

ncLo

0.2134E-04

0.184 O€-Ob 0 m LO 6 5 E - 0 7

0.1442E-03 0.000 OE 00 0.9554E-03 0.0000€*00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0 0.0000E*00 0.0000€ *oo 0.131 2 E - 1 5 0 . 1 0 8 5 E - O I

C 0 3 - - C A C O 3 0 M C H C 0 3 N A C L O S R * + H ~ S I O I ALSO44 F E O H 4 - F E O H + N H 4 S 0 4 HZ S A 0 H Z C 0 3 *

0.1205E-03 0.702 Z E - 0 5 0." 39E-07 0 . 1 8 0 0 E - 0 5 0.0000~400

0.000 0 ~ 4 0 0 0 . 1 2 7 9 E - 0 3

0 . 0 0 0 0 E 4 0 0 0.0000E 4 00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0 0.00 uo E * 00 O . l l b 3 E - 0 4

H C 0 3 - 0 . 3 5 4 5 E - 0 2 C A H C 0 3 0 . 2 5 8 0 E - 0 5 M C S O 4 0 0 . 5 8 9 5 E - 0 6 K * 0.1361E-03 S R O H + 0.0000E+00 nzs104 o . i 49s~-o5 A L S O 4 2 0.0000E*00 FECL++ 0.0000E+00 F E U H Z O 0.0000E~00 N 0 3 - 0.0000E *00

OZAQ 0.0000E*00 HS- 0 . O O O O E 400

OH C A C O 3 0 M G S O I O K S O 4 - L 1 OH0 A L O H Z t F E O H 3 F E O H + N O ) - 5- -

I N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C l l V l T l E f t - L O G A C T I V I T Y I

4.73 5. 15 6 - 2 3 5.73 8.62

-99.99 -99.99 - 9 Y . 99 -99.99 -99. YY

C 0 3 - - C A H C 0 3 NA t K C L O L I 5 0 4 - ALII H4- F E U H I - FE OH20 H t BR --

40 15 5-65 1.87 7.79 6.53

-99.99 -99.9v -9 9.99

8.53 -99.99

H C 0 3 - C A S O I O N A C O 3 - B A 4 * t i 4 5 1 0 4 A L S O 4 * F E C L * e FEOOH- H Z S O Q O H 3 B O 3 0

2 - 5 1 4.90 4.26

-99 . 99 3 002

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

20 .32 4.51

S 0 4 - - H G t + N A H C U 3 BAOH* t i35104 A L S O 4 2 F E C L Z . F E S 0 4 O H S 0 4 - HZBO3-

M I N E R A L S A T U R A T I O N l N D I C € S

A O U L A R I A -99.99 A L B I T E -99099 ANHYDRIT -2 .53 B R U C I T C -3.83 C A L C I T E 0.06 C A - M O N T -99.99 G 1 l ) B S I T E - 9 9 . Y 9 G E O T H 1 T E -99.99 GR I t G I T € -9'4.Y9 HUNTITE -6-3L H Y D T O M A C -5.59 I L L I T E - 9 9 . 9 9 N A G N E T I T -990'49 N I R A B I L T -6.48 N E S Q U k H O -4.41 S I D t R I l E -99.99 STKONTNT -99.99 T A L C 2.17

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N U I C E S

- L O G H 4 5 1 U 4 0 3 - 0 2 O U A R T I 0.63 C H A L C E D O N Y

S04-- C A S 0 4 0 MA U S 04- L I4 A I - + + * F E * t * F E C L Z * F E O O H - H* 5--

2 - 8 1 5 . 7 2 4.62

-99.99 3.95

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

9.05 5.04

0.2654E-02 O.lZ62E-04 0.1566E-0 1 0.2 1 * 5 € - 0 5 0.50 l b E - 0 4 0.0000E400 O.OOOOE.OO

O.OOOOE.OO 0 . 3 3 2 5 E - 0 8 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0

0. OOOOE 400

C L - 0.6 1 2 7E-02 MG* 0. 3228E-05 N A C O 3 - 0 . 6 2 7 9 E - 0 4 K C L O 01 IblBE-07 LlOHO 0.23626-08 ALOH** 0.0000€* 00 F E D H + + O . O O O O E t O O F E C L 3 0 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 F E S 0 4 0 U.OOOOE+OO

BR- 0.000M t o o H Z S U I O 0 .4718E-20

EL - MGOH* N A S O 4 - S K 4 4 HZS 104 F E 4 4 4 F E C L 3 0 " 4 4 H C L O H Z C 0 3

2.28 8.12 3.00

-99.99 6.06

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

15.88 4.75

C A + + M G C 0 3 0 N A C L O SROH. A L + t + F E O H * * F E S O 4 t N H 3 A P H.2 S A 0 0 2 A O

4 . 4 7 6 - 7 3 5 - 7 4

-99.09 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -9 9.99 -09.99 - Y 9 . 9 Y

0.5 765€-04 0.8 6 9 Z E - O B 0.2 3 6 4 E - 0 4 0.0000€*00 0.3371€-06 om.0 0 0 0 E ~ 0 0 0 0 OOOE 00 0.0000E~00 0.0000E+00 0. 1015E-08 0 . 3 0 8 3 E - 0 4

C A D H * 7.74 NGHC03 7.09 K + 3.93 L I * 4.3b ALOH*+ -99.99 F E O H Z + -99.99 F E t * -99.99 NH 4 SO4 -99.99 tis- -99.99

A N U R T H I l -99.99 A R A C O N I T -0.25 B A R l l t -99.99 B O E H M I T E -90.99 C E L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E D N 0 . 2 5 CHLORl Ttr -99.99 D O L O H I T E -1.03 G Y P S U M -2.61 H A L I T E -5 . I ? H A L L O Y S T -99.99 H E M A I I T E -99.99 U A O L I N I T -99.99 K - M I C A -99.99 H A C K I N A H -99.99 M A G N k S I l -1.29 P H U C O P T -99.99 P Y R l T E -99.99 P Y R U P H Y L -99.99 O U A K T Z 0.65 1 H E N A R D T -b.34 H I T H E W 1 1 -9'4.9'9

0.29 A - C R I S T O B A L I T E 0.05 A H U W P H l l U S -1.00

I N P U l D A l A ( H O L E S P E R L l T E R OF SOLUTION : EPUIVALENTS P E R L l T € R FOR ALKALIN ITY) C A T O T 0.1672t-02 HCTOT O . Z l 4 0 E - 0 4 NATO1 0.3576E-01 KTUT 0.2250E-03 CLTOT 0.2697E-01 ALK 0.41OOE-03 SO4TUT 0.3465E-02 A L T O T 0.7430E-06 FE IOT O ~ O O O O E * O O S R T O T O . O O O O L * O O BATUT 0.000OE*00 L I T 0 1 Oo2150E-03 NO3TOT 0.0000t+00 S l O Z T O l O.3b61E-03 B T O T 0.A788E-04 BR I n 1 0.0000E+00 HLSTUT O . O O O O C + O O NH470T 0.0000€*00

PH - 8 - 3 3 P E = v9.99 rEnP = 3 9 , 9 0 0 ~ ~ c D E N S I T Y = L.OOOGH/CC -LOGtPCOZ) = 3.99 - L O G ( P U Z J 99.99 -LOC(PCH4) f '39.99 I O N I C STRCNCTH = 0.04398 T O T A L O l S S SOLIDS = 2.43Gt l /L ITEW SOLN TOTAL lNORC CARBON HOLALITY = 0.3494E-03 I O N BALANCk LYWUW = 1.73PILRCfNT CATION LXCESS 0 . 1 3 0 9 E - O Z ( C H I R G E * R O L € S 8 H2U A C T I V I T Y 0.9988

I N D I V I D U A L SPECIES H O L A L l T l E S

OH- C AOH+ HGCU30 NASU4'- MAOH* H4S104 ALOH4- FEDH3O F E * t NH3A0

HZBO3- ncL o

0.7664E-OS 0.1334E-06 0.3SbOE-07 0.44 4 6 t - 0 3 O.UO00E too 0. J4 5 6 t - 0 3 0.7448t-Ob 0.0000E 00 0.0000€ *oo 0.0000E*00 0.362 6E - 15 0.15 16E-04

C03- CAC030 HGHC03 NACLO S R * H3S104 ALSO44 F E O W - F €OH+ NH4SO4 H Z S A O HZCO3*

0.7209E-05 0.473 3E-05 0 36 63E-07 0. 159 ?E-04 O o O O O O E * 0 0 0 0 21 3 9E-0 4 0 49 49E-10 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 0.000 OE too 0.0000E*00 0 . 00 0 OE 4 00 0 .245 6E-05

HC03- CAHC03 HGSO40 K + SR On 4

HZS104 ALSO42 FECI.++ FEOHZO N03-

O Z A O tis-

0.3 2 2 6 E - 0 3

0.3636E-05 0 2 2 1 LE-0 3 0 .o OOOE 400 0.7866E-0 7 0.9235E-19 0.0000 E *oo 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 0.0000E*00 0. OOOOL *o 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0

0.33 79E-05

O H C A C O 3 0 H C S O I O KS04-

ALOHZ* F €OH3 FEOH* N03- S --

L tono

I NDI V I DUAL SPECIES A C T IV I TI ~ s a -LOG ~c r i v I r I 8

5 . 2 0 5.32 5.43 5.45 8.53

11. I 8 -99 . 9v -99.99 -99.99 -99 . 99

CO 3 -- CA H,C03 N4 KCLO L I S O 4 - ALOH4- FF 0114- FE OH20 w 82 --

5.46 5.55 1.53 6 - 9 8 5.71 6 - 2 1

-99.99 -99.99

8.33 -99 . 99

HC03- CAS040 NAC03- B A * * H4S I 0 4 ALSO44 F E U * + FE OUH-

H3RO 30 nz so40

3.57 3.49 5 - 5 2

-99.99 3.46

10.39 -99.99 -99.99

19-91 4.13

so4-- HG+* NAHC03

H3S 1 0 4 AL SO42 FECLZ* FE S O 4 0 HSO4- ti 2 8133-

BAOH*

S04-- C A S O 4 0 NA m s 04- LI* AL+** F E * + * FECl.24 FEOOH-

5-- n+

2 -66 50 06 5 . 3 6

-99.99 4. 7 6

19.12 -99.99 -99.99

8.82 4.93

0 0 4 7 0 0 E - 0 2 0.3233E-03 0. 3 5 3 7 6 - 0 1 0.4 3 1 3E-05 0.2432E-03 0.3949E-10

0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 00 O.OOOOE*OO 0.546 7E-08 0.0000E*00

o.0000~400

CL- 0.27OZE-01 H C * * 0.1773E-04 NAC03- 0.4598E-05

L I OH0 0.2948E-08 ALOH*+ 0.1485E-14

K C L O 0. L O Z 4 E - 0 6

FEOH+* o.uooot+oo

F E S 0 4 0 O.OOOtl€*OO FECL30 0.0000€*00

HZ SO40 0.1 O b ?E-19 BR- O . O O O O t t 0 0

CA*+ HGOH+* NAHC03 B A * + L 1 S04- ALOHZ+ FEOHZ+ FES04+ NH4 HS 0 4 - H38030

0.1344E-02 0.1 264E-07 0.4 366€-05 0.0000~*OU 0.2 364E-05 0.7875E-11 0.0000E+00 0.0 OOOE 4 0 0 0.0000€ 400 0. 1857E-08 0.7293E-04

CL - HC OH + NASO4- S R * * HZS 1 0 4 FE * * 4

FECL30 " 4 4

H2C03 ncLo

1.66 7.97 3.43

-99.99 7.42

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

15.44 5.bL

CA+* HCCO 30 NACLO SllUH* A L + 4 4 FEW** F ESO4, NH3AQ H Z S A O 02AQ

3.19 7.44 4.79

-99 . 99 19.01

-99.99 -v9.99 -99.vv -99.9v -09.99

CAOH4 HC HC 03 K 4 L I * ALOH+* F E OHZ+ F E + + NH4SO4 HS-

6.95 70 52 3.74 3.69

15.15 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 - 99.99

H lN€RAL SATURATION I N D I C t S

ADULARIA -0.83 A L B I T E -1.02 ANMYORIT -1.17 ANURTHIT -3.81 ARAGONIT - 0 . 3 3 B A K I T € -99.99 B O E H M I T E -1.63 MRUClTt -4.0'4 CALCITE -0.06 CA-HONT -1.39 CELESTIT -99.99 CHALCEDN -0.09 CtiLOKl TE -1.02 DOLOt l lT t -1.87 C l B B S l T E - 2 o J 6 C F O T H I T E -99.99 G W l t G I T E -99.99 CYPSUH -1 .22 HALITE -4.60 HALLOYST -4.73 HEHATIIF. -990V9 H u N r i r E - t l .ui HIDTOHAG - 8 . 3 3 I L L I T E -1.49 KAOLIN IT -0 .60 K-HlCA -2.68 H A C U I N A H -99.99 HAGNESlT - 2 - 0 7 MAGNET11 -99.VV H I d A B l L T -5.28 NESPUEHU -5.15 P K O C O P T -3.19 P Y R l T t -99.'39 PYROPHYL -0.48 OUARTZ 0.33 S l D € R l T E -99.99 STRONTNT -99.99 TALC 0.69 THFNAROT -5.53 W 1 THER I T -99.99

S I L I C A SATURATI[lN lNDlCF. S

-LUG H 4 S I 0 4 0 3 - 1 6 OUARTt 0.31 CHALCEDONY -0.05 A-CRISTO0ALlTE - 0 . 3 0 AMORPHOUS -L.30

I

T I T L E O Z C H M 3 L O C A T I f lN D-08-25-2 7 C A A A

lNPU1 D A T A ( M O L E S P E R L I I E R OF S O L U T I O N : E Q U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y I C A T 0 1 0 .2495 t -03 M G T O T 0.9870E-04 N A T O T 0 . 3 6 1 l E - 0 3 K T O l 0 . 4 8 6 0 t - 0 + C L T O T 0.5080t-04 A L K 0.490OE-03 5 0 4 7 0 7 0.218f , t -03 A L l O T 0.1486E-05 F E I O T 0*0000E*00 S R T O T 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 € + 0 0 B A T 0 1 O . O O ~ O t + L J O L I T 0 1 0.1441E-05 N O 3 1 0 1 0.0000t*00 S l O Z T O T 0.2829E-03 B I O I 0.1850E-O5 B W TOT O . O O O O E + O O H C S T O T 0.0000t*O0 NHITOT O ~ O O O O E ~ O O

PH = 7.18 P E = 99.99 TEMP * 6 . 5 0 D E G C O E N S I T Y l .OOOCH/CC - L O G ( P C O Z # = 2-60 - L O C ( P O Z ) 99.99 -LOCtPCH4) 99.99 I O N I C S T K E N C I H = 0.00157 T O T A L O I S S S O L I O S * 0.09GH/LlTER SOLN T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y 0.5804E-03 I O N B A L A N C t E R R O R = 6 . 5 5 P E R C E N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 . 1 3 4 O E - O 3 ~ C H I R C E * M U L E S ~ HZD A C T I V I T Y = 1.0000

I NDl V I D U A L S P E C I E S M O L A L I 1 I E S

OH- C A O H + M C C O 3 0 NASO4- R A O H + H I S 104 AL On+ F €01430 F E t * NH3 A 0 H C L O

0.3578E-07 0.16 11E-09 O. l lV6E-07 0 0 2 9 6 5 t - 0 6 0.0000E.00 0 L 8 2 7E -0 3 0.140 1E-05 O.OOOOE.00 0 . 0 00 OF; + 00 0.0000E+00 0 3 189E-18

C 0 3 - C A C O 3 0 H G H C 0 3 N A C L O S R + + H3SI 0 4 A L S 0 4 i FEOH4- FEOH+ NH4SOI H2SAO

0.212 5E-06 0.44 6OE-07 O i 4 1 5 1 E - 0 6 Oo4205E-09 0.0000E.00 0.18 53E-06 0 0 9004E- 1 1 0.0000E+00 0 . 00 0 OE + 00 0.0000E .oo 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0

H C 0 3 - 0.4 824E-03 C A H C 0 3 0.5812E-06 P I G S 0 6 0 0.2 161E-05 a + 0.48 56E-04 S R O H + O . O O O O E + O O HZS104 0.5567E-12 A L S O I Z 0.1 1 6 1 E - l L FECL++ 0.0000E+00 F E O H Z O 0.0000E+00 N03- 0.0000E+00 HS- 0.0000€+00

H2B03- 0.11746-07 H2C03* 0.9659E-01 O L I O O.OOOOE*OO

I N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S ACTIVITIES(-LOG A C T I V I T Y )

OH C A C O 3 0 MGSO4O K S O 4 - L I U H O A L U H Z + F E O H 3 F E OH+ N03- 5 --

7.47 7.35 5.67 7.39

13.36 7.10

-99 . 9v -99.99 -99 . 99 -99.99

CO 3 -- C A H C 0 3 MA + K C L 0 L I 504- ALOH4- fEOH4-

H. BY--

FF. onzo

6.69 6.25 3.46

10.23 8.97 5 - 8 7

-99.99 -99.99

7. I M -99.99

M I N t R A L S A T U R A T IUN I N 0 1 C F S

HC03- C A S 0 4 0 NAC03- B A + + H4S I 0 4 ALSO4+ F E C L + + FEOIIH- H Z S O 4 0 H 3 R O 30

3.33 5.20 9.31

-99.99 3.55

11.06 -99.99 -99.99

19.60 5.74

S04-- HG++ N A H C 0 3 BAOH+ H3S I 0 4 A L SO42 F E C L Z + F E S O 4 0 HSO4- H2 BO 3-

S04-- C A S 0 4 0 M A + RS04- L I . A L t + + fE..+ FECL2+ F E OOH- H. S --

3.75 4.09 7.05

-99.99 6.75

12.95 -99.99 -99.99

9.16 7.95

002099E-03 0.62 5 4E-0 5 0.36076-03 0. 4 28 1E-0 7 0.1440E-05 0.5707€- LO 0.0000€+ 00 0.0000E+ 00 O.OOOOE*00 0.6879E-07 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ + 00

C L - 0.5080E-01

H A C 0 3 - 0.5064E-OY nc44 0 . 9 6 1 2 ~ - 0 4

K C L O 0.5884E-10 L I O H O 0.4371€-13 & O H * + 0.1283t-08 F E U H + + 0.0000E tu0

FESO4O O . O 0 0 0 E + 0 0 FECL 3 0 0 .0000€+00

HZ S O 4 0 0 e 2 5 3 1 E - l V BR- 0.OOOoE e 0 0

C L - MC OH + NASO4- SR ++ HZS lO4 F E * t + F E C L 3 0 NH4 + H C L 0 H Z C 0 3

4.31 9.44 6.55

-99.99 1 2 . 3 3

-99.99 -99.99 -99.90

18.50 4.01

C A + + H C C O 3 0 N A C L O S R W t A L + + + F E O H t , FESOI+ N H 3 A O H Z S A O 0 2 A 9

A D U L A R I A 1 - 2 1 A L B I T E -0.72 ANHYDRIT -3.07 A N O R T H I T -2.35 A R A G O N I T -2.31 B R U C I T C -7.57 C A L C I T E -1.98 C A - M o N T 6.14 C F L t S T l T -99.99 C H A L C E D N 0.20 C I B B S I T E U.67 C F O T H I T E -99.99 C R l E C I T t -99.99 G Y P S U M -2 .81 H A L l T t - 9 . 3 1 H U N T I T E -13.45 HYDTOHAG -14.77 I L L I T E 4.80 K A O L I N I T 6.09 K - M I C A 5.43 M A C N € T I T -99.99 M l R A B l L T -8.64 N F S O U E H U -5.79 P K O G O P T -14.38 P Y R I T E -99.99 S I D E R I T E -99.99 S I R U N T N T -99.99 T A L C -6.78 THENARDT -10.52 H I I H E R I T -99.97


- L O G H4SlU4O 3.55 O U A R T L 0.72 C H A L C F D U N Y 0 . 2 8 A - C R I S T O B A L I T E -0.01

C A + + nriotw+ W A H C 0 3 E A * + L 1501- ALOHZ+ F €OH2 + FES044 NH4+ HSOI- ~ 3 ~ 0 3 0

3 0 b 9 CAOH. 7.92 M C H C 0 3 9.38 K 4

-99.99 L I . 10.40 ALOHet

-99.99 FEOHZ. -99.99 F E + * -99.99 NH4SDI -99.99 HS- -99.99

0.2426E-03 0 0 3 814E-09 0 0 8 988E-0 ? 0 . 0 OOOE + 00 0.1114E-08 0.8 349E-07 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E.00 0.7 213E-09 0.1838E-OS

9-01 6.40 4.33 5 - 8 6 6.97

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

B A R I T E -99.99 B O E H M I T E 1.19 CHLOR I I E -9.29 D O L O M I T E -4.54 H A L L U Y S I 1.79 H E M A T I T E -99.99 M A C K I N A W -99.99 M A G N E S I T -1.84 P Y H U P H Y L 2 .13 O U A R T L 0.76

AMORPHOUS -1.10

~ ~~~ , T I T L E 023183 L O C A T I O N 0-0 8- 2 6 - Z O D R R O

C A T 0 1 S O 4 TOT NO3 TOT

I N P U T D A T A ( M O L E S P E R L I T E R O F S O L U T I O N : € O U l V A L E N T S PER L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y J 0 .1722€-03 HCTOT O.ZlOOE-05 N A T O T 0.1479E-01 K T O T 005370E-04 C L T O T 0.756OE-02 ALK 0.790N-03 0.24466-02 ALTO1 0.0000E*00 FETUT O.OOOO€*OO S R T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * 0 0 BATUT O.O000t*UU L I T 0 1 0.1297E-03 o.oooot+oo S I U Z T O T 0 . 3 3 ~ ~ ~ - 0 3 B T U T 0.5 1 1 3 0 ~ 4 4 B R T O T o.oooot+oo n z s i o i o .ooooE+w N H ~ T O T O.OOO(K*OO

PH P 8 . 4 4 PE = 99.99 T E M P 3501OOEC C D E N S I T Y = I .OOOCM/CC - L O G l P C O Z ) = 3.7b - L O G t P O Z ) a 99.99 -LOG(PCHCb 99.99 I O N I C S T R E N G T H = 0.01658 T O C A L O l S S S O L I O S 0 . 9 2 C H / L I T E R SOLN T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y 0.7385E-03 I O N 8 A L A N C t E l l l O R * 7.37PERCENT C A T I O N L X C E S S * 0 ~ 2 0 8 1 E - O Z ~ C H A R C E * H O L € S ~ HZU A C T I V l l Y = 0.9996

I N D l V I D U A L S P E C I E S HOLALI T I E S

OH- C A O t i * H G C U U ) NASO4- BAOH* t i 45104 AL on+ F €OH30 F E * NH3 A 0 H C L 0 HZB03-

0.66 1 M - 0 5 0. 1523E-O? 0 . 11 76E-07 0.1131E-03 0.0000E .00 0.3 142E-03 0.0000€ *OO 0.0000E * o o 0.0000E*00 0.0000t *oo 0.5 32 9E -1 b 0.94lZE-05

C03- C A C 0 3 0 H G H C 0 3 N A C L O S R * 4

ALSO44 ~ 3 ~ 1 0 4

FEOH4- f €OH* N H 4 S O 4 H Z S A O H Z C 0 3 *

Oo1591E-04 O.I!A+E-05 0 97 2 3 € e 0 0 0.2 1 Z 8 E - 0 5 0.0000E+00 0.18 R9E -04 0.000 OE *oo 0.0000E*00 0.00 00 E* 00 0.OOOOE +00 0 . 00 OOE 00 0.4584E-05

tic 03 - 0.7 06 -0 3 C A H C 0 3 0.8 6 4 OE-0 6 HC S O 4 0 0.2 81 6 E -06 K * 0.5313E-04 S R O H * 0.0000E*00 H L S IO4 0.469OE-07 A L S 042 0.0000E 400

F E O H Z O 0.0 000E*00 N03- 0.0000E*00 HS- 0 . 0 0 O O E ~ O O U Z A Q 0.0000E*00

F E C L * + 0.0000E*00

I N D I V I W A L S P E C I E S A C T I V I T I E S f -LOG A C T l V l T I)

OH C A C O 3 0 M C S 0 4 0 K S O I - L I OH0 A L OH24 F Eon3 F € O H t NO3- S--

5 - 2 4 3 - 8 1 6 - 5 5 b o 2 7 8.86

-99.99 -99 . 99 -99.99 -v9 . 99 -99.93

C 0 3 - - CA H C 03 MA K C L O L1 so+ son+ ~ € 0 ~ 4 - F E O H Z O H* 81 --

5 - 0 2 6.12 1.89 8.10 6-16

-99.9v -99.99 -99.99

8.44 -99.99

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C 0 3 - E A * *

ALSO+*

FEOOH- H Z S O I O H38U 30

w s i w

F E C L * *


3.21 4.57 5 . 4 2

-99.99 3.50

-99.99 -99 -99 -99.99 20.50

4.37

S04-- M C * * N A H C U 3

H3S104 A L S O 4 2 F E C L Z * F E S 0 4 0

HZB03-

B A O H ~

tiso+-

A D U L A R I A -99-99 A L B I T E -990'49 A N H Y O R I T -2.28 B R U C l T t -5.04 C A L C I T E -0.53 CA-MONT -99.99 C I B B S I T E -99099 C E O T H I T E -99.99 C R I E G I T E -99.99 H U N l l T E -10.87 HYDTOHAC -10.93 I L L I T E -99.99 MAGNET I T - 9 9 . 9 Y M I R A B I L T -5 .98 NE SOUEHU -5.66 S I U E R I T E -99.Y') S T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C -2.10

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N U I C E S

-LOG H 4 5 1 0 1 0 3 - 5 0 O U A R T L 0. 34 C H A L C E D O N Y

S04-- C A S 0 4 0 M A * NS04- L I . * L e * * F E * 4 * F E C L Z *

ti+ F E OOH-

S --

Z 086 5.96 5.34

-99.99 4 . 7 8

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

9.19 5. OV

0.2307E-02 O a Z 6 5 3 E - 0 4 0.1468E-01 0. 6 08SE-0 6 O.lZ90E-03 0. OOOOE 0 0 0.0000€* 00 0.0000E*00 0.00~0E* 00 0 4 05 9E-0 8 0.0000E*00

C L - HC OH N A S O I - S R * * HZS104 F € * * * F E C L 3 0 "4, H C L O H Z C U 3

C L - 0.7565E-02 HG* 0.1798E-05 N A C O 3 - 01 4277E-05 K C L O 0.7971E-OB LlOHO O o 1 3 6 2 E - 0 8 ALOH** O.OOOOE*OO FE OH ** 0 . OOOOE 00 FE C L 3 0 0. OOOOE *00 F E S 0 4 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0

nzso4o 0.3164k-zo BR- 0.0000&*00

CA++ 0.1 434E-03 PICOH+* 0.13216-08 W A H C 0 3 0.4 508E-05 BA+* 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 LIS04- 007840E-06 ALOt i2* 0.0000€*00 F E OH2 0. OOOOE *00 F € S O 4 * O.OOOOE*OO NH4* 0.0000E*O0 HS 04- 0 0 7 393E-00 n3t)030 O . ~ Z + ~ E - O +

2.18 8.93 4100

-99.v9 7.55

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

16.27 5.34

C A + * H C C O 3 0 N A C L O smoti+ A L * * * F E O H * * F C S 0 4 NH3AQ H Z S A O O Z A Q

4.06 7.93 5.67

-99.99 -99.99 -99.YY -99.99 -9v.99 -99.09 -99.99

C A O W H G H C 0 3 K 4 L I ~ ALOH** ~ € 0 ~ 2 4 F t 4 4 NH4SOI HS-

7.87 8. 0 7 4.33 3.94 - 99.99 - 99.99

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

A N O R T H I T -99.99 A R A G O N I T -0.79 B A R I T E -99.99 B O E H N I T E -99.99 C E L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E D N -0.09 CHLORllt -99.99 D O L O M I T E -2 .83 GYPSUM -2.30 H A L I T E -5.67 H A L L O Y S T -99.99 H E M A I I T E -99.99 KAOLINIT -99.99 K - M I C A -99.99 H A C K I N A H -99.99 M A G N E S I T -2.59 P K O C O P T -99.99 P Y R l l E -99.99 PIKIJPHYL -99.99 Q U A R T Z 0.3'5 T H € N A R D T - 6 . 4 4 W l T H E R l T -99.99

-0 .04 A - C R I S T O B A L I T € - 0 . 3 0 A H U K P t l O U S -1.36

T I T L E 024Hfl3 L OC A T I O N 0-0 8 - Zb-1 O@BCB

I N P U T D A T A ( M O L E S P E R L I l E R OF S O L U T I O N : E O U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I l Y ) C A T U T 0.4940t-03 MGTOT 0 . 7 H U O E - 0 5 N A T O 1 0 . 1 7 8 3 f - 0 1 K T O l 0.74206-04 C L T O T 0 .1250E-01 A L K Oo139OE-02 SO4 T U 1 O.iL0ZE-02 A L T O T 0.0000E*00 F E T O T 0.0000E*00 S R T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * O O B A T 0 1 0 .0000€*00 L I T O T 0.1297E-03 N U 3 f U T O . O O O U L * O O S 1 O Z T O T 0.,?995€-03 M T O T 0.4163E-04 B Q T O T O.OOOOE+OO H Z S T O T O.OOOOE*OO N H 4 T O I O . O O O ( r + O O

P H = 8.53 PE = 99.99 T E M P * 3M.7ODEC C D E N S I T Y = I.OOOGM/CC - L O C ( P C O Z ) = 3-60 - L U C I P O Z ) = 99.99 -LOCtPCH4) 9 9 - 9 9 I O N I C S T R E N G T H 0.02161 T O l A L O I S S S O L I D S I . Z 3 C H / L I l t R S O L N T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y * 0.1292E-02 I O N B A L A N C E E K U O R * - 0 . 1 3 P E R C E N T C A T I U N E X C E S S ~ - 0 o 4 9 5 6 E - O * ( C H A R C E * M O L E S ) H Z O A C T I V I T Y rs 0.9994

INDlV IU lJAL S P E C I E S M O L A L I T I E S

OH- 0.1065E-04 C A O H * 006709k-07 MG C O 30 0 . V5 2 3E -0 7 N A S O I - 0.1357k-03 B A O H t 0.0000E+00 HIS 104 o . z a 5 ~ - 0 3 A L O H + 0 . 0 0 0 0 E ~ O O FEUH30 O.OOOOE+OO F E + + 0.0000t*00 N H 3 A Q 0.0000E*00 H C L O 0.9990t- I6

C 0 3 - C A C O 3 0 MCHCO 3 N A C L O S R + *

A L S O 4 4 F E O H Z -

N H S S O I H Z S A O

n 3 s i 0 4

F €OH*

0.3?02E-O4 0.1013E-04 0. bO03E-07 0.4099E-05 0.0000E~00 0.24 3 O E - 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 00 0.0000E*00 0. 0 0 0 0 E * 00 o.ooooE*no 0 . 000 OE 0 0

H C 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 M C S O I O K 4 SROH+ H Z S 1 0 4 A L S O 4 2 F E C L + + FEOHZI) NO 3- H S -

0.12 I ZE-02 0.4437E-05 0.9 e 4 I E -06 0.7 34 1E-04 0.0000E t o o 0.lllZE-06 0.0000E 400 0.0000E*00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ *oo 0.0000E*00 0.0000E *oo

HZB03- 0.9559L-05 H 2 C 0 3 * 0.6153E-05 O Z A O 0.0000E*00

I N 0 1 V I D U A L P P E C 1 ES A C T I V 1 T I E 5 4 - L O G A C 1 I V I T Y )

un C A C O 3 0 W C S O I O K S O + L I O H O AL OHZ* F E O H 3 F E O H *

S -- no3-

5.04 4.99 6.00 6. I2 8 - 6 3

-99. YY -99 . 9 9 -Y9.99 -9Y . Y9 -99.99

C 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 NA KCL 0 L I 504- M nH4- F E O H 4 - F E OH20

BR-- n t

4.68 5.41 1.81 7.75 6. I M

-99.99 -9Y 099 -99.99

8 - 5 3 -99.99

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C 0 3 - E A + *

A L S O % *

F E O O H - H Z S O I O H38030

- n 4 s I o 1

F E C L * *

2 098 4 - 1 4 4.94

-99.99 3.56

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

4.49 ZO.b1

S04-- M G * * N A H C 0 3 B A O H ~ H 3 S I U I ALSO42

FESU40 HSO4- HZRU3-

F E C L Z *

H I NE RAL SATUR A T I O N I N O I C E 5

A O U L A R I A -99.99 A L B I T E -99099 A N H Y O R I T -1.83 BRUCITE - 4 . 1 1 CALCITE 0.27 CA-MONT -99.99 G I B E S 1 TE -99.99 G F O T H I T E -99.99 CR I E C l Tk -99.99 H U N T I T E - 7 0 2 4 H r O T O H A C -7.12 I L L l T t -99.99 M A C N E T I T -09.V9 M I R A B I L T -6.00 N F S O U E H O - 4 . 7 3 S I O E d l T E -Y9.9Y S T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 0.14

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N O I C F S

- L O G H 4 S I n 4 0 3.56 O U A K T Z 0 . 2 3 C H A L C L D O N Y

so+-- C A S 0 4 0 N A 4 K S O 4 - L I * A L * * * F E t 4 4 F E C L Z * F E U O H - H* 5--

0.2 39bE-0 2 0.7 I 3 8 E - O S 0.1769t+01 0.8676E-06 0.1291E-03 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 0.0000E*00 0.0000E*00 0.0000E* 00 0 . 3 33 8E-08 0.0000E+00

C L - 0.125lE-01 MG** 0.6663E-05 N A C 0 3 - 0 . I 3 3 e - 0 4 K C L O 0.1758E-07 L I O H O 002324E-08 A L O H * 4 0 0 OOOOk 00 F E UH 0.00 OOL 4 00 F E C L 3 O 0 0 0000E+00 F E SO 4 0 0 OOOOE 00

H Z S O ~ O O . Z ~ ~ O E - Z O BR- 0.OOUOt *OO

CA.4 0.408bE-03 MGOH.. 0.7 74OE-08 N A H C O 3 0.9027E-05 B A + + 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 € + 0 0 L l S 0 4 - 0.76bZE-06 A L O H L + 0.0000E+00 F E O H Z t 0.0000E*00 FESO4+ O.OOOOE*OO

ns04- o . ~ ~ ~ I z E - o ~ ~ 3 8 0 3 0 O . ~ Z I L E - O ~

NH4+ 0.0000E*00

2.87 C L - 5.41 HCUH* 5.04 N A S O S -

-99.99 S R * + 4.68 H Z S l O 4

-99.99 F I E * * * -99.99 F E C C 3 O -99.99 NH4*

9.26 ncLo 5.10 H Z C O 3

1.97 C A t t

3.93 N A C L O -99.99 S R O H *

8 - 1 7 M G C O 3 0

7-20 A L * * * -99.99 F E O H * * -99 r99 FESO4* -99.Y9 N H 3 A O 16.00 H Z S A O

5-21 O Z A P

3 - 6 3 7.02 5.39

-99.09 -99.99 -Y0.99 -9v. 0 0 -Y9.09 -OY 099 -99.99

C A O H + M C H C U 3 K 4 L I 4

AL on- FEOHZ+ F E + * NH4SO4 n s-

7-23 7. 29 49 20 3.95

-99.99 -99.Y9 -99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99

A N O R T H I T -99.99 A R A C O N I T 0.00 R A R l T E -99.99 B O E H M I T E -99.99 C E L E S T I T -99099 C H A L C t O N -0 .18 C l l L O R I TE -99.99 D O L O H I T E -1.11 G Y P S U M -1.87 H A L I T E -5039 H A L L U Y S T -99.99 H E M A T I T E -99.99 K A O L I N I T -99.99 K - H I C A -Y9.99 W A C K l r J A H -99.99 M A G N E S I T -1.65 P H L O C O P T -99.99 P Y R I Tk -99.99 P Y K U Y H Y L -99099 O U A l ( T 2 0.25 T H E N A R 0 1 - 6 . 3 0 W l l H E R I T -99.99

-0.14 A - C R I S T O B A L I T E - 0 . 3 ’ 4 A H U R P I I O U S -1.45

T I T L E 025W83 L O C A T I O N D - O f l - 7 6 - 2 0 D B C A

I N P U T D A l A ( M O L E S PER L I T E R OF S O L U T I O N : E O U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I l Y ) C A T O T O o C 7 4 0 f - 0 3 M C T O T 0 . 1 0 7 0 E - 0 4 N A T O T Ool609E-01 K T O l 0.16366-03 C L T O T 0 . 1 0 3 b E - O I A L K 0.7300E-03 S O 4 1 0 1 O.ZB1lf-02 A L T O 1 0. 3 7 1 5 E - O b F E T U l 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 S R l O l 0.0000E+00 B A l O T O . O O O O L * O O L I l O T 0.1441E-03 N O 3 1 0 1 0.0000E*00 S 1 0 2 T O T 0.3994E-03 0 1 O T 0 .5088E-04 U R l O T O . O O O O E + O O HZSTUT 0.0000E*O0 NH4lOT O ~ O O O o E * O O

P H = 6.39 P € a 99.99 TEMP = 3b05OUEC C D E N S I T Y l .OOOCM/CC - L O C ( P C O 2 B = 3.75 - L O C I P O 2 ) = 99.Y9 - L O C ( P C H 4 ) 99.99 I O N I C S T R E N G T H 0.01971 T O l A L D I S S S O L I D S I . l O G M / L I I E R SOLN T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y 0.6755E-03 ION B A L A N C t E U R O R - 1 . 9 1 P E R C E N T C A l l O N E X C E S S = 0 ~ 6 4 1 2 E - O 3 ( C H A R C E * M O L E S J H Z O A C l I V I l Y = 0.9995

I N D I V 1 DUAL S P E C I E S MOLAL I TI E S

OM- 0.657BE-05

M C C 0 3 0 0.4814t-07

8 A O H + 0.000OE+00

C A O H 4 0. 40 17f-07

MA 5 04- 0 0 1342E-03

~ 4 ~ 1 0 4 003r80~-03 ALOH4- 0.3719E-Ob FEOH30 0.0000E*00 F E t + 0.0000E*00 NH3A0 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 H C L O 0.9J13E-16

C 03- 0 13 5 bL -0 4 C A C 0 3 0 0.3*7BE-OS N C H C 0 3 0.43 72E-07 N A C L O Oo311OE-05 S R + * O.OOOOE*OO M3S104 0.2181€-04 ALSD4* 0.2016E-I6 F € O H 4 - 0. OOOOE *OO FEOH+ 0.0000E+00 N H 4 S O 4 0.0000E*00 H2SAO 0.0000E*00

H C 0 3 - 0 . 6 4 3 2 E - 0 3

HCSO40 0.1503E-05

S R O H * 0.0000E*00

C A H C 0 3 O.ZL6LE-05

K * 0.1617E-03

H Z S I O S 0.5719E-07 A L S O 4 2 0.2522E-19

F E O H Z O 0.0000E+00

HS- 0.0000E+00

F E C L + + 0.0000E*00

no3- 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 400

H2B03- O.86YOE-05 H2CD3* 0.459OE-05 O Z A O 0.0000E*00

I N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C T l V I T l E S I - L O G A C T I V I T Y )

OM C A C 0 3 0 MGS 040 K 504- L IUHO AL On 24 F E O H 3 F E U H * N 0 3 - 5--

5.24 5.46 5-82 5.75 8-81 11.45

-99 . 99 -Y9.99 -99.99 -99.99

C 0 3 - - C A H C 0 3 NA KCLO L I S 0 4 - ALOH4- ~ € 0 ~ 4 - F t OH20 M* BR --

5. IO 5.72 1 086 1. 49 6.08 6.4V

-99.99 -99.99

0.39 -99.99

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N AC 0 3- 81,. H I S 1 0 4 ALSO+*

F E O O H - H2SO4O H 3 R 0 3 0

F E C L * +

M I N L R A L S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C L S

3 .25 4.11 5 . 4 5

-99.99 3.42

1 8 . 7 6 -99.99 -99.99

2 0 . 3 3 4 . 3 7

SO*--

N A H C O 3 HG**

BAOH+ H ~ S I M A L S O 4 2 F E C L Z + F E S O 4 0 HS04- ~ 2 ~ 0 3 -

A D U L A R I A -0.87 A L B I T E -1.31 A N H Y D Y I T -1.81 B R U C I T E -4.37 C A L C I T E -0.18 CA-MONT -1.66 G l B R S l T E -2.55 C E O l H I T E -99.99 CR I E G l l L -99.99 H U N T l l E -8.65 H Y O I O M A C -8.36 I L L I T E - 1 . 7 7 M A C N C T I T -090'49 M I R A B I L T -5.94 N t SOUEHU -5.04 S I D L K I T E -99.99 STRUNlNT -99.Y9 T A L C 0.10

S04-- C A S 0 4 0 MA* K SO+- L1* AL** * F E t . 4 F E C L Z * F E O U H -

S -- n+

0.2 599E-02 0.764ZZ-04 0.1597E-01 0.20+8€-05 0 . 1 4 3 3 E - 0 3 0.1863E-16 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * O O 0.0000E*00 0.4588E-08 00 OOOOE+OO

C L - 0.1039E-01 HG+* 0.9111E-05 N A C 0 3 - 0.407%-05

L I OH0 0.15Ztk- l l8 K C L O 0. 325dE-07

AILOH+* 0. 7OZ8E-I5 F E O H * * 0 . ~ 0 0 0 € + 0 0 F E C L 3 0 0. OOOOE 00 F E S O 4 O O . U 0 0 ( K + O O

HZS040 0 . 4 6 3 Y € - 2 0 BR- 0.600Ot*OO

C A * + 0.3924E-03 HfOH*+ 0.6513E-Od NAHCO3 0.4 37ZE-05 @ A + . O ~ O O o O E ~ O O L I 504- 0 9 43ZE-06 ALOHZ* 0.4064E-11 F E O H Z + 0.0000E+00 F E S O 4 * 0.0000E*00 NH4t 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ + 0 0 HSO4- 0.9 445E-09 H 38030 0.4 225E-Ok

2.82 CL- 5-27 HCOH* 5.36 NAS04-

-99.99 S R * * 4.72 HZ5104 19.66 F E * + +

-99.99 F E C L 3 0 -99099 N H I + 9-09 H C L O 5.13 H Z C O 3

2.05 8.24 3.93

-99.99 7.48

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

16.03 5.34

C A * + M C C 0 3 0 N A C L O S R O H + AL+*+ F E W + * F t S O 4 * N H 3 A O H Z S A O O Z A O

3.64 7 - 3 2 5-51

-99.99 lY.19 -99.99 -99 099 -19.9v -v9 . 99 -99.99

C AOH+ H 6 H C 0 3 K + L1* AILOH++ FEOHZ* F E * * Nh4 SO4 HS-

7.45 7.42 3.85 3.90 15.39

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

A N O R T H I T -4.61 A R A G O N I T -0.45 B A R I l E -99099 B O E H M I T E -1.84 C E L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E O N - 0 . 0 2 C H L L l R l T t -2.43 OOLUMITE -1.87 G Y P S U M -1.84 H A L I T E - 5 . 5 1 H A L L U Y S l -5 .00 H E H A T I l E -99.99 K A U L I N 1 1 -1 .03 K - H I C A - 3 . 1 2 M A C K I N A H -99.99 H A C N E S I T -1.96 P K U C U P T -4.35 P Y R I l € -990Y9 P Y R I I P H Y L -1.01 QUAkTL 0.42 l H € N A R D I -6.34 W I T H E R I T -99.9')


- L O G H 4 S l 0 4 0 3 . 4 2 O U A R T I 0.40 C H A C C € D O N Y 0 . 0 3 A - C R I S T O B A L l l E - 0 . 2 3 AMORPHOUS -1.29

T I T L E 026H83 L O C I 1 1iIN O - O R - 7 6 - 2 0 A C D 9

I N P U r D A l A ( H O L E S P E R L I T E R OF S O L U l I O N : E O U I V A L E N l S P E R L l l E R FOR A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T 0 1 O.698hE-03 M G l O T 0.9500E-05 N A l U l 0.1849E-01 K l O T 0.1355E-O3 C L T O T 0 . 1 3 3 7 E - 0 1 A L K 0.51O(E-O3 S O 4 1 0 1 0-3019t -02 A L l O T O o 3 7 1 5 F - O b F t 101 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * O O S R T O T O.OOOOE*OO L l A T O T O.OOOOL+r)O L I T O T O ~ l 7 2 Y E - 0 3 N U 3 1 0 1 0.00OOt 600 S I 0 2 7 0 1 O . J h 6 l E - 0 3 6101 0 . 4 6 2 5 E - 0 4 B R I O 1 O.OOOOL+OO H Z S T O T 0 .0000€*00 NH4TOT O.OOOOE*00

P H = 8.56 P t = 99.99 TEMP = 3 3 . 7 O O E G C D E N S l l Y - l.OOOGH/CC - L O G t P C O Z b 4 .13 - L O G I P O Z ) = 99.99 - L O G t P C H 4 ) 99-99 I O N I C S T R E N G T H =t O o O 2 3 0 4 T O l A L D l S S S O L I D S = 1 . 2 8 G M / L I l E R SOLN T O T A L I N O R G C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y * 0.4458E-03 I O N B A L A N C F E R R O R = 0 . 7 5 P E R C E N l C A l l O N E X C E S S = O . Z 9 4 3 E - 0 3 l C H A R G E * M 0 L E S ~ H Z O A C T l V l l Y - 0.9994

l N O I V l O U A L S P E C I E S M O L A L I T I E S

UH- C AOH+ M G C 0 3 0 NASO4- BAOH+ ~ 4 ~ 1 0 4 ALOW- F EOH30 FE+ + NH3 A 0

0.8054E-05

0 . Jb49E-0 7 O . l S S 5 t -03 0.OOUOt eo0 0.3+07€-03 0.3720E-06 O.OOOOE*00 0.0000t*00

0.6094E-16

0.6952E-07

0. OOOOE 400

C03-- C A C O 3 0 MGHCO 3 N A C L O S R 4 + ~ 3 ~ 1 0 4 ALSO4+ FEOH4- FEOH+ " I S 0 4 H Z S A Q

0.1277E-O+ 0.4207E-05

0.4523E-05 0.24 17E-07

0. OOOOE 4 00

0. e o 3 0 ~ - 1 9 0 -2 5 8 7E-04

0 . 000 OE + 0 0 0.0000E 00 0.0000E+00 0.00 OOE 4 00

HC03- C A H C 0 3 H G S O 4 0 K + SR OH HZS104 ALSO42 F E C L * * F E O H Z O " 0 3 - HS -

0.4 179E-03 0.18 56E-05 0.1311E-05 0 1 340E-0 3 0.00OOE 400 0.7697E-07 0.10 19E-1 9

0.0000E+00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ *oo

o . o o o o ~ ~ 0 0

0 .o OOOE 4 0 0

I N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V ! T I E S ( - L O G A C T I V I

on C A C O 3 0 M G S O I O K S 0 4 - L 1 O W 0 A L O H Z + F E OH3 F E O H + N03- S --

5.16 5.31 5.88 5.84 8.bV

11.68 -99 . Y9 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

CO3-- C A H C 0 3 NA 4

K C L O L! 504- ALOH4- FEOH4- FEOHZO H,

BR--

5.14 5.79 1.80 7 - 4 6 6.00 6.49

-99 . 99 -99.99

605b -99.99

H C O 3 - C A S U 4 0 N A C O 3 - 0 A * + H 4 S 1 0 4 A L S O + *

F EOOH- HZS040 H3B030

F E C L + +

3.44 3.95 5.49

-99.99 3.47

19. 16 -99.99 -v9.99

20 . 7 2 4 .44

0 0 0 ~ 4 0 0

Y )

so*-- MG++ N A H C O 3 B A O H + n3s I 04 A L 5 0 4 2 F E C L Z * F E S O I O H S O 4 - H2803- .

S04-- C A S 0 4 0 NA4 K S 04- L I + A L 4 4 t F E + + + F E C L Z + FE OOH- H + 5--

2.81 5.33 5.49

-99.99 4.65

20.06 -99.99 -99.99

9.28 5 . 0 6

0.2 7 53E-02 0 . 1 1 0 4 E - 0 3

0.166lE-05 0.1834E-01

0.1720E-03 0.7 82 9E-19 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0 0. OOOOE 400 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ + 0 0 0.3 I Z O E - 0 8 0.0000E+00

C L - 0 .1338E-01 C A 4 + HG++ 0.8134E-05 M C D H + *

K C L O 0 .3413E-07 E A + * L I O H O 0.2052€-08 L I S 0 4 - ACOH** 0 .3403E-15 ALOHZ+

NAC03- 0.3744E-05 NAHC03

FEOH++ 0.0000E*00 FEOHZ+ F E C L 3 0 0.0000E+00 F E S O W FESO40 0.0000E+00 NH44

H Z S O I O 0.187IE-ZO HS04- BR- 0.OOOCE e 0 0 H 3 B 0 3 0

0.1162E-05 0.2 403E-11 0 0 000 E 4 00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ + 0 0

0.6 09IE-09 0.3 5 WE-04

0.0000~400

C L - MGOH+ NASU4- S R + + H Z S 1 0 4 F E + + + F E C L 3 O "44 ncLo H Z C O ~

1.94 8 .23 3.87

-99.99 7 .36

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

16.21 5.69

C A * t MGCO30 N A C L O

* L e t + SROH+

F E O H + * F E S O 4 + NH3A0 H Z S A O O Z A O

M l N t R A L S A T U R A l I O N I N D I C E S

A O U L A R I A -0.90 A L B I T E -1.23 A N M Y O R I T -1.67 A N O R T H I T -4.43 A R L G O N I T -0.35 B R U C l l t -4.26 C A L C I T E -0.09 C A - M O M 1 -1.77 C E L E S T I T -990'49 C H A L C E D N -0.04 G I B B S I I E -Lob1 G F O T H I T E -99.99 G R I E G I T E -09.99 G Y P S U M -1.68 H A L I T E -5 .34 H U N T I T E -9.00 H I D T O N A G -8.72 I L L I T E -1.86 K A O L I N I T -1.15 K - M I C A -3 .25 M A G N E T 1 1 -990'49 M l l ( A L ) I L T -5.70 M E S O U E H O -5.1 7 P K O C O P T -4026 P Y R I T E -99.99 S I D E R I T E -99.99 S T R O N T N T -99.Y9 T A L C 0.53 T t i t N A R D T -6 .22 U l T H E R l T -99.9')

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N O I C t S

- L O G t i 4 5 1 0 4 0 3.47 O U A R T Z 0.39 C H A L C E D O N Y 0 01 A-CR IS 1 O H A L I T E -0 .24

3.48 CAOH. 7 - 4 9 M G H C O 3 5.34 K +

-99.99 L I * 19.59 A L O H + +

-99.99 FEOHZ* -99.YY F E + + -99.99 " 4 5 0 4

-99.99 -09.99 ns-

7.22 7.68 3.94 3- 8 3

15.72 - 99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99 -99.99

B A R I T E -99.99 BOEHMITE -1.91 C H L O R I T E -1.86 D O L U H l T E -1.90 H A L L d Y S l -5.14 H E M A T I 1E -99.99 M A C K I N A H -99.99 H A G M E S I T -2.11 P Y d O P H Y L -1.54 O U A R l Z 0.41

AMORPHOUS - 1 - 3 1

T I T L E O Z 7 H 8 3 L O C A T I I I N D - O R - 2 6 - Z O A C D E

I N P U l D A T A L M O L E S P E R L I T E R OF SOLUTION : E O U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N C A T 0 1 005489L-03 MGTOT O . b Z O O E - 0 5 M A T O T 0.1936E-01 K TU1 O . l Z 7 8 E - 0 3 CLTOT 5 0 4 1 0 1 0.3644F-02 A L T O 1 0 .3715E-Ob F E T U T 0.0000E*00 5 R T O T 0.0000E+00 B A T 0 7 N O 3 1 0 1 O . O O U O t 4 O O S I O Z T O T 0 . 4 3 2 6 E - 0 3 8101 0.6938t-06 B R T O T 0.0000t*00 H L S T O l

T Y ) 0.119VE-01 ALK 0.7300E-03 O.OOOOE+OO L I T O T 0.18 73E-03 O.OOOOE+OO NHITOT u . o o o o ~ + o o

Pn = 8.82 PE - 99.99 TEMP = 3 6 . 0 0 ~ ~ ~ c DENSITY - ~ . O O O C H / C C - L O G I P C O Z ) = 4 - 2 7 - L O C I P O Z ) 99.99 - L O G l P C H 4 ) = 99.9Y I O N I C S T R E N C r H 0.02379 T O T A L D I S S SOLIDS 1 . 3 Z G M / L I T E R S O L N T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y * 0.5713E-03 I O N B A L A N C E E R R O R 1 . 9 6 P E R C E N T C A T I O N E X C E S S * 0 . 7 8 2 7 E - O 3 l C H b R C E * M U L E S ~ HZO A C T I V I T Y 0.9996

IN01 V 1 D U A L S P E C I E S M O L A L I T I E S

OH- C A O H * MCC 0 3 0 M A S O + BAOH+ H ~ S 104 AL OM- F EUH30 F E + + NH3A.P H C L O ~ 2 ~ 0 3 -

0.1990E-04 0 . 1 3 0 8 E - O b 0.7bZ4E-07 0.199 7t -03 0.bOUOE eo0 0.3709E-03 0.372 O t - O b

0.0000t.00

0.4564E-16 0 2 546E -04

0 . 0 0 0 o ~ 400

0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 4 00

C 0 3 - C A C O 3 0 HCHCO 3 N A C L O SR.4 ~ 3 5 1 0 4 ALSO4+ FEOH4- F E O W NH4S04 HZSAO H Z C 0 3 *

0 30 74E-04 0.844 9E-05 0 .2 5 1 9E -0 7 0 42 0 8 E-05 O.OOOOE. 00 0.6228E-04

0.0000E t o o 0.0000E+00 0 000 OE + 00 0. OOOOE 00 0.1333€-0!~

0. 3 4 0 ~ ~ - 2 0

H C 0 3 - 0.5133E-03 C A H C 0 3 0.1928E-05 MGSO4O 0.1330E-05

S R O H * 0.0000E+00 U. 0.1259E-03

HZS104 0.5265E-06 A L S O 4 2 0.5280E-21 F E C L * + 0.0000E*00 FE OHZO 0 .o OOOE 400 N03- 0.0000E+00 HS- 0.0000E+00 0 2 A O 0.0000E+00

INDlVlOUAL S P E C I E S A C f l V I T I E S t - L O G A C T I V I T Y 1

OH C A C O U ) HC S 0 4 0 K S O 4 - L I O N 0 ALOHZ* F E O H 3 F E O H * NO 3- 5--

4 - 1 7 5.07 5.67 5 - 7 6 8.21

12.37 -90 . 9Y -99.w -943 . 99 -99.9')

C 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 NA K C L O LlS04- MUH4- F E O H I - F E IJHZO H* BR --

4.77 5.78 1 0 7 U 7.54 5.89 6 . 50

-99 . 99 -99.99

8.82 -99.99

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C 0 3 - E A * * H ~ S I 04 A L s n 4 * F E C L *+ F E U U H - H Z S O s O H31)O 30

3.35 3.99 5 - 0 1

-99.99 3.43

20.53 -99.99 -v9.99

2 1 - 0 7 4.35

504-- M C t . N A H C 0 3 B A O H + H 3 S 104 A L S U 4 L F E C L Z + F E S 0 4 0 H S 0 4 - H Z B O 3 -

S 0 4 - - C A S 0 4 0 NA + N S 0 4 - L I + AL.4, F E * * * F E C L Z * F E OOH- H* S --

2.73 3 - 4 2 5.39

-Y9.99 4 . 2 7

21 .34 -99.99 -99.99

9.41 4 .67

0.3342E-02 0 , IO 16E-0 3 0.1916E-01 0.2007L-05 0.186OE-03 0.2 6 79E- 2 0 O.OOOOE*OO 0. OOOOE t o o 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 0 . 1 7 1 9E-08 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ +oo

C L - MG* NAC03- K C L O

M O H * * F E O H * * F E C L 3 0 FE S O 4 0

BR -

LI on0

nz so +

0.1200E-01 0.6765E-05 0.113YE-04 0.2857E-07 0.6 0 BO€ -0 8 0 .297 l f - l b o.ooooE .OO 0.0000t t o o 0.0000E.00

0 0.8512E-21 o.ooo(K+oo

C L - MCOH+ N A S O 4 - S R t * H Z S I O 4 F t + * * F E C L 3 0 NH4* H C L O H Z C O 3

1.99 1 -91 3.76

-99.99 6.53

-99.99 -99.90 -99.99

. I 6.34 5.87

C A * + M C C O 3 0 N A C L 0 S R O H + A L * t * FEOH++ F E S O I + NH 3 A 0 H Z S A Q 0 2 A 0

3.61 C A O H + 1 - 1 2 M 6 H C U 3 5.37 K +

-99.99 L I *

-99.V9 F E O H Z * -99.9'9 F E * * -99.99 NH4S04 -99.99 HS- -9 9.9')

21.07 AL0ti.t

0 . I 37bE-03 0. 1 I&€-07 00 I 093E-05 0 . 0 0 OOE 00 0.150ME-05 0. 4 895E-12 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * 0 0 O ~ O O O O E + O O 0 . 0 OOOE . 00 0.4 56lE-09 0.4401E-04

6-95 70 6 7 3.97 3.79

16.78 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

M I N E R A L S A T U R A T I O N l N D l C t S

A D U L A R I A -1.12 A L B I T E -1.35 A N H Y D R I T -1.68 A N O R T H I T -4.66 A R A C O N I T -0.07 B A R I T E -99.99 B O E H M I T E -2.33 B R U C l T t -3.57 C a L C I T E 0.20 CA-MOM1 - 2 . 7 5 C E L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E O N -0.05 C H L U W I T E 0 . % 2 D O L O M I T E -1.28 C l M B S I T E -3.05 CEOTHITE -99.99 CR I I i C l T L -99 .79 G Y P S U M -1 .72 H A L I T E - 5 . 3 8 H A L L d Y L T -6.03 HEMATITE -90.99 H U N T I T E -7 .62 H Y D T O M A C -6.90 I L L I T E -2.62 K A I I L I N I T -2.08 K - M I C A -4 .36 M A C K I N A W -99.99 M A G H E S I T -1.75 M A G N E T I T 49 .09 MIRABILT -5.77 NESOUEHO -4.93 P ~ Q K U P T -2.08 PYRITE -99.99 P y R t w H r L -1.91 Q U A K T L 0.39 S I D E R I T E -99.99 S T R O N T N T -99.09 T A L C 2 . 3 1 THENARDT -b.10 W I T H E R I T -99.99

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C C S

-LOG ~ 4 s 11140 3.43 O U A R T Z 0.3 7 C H A L C E D O N Y 0.00 A - C R I S T O B A L I T E -0 .25 AHORPMOUS -1 .31

T I T L E O Z B l l R 3 L O C A T I O N D - O R - 2 6 - 2 O A D B B

I N P U T D A T A I f l O L E S P E R L I T E R OF S O L U T I O N : E O U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y I C A T 0 1 O . l b 4 7 € - 0 3 HCTOT 0.6170E-04 NATOT O.ll31E-01 K T O T 0.1218E-03 C L T O T 0.513ct-02 A L K 0.291OE-02 S O 4 T O T 0.1041E-02 A L T O 1 0.7430E-06 F L T O T 0.0000E*00 S R T O T 0.0000E*00 B A T 0 1 O . O O O O E * 0 O L I T O T 0 0 3 8 9 1 E - 0 4 N O 3 1 0 1 0.00OOE 900 S I O Z T O T O.LB29E-03 B T O T 0 .6012E-04 B Y T O T 0.0000t*00 H Z S T O T 0.0000€*00 N H 4 T O T O.OOO(Y+OO

P H = 8.45 PC * 99.99 T E M P * 24.8OOEG C D E N S I T Y = 1 . 0 0 0 C M / C C - L O C ( P C O Z # = 3 - 2 1 - L O G ( P O Z I 99.99 - L O C I P C H 4 ) P 99.99 IONIC S T R E M C T H = 0.01217 T O T A L O I S S S O L I D S 0 . 7 5 C M l L I T E R S O L N T O T A L I N O R G C A R 0 O N H O L A L I T Y - 0.2844E-02 I O N B A L A N C E E W K O R = 8 . 2 7 P E R C E N T C A T I O N k X C E S S = 0 . 1 8 0 7 E - O Z ~ C H A R C E * M O L E S ) H Z O A C T I V I T Y = 0.9996

I N D I V I W A L S P E C I ES M O L A L I 1 I E 5

OH- c *OH* M C C U 3 0 N A S O 4 - 0 *OH* ~ 4 ~ 1 0 4 AL 0 ~ 4 - F E O H 3 O F E 4 4 MH3AQ ncLo HZBOE

0.31 2 7E -05 0.7343E-08 0. 11 13€-05 0 . 3 7 4 5 E - 0 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 E 00 0.2 7 3 O E - 0 3 0.7435E-06 0.OOOOE *OO 0.0000~ 400 O o 0 0 0 0 E + 0 0 0.1261E-16 0.9J53E-05

C 03- C A C D 3 0

N A C L O SR.44 H 3 S I O 4 A L S O 4 * FEOH4- F E O H + MHISOI nZ s A 0

C I C H C O ~

H Z C O ~ *

0.4990E-04 0 0 4 309E-05 0.11 6lE-05 0 115 1E-05 O.OOOOE.OO 0.1007E-04 0.14 1 3 E - 1 7 0.0000E*00

O.OOOOE too O.OOOOE*00 0.1961E-04

0.0000~400

~ ~ 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 H G S U I O K t S R O H + H Z S 1 0 4 A L S O 4 2 F E C L * * F E O H Z O N03- ns- O Z A Q

0.2745E-02 0 . 2 6 6 3 E - 0 5 0.3972E-05 0 . 1 2 7 3 E - 0 3 0.0000E *oo 007825E-08 0.7 1 3 ?E-1 9 0.0000E*00 0.0000E *OO 0.0000E*00 0.0000E+00 0.0000 E 00

on

ncso4o

L 1 on0

C A C O 3 0

K S 04-

A L O H L * F EUH3 F E O H * N03- 5--

I N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V I T I E S ( -LOG ACT I V I T Y 1

5.55 5 - 3 6 5 - 40 6.30 9 - 0 1

-99 . 9 9 -99.90 -99 . 99 -99.90

i o . 78

C 0 3 - - C A H C 0 3 MA t K C L O L I 504-

F E O H 4 - FF. UHZO

BW --

d ~ o n 4 -

nt

4.49 5.62 2.00 7.87 7 001 6.18

-99 . 99 -99.99

8.45 -99.99

nc03- C A S 0 4 0 NACU3- 0 A * *

A L S O + * F E C L * *

H ~ S I 0 4

F E O O H -

H3 BO 3 0 tiz s 11 40

2.61 4.91 5.22

-99.99 3.56

17.90 -99.99 -99.99

21.10 4.29

504- M G * 4 N A H C 0 3 BAOH+ H3S 104 A L SO42

F E S O 4 0

HZBO3-

F E C L Z *

tiso+-

5 0 4-- 0 0 98 75 E - 0 3 C I S 0 4 0 0.1218E-04 M A * 001126E-01 K S 0 4 - 0.5638E-06 L I * 0.3883E-04 A L * * * 0.3025E-17 F E t . 4 O.OOOOE*OO F E C L Z + 0.0000E*00 F F O O H - O.OOOOE*OO tit 0.391ZE-08 S -- 0.0000E*00

3 - 2 0 4.44 4.86

-99.99 5 .05

19.19 -99.99 -99.99 9.66 5.09

C L - HCOH* NASUI- SR * * H2S 104 F E * * * F E C L 3 0 NH44 H C L O nzcu 3

C L - 0.5 13E-02 H G + t 0.5548E-04 N A C 0 3 - 0.6669E-05 K C L O 0.1349E-07 L I O H 0 0.1530E-09 A L O H + * 0.5366E-14 F E U H + * 0,00OM*00 F L C L 3 0 0.0000E* 00 F E S 0 4 0 0. OOOOE e 0 0

H Z S O ~ O O . ~ B Y Y L - Z L BR- 0.0000E *OO

C A * + 0.1457E-03 M M H + + 0.1829E-07 NAHC03 0.1392L-04 BA** 0.0000E+00 L ISO4- 0. I 082E-06 ALOHZ* 001870t-10 FEOHZe O.OOOOE*OO FL 504. 0 . OOOOE e 0 0 NH44 0.00OOE*00 H S O 4 - 0.Z435E-09 ~ 3 ~ 0 3 0 o . ~ o ~ ~ E - o +

2.34 7.78 4. s7

-99.99 8.29

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

16.90 4.71

C A * * M G C O 3 U N A C L O S R O H * AL* c F E O H t * F €SUI* NH 3A Q H Z S A O 0 2 A Q

4.02 5.95 5.94

-9Y.99 17.90

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.90

ca0h4 N G H C O ~ K t L I * A L O H + ~ F E O H Z t F E t N H 4 S O 4 tis-

8.18 5.98 3.94 4.46

1 4 . 4 6 - 99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99


A D U L A R I A -0 .22 A L B I T E -0.85 A N H Y D R I T -2 .68 A N O P T H I T -4 .16 A R A C O N I T -0.30 B A R I T E -99.99 B O E H H I T E -1.15 B R U C I T E -4.14 C A L C I T E -0.04 C A - H O N T -0.02 C t L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E D N -0.04 C H L O R I T E 0.95 O O L U H I T E -0.43 C I B B S I T E -1 -19 C F O T H I T E -99.99 CR I E G I T E -09.99 G Y P S U M -2 .62 HALITE - 5 . Y Z H A L L O Y S T - 3 . 5 I H E N A T I T € -99.99 H U N T I T E -4.81 HYOTOMAC -4.54 I L L I T E 0.05 K A O L I N 1 1 0.56 K - M I C A -0.94 H A C K I N A W -99.99 N A G M E S I T -0.6'1

5 I O E R I I€ -99.79 5 T R U N T N T -99.99 T A L C 1 - 4 1 T t f t N A R d l -7.01 Y I T H t R I T -5f9.9'4 H A G N E T I T -99.Y9 4 I R A B I L T -6.07 NESQtJEHO -3.77 P H L O G O P T -3.Y3 P Y R I T E -99 .9Y P Y R I ) Y H Y L - 1 . 0 7 O U A L T Z 0.45

S I L I C A S A T I J R A T I O N I N O I C F S

-LUG n 4 s I I I S O 3-56 Q U A R T Z 0.47 CHALCCDDNY 0.02 A - C R I S T U R A L I T E -0.25 A f l l l K P H U U S -1 .32

INPUT DATA I H f I L E S P E K L I T E R OF SOLUTION : EOUIVALENIS P € R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T 0 1 0 . 1 6 9 7 C - 0 3 M G T O T 0.4q40E-04 NATO1 0.1 L09E-01 K T O T 0.133OE-03 C L T O T 0.4993t-OZ A L K 0 0 2 5 9 M - 0 2 SUQTUT 0 . 1 7 3 P t - 0 2 A L T O 1 0.0000E*00 FETl lT 0.0000E*00 S R T O T O . O O O O E * 0 0 B A T 0 1 0.0000L*00 L I T 0 1 0.3747E-04 NO3101 0.0000t *00 S I O Z T O T 0.2Q95E-03 B T O T 0.4070E-04 6 R l O T 0.0000E*00 H Z S T O T 0.0000E*00 NH4TOT 0 . 0 0 0 0 t * 0 0

PH = 8.43 P € = 99.99 TEMP 26 .5ODEG C DENSITY sa l.OOOCH/CC -LOG(PCOZl = 3 . 7 6 -LOC(Pf lZ) = 99.99 -LOC(PCt14) a 99.99 I O N I C STRfNGTH = 0 . 0 1 3 1 3 TOTAL D l F S SOLIDS = 0.79CMlLITER SOLN TOTAL INORG CARBON MOLALITY OoZ534E-02 ION BALANCl E R R I I R = Z.85PERCtNT CATION E X C E S S = 0 . 6 4 1 5 E - O 3 ( C H A R C E + M O L E S l H Z O A C T I V I T Y = 0.9996

I N D I V I D U A L SPECIES HOLIL I T I E S

OH- CAOH*

NAS04-

Y 4 f 104 ALOH4- FLOH30 FE * 4

NH3 A 0 HCLO

M G C O ~ O

I I A O H *

H Z B O ~ -

o . MOPE -05 Om 7Rb5E-08 0 - 7 6 1 6 E - 0 6 0.61 03E-04

0 . 1 8 9 6E -03 0 . oooot- 400

O.OOOOE 400 0.0000E * 0 0

O.0OQOE 400 0.0000E*00 O.lSZ8E-16 0.6212E-05

C03- CACO30 MCHC03 NACLO sa* ~ 3 5 1 0 4 ALS04* FEOH4- F €OH* NH4S04 H 2 S A O H2C03*

0.44 4 4E-04 0 . 38 Z 1 E-05 0.795lE-06 0.1087F-05 0 . OOOOE 00 O.111ZE-04 0 . OOOOF 4 00 0. OOOOE * 0 0

' 0 . 00 OOE4 00 O.OOOOE*OO 0.0000E*00 0.1 7846-04

HC03- CAHC03 HCSO40 K 4

SROHt HZS I O 4 ALSO42 FECL+* FEOHZO N03- HS- OZA 0

0.2 44 5E-0 2

0.5 03 7E-0 5 O.1321E-03 0.0000E t o o 0.10 17E-0 7 0.0000E*00 0.0000E*00

0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 0.0000E * o o

0.24Z9E-05

0.0000~400

0.0000~400

I N D I V I D U A L SPECIES ACTIV IT IESI -LOG ACTIV ITYJ

on 5 - 5 2 C03-- 4.55 n c n 3 - 2.66 504- CACO30 5.42 CAHC03 5.66 CAS040 (1.70 H G * * H C S O C O 5.30 NA* 2.01 NAC03- 5 - 2 5 NAHC03

S04-- CAS040 NA* K 5 0 4 - LZ* At.**+ F t * 4 * FECLZ* FEOOH-

S-- ne

0.1653E-02 0.1979E-04 0.1102E-01 0.992 LE-06 0 -3733E-04 0 . OOOOE 40 0 0.0000€*00 0.0000E* 00 0.0000E+00 0.4 109E-08 O.OOOOE*OO

CL- 0.4996E-02 PIG*+ 0.4283E-04 NA C 0 3- 0 . 6 2 3 4E - 0 5 KCLO 0.1349E-07 L I O H O 0.1665E-09 ALOH++ 0.0000E*00 FEOH*t 0.0000E*00 FECL30 0.0000E*00 FESO4O 0.0000E*00

H2S040 0 ~ 1 5 7 O E - Z O BR- 0 - O O O O E *00

2.98 CL- 2.35 C A * * 4.56 HCOH* 7.86 n c c 0 3 0 4 - 9 7 NAS04- 4 - 2 1 NACLO

KS04- 6.05 KCLO 7.87 @ A * * -99.99 B A O H * -99099 S R * * -99.99 S R O H I L I O H O 9 - 7 8 L l S 0 4 - 6.82 H I S 1 0 4 3.54 I435104 5.00 HZSIO4 8.19 A L * * * ALOHZ* -99.99 M U H 4 - -99.99 .ALSO4* -99.99 ALSO42 -99.99 F E * * * -99.99 F E O H * * FEOH3 -99.99 FEOH4- -99.99 FFCL** -99.99 FECL2* -99.99 FECL30 -99.99 FESO4. F E O H + -99-99 FEOHZO -99.99 FEOflH- -99.99 FESn40 -99.99 NH4+ -99.99 "3AQ

z 0 . 8 0 nso4- 9.40 H C L O 16.81 H Z S A O 4.46 H28O3- 5.26 H Z C 0 3 4.75 O Z A U

N03- -99.99 nt n . 4 3 H Z S ~ ~ O S -- -V9.99 BR-- -99.99 H ~ R ~ I ~ O

M l N F R A L SATURATION I N D I C E S

ADULARIA -99.99 A L B I T E -99.99 ANHYOR 1 -2.45 *NORTHIT -99.99 ARAGONIT - 0 . 3 6 BRUCITE -4.19 C A L C I T E -0.10 CA-HON -99.99 CELESTIT -99.99 CHALCEON -0.03 G l B R S I T E -99.99 G E O T H I T E -99.99 C R I E G l E -99.99 GYPSUM -2.CL H A L I l E -5.95 H U N T I l F - 5 . 3 0 HIDTOHAG -5.00 I L L I T F -99.99 KAOLJNIT -99.99 K-HJCA -99.09 HAGNFTIT -99.V9 H l R A B l L T -5.95 NFSOUEHU - 3 . 8 8 PHCOGOPT -99.99 P Y R I T E -99.09 S IDERITE -99.99 STRONTNT -99.99 TALC 1.18 THENIPOT -6.91 H I I H € R I T -99.9'1

S I I - I C A SATURATION INOlC l -S

-LOG H4S11)4O 3 . 5 4 O U b R T Z 0 . 4 2 CHALCE DIJNY 0 . 0 3 A-CRISTOBALI IE -0.24

C A * 4

NAHC03 B A * + L I so*- ALOHZ* FEOH24 FES04* NH4

H3B030

PIGOH++

~ ~ 0 4 -

4.04 CAOH* 6.12 HGHC03 5.96 K+

-99.99 L I ~ -99.99 ALOH*+ -99.99 FfOHZ+ -99.99 F E + * -99.99 NH4SO4

-99.99 -90.99 tis-

0.1438E-03 0.154LE-07 0.1204E-04 0.0000~400 0.1714E-06 O.OCOOE400 0.0 0 OOE 00 0.0000E+00 O.OOCOE*OO 0.4 423E-09 0.3445E-04

8.15 6. I5 3.93 4.48 - 99.99

-99.99 -99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99

B ~ R I T E -99.99 B o E n t i i i E -99.99 CHLOK I TE -99.99 DOLOMITE -0.64 HALLOYSI -99.99 HEHAT1 1E -99.99 H b C K I N A H -99.99 M A C N E S I 1 - 0 . 8 4 PYkI)PHYL -99.99 QUARTZ 0.44

AHURPIIIJUS -1.31

T l T L f O 3 O H A 3 L O C A T I I J N D - 0 8 - Z h - l t l A R D D

I N P U r D A T A ( M O L E S P E R L I T E Q OF S O L U T I O N : E Q U I V A L E N T S P E R L l T t R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T O T 0.94006-04 n c i n i O . ~ Q O O E - O ~ N A T O T 0.1 L ~ ~ E - O L K T O T 0 . 8 4 4 0 ~ - 0 4 C L T O T 0 . 6 3 4 7 ~ - 0 2 ALK 0 . 2 0 8 0 € - 0 2

N O ~ T O T n.ooooE4oo SIOZTOT 0 . ~ 3 2 6 ~ - 0 3 H T O T 0 . 4 6 2 5 ~ - 0 4 R R T O T O . O O O O E ~ O O H Z S T O T o.oooot*oo N H ~ T O T 0.0000~400 S O 4 1 0 1 0.1457E-02 A L T D T 0 . 7 4 3 O F - 0 6 F t T U 1 0.0000E400 S R T U T 0.0000E*00 f l A T O T 0.0000E*00 L I T 0 1 0.72C5E-04

P H = 8 - 9 2 P E = 99.99 T E M P = 3 7 . 2 O O E G c D E N S I T Y = l . O O O G N / C C

I O N I C S T Q t N G T H = 0.01329 T O T A L O l S S SOLIDS = O . A O G N / L l T E R SOLN T O T A L J N O R G C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y = 0.18ZOE-02 - L O G I P C O Z ) = 3 - 8 5 - L O C I P O Z ) = 99.99 - L O G I P C H I I = 9 9 - 9 9

I O N B A L A N C t E R R 0 4 4 . 1 8 P E R C r N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 ~ 9 7 9 4 E - 0 3 I C H A R G E ~ ~ O L E S l HZO A C T I V I T Y 0.9996

I N O l V IOUAL S P E C I E S M O L A L I l l E S

OH- C A O H 4 N G C 0 3 0 N A S 0 4 - RAOH4 H4S I 0 4 ALOH4- F E O H 3 0 F E 4 4 N H 3 A O H C L 0 H2903-

o.zzneE-04 0 0 3004E-0 7 0.2176E-06 0 582 4E-04 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ + 0 0 0.361 7E-03 0.7436E-Ob 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 4 00 0.0000E*00 0 . OOOOE 400 O.lB43E-16 0 . 1 8 7 9 ~ - 0 4

cfl3-- C A C O 3 0 N G H C 0 3 N A C L O S R 4 4 H3S104 A L S O 4 4 FEOH4- F €OH* " 4 5 0 4 H Z S A O H 2 C 0 3 +

0.1128E-03 0.6834E-05

0.14 79F-05 0.0000E+00 0.71 2 I € - 0 4 0.1523E-20 0.0000E400 0 . 00 O O E t 00 0.00 OOE 401) 0.0000F*00 0.3553F-05

0.5605E-07

HC03- C A W 0 3 tiGSO40 K 4 S R O H * H Z S IO4 A L S 04 2 F E C L + + FEOHZO N O 3- HS- O Z A O

0 . 1 6 5 8 E - 0 2

0.4 35 3E -0 6 0.8 3 8 3E-04 0.0000E 4 0 0 0.64ObE-06 O.111OE-21

0 1 2 1 5E -0 5

0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 4 0 0 o.noooE*oo 0 . OOOOE 40 0 o . o o o o ~ 4 0 0 0.0000E* 0 0

OH C A C 0 3 0 MGS040 K 504 - L I OH0 A L D H Z + F E O H 3 F F O H 4 N 0 3 - 5--

I N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V l T l E S ~ - L O G A C T I V I T Y )

4.69

4.36 6.25 8.55

1 2 - 2 3 -V'+ . 9 9 -99.99 -99.99 -99.93

5 - 16 c03-- C A H C 0 3 MA 4

K C L O L I 504- AL OH4- FtOH4- F E U H Z O H* BQ --

4.15 5.9b 1.98 7 - 9 6 6 . h l 6. I 8

-99.99 -99 . 93

4.92 -99.9,

~ ~ 0 3 - C A S U 4 0 N A C O 3 - n A 4 * HQS I l l 4 A L SO 44 F E C L * + FEOOH- H 2 S O 4 0 H3R1130

2.83 5.02 4 - 6 0

-99.99 3.44

20.87 -99.99 -99.99

2 1 e 6 1 4.56

S 04-- PIG44 N A H C 0 3 B A U H 4 H 3 S 104 A L S O 4 2 F C C L Z ~ F E s o w ~ ~ 0 4 - H2 B I ) 3-

S04--

N A 4 KSO4- L I + A L 4 + 4 F E * * 4 F E C L Z * F E O O H - H4 5--

C A so40

3 - 0 6 5.57 5 .06

-99.99 4.20

22 .01 -99.99 -99.99

9.84 4 . 79

0.1309E-02 Oo9532E-05 0.1188E-01 0.6254E-0 6

0. 2 12 DE-2 0

0.000 OE 400

0.1333E-08

o . r i e 3 ~ - 0 4

0.0000~400

o .0000~400

0 .0000~4 00

C L - 0.6351E-02 H G 4 4 0 - 6184E-05 N A C O 3- 0 2 82 3E -04 KCLO 0 . L O W E - 0 7 L l O H O 0.2829E-08 ALOH44 0.3064E-16 F E O H + * 0.0000E~00 F E C L 3 0 0.0000E*00 FESO4O 0.000M 400

HZS040 0.2438E-21 B R - 0.OOOoE 400

C A + + M G O H + + N A H C 0 3 0 1 4 4 L 1504-

F €OH?+ F E S 0 4 + NH4 4

HS04- H 3 B 0 3 0

A L O H Z ~

0.7 72bE-04 0.1137E-07 0.8 748E-05 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 0.2 742E-06 0.6648E-12

0.0000€+00 O.OOOOE+OO O.lb17E-09 0.2 749E-04

0.0000~400

C L - HG OH 4

N A S 0 4 - SU 4 4

H Z S I 0 4 I=€ 4 4 4

F E CL 30 NH4 4

H C L O H Z C 0 3

2.25 7.99 4 .28

-99.99 6.39

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

16.73 5.45

C A 4 4 N G C 0 3 0 N A C L O S R O H + A L * 4 4

F E S O 4 4 F E O H + +

NH3AQ H Z T i A Q O Z A Q

4 . 3 1 6 - 6 6 5.83

-99.99 21.07

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

C A O H + HCH C 0 3 I(+ L 1 + ALOH++ F E O H 2 4 F E 4 4 N H I S 0 4 HS-

7.57 7.30 4 - 1 3 4.19

16.71 -99.99 - 99.99 -99.99 -F9.99

M l N t R A L S A T U R A T I O N I N O I C E S

A D U L A R I A -0.95 A L B I T E -1.22 A N H Y O R I T -2.72 A N O R T H I T -4.73 A R A G O N I T -0.Lb 3 A R I T E -99.99 B O E H M I T E -2.09 @ R U C I T E - 3 . 5 R C A L C I T E 0.11 C A - M O N T - 2 . 2 8 C F L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E O N -0.05 CHLUKI T t 0.93 O O L O N I r E -0.92

HUNTITC -6 .37 H Y O T O H A G -5.57 ILLITE -2.09 K A O L I N I T -1.59 K - M I C A -3.69 H A C K I N A H -99.99 M A G N E S I T - 1 . 3 0

S I D E R I T E -cJV.9'l S T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 2.35 T H € N A R D T -6.82 HITHERIT -9V.99

G I B R S I T E -2 .80 Z E O T H I T E -99.99 GR IEGITE -99.99 C Y P S U Y -1.75 HALITE +.a+ HICLOYST -5.55 H E N A T I T € - 9 9 . 9 ~

M A G N E T I T -99.99 H I Y A R I L T -6.45 N F S O U E H O - 4 . 3 8 P H L O t O P T -1.98 P Y K l T t -99.99 P Y U O P H Y L - l . S 3 U U A R T Z 0 . 3 Y

S I L I C A 5 4 TI1 P A T I ON 1 N O 1 C F S

-LOG H ~ S 1 1 1 4 0 3 . % 4 Q U A R T Z 0. J 7 C H A L C E D O N Y -0.00 A - C R I S T O B A L I T E - 0 . 2 6 A M O R P H O U S - 1 . 3 7

T I T L E O 3 1 H H 3 L O C A T I O N n - 0 ' 3 - 2 6 - 1 R A R D C

l N P U l O A T A [ M O L E S P E R L l l E R OF S O L U T I O N : E Q U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F U R A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T 0 1 0.1023C-03 M G T O T 0 . 5 9 0 0 E - 0 5 N A T 0 T 0.13LRF-01 K T U T 0.9970C-04 C L T O T 0.739L€-UZ A L K 0 .2420E-02 5 0 4 T O l 0.1353E-02 A L T O 1 0 . 7 4 3 0 E - O h F E T U T 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 S R T n T O . O O O O E * 9 0 B A T U T O.OOOOC*OO L I T 0 1 0.8647E-04 NU3107 O.OOOOE*OO S 1 0 2 T O T O . 3 b 6 1 f - 0 3 E T 1 1 1 0.5550E-04 E R T n T O 0 O O O O t * O O H Z S T O T O . O O O O E * O O N H 4 T O l 0.0000E400

PH 8.71 PE = 99.99 T E n P = 3 9 . 1 0 0 E C C D E N S I T Y = l . O O O C H / C C - L O C ( P C O ? ~ = 3.54 - L O C ( P U 2 ) = 99.99 - L O C ( P C H I ) = 99.99 I O N I C S T R t N G T H = 0.01439 T O T A L D l S S S O L I 0 5 O . R 7 G H / L I T E R S O L N T O l A L I N O R C C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y = 0.2227E-02 ION B A L A N C E t R R O R = 4 . 1 3 P E R C E N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 ~ 1 0 6 R E ~ O Z ~ C H A R G E + M U L t S J

IN01 V I D U A L S P E C I E S M O L A L I T I E S

OH- C A O H * M C C 0 3 0 N A S O C

H4S I 0 4 A L O H C - F EOH3O F E * * N H 3 A Q H C L O H2803-

H A O H +

0.1595E-04

0.2096E-06

0.0000E *oo 0.32 39E-03 0.7436E-Ob

0 .2 2 8 7E-07

O . M ~ O E - O C

0.0000t400 o.oooo~400

n . 408 ZE - 16 0.0000t: *oo

0.1689E-04

C 0 3 - 0 905 7E-0 4 C A C O 3 0 0.6157E-05 M C H C 0 3 0.84 3 3 E - 0 7 N A C L O O.lBR2F-05 S R * + O.OOOOE*OO H3S104 0.4253E-04

FEOH4- O.OOOOE*OO F € O H * 0 . OOOOE 00 N H I S O 4 0 . 0 0 O O E ~ r ) O

H Z C 0 3 * 0.7137E-05

A L SO4 t 0 662OE-20

H 2 S A O 0.0000E~00

DH C A C O 3 0 P I G S 0 4 0 K 504- L I OH0 A L O H Z * FEOH3 F L U H * N03- S --

HC 0 3- 0.2 OB .?E -0 I C A H C 0 3 0.1737E-05 M G S 0 4 0 0.4729E-06

S R O H + O.OOOOE+OO H Z S 1 0 4 0 . 2 R Z I E - O h A L S O 4 2 0 . 4 4 1 4 F - 2 1

R 4 0.9 90 8 E -0 4

F E C I - * 0.0000E*00 FEOHZO 0.0000~400 NO+ 0.0000~400 t is- O . O O O O E * O O O Z A Q 0 .0000~400

l N O l V I O U A L S P E C I E S A C l l V I l I E S t - L O G A C T I V I T Y )

4.85 5 - 2 1 6 - 3 2 6 - 2 1

11.88 -v7 . 9 3 -V9.99 -99.99 -v9 . 90

n.61

C 0 3 - - CA H C 03 N A 4

K C L O

A L O H 4 - FE OH4- F E D H Z O H* RU --

LISW-

4.25 5 - 0 1 1 -94 7.03 6-50 6.18

-99.99 -99.99

8 - 7 1 -99.99

H C 9 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C 0 3 - @ A * 4 H 4 S I I I 4 A L S O + * FECL * *

tizsn4o FEOIIH-

H3R030

M l N t R A L S A T U R A T I O N I N O I C € S

2.73 5.02 4.63

-99.99 3.49

20.23 -99.99 - 9 9 - 9 9

21.19 4 . 4 1

so*-- M C * * N A H C 0 3 BAOH4 H3S 101 A L S O 4 2 F E C L Z * F E so40 ~ ~ 0 4 - H z B n J -

A D U L A R I A -1 .14 A L B I T E -1.43 A N t i Y O R I T -2.71 R R U C I T E -3.92 C A L C I T E 0.06 C A - M O N T -2.26 G I B B S I T F - I . h 7 C E O T H I T E -99.99 CR I E G l T E -99.99 H U N T I T F : - b o 4 3 H Y O l O t l A C -5.R1 I L L I T E -2.16 M A G N E T I T -99.99 M l R A S I L l -6.48 N F S Q U F H I 1 -4.39 S I D E R I T E -Y9.9? S T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 1.25

so+-- C A S 0 4 0 N A * K S 0 4 - L I * A L 4 4 * F E 4 4 4 F E C L Z *

t i 4

F E OOH-

S --

A N O R T H C E L E S T G Y P S U M K A O L I N

3.10 5.50 5 - 9 2

-99.99 4 . 4 3

21.41 -09.99 -99.99

0. 1285E-02 0 .948 9E-05 0. 1309E-01 0.6898E-06 0 . 862 4E- 0 4 O.LO25E-19 0.0000~400 O.OOOOE*OO 0 . O O O O E ~ O O 0.2169E-08 0.0000E*00

C L - MCOH* N A S 0 4 - sa+* H Z S 104 F E + + 4 F E C L 3 O NH4*

H Z O A C T l V I l Y = 0.9996

C L - 0.7396E-02 M C * 0.503OE-05 NA C 0 3 - 0 2 6 5 9 t -0 4 K C L O 0 . 1 4 7 5 E - 0 7

A L O H * * O.lO27E-15 L 1 OH0 0 2 4 4 8 E -08

F E O H + 4 0. OOOOE 4 00

F E S O 4 0 0.0000E *00 F E C L 3 0 0. OOOOE 00

H Z S O 4 O 0.636 J E - 2 1 0 R - 0 . O O O O E ~ O O

C A 4 4 MCOH*+ N A H C O 3 B A + * L 1504- A L O t i Z + F E O H Z 4 F E S O 4 * NH4 HS04- H38030

0.8490E-04 0.9557E-08 0 . 1 2 0 0 E - 0 4 0.0 OOOE* 00 0.2992E-06 0. 1500E-11 0. OOOOE *oo 0. OOOOE +oo 0 . 0 0 OOE 00 0.2515E-09 0 .3066E-04

2 - 1 9 8.07 4.28

-99.99 6.76

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

C A * * M G C O 3 O N A C L O S R O H * A L * 4 * FEOH** F L S O 4 t N H 3 A Q

4.28 6.68 5 . 7 2

-09.9v 20.*1

-9Y.99 -09.9') -99.Y')

C A O H + M G H C 0 3 K * L I * A L O H + * F E O H Z * F E 4 4 N U 4 5 0 4

7.69 7- 13 4.06 4.11

Lb. 20 -99.99 - 99.99 -99.99

9.65 H C L O 1 6 - 3 9 H Z S A Q -99.09 ns- - 99.99 4.84 HLCU3 5 - 1 5 O Z A Q -99.99

T - 4 . 8 6 A R A C O N I T - 0 . 2 2 B A R I T E -99.99 B O E H M I T E -1.94 T -99.99 C H A L C E O N -0.12 C H L O R l l E - 0 . 3 3 O O L O M I T E -0.99

-2.75 H L L I T F -5.73 H A L L I I Y S T -5.40 H E M A l l T E -99.99 T -1.45 K - H l C A -3 .61 H A C K I N A H - 9 9 - 9 9 M A C N E S I l - 1 . 3 1

P K O C O P T -2.79 P Y R I T E -99.99 P Y R I I P H Y L -1 .30 Q U A R T Z 0 . 3 1 T H E N A R D T - 6 . 7 8 H l T H E R l l -99.99

S I L I C A S A T I J R A T I D N I N O I C F S

- L O G H 4 5 1 U S O 3 - 4 9 O U A R T I 0 . 7 0 C H A L C C O D N Y - 0 . O ? A-CR I S T U B A L I 1 € - 0 . 3 2 AHOR P H O I I S - 1.3 8

I N P U I D A T A 4 H O L E S P E R L I T F R OF S O L U T I O N : E O U I V A L € N T S P E R L I T E R FOR A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T O T 0 .1341E-02 H G T O T 0 . 7 6 3 2 F - 0 3 N A T O 1 0.4198E-01 K T O T 0 .2608E-03 C L T O T 0.2866E-01 A L K 0.9300E-03 5 0 4 7 0 1 O.M06Rf-O? A L T O 1 0.3715E-Oh F t T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * 0 0 S R T O T O . O O O O E + O O M A T O T 0.0000t.*00 L I T 0 1 0.4467E-04 N O ~ T O T O . ~ O O O E * O O S I O Z T O T 0 . 3 + 9 4 ~ - 0 3 B i o i o . i 4 a o ~ - o 3 B R T O T O.OOOOE+OO H Z S T O T O . O O O O E * O O N H ~ T O T O . O O O O E + O O

PH = 8 - 5 1 PE 99.99 T E H P = 39.000EG C D E N S I T Y l , O O O G H / C C - L O C f P C O Z ) = 3 .82 - L O C f P U Z ) 5 99.79 - L O C f P C H 4 ) 99.99 I O N I C S T R E N G T H = 0.0523A T O T A L D l S S S O L I D S = 2.91GH/LITER S O L N T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y = 0.80376-03 I O N B A L A N C t F R R O R = - 0 . Z 5 P E R C E N T C A T I O N F X C E S S = - 0 . 2 2 2 4 E - O 3 f C H A R C E * H O L E S ~ H Z O A C r l V I T Y 0.9986

I NO1 V I D U A L 5 P E C I E S M O L A L I T I E S

OH- 0.1101E-04 C A O H * 0.1360E-06 H C C 0 3 0 0.1293E-05 N A S 04- 0.779 1 E-03 B A O H ~ O.OOOOE*OO t i 4 5 1 0 4 0.3211E-03 A L O H 4 - 0.3726E-06 F E O H 3 0 0. OOOOE 00 F E * + O . O O O O E 4 0 0 NH3AO O.OOOOE+OO H C L O 0.2277E-I5

C 0 3 - - C A C 0 3 0 M C H C 0 3 NACL'O S R * 4

H3S I04 A L S 0 4 * F E OH4- F EOH* NH4S04 H Z S A O

0.2516E-04 0.109 4E-04 0.9119E-Oh 0.1929E-04 0.0000r-*oo 0.292 BE -04 0. RZ69E-19 0 . 000 OF 00

0. OOOOE *r)o 0.001)OE 00

0.0000~400

H C 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 M C S O S O

S R O H 4 H2S I 0 4 A L S O 4 2 F E C L + + FEOHZO N03- HS -

K 4

0.728ZE-03

0.5 64 BE-0 4 0.2546E-03 0.0000E *oo 0.1529E-06 0.2 171E-19 0.0000E*00 0.0000E 400 0.0000E*00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 400

0 .53 10E-05

H2803- 0.3573E-04 H Z C 0 3 * 0.3631E-05 O Z A O 0.0000E*00

I N D I V I O U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V I T I E S t -LOG A C T l V l T Y 1

nti C A C O 3 0 H C S O S O K S 0 4 - L IUHO A L n H Z 4 F €OH3 F E O H 4 NO3- 5 --

5.03 4. 9 6 4.2* 5.25 9.13

11.81 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

C03-- C A H C 0 3 MA K C L 0 L I 5 0 4 - AL !I H4- F f OH4- F f OH20 H* BR --

4.94 5.36 1.47 6.91 6 .30 6 - 5 2

-99.99 -9 9.99

8.51 -99 . 99

HCO3- C A S 0 4 0 N A C 0 3 - R A * + H4S 104 A L S 0 4 * F E C L * * FEOOH- H Z S O 4 O H Y B O 3 0

3.22

4.85 -99.99

3.49 19.17

-99.99 -99.99

2 0 . 2 0 3.94

3 - 4 8 S04--

N A H C 0 3 M G 4 *

B A O H * n3s 1 0 4 A L S O 4 2

F E S O 4 0

HZBU3-

F E C L Z *

nsn4-

M I N E R A L S A T U Q A T I O N I N D I C E S

ADULARIA -1.10 A L R I ~ E -1.29 ANHYORIT -1.17 B R U C I T E -2.74 C A L C I T E 0.31 C A - M O N S -2.47 G I B B S I T E -2 .80 C E O T H I T E -99.99 CK I E G l TE -9'4.99 H U N T I T F -3.79 H Y D T O H A C -2.74 I L L I T E -2.10

S I O € R I T E -99.99 S T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 4.51 H A G N E T I T -93.99 H I R A B I L T -4.96 N E S O U E H O 4 - 6 0

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C € S

- L O G H4511140 3.49 Q U A R T Z 0.30 C H A L C E D D N Y

SO+-- C A S O 4 0 N A * K S 04- L I * A L * * * F E * 4 4 FL. C L Z ~ FEOOH- H* S--

A N O R T H C E L E S T GYP S U M K A O L I N

Z - 5 1 4 . 0 2 4.94

-99.99 4 . 6 3

19.75 -99.99 -99.99

8.R6 4.57

0.6973E-02 0.3249E-0 3 0.4132E-01 0.6885E-05 0 .44 19E-04 0.502 3E-19

0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * o 0 0.0000E*00 0 . 3 6 4 1E-08 0.0000E+ 00

0.0000~400

C L - MCOH* N A S 0 4 - SR 4 *

H Z S l O 4 F E 4 * * F E C L 3 0 m4+ H C L O H Z C O ~

C L - 0.2873E-01 M C 4 4 0 . 2 0 5 l E - 0 3 N A C 0 3 - 0.1 709E-04 K C L O 0.12 19E-06 LlOHO 0.7288E-09 ALOH** 0.257OE-15 F E OH* 0.0000E*00

FE S O 4 0 0. OOOOE *00 F E C L 3 0 0.0000€* 00

H Z S 0 4 0 0 .6231E-20 8 R - 0 . 0 O O o t *00

1.64 6.78 3.22

-99.99 1 - 1 6

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

15.64 5.43

C A 4 4 M G C U 3 0 N A C L O S R O H + A t - + * * F E O H t * F E S 0 4 * N H 3 A 0 H Z S A O O Z A O

3 . 3 3 5 . 8 8 4.71

-99.99 19.94

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -09.99 -99.9Y

C A * * 0.10106-02 MGOH** 0.19186-06 NAHC03 0.112ZE-04 B A * + 0 .0000~400 L I SO+ 0.6 0 75E-06 A L O H Z * 0.1879E-11 F E OH2 0.0 000E* 00 F E S O 4 * 0.0000E*00 NH4* 0.0000E*00 HS04- 0.1 705E-08 H3B030 0.'11276-03

C A O H * r ( C H C 0 3 K 4 ~ 1 4 A L O H * * FEOHZ* F E * " 4 SO4 ns-

6.95 6.13 3.69 4.44

15.93 -99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99

T -4.58 A R A C O N I T 0 .04 B A R I T E -99.99 B O E H M I T E -2 .08 T -YY.99 C H A L C E O N -0.11 C H L O R I T E 4 . 8 2 D O L O M I T E 0.06

-1.21 H A L I T E - 4 . 7 2 H A L L O Y S T -5.67 H E M A T I T E -9'4.99 T -1.72 K - H l C A -3.85 H A C K I N A W -99.99 M A G N

P t i L n c o P T 0.50 PYRITE - ~ q . v 9 PYRUPI~YL -1.57 O U A R T H E N A P O T -5.25 W I T H E R I T -99.00

-0.07 A - C R I S T U E A L I T E -0. 3 2 A H O R P H O U S -1.3M

S I T -0.51 2 0 . 3 2

T I T L E 0 3 3 W R 3 L nC A 1 I I N 0 -0 H - 2 b - O I3 0 C A A

C A T S O 4 NO 3

I N P l J l DATA l f iOLtS P E R L I T E R OF SOLUI ION : EOUIVAL€NTS P E R L I T E R FUR A L K A L I N I T Y ) 01 0.1hQrL-03 M G T U T 0 .13LhE-07 NAIOT 0.14133E-01 K T O T 0.1790€-03 CLTOT 0.6404€-02 ALK 0.420OE-02 T O T 0.?121I-O2 ALTllT O . O 9 0 0 f + c ) O FE T O T 0.0000E+00 S1( T O T 0.0000E*00 B A T 0 1 0 .0000E+00 LIT01 0.6197E-04 T O 1 0.0000t+00 SI02101 0.2995F-03 U T I 1 1 O.lOlM€-O3 nRTUT 0 - 0 0 0 0 € + 0 0 H Z S T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 E + O O NH4TOl 0 - O O O f f 400

PH * 8 - 5 5 PF = 99.99 T E M P = Zh.(50DEC C DENSITY = l - O O O C M / C C -LOC(PC021 = 3.18 -LOG(POZ) = 99.9') -LOG(PCHS) = 99.99 I O N I C S T R L N G T H = 0.01776 TOTAL D l S S S O L I D S * I . O B C ~ / L l T F R SOLN TOTAL INORC CARMON MOLALITY 004064E-02 I U N BALANCt FR40R = 1.42PEQC'NT C A T I f l N kXCESS x 0 . 4 1 1 0 € - 0 3 ~ C H A Q C E + H 0 L E S )

I N D I V I O U A L SP t C I ES MnLAL lT I E S

IJH- CAOH* HCCO3O NAS04- HAOH4 H I S IO4 ALOHI- FEOH30 F E * + NH3AQ HCL 0 HZ003-

0.$4Q9t-05 0.9 32 5E -08 0.3?31€-05 0.1UlZF-03 0.0000€*00 0. L R 5 3 E - 0 3 0 .000OE 400 0.000DF *00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 400 0.0000t*00 0.15 1 O€ - 1 6 0 . 1 9 7 ~ ~ -04

C03-- CAC030 MCHC03 NACLO SR+ + H3S104 ALSO44 FEOH4- F €OH+ NH4 SO4 HZSAQ HZC03+

0.93 35E-04 0 69 65 E -05 0 30 68 E-05 O.1799E-05 0 . 00 0 0 E + 00 0.1449E-04 o . oo o o~ 90 0.I)OOOF+OO 0 00 00 € 4 00 0.0000E 400 0.00 0 0 E + 00 0 .Z 165E-04

HC03- 0.3889E-02 CAHC03 0.3486E-05 M C S O 4 0 0.1515E-04 K + 0.1 775€-03 S R O H + 0 . 0 0 0 0 E + O O

ALSO42 0.0000E+00 FECL*+ 0.0000E+00 F E O H Z O 0.0000E+OO

H Z S 1 0 4 0-1803E-07

N03- 0.0000E 400 HS- 0.0000E *00 O Z A O 0.0000E+00

I N O I V I D U A L SPECIES ACTIV171ESt-LOG A C T I V I T Y )

OH CACO30 HGS 040 V S04- L I O H 0 ALOHZ+ F t OH3 FEOH+ N03- 5 --

5.41 5.16 4.82 5 . 8 I 9.45

-99-99 -9') . 99 -9v. 99 -99 . 93 -99.99

C03-- CAHCO3 MA + KCLO L I S 0 4 - ALOH4- FE OH+ FE OH20 H* BR--

4.24

1.89 5.51

7 - 6 5 6 - 5 1

-99.99 -99.99

8.54 -99.99

-19.99

HCfl3- CAS040 NAC03- R A * * H4S I04 ALS114* FECL+*

H Z S ~ G O F E 0 0 H - H3R030

2.47 4 -65 4 0 8 3

- 9 9 - 9 9 3.54

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

20.93 4.08

504- M C + + NAHC03 BAOH+ H3S104 A L SO47 FECLL* F E 5040 HSOG- H 2 R 113-

MINERAL SATURATION INDICES

ADULARIA -99.99 A L B I T E -99.99 ANHVORII -2.41 RRUCITE -3.58 CALCITE 0.16 CA-HONT -99.99 G I O H S I T E -99.39 GEOTHITE -99.99 GR I € C I T E -99.79 HUNTITE - 2 - 9 h HYDTUHAG - 2 . 3 2 I L L I T E -9Y.99 H ~ C N E T I T -99.99 HIRARILT -5.63 NFSOUSHII -3.19 S I O t R I T E -99-9'2 5TRONTNT -99.39 TALC 2 . V M

S I L I C A SATURATION INDICES

-LOG H 4 S 1 0 4 0 3.54 OUARTl 0.4 1 CHAL CC DIINY

so*-- CAS040 NA+ KS04- L I + AL444 F E + + + F€CLZ+ F E OOH- H* 5--

2.89 4.18 4.60

-39.99 4.90

-v9.99 -99.99 -99.99

9.42 4. I?

0.2 18 3E-02 0.221 3E-04 0.1470E-01 0.1657E-OS 0.6168E-04 0. OOOOE 0 0 0 .0000€+ 0 0 0 . 0 00 OE 40 0 0.0000€+ 00 0.322 7E-08 0 . 0 0 0 0 € + 0 0

H Z O A C T I V I T Y = 0.9995

CL- 0.b409k-02 M G + + 0.1097E-03 NAC03- 0.1689E-04 K C L O 0.2247E-07 L I OH0 0.3527E-09

FEOH44 0 . 0 0 0 O F * O O ALOH++ 0.0000E*00

FECL30 0 . OOOOE 400 FE SO40 0.0000E 400

H Z S 0 4 0 0 . I 1 8 1 E - 2 0 BR- 0.0000E *00

C L - MGOH + NASU4- SR *+ H2S I 0 4 FE + * e F t C L 3 0 "4 +

HZC03 n c L o

2 - 2 5 7.36 4.05

-99.99 7.96

-99.99 -99.99 - 9 9 - 9 9

16.82 4.66

C A + + MCCO30 NACLO SROH* A I - + * + f € O H * + F E W * * NH3AO HZSAO I 1 2 A 0

ANORTHIT -99.99 AWACONIT -0.10 CFLESTIT -99.99 CHILCEUN - 0 . 0 4 CYPTUH -2.36 HALITE -5.73 KAUL I N 1 1 -99.99 K - H I C A -99.99 PHLIICCIPT -99.99 P Y R l T E -99.99 TVENARDT -6.48 H I THtR I T -99. Y V

0.02 A-CRISTOBALITE -0.25

CA+* 0 -1 373E-03 HGOH*+ 0.4931E-01 NAHCO3 0.2176E-04 B A + * O . O O O O E * O O L 1504- 0 . 3 5246-06 ALOH 2* 0.0 OOOE 400 F E O H Z * 0.0000E+00 FE SO4 O.OOOOE+OO NH4+ 0.0000E*00 HSO4- 0.4 346E-09 H38030 0.8213E-04

4.08 CAOH*

5.74 K * 5.43 MCHC03

-9V.99 L I * -99.99 ALOH+* -99.99 FEOHZ+ -99.99 F E 4 * -99.99 "4504

-99.99 -99.99 ns-

8.08 5 .57 3.81 4.26 - 99.99

-99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99

MAR1 T t -99.99 BOE HMlTE -99.99 CtILOKI T t -99.99 DOLOMITE 0.31 HALLnYSI -99.99 H E M A T I T E -9Y.99 MACK1 N A H -99.99 HACNE-SIT -0 .15 PYWUPHYL -99.99 QUARTZ 0.44

AHOKPHUUS -1.31

I N P U T I ) A T A ( B O L E S P E R L I T F R OF S O L U T I O N : E Q U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T O T 0 . 3 7 4 3 t - 0 3 UGTOT O . Z O 1 5 F - 0 3 N A T O T 0 . 8 7 0 0 € - 0 2 K T O T 0.1457F-03 C L T U T 0 . 3 b l l L - 0 2 A L K Oo2660E-02 S O 4 T O T 0.16hbE-02 A L T D T O . O O O O C * O O F F T O T O . O O O O E * O O S R T O T 0.0000E*00 B A T 0 1 O.OOOO€*OO L I T U 1 0.3315E-04 N 0 3 T O T 0.0000t * 0 0 SIOZTOT 0.3'394F-93 R T U T 0 . 4 6 2 5 E - 0 4 B R T 1 ) T O.OOOOE+OO H Z S T D T 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 N H 4 T O T 0.0000E400

P H * 8.36 P E = 99.99 T E M P = 2 5 . 1 0 0 E G C D E N S I T Y = l .OOOGM/CC - L O G l P C O Z ) 3.19 - L U G l P O Z ) = 99.99 - L D G I P C H C ) 5 9 9 - 9 9 I O N I C S T R E N G T H = 0.01162 T f l T 4 L D I S S S O L I D S = 0 . 7 0 C M / L I T E R S O L N T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N H O L A L I T Y * 0.2613E-02 1UN A A L A N C E F U R O R = 1 . 7 2 P E R C t N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 . 3 2 8 6 E - U 3 1 C H A R G E * H O L E S ) H20 A C T I V I T Y = 0.9997

l N D l V I O U A L S P E C 1 ES M O L A L I T I E S

on- 0 .2594~-05 C A O H * 0.1168t-07 H G C 0 3 0 O.2681E-05 N A S O 4 - O.4596E-04 B A O H * 0.0000E 400

A L O H 4 - 0.0000E+00 t i45 104 0 . 3 ~ 7 9 ~ - 0 3

~ € 0 ~ 3 0 O.UOOOE*OO F E * 4 O.OOOOF*OO N H 3 A Q 0.0000E+00 H C L O 0.1 LZ9F -16

C03- C A C O 3 0 M G H C 0 3 N A C L O S R 4 4 H35104

F E O H 4 - F €OH* NH4504 H Z S A Q

ALSO44

01 3729E-04 0 -62 50E-05 0.34 03E-05 0.624 4E-06 0.0000E 00 0.11 7 8 E - 0 4 0. OOOOE 400 O;oooo€*oo 0 . 00 O O € + 00 0.0000E 400 0 . 00 00 E + 00

H C 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 MGSOSO K 4 S R O H * HZS I04 A L S O 4 2 F E C L * * F E O H Z O N03- tis -

0.2523E-02 O . 4 7 2 4 E - 0 5 0.202 ZE -0 4 0.144 BE-0 3 0 .o 00 OE *o 0

0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 0.0000E+00 0.0000E*00 0.0000E*00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ *oo

0 . 7 6 6 3 ~ - 0 ~

l N O l V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C f l V I T I E S ( - L O G A C T I V I T Y I

nH C A C O 3 0 H G S 0 4 0 K S 0 4 - L I OH0 A L O H Z * F E O H 3 F E O H * N O 3- S --

5.b3

4.69 6-03 9.96

-99.93 -99 . 9 9 -99.99 -90.99 --9v.99

5 . 2 0 C03-- C A H C 0 3 N A t K C L 0 L I S 0 4 - AL O H 4 - FEOH4- F F O H 2 0 ti* BU --

4.61 5.37 2.11 7.96

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

-99.9'4

h.nR

n. 36

H l N t W A L S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C E S

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C O 3 - @ A * * H I S 1 0 4 A L S l J 4 * F E C L * * FEOIIH- H Z 5 0 4 0 H3RU30

2.64 4.43 5.45

-99.99 3 . 4 1

-99. 99 -99.99 -99.99

2 0 . 7 1 4.39

S 0 4 - - M G + * N A H C U 3 R A O H + H3S 104 A L S O 4 2 F E C L Z * F E S 0 4 0 HSO4- H Z B 0 3 -

A D U L A R I A -V9.99 4 L R I T E -99.99 A N H Y D R I T -2 .19

G I B B S I T F -V9.99 G E O T H I T E -99.99 Gk! I E G I T E -99.99 H U N T I T F -3.49 H Y D T O M A G - 3 . 0 3 I L L l T F -99.99 U A C N € T I T -99.99 H I R A B I L T -6.11 NESOUFHO -3.34 S I D E R I T E -9V.9') S T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 3.02

RRUCITE - 3 . 8 0 CALCITE 0.12 C A - H O N T -99.99

5 1 1 I C 1 S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C E S

- L O G ~ 4 5 i r i eu 3 . 4 1 O U A K T Z 0 . 5 7 C H A L C E D O N Y

S04- - C A S 0 4 0 NA* K S 0 4 - L I * A L * * + F E * * * F E C L Z + F E O O H - H* 5--

2.99 3.94 5 .oo

-99.99 4.98

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

9 . 3 7 5.27

0.1562E-02 0.372 !JE-04 0.86466-02 O . l O Z 8 E - 0 5 0 .3303E-04 0.0000€ 0 0

0.0000E*00 0 . 0 0 0 0 E ~ 0 0 0. 4805E-08 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ + 0 0

0.0000~400

C L - 0.36 13E-02

N A C 0 3 - 0.39 16E -05

L I O H O 0.1093E-09 A L O H * * 0.0000E*00

H C * 4 0 .1753E-03

K C L O 0 . L O B S € - 0 7

FE OH+ 0. OOOOE 400 F E C L 3 O 0.0000E*00 F E S O I O 0.0000E*00

H Z S O I O 0.1940E-20 B R - O . O O O O E * O O

C A t +

N A H C 0 3 B A + + L 1504- A L O H Z + F E O H 2 4

"44 H S 0 4 -

MCOH++

F E S O 4 *

~ 3 ~ 0 3 0

C L - UGOH* N A S O 4 - S R 4 * H Z S I O 4 F E * * + F t C L 3 0 NH4 H C L O H Z C O 3

2.49 7.36 4.38

-99.99 8.30

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

16.95 4.65

C A * * H C C 0 3 0 N A C L O S R O H t A L * * t F E W * * F E S O 4 * NH3A0 HLSAP 0 2 A U

A N O R T H I T -99.99 A R A G O N I T - 0 . 1 4 C E L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E D N 0.11 G Y P S U M -2.13 H A L I T E -6.18 K A O L I N I T -99.99 K - M I C A -99.99 P H C I I C O P T -99.99 P Y R I T E -99.YV T Y E N A R O T - 7 . 0 4 W I T H I - R I 1 -99.9'3

0 .11 A - C R I S T O N A L I T E -0 .10

3.74 C A O H + 5.57 W C H C 0 3 6.20 K *

-99.99 L1* -99.99 A L O H + * -99.99 F E O H 2 4 -99.99 F t * 4 -99.99 N H 4 S 0 4 -99.99 HS- -99.93

0.2 7636-03 0.4 8 5 0 E - 0 7 0.9866E-05 0.0 OOOE 400 0.14bt lE-06 0.0 000E*00

0.0 OOOE *00 0. OOOOE *oo 0.4809E-09 0.4025E-04

0.0 OOOE 4 00

7.98 5.52 3.89 4.53 - 99.99

- 99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99 -99.99

B A R I T € -99.99 BOEHHITE -99.99 C H L U K I IC -99.99 DOL O M I T € 0.11 H A L L O Y S I -99.99 H E M A T I T E -99.99 H A C K I N A H -99.99 H A C N E S I T -0 .31 P Y R U P H Y L -99.99 QUART,! 0.59

A H U K P H I J I I S -1 .17

INPUT D A T A ( H O L E S P E R L I T E R OF SOLUTION : FQUIVALENTS P E R L I T E R FOR ALKALINITVI C A T 0 1 0,8733F-03 M G T O I 0.1A90E-04 N A T U T 0 .3328E-01 K T O T 0.2097E-03 C L T O T 0.2437E-01 A L K 0.680(Y-03 5 0 4 1 0 7 0 - 4 4 2 4 E - 0 7 A L T O 1 O.JI1SE-Ob F E T O T 0.0000E*00 S R T f l T 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 B A T 0 1 0,0000E*00 L I T O T 0.2162E-03 N O 3 1 0 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 € + 0 0 S I O Z T O T 0 . 3 6 h l F - 0 3 8101 0.9ZSOF-04 R R T f l T 0 .0000E~00 H Z S T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * O O N H 4 T O T 0.000OE*00

P H = 8.45 PF = 99.99 T E M P = 4 1 . 3 O O E C C D E N S I T Y = l . O O O G H / C C - L O C ( P C O Z ) = 3.87 - L O C ( P O Z I = 99.79 - L O C t P C H 4 1 = 99.99 I O N I C S T R E N G T H = 0.03870 T O T A L D l S S S O L I D S 2 .16CM/L lT tR S O L N T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y i. 0.5900E-03 I O N B A L A N C f E R R O R = 2 . 3 4 P E R C t N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 . 1 5 9 1 E - O Z ( C H A R C E * H O L E S I H Z O A C T I V I T Y = 0.9989

I N D l V l O U A L S P E C I E S M O L A L I T I E S

OH- C A O H * H C C 0 3 0 NASO4- RADH+

A L O H I - FEOH3O F E * 4

N H 3 A Q H C L O HZ B 03-

~ 4 s 104

0.1 IO+[-04

0.766 3F-07 0.3596E-03 0.0000c *oo 0.3380E-03 0 .3723E-06

0,0000E 400

0,287 OE- 1 5

0.10596-06

0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 4 00

o.oooo~400

0 . 2 0 0 6 E - 0 4

C 0 3 - - 0.1594E-04 CACO30 0.6189E-05

N A C L O O.1370E-04

H 3 S 1 0 4 0 . 2 8 9 4 E - 0 4

F E OH+- 0 . OOOOE 400

N H 4 S 0 4 0.OOOOE +OO

HZCD3* 0.3153E-05

H G H C 0 3 0.5749E-07

S R + * O.OOOOE*OO

A L S O 4 4 0.5228E-19

F E O H * 0.0000E*00

H Z S A Q 0 .0000~400

H C 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 M C S O 4 O K 4 SROH+ H Z S 1 0 4 A L S O 4 2

F E O H Z O N03-

O Z A Q

F E C I - *

tis-

0.5 4 4 0 E -0 3 0.32 52E-05 0.2 9 1 6 E -05 0 2 06 5 F-0 3 0.0000E*00 0.1567E-06 0 -8 44 4 E-2 0 0. OOOOE 400 0.0000E 400 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 0.0000E 400 0.0000E 400

O H C A C O 3 0 M G S O 4 O K 5 0 4 - L I O H O ALOHZ* F E O H 3 F E O H + N03- 5--

I N O I V I O U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V I T I E S l -LOG A C T I V I T V )

5.04 5.20 5.33 5.53 8 - 4 0

11.79 -99 . 99 -99.99 -9v. 9 9 -99.99

C03-- C A H C 0 3 N A 4 K C L O L I S O 4 - A L O H 4 - FE OH4- FE IJHZO ti* BR --

5.10 5.56 1.56 7.05 5.8L 6.51

-99.99 -99.99

8.55 -99.99

H I N t R A L S A T U R A T I O N I N O I C F S

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C O 3 - R A * * H 4 S I 0 4 ALSO4* F E C L + * F E 011 H- HZSnsO H389 3 0

3.34 3 .81 5.06

-99.99 3 .47

19.36 -Y9.99 -99.99

20.24 4.13

S 0 4 - - H G + * N A H C 0 3 R A O H * ~ 3 5 1 0 4

F E C L Z *

~ ~ 0 4 -

A L S O 4 2

FE S O 4 0

H 2 8 113-

S04-- 0.39 L Z E - 0 2

N A 4 0.3296E-01 K S 0 4 - 0.3551E-05 L I * O.Zl49E-03 A L * * + 0.4568E-19 F E 4 * 4 0.0000E*00 F E C L Z * O . O O O O E * O O FEDOH- 0.0000E*00 H* 0.4 1 2 3 E - 0 8 S-- 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 4 0 0

C A S 0 4 0 0-15396-03 C L - 0 , 2 4 4 1 E - 0 1 M G 4 4 0 .1587E-04 N A C O 3 - 0 , 1 0 4 3 E - 0 4

L l O H O 0.39456-08 AILOH*+ O.2577E-15

KCLO o . n 8 3 7 ~ - 0 7

F E O H * * 0.0000E *00 F E C L 3 0 0. OOOOE 4 00 F E S 0 4 0 0.0000E*00

B R - 0.0000t e 0 0 HZSO40 0 . 5 6 8 3 E - 2 0

CA+* 0.7117E-03 MCOH++ 0.1706E-07 NAHC03 0.6981E-05 E A 4 4 0.0000E*00 L I S 0 4 - 0. 1 797E-05 AI . OH 2 4 0 2 O O Z E - 1 1 F E O H Z + O.OOOOE*OO FE 5 0 4 4 0.0 OOOE +OO N H I + 0.0000€*00 H S 0 4 - 0.1 Z5ZE-08 H 3 8 0 3 0 0.7264E-04

2.72 5. LO 5.15

-99.99 4.62

70.15 -99.99 -99.99

8 - 9 8 4.80

C L - MGOH N A S O 4 - SR + 4

nzs I 04 FE * * * F E C L 3 0 NH44 H C L O H Z C 0 3

1.70 7 . 8 4 3 .52

-99.99 7.11

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

15.54 5.50

C A * + MCCO 30 N A C L O S R O H * AL* *+ F E W * * F E S O 4 4 N H 3 A Q H Z S A O O Z A Q

ADULARIA -1.28 4 L B I T E -1.45 A N H Y O R I T -1.48 A N O R T H I T -C.74 A R A G O N I T - 0 . 2 3 8 R U C I I F - 3 . 5 0 C A L C I T E 0.05 C A - H O N T -2.59 C F L F S T I T -99.V9 C H A L C E D N -0 .12 C I B B S I T E - 7 . 8 3 G E O T H I T E -99.99 CRIEGITF -99.99 C Y P 5 U M -1.54 H A L I T E - 4 . 8 7 H U N T I T E -7 .67 HVDTOHAC -6.99 I L L I T E -2.54 K A O L I N I T -1.81 K - M I C A -4.06 M A G N E T I T -999'19 M l R A B l L T -5.46 N F S Q U t H U - 4 . 8 2 P H L O G O P T - 2 . 6 8 P Y R l T E -99.99 SIOERI I E -9V.9'4 S T R U N T N T -99.99 T A L C 1.18 T H E N A R 0 1 -5.64 H I T H E R I T -Y9.99

S I L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C F S

- L U G H'+S 1040 3 . 4 7 Q U A R T Z 0.29 C H A L C E D O N Y - 0 . 0 8 A - C R I S T O R A L I T E - 0 . 3 2

3.45 C A O H + 7.11 HCHC03 1.86 K 4

-99.Y9 L I 4 19.93 ALOH++

-99.Y9 FEOHZ* -99.99 F E 4 4 -99.99 N t i C S O 4 -99.Y9 HS- -99.93

7.05 7.32 3.77 3.74

15.90 - 99.99 - 99.99 - 99.9Y - 99.99

B A R I T E -99.99 B O E H M I T E -2.09 C H L U R l T E - 0 . 7 0 D O L O M I T E -1.42 H A L L O Y S T -5.73 H E H A T I TE -9JaY9 H A C K I M A H -99.99 H A G N E S I I -1.73 P Y K I J P H Y L -1.35 Q U A R T Z 0.30

A M O R P H U U S -1.38

T I T L E O3bWH3 LUCATIIJN D-OH-Zb-08BDCC I

INPUT O A T A I M O L E S P E R L I T E R OF SOLUTION : EOUIVALENTS PER L l T I i R FOR A L K A L I N I T Y ) C A T O T 0.79945-03 HCTOT 0.1727E-03 NATOT 0.4415E-01 K T O T 0,2736t-03 CLTOT 0.3035E-01 A L K 0-2130f i -02 5 0 4 7 0 7 007027E-02 ALTOT 0.3715F-Oh F E T O T O.OOOOE*OO S 9 T O T 0.0000E*00 BATOT O.OOOOE*!30 L l T O T 0.2306E-03 N03TCT O ~ r ) 0 0 0 f ~ 0 0 S I O Z T O T 0 . 3 3 2 8 E - 0 3 DTUT 0.1850E-03 R R T O T 0.0000E*00 H Z S T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 NH4TOT 0.0000E+00

PH = 8.52 PE = 99.99 TEMP = 39.10DEC C DENSITY = l . O O O C M / C C

I O N I C S T R t Y t T H = 0.05243 TUT4L DISS S O L I D S 2 .97 tM/L ITER SOLN T O T A L INORC CARBON MOLALITY = 0.193LE-02 -LOC(PCOZ) = 3.45 -LOCIPOZ) = 99.99 -LOGlPCH4) = 99.99

I O N BALANCE EUROS = 0.07PERCENT CATION EXCESS = O . b Z R O E - O I l C H A R C E * M U L E S ~ HZO A C T I V I T Y 0.9986

I N 0 1 V I DUAL SPECIES M O L A L I T I E S

OH- 0.11436-04 CAOH* 0 0 8 4 5 9 E - 0 7 HCCO30 O.Zl36E-05

RAOH* 0.OOOOE e 0 0

ALOH4- 0.3726E-06

N A S 04- 0 67 8 I E - 0 3

H4S104 0 .305 lF -03

F E O H ~ O 0.0000~400 F E 4 4 0.0000E+00 NH3A0 0.0000E*00 HCLO 0.2407E-15 HZ B 0 3- 0 4 5 5 7E-0 4

C03- 0.6239E-05 CACO30 0 -1634E-04 MCHC03 0.1466E-05 NACLO 0.2150E-04 S R 4 4 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 € + 0 0 I435104 OoZ871E-04 ALSO44 0.6374E-19 FEOH4- O.OOOOF*OO FEOH* 0.0000E*00

H Z C O ~ * O . R S ~ ~ E - O ~

“4504 0.OOOOE 400 H Z S A Q O o O O O O E + O O

HC03- 0.1759E-02 CAHC03 0.7726E-05 HCSO4O 0.3315E-04 K * O.2h 796-03 SROH* 0.0000E*00 HZSIO4 0.15b5E-06 ALSO4 2 0.14 77E-19 FECL* 4 0.0000E 400 FEOHZO O.OOOOE*OO N03- 0.0000E*00 HS- 0.0000E * 0 0 OZAQ 0 . 0 0 0 0 E ~ 0 0

I N D l V l O U A L S P E C I E S ACTIV IT IES( -LOG A C T I V I T Y )

OM 5.04 C03- - 4.55 HCO3- 2.84 S04--

PIGS040 4.47 N4* 1.45 NAC03- 4 - 4 3 NAHC03 CACO30 4 - 1 8 C4HC03 5 - 1 9 CASU40 3.76 M G * *

S04-- CAS040 NA KS04- L I * * L e 4 4 F E * * * FECLZ* F E OOH- H+ 5 - -

0.6155E-02 0.1718E-03 0.4351E-01 0.641 3E-05

0.4 382E- 19

0.0000E+00 0.0000E*00 0.3559E-08 0.0000E+00

0. z z B ~ E - 0 3

0.0000~400

CL- 0.3042E-01

NACO3- 0.45OOE-04

L lOHO 0.3929E-08

F E O H + * 0 . 0 0 0 0 E ~ 0 0

PIC** 0 . 13636-03

acLo 0. I 3 5 8 ~ - 0 6

ALOH++ 0 . 2 330E-15

FECL30 0.00006*00 FESO4O 0.0000E*00

HZS040 0.5309E-20 BR- 0.00OOE 400

2.56 CL- 1-61 4.19 HGOH* 6 - 9 2 5 - 5 4 NASO4- 3 - 2 5

K 5 0 4 - 5.20 KCLO 6.86 R A * * -99.99 RAOH* -99.99 S R * * -99.99 L I O H O 8 - 4 0 L I S O 4 - 5 0 6 s H 4 S l I l 4 3.51 H3S104 4.63 H Z S l O I 7.15 ALOH24 1 1 - 8 4 ALOH4- 6 - 5 2 A L S O 4 4 1 9 - 2 9 ALSO42 19.92 F E 4 * * -99.99 F E O H 3 -99.99 FEIlH4- -99.99 FECL*+ -93.39 FECL2* -99.99 FECL30 -99.99 F € O H * -99.99 FEOHZO -99.90 FEUOH- -99.99 FES040 -99.99 “44 -99.99 N03- -99.99 H* 8 - 5 2 H Z S D S O 20 .27 ~ ~ 0 4 - 0.92 HCLO 1 5 - 6 1 S -- -99.9‘) 8R-- -99.99 H ~ R I I ~ O 3 - 8 5 H Z B ~ I ~ - 4.46 HZC03 5. Ob

MINERAL SATURATION INDICES

ADULARIA -1.16 ALBITE -1.35 ANHYDRIT -1.45 BRUCITE -2.99 CALCITE 0 . 4 8 CA-MONT -2.64 GIBBSITE -2 .82 C E O T H I T E -99.99 GR I E C I T E -99.Y9 HUNTITE - 2 o 9 b HYDTOMAC -1.82 I L L I T E -2.74 MACNETIT -99.99 H l R A R I L T -4.98 NFSQUFHO - 3 . 3 8 SIDERITF -99.99 STRONTNT -99.99 T A L C 3.06

S l L l C A 54TU9ATION INOICFS

-LOG H Q S i l l t O 3 . 5 1 Q I J A R T Z 0.27 CHALCEDONY

C A * * MCCO 30 NACLO SROH* A I - * * * FEOH+* FESO44 NH3A Q HZSAO O Z A Q

3.56 5.67 4.66

-99.99 20.00

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -09.99

C A + * nGOH** NAHC03 8 A 4 4 L 1 fO4- ALOHZ* FEOHZ4 F € 5 0 4 4 “44 HS04- ~ 3 ~ 0 3 0

CAOH4 HGHC03 K 4

ALOH44 FEOHZ* F E t t NH4S04 HS-

L I ~

0-6048E-03 0.1366E-06 0.2 854E-04 0.0 OOOE 400 0 .2 7 71E-05 0.1763E-11 o.0000~400 0 . 0 OOOE 400 0 . 0 0 ooc 4 00 0.1479E-08 0.1400E-03

7.16 5.93 3.67 3. ? Z

15.97 - 99.99 -99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99

ANURTHIT -4.86 ARAGONIT 0.21 B A R l T t -99.99 BOEHHITE -2.09 C E L E S T I T -99.99 CHALCEDY -0.14 CHLORI I€ 3.97 DOLOMITE 0.45 GYPSUM -1.49 HALITE -4.67 HALLOYST -5.75 H E M A T l T k -99.99 KAOLIN IT -1 .01 K - M I C A -3.94 MACKINAW -99.99 MACNESlT -0 .29

THENARDT -5.26 WITHERIT -99.99 PHLOCJOPT 0.02 PYRITF -99.99 PYWWHYL -1.68 QUARTZ 0.29

-0.09 A-CRISTUBALI T E -0.35 AHUKPHOUS -1 .40

T I T L E 037WH3 L U C A T l l l N D - 0 7 - 0 7 - O Z A D O C

I N P I I T D A I A ( * O L E S P E R L I T E R OF S O L U T I O N : F O U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I I Y ) C A T 0 1 0 .V4AOL-04 M G T O T 0 . 2 b ' T O F - 0 4 N A T O T 0.1422E-01 K T O T 0.1815E-03 C L I O T 015>29E-OZ A L K 0.4650E-02

N O 3 1 0 1 O . O O O O E ~ O O S I U Z T O T 0.1248E-02 6TUT 0.4625€-04 B Q T O T 0.0000E*00 H Z S T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 "4101 D.0000E400 5 0 4 7 0 1 O.17IMF-02 A L T O 1 0.00001 *00 F E I O I 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 S R T O T 0.0000€*00 H A T O T O . O 0 0 0 E + 0 0 L I T O T 0.0000E~00

PH 8.51 PE = 99.99 T E H P = 49.4ODEG C D E N S I T Y = 1 . 0 0 0 t H / C C - L O C I P C O Z I = 3.03 - L O G ( P O Z ) = 99.99 -LOCfPCH4) * 99.99 I O N I C S T R f N C T H = 0.01579 T O T A L D I S S S O L I O S = 1 . 0 6 C M / L I T E R S O L N T O T A L I N O R G C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y = 0.4387E-02 I O N B A L A N C t E R R 3 R = 3 0 7 1 P E R C F N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 ~ 1 0 3 5 E - O Z ( C H A 9 G E + H O L E S ) HZO A C T I V I T Y 0.9995


uti- C A O H * M G C U 3 0 N A S O 4 - 8 A O H t H 4 S 1 0 4 A L O H 4 - F E O H 3 O F E 4 * N H 3 A 0 H C L O HZB03-

nn C A C O 3 0 H G S O 4 0 K S 04-

ALOHZ* F E O H 3 F C O H t N03- 5- -

L I on0

0 . I122F.-04 0.139ZE-07 0 .1 L ~ B E - O ~ 0 .7326E-04 0.OOOOE 4 00 0 . 1 1 47E-02 0.0000E*00

0.OOOOE 400 0.0000E too 0.555 6 E -16

0.0000~400

C 0 3 - - O.l l85E-03 C A C O 3 0 0.71 17E-05 M C H C O 3 0.729 1 E - 0 6 N A C L O 0.1499E-05 S R + * 0 . 0 0 0 0 E ~ O O ~ 3 ~ 1 0 4 O . I O I ~ E - O ~ AL S 04 0. OOOOE 00 FE OH4- O.OOOOF+OO FEOH, 0.0000E+00 NH4SOS 0 . 0 0 0 0 € + 0 0 H Z S A Q 0.0000E+00

N O l V l D U A L S P E C I E S A C T l V

5.01 5.15 5.60 5. 85

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99. 9 9

c93-- C A H C O 3 N A 4

K C L O L I 5 0 4 - AL UH4- F E l I H 4 - F E I I H Z O

4.14 5.56 1.91 7.70

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.90

H C 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 H G S O 4 0 K t SROH*

A L S O 4 2

FEOHZO N O 3 -

nzsio4

F E C L + *

ns -

0.4169E-02 0.312bE-05 O.ZSZ6E-05

0.0000E+00 0.5006E-06 0 .o OOOE t o o 0.0000E~00

0.1801E-03

0 .o OOOE 400 0.0000~400 0.0000E t o o

7E-04 O Z A O 0.0000E*00

T I E S ( - L O C A C T I V I T Y )

1 4 0 3 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C 0 3 - FA44

ALS04t

F F O O H -

n4s I 04

F € C L + t

-9v.99 ti4 8.51 H2Sf140 -99.99 E@-- -99.99 H3RO 30

M I N E R A L S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C € S

SO+-- 0. L626E-02 C A S 0 4 0 O.lOZ1E-04

K S 04- 0.159 LE-05

A L 4 . t O.OOOOE*OO

H A t 0.1409E-01

L I * 0.0000~400

F E t t 0.0000E4 00 F E C L Z * 0.0000E+00 F E D O H - O . O O O O E + O O H* 0.3452E-08 S-- 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ t 0 0

C L - 0 55 34E-0 Z HG+ t 0 .2 I 88E-04 N A C 0 3 - 0.393ZE-04 K C L O 0 . L98ZE-07 L l O H O 0.0000E*00 ALOH++ 0.0000~400 F E O H * * O . O O O o E ~ O O F E C L 3 0 O.OOOOE+OO P E S 0 4 0 O . O O O o f ~ O O

HZ so40 0 . z ~ ~ O E - Z O B R - 0.OOOOE~OO

C A + + MCOH*+ N A H C 0 3 B A t t L 1504- ALOHZ+ F E O H Z t F E S O 4 4 "44 HSOI- ~ 3 ~ 0 3 0

2.43 4.99 4.56

-99.99 2 094

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

2 0 . b7 4.44

5 0 4 - 3.01 C L - 2.31 C A * + H G * + 4.87 HCOHt 7.59 MGC030

8 A O H t -99.99 S R t * -99.99 S R O H *

A L S O 4 2 -99.99 F E t + t -99.99 F E O H t t F F C L Z + -99.99 F E C L 3 0 -99.99 F E S O 4 * FESO40 -90.99 NH4* -99.99 N H 3 A O tisn4- 9.34 HCLO 16.25 H Z S A O HZ R O 3- 5.05 H 2 C 0 3 4.65 O Z A P

N A H C 0 3 4.59 N A S 0 4 - 4-15 N A C L O

H 3 S I O 4 4.05 H Z S 1 0 4 6.52 A L * t +

4 - 3 4 C A O H + 5.93 M C H C 0 3 5.82 K t

-99.99 L 1 + -99.99 A L O H 4 t -99.99 F E O H Z + -99.99 F l i t * -99 -99 "4504

-99.99 -99.99 ns-

0.7443E-04 0,2916E-07 0.2 560 €-04 0.0 OOOE too 0 .0000E~00 0.0 O O O E t 00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ t 00 0 0 OOOE 400 0.0000E+00 0 5 190E-09 0.3603E-04

7.91 6.19

-99.99 - 99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

3. eo

A D U L A R I A -99.99 A L B I T E -99.99 A N H Y O R T -2.67 A N O R T H I T -99.99 A R A G O N I T -0.16 B A R l T t -99.99 B O E H M I T E -99.99 B R U C I T E -3.51 C A L C I T E 0.11 C A - H O N -99.91 C E L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E D N 0.4) C H L O R I T E -99.99 D O L O M l T E -0.18 Cl88SITE -Y90tP'4 G E O T H I T E -99.99 GQ l E C l € -99.99 G Y P S U M - 2 . 7 2 H A L I T E -5.84 I l A L L O Y S T -99.99 H E M A T I T E -99.99 H U N T I T F - 4 . 0 9 H Y D T O H A G -3.19 ILL ITE -90.99 KAOLINIT -99.99 I c - H I C A -99.99 H A C K I N A M -99.99 H A C N E S I I -0 .55 M A G N € T l T -99.99 M I R A R I L T -6.39 NC S O U t H D -3.64 P U L O G O P T -99.99 P Y R I T E -99.V9 P Y W O P t l Y L -99.99 U U A R T Z 0.64 S I D t R l T € - 9 9 . Y 9 S T R U N T N T -99.99 T A L C 4.25 T H E N A R D T - h . 6 2 W I T H F R I T -99.99

5 I C I C A '5 ATlJX A 1 I O N I ND I C F S

- L O G H 4 S 111~0 2 .94 O U A R T Z 0 . 6 3 C H A L C E D O N Y 0.46 A -C R 1 S T OB AL I T E 0.21 A H U W P H I ) U S -0.84

1 I T L E

C A T 0 1 SU4Tf lT N f l 3 T O T

O 3 H Y H 3 L (1C A T 1 k 1 N 0 - O H - 26- 1 R b ODR I

N P U T O A T 4 ( M O L E S P E R L I T E R OF S O L U T I O N : E O U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y ) 0.4491C-03 H C T O T 0.1b5OE-04 N A T O 1 O a Z 5 7 1 E - 0 1 K TOT 0.1841E-03 C L T O T 0 . 1 8 Z B t - 0 1 I L K 0.1330E-02 O . Z V 1 5 f - 0 7 A L T O 1 0 . 7 4 3 0 F - O h F E T 0 1 0.0000E*00 S R T O T 0.0000t*00 B A T O T 0.0000t*00 L I T O T 0.1585E-03 O . O O O O F 4 0 0 SIO2TOT 0.3661F-03 B T O T 0.R325t-04 B R I O 1 0 . 0 0 0 0 € * 0 0 H Z S T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 E ~ O O N H S T O T 0.0000E*00

P H = 8.28 P E = 99.99 T E H P = 4 1 . 4 0 D E C C D E N S I T Y = 1 . 0 0 0 C H / C C - L O G t P C O Z ) = 3.35 - L f l C ( P O Z ) = 99.99 - L O C ( P C 1 4 4 ) = 99.99 I O N I C STRkNGTH = 0.02893 T O T 4 L D l S 5 SOLIDS 1 . 6 5 C H / L I T E R S O L N T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N H O L A L I T Y = 0.12606-02 I O N B A L A N C E t U R f l R = 2 . 9 9 P E R C E N T C A T I O N E X C E S S = 0 . 1 5 4 7 € - O Z ( C H A R C E ~ H O L E S ) H Z O A C T I V I T Y f 0.9992

I N C I V I D U A L S P E C I E S H O L A L I T I F S

OH-

H G C O 3 O N A S U 4 - B A O H , H4S I 0 4 A L O H I - F E O H 3 0

CIOH~

FE 4 4

0.7352F.-05 0 4 0 2 @E-07 O.lllLE-06 0.203ht-03 0 . 0 0 0 0 E +oo 0.34 70E-03 0.7442F-06

0.0000E400 o.ooonE400

cfl3-- C A C O 3 0 H G H C 0 3 N A C L O S R + 4

A L S O 4 4 F E O H 4 - F €OH*

~ 3 5 1 0 4

0.2239E-04 O.534bE-05 Oo1207E-06

0.0000F 400 0 . 197 LE -04 0.35 73E-Lfl 0.0000€ 4 00 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ + 0 0

0.n 30 3 ~ - 0 5

H C 0 3 - 0.1 192E-02

HGSU40 0.2 0 5 0 E - 0 5 K 4 0. IRZOF-03 S R O H t 0.0000E*00 H2S 104 0.6913E-07 A L S O 4 2 0.4 Zl8E-19

C A H C O ~ 0 . 4 0 6 7 ~ - 0 5

F E C L + 0 .0000E~00 FE OH20 0.OOOOE 40 0

S O 4 - - O.Zb47E-02 C A S 0 4 0 0.6408E-04

K S 0 4 - 0.2297E-05 L 1 * 0.15 7 8 E - 0 3 A L * * * 0.3858E-18 F E 4 4 4 O.OOOOE*OO FE C L 2 4 0.000 OF: 4 0 0 FEOOH- 0 .0000~400

N A * 0.2 5 5 1 E- 0 1

NH3AQ O.OOOOF*OO N H 4 S O 4 O.OOOOF*OO N03- 0.0000E+00 H* HCLO 0 . 3 2 9 ~ ~ - 1 5 HZSN o .oooo~*oo ns- o.ooooE*oo S-- HZB03- 0.1276E-04 H Z C 0 3 + 0 . 1 0 4 3 E - 0 4 O Z A Q 0.0000E+00

I N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V I T I E S ( - L O G A C T I V I T Y )

OH C A C O 3 0 H G S O 4 0 K S 0 4 - L IUHO A L O H Z 4 FEOH3 FEUH* N O 3- S--

5 - 2 1 5 - 7 7 5.69 5.71 0.69

11.13 -99 . 9 9 -99.99 -99.9Y -v9.99

C O 3 - - CA r C 0 3 , NA K C L 0 L I S 0 4 - A L O H 4 - F F O H + - F E O H Z O H+ BR --

4 - 9 2 5.46 1.66 7 - 2 1 6.09 6- 70

-99.99 -99.99

0.28 -99.9')

HCfl3- C A S 0 4 0 N A C . 0 3- R A 4 4

H 4 S I 0 4 A L S O 4 4 F E C C + * F EO0 H- HZS rl4 0 H ~ B O 3 0


2.99 4.19 4.98

-99.99 3 - 4 6

18.52 -99.99 -99.99

2 0 . 0 4 4 . 15

so+-- HG4 + N A H C 0 3

H3S 104 A L SO42

FE S O 4 0

H Z R O 3 -

8 1 0 ~ 4

F f C L ? ,

tisn4-

A D U L A R I A -0.99 A L R I T E -1 .22 A N H Y D R I T -1.86 R R U C I T E - 4 . 1 5 C A L C I T E -0.02 C A - H O N T -1.55 G I B M S I T E -2.36 C F O T H I T E -99.99 GR I E C l T t -99.99 I i U N T I T E - 7 . 2 4 H Y D T O H A C -6.85 I L L I T E -1.64 H A G N E T I T -99.V9 f l l R A R I L T -5.90 N F S O U F H I I -4 .65 S I I ) F P I l € -V9.'39 S I R O N I N T -99.99 T A L C 0.15

S 1 L I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C E S

- L O G H 4 S l l 1 5 0 3 . 4 6 O U 4 R T Z 0.29 C H A L C f O O N Y

2 - 8 6 5.11 4 - 9 1

-99.99 4.78

19.45 -99.99 -99.99

8.95 4.98

C L - 0.1830E-01 HG44 0 .1423E-04

K C L O 0.61 12E-07 L l O H O 0.2017E-08 ALOH** 0.1556E-14

N A C 0 3 - 0.1227E-04

F E O H * + 0 .0000E+O0 F E C L 3 0 0. OOOOE 00 F E SO40 0.OOOOE 400

C A * + 0.3763E-03 HCOH+* O . L O ~ ~ E - O T

E A + * 0 . O O O O E ~ O O N A H C 0 3 0.1233E-04

L I S O 4 - 0.96236-06 A L OH2 0 8 686E-11 F E O H Z * 0. OOOOE 4 00 F E 5 0 4 4 O.OOOOE*OO "44 0.0000E*00

0.6017E-08 HZS040 Om915ZE-20 H S O 4 - 0.1330E-08 0.0000E+00 B R - 0.0000E+00 H 3 8 0 3 0 0.7063E-04

CL- WCOH4 N A S 0 4 - SR 4 4

HZS 104 FE 4 4 4

F € C L 3 0 N H I 4

H C L 0 H Z C U ~

1.81 C A * *

3.76 N A C L O -99.99 S R O H t

7.43 4L*+4

8 .03 H G C 0 3 0

-99.99 F E O H * * -99.99 F E S O 4 t -99.99 N H 3 A 0

15 .48 H Z S A O 4.98 O Z A O

3 . 7 0 6.95 5.08

-99.99 18.95

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.9v

ca0h4 MGHC03 K * L I + A L O H ~ + F E 0 ~ 2 4 F E * 4

N H 4 S 0 4 HS-

7 - 4 6 6.99 3.81 3.07

15.08 -99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99 -99.99

A N O R T H I T -4.35 A R A G O N I T - 0 . 3 0 M A R l I t -99.99 B O E H H I T E -1.62 C E L E S T I T -99.Y9 C H A L C E D N -0.11 C I 1 L I J R I T t -1.49 0ULOf l lTE - 1 . 3 3 C Y P S U H -1.92 H A L I T E -5.09 H A L L O Y S I -4.76 H E H A T I T E -99.99 W A O L I N I T - 0 . f l S K - H l C A -2.84 H A C K I N A W - 0 9 0 9 9 M A G N E S I T -1.56 PHLIICIIPT -3.41 P Y R I T ~ - 9 9 . w P V R O P H Y L -0 .3s O U A R T L 0.31 T t i F N A R U T -5.99 W I T H E R I T -99.99

-0.07 A-CR 1 5 1 OR A L I T F -0.32 AMUR P H I I U S -1.37

T I TLE

C A T O T i O 4 T O T N O 3 1 0 1

N P U T D A T A I * c O L E S P E R L I T F R OF S O L U T I I I N : E Q U I V A L € N T S P E R L I l E R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y ) 0 . 2 1 4 5 t - O t H G T l l T 0 . 1 7 1 3 E - 0 2 I 4 A T T ) T 0.1 153E*00 K T O T 0 . 5 1 1 4 E - 0 3 C L T O T 0.8689C-01 A L K O w 4 0 7 O E - 0 2 0 . 1 7 l R F - 0 1 A L T O 1 O I 0 0 0 0 F * 0 O F E T f J T 0.0000E*00 S R T O T O.OOOOt*OO B A I O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 t * 0 0 L I T O T 0 . 3 7 4 7 E - 0 3 D.oooot *oo s I O Z T O T 0 .7929~-03 B T O T O . ~ Z ~ O E - O ~ iiwrni O.OOOOE+OO H Z S T O T 0. OOOOE*OO N H ~ T O T o . o o 0 0 ~ ~ 0 0

P H = 7.99 PE = q9-99 T t H P 3 1 . 1 O D E C C D E N S I T Y = l * O O O G H / C C - L O G I P C O Z I = 2.69 - L O C ( P O ? ) = 99.39 - L C l C ( P C I 1 4 ) = 99.97 I O N I C S T R t N C T H = 0.13664 T O T A L D I 5 S S O L I D S x 7 . 8 0 G H I L I T t R S O L N T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N M O L A L I T Y P 0.3967E-02 I J N B A L A N C t E R R O R = - 0 . 9 3 P E R C t N T C A T ION E X C E S S = - O . Z Z 4 9 E - O Z ~ C H A R C E * n O L E S ) H Z O A C T I V I T Y = 0.9961

I N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S HOLAC I T I E S

OH- C A O H * H C C O 3 0 N A S 0 4 - H A O H + H 4 S 104 A L O H 4 - F € O H 3 0

N H 3 A Q HC L O HZ603-

F E * *

OH C A C O 3 0 HGS040 K 504-

A L O H Z * F E O H 3 F E O H * N O 3 - S --

L lono

0.2090f-05

0.502 ZE-05 0.2776E-02 0.0000E.00 0,2791E-03 0.0000E*00

0.0000E too 0 .0000€*00 0.9 5 5 5 t - 1 5

0.3053E-07

0.0000~400

0. ~ 4 9 5 ~ -04

C 0 3 - - 0.41 29E-04 C A C O 3 0 0 . 1 3 5 4 E - 0 4 H C H C 0 3 0.1565E-04 N A C L O 0.1349F-03 S R * + 0.0000E.00 H 3 S I 0 4 0.5997E-05 A L S O 4 * 0.0000E*00 F E O H 4 - 0.0000E+00 FEOH* 0.0000E*00 N H 4 S 0 4 0.0000E+00 H Z S A O O.O0OOF*OO H Z C 0 3 * O.sR03E-04

N D I V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V

5 . R l 4.85 3.55 4.89

-99.99 -99 . 99 -99.9v -99.99 -Y9.99

9. oa

CO3-- C I H C 0 3 N A K C L O L I S O I - ALOH4- FE 0 ~ 4 - FF D H Z O H* BR --

4.94 4.67 1-06 6 - 2 1 5.24

-99.99 -99.99 -99.9'3

7.99 -99,YV

~ ~ 0 3 - CAHC113 H C S O 4 0 K + SROHe H Z S 1 0 4 ALSO42 F E C L + * F E O H Z O N O 3 - HS-

0.3635E-02

0.2 74 2E-O 3 0.4979E-03 0.0000E.00 0.5 1 3 7E-0 8 0.0000E+00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E*00 0.0000E too 0.0000E*00

0 . 2 6 4 8 E - 0 4

O Z A O 0.

T I E S ( - L O C A C T I V I

HC03- 2.55 C A S 0 4 0 3.24 N A C 0 3 - 4.51 R A * * -99.99 H 4 S I f l4 3 .54 A L 5 0 4 4 -99.99 F E C L * * -99.99 FEDflH- -99.79 H Z S O 4 0 19.18 H 3 R f l 3 0 7 . 0 6

M I N E R A L S A T U R A T I O N I N D I C F S

A D U L A R I A -99099 A L B I T E -99.99 A N H Y D R I T -0.97 P R U C I T E -3.39 C I L C I T E 0.44 C A - H 0 N T -99.99 GlBUSlTE -99.99 G E O T H I T E -99.99 CR I E C I T E -99.99 t I U N T I T F - 1 . 1 0 H Y ' U T O H A G -1 .62 I L L I T E -Y9.Y9 H A C N L T I T -99.99 M l R A R l L T -3.h5 N C S O U F t K l -1.03 S I O t R I T E -99.9') S T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 2 . 2 1

000E+00

Y )

S 0 4 - - H G + * N A H C 0 3 B A O H * H 3 S I 0 4 A L S O 4 2 F E C L Z * F E S O 4 0 HS04- H 2 H O 3 -

S I t I C A S A T U R A T I O N I N n I C E S

-Lnc 114s 1 0 4 0 1.54 O U A W T Z 0 .3 '1 C t I A L C t D n N Y

S04-- C A S 0 4 0 N A * K S U 4 - L I * A L * + + F E * * + F E C L Z * F E OOH- H* S--

2.34 3.46 3.87

-99.99 5.35

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

8.2 7 4.26

0.1368E-0 1 0.5558E-03 0.11 31E*00 0.1696E-04 0.370ZF-03 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ + 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 0 0.0000E+00 0.0000E*00 0 .1262t -07 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 00

C L - 0 8 743E-0 1 nc4. 0 . 9 2 7 9 ~ - 0 3 N A C 0 3 - 0.403 1E -0 4

C l O H O 0.7981E-09 K C L O 0.5984E-06

ALOH** 0~0000E*00 F E O H + 0.0000E +00

F E S 0 4 0 0.0000E+00 F E C L 3 0 0.0000E*00

HZS040 0 . 6458E- 19 B R - 0.000U 400

C L - HG O H + N A S 0 4 - s u e * HZSlO4 F t * * * F E C L 30 NH4 + H C L 0 t 1 2 C 0 3

1.19 7 . 0 3 2 - 6 7

-99.99 5.75

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

15.01 4.22

C A * * H G C O 3 O N A C L O suot1* A L * * * F E O H * * F E S04* NC13A0 H Z S A Q O Z A Q

3.23 5 .Z'# 3.86

-Y9.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -v9.99 -99 . 99 - Y Y . 9 '3

C A * * MCOH.4 N A H C 0 3 BA.+ L 1504- A L O H Z + F E O H Z + F E S O 4 4 NH4 H S O 4 - H 3 R 0 3 0

0 . 1 6 6 7 E - 0 2 0.1 190€-06 0.1311E-03 0 0 OOOE 00 0.7474E-05 0 .o OOOE *oo 0 0 OOOE 00 0.0 OOOE +oo 0.0000E*00 0.7 LOO€-08 0 .8473E-03

7-63 4 - 9 3 3.43 3.54

- 99.99 - 99.99 -99.99 - 99.99 - 99.99

A N O S T H I T -99.99 A R A C O N I T 0.19 8 A L k l T t -99.99 B O E H H I T E -90.99 C E L F S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E D N - 0 . 0 8 C H L l J # I I E -99.99 D O L O H I T € 0 . Ib G Y P S U H -0.97 H A L 1 TE - 3 . 8 5 t 1 A C L t l Y S T -99.99 H E M A T I T E -99.Y9 K I O L I N I T -99.09 K - H l C A -9Y.93 M A C K I N A W -99.99 H A G N E S I T 0 . 0 2 P H C O C f l P T -99.99 P Y R I T E -Y9.9'3 P Y W O P t f Y L -99.99 Q U A R T Z 0.38 T H F N A Y O T -4.78 W l T H k R I T -Y9.Y9

- 0 . 0 3 A - C R I S T n H A L I I t -0 .29 A H U K P t 1 1 1 0 5 - 1 . 3 6

I N P U T D A I A ( V O L E S P F 9 L l l F R OF S O L U T I O N : E O U I V A L E N T S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y 1 C A T 0 1 0.1'197; -02 H G T O T 0 . 2 1 6 0 E - 0 4 N A T O 1 0 . 3 3 9 3 E - 0 1 K T O T 0.1253E-03 C L T O T 0.2646€-01 A L K 0.44OCE-03 SU4TI)T 0.520%€-92 A L T O 1 0 . )115€-0h F E T n T 0 .0000E*00 S R T U T 0.0000E*00 B A T 0 1 0.0000k*00 L I T O T 0.2450E-03 N 0 3 T O T 0.0000t * O O S 1 0 2 T O T O.3A27F-03 R T O T 0 . 8 7 8 8 t - 0 4 n Y T O T 0.0000E*00 H 2 S T O T O . O O O O L * O O N H S T O T O . O O C O t + O O

PH = 8.39 PF = 99.99 T E M P = 39.90DEC C D E N S I T r = I.OOOGM/CC - L O G I P C O Z b = 4 . 0 2 - L O G ( P O Z l = 99.Y9 - L O C ( P C t l 4 l = 0 9 - 9 9 I C N I C S T R L N G T H * 0 . 0 4 2 2 6 T O T 4 L D l S S S O L I D S 2 . 3 4 G M l L I T F R SOLN T O T A L I N O R C C A R B O N I i O L A L l T Y 0.3708E-03 I O N @ A L A N C k I W R O R 0 . 3 l P E R C t N T C A T I O N EXCESS = O . Z Z S l E - O 3 ( C H A R C E ~ M O L E S ~ HZ0 A C T I V l V Y 0.9988

I N D I V I O U A L S P E C I E S M O L A L 1 T I E S

OH- C b O H + tlCC030 N A S U 4 - R A O H * H 4 S IO4 AL OH4- F €OH30 F E * * N H 3 A O HCLO HZB03-

0.8?94E-05

0 - 4 4 7 3E-07

0.0000E too 0 .3587E-03 0.3 r24E-Oh 0 . OOOOE 00 0 .0000€*00 o.uoooc*oo 0 3 109E -1 5 0.1610E - 0 4 '

0 . I 4 8 0 E - 0 6

0.40e4t -03

CO3-- CACO30 M C H C O 3 N A C L O S R * t i 3 5 1 0 4 A L S 0 4 * FEOH4-

"4504 t 4 2 S A Q HZC03*

F E O H *

0 8660E-05 Oe5580€-05 0.3994E-07 0.1497F-04 0.0000E*00 0.25 3 7E -04 0.1378F-18 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * 0 O 0.OOOOF * 0 0 0.0000E*00 0.00 OOE 00 0.226BE-05

H C 0 3 - C A H C 0 3 HGS040 K * S R O H * HZS lO4 A L S O I Z F E C L * * F t O H Z O NU3- HS-

0.34106-03

0 ,363 3E-05 0 12 3 2E-0 3 0.0000E t o 0 O.IOb3E-06 0.2487E-19 0.0000E*00 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * O O 0.0000E 400 0 .o OOOE 40 0

0.3'160E-05

D Z A O 0.0000E * O O

1 N D I V I I ) U A L SPECIES A C T I V 1 T I F S t - L O G A C T I V I l Y B

OH C A C O 3 0 UGSO40 I( 504- LIOHO A L O H Z + F t O H 3 F E O H t N O 3 - 5 --

5.14 5 - 2 5 5.44 5. ? I 8 - 4 6 11.60

- Y 9 . 99 -99.9') -99.99 -99.99

c03-- C A H C 0 3 N A 4

K C L O L i S O 4 - A C O H 4 - F E O H 4 -

H* BW -- FE nnzo

5.38 5.54 1 e56 7.24 5.72 6.51

-9v.99 -99.99

8.3 ' ) -99.93

H I N t R A L S A T U R A T I O N I N O I C E S

A O U L A R I A B R U C l l F G l B B S l T F HUNT I TF H A G N E 1 I T 5 I 0 E R I 1 E

5

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C 0 3 - R A * *

ALsn4+ F E C L * * FEOflH- H Z S n 4 0 H 3 9 U 3 0

n i s i 0 4

3.55 3.51 5.35

-99.99 3.44

18.94 -99.99 -Y9.99

20.10 4.14

S04-- M C * * NAHCO) R A O H t H3S104 A L S O 4 2 F E CL2* F E S n 4 0

HZRO1- ~ ~ 0 4 -

S04-- C A S 0 4 0 HA* K S 0 4 - L I * A L * * * F E + t * F E C L Z * F E OUH- H * 5--

2.67 5.05 5.35

-99.99 4.68

19.69 -9 9 . 9 9 -19.99

8.89 4.88

0.4497E-02 O o 3 0 3 1 E - 0 3 0.3358E-01 0.2327E-05 0.2433E-03 0.1 120E-18 0.0000F*00 o.oooot 400 O.OOOOE*OO 0.4752E-08 0.0000€*00

C L - 0 .26516-01 HC* 0 . 1 6 IZE-04 N A C O 3 - 0.5312E-05 K C L O 0.55+8E-07

ALOH** 0.4866E-15 L I O H O 0 - 3 3 Y 6 E - 0 8

FE 0 ~ 4 4 0. OOOOE 4 00

F t S O I O 0.0000E*00 F E CL 3 0 0. OOOOE 00

H Z S O ~ O 0 . 1 e 3 6 ~ - 2 0 B R - 0.OOOoE * 0 0

CL - HCUH* N A S O 4 - S R * * HZSlO4 F E * * + FECL30 NH4* HCLO H Z C 0 3

1.66 7.90 3.47

-99.99 7.29

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

15.50 5.64

C A * * M C C O 3 0 N A C L O S R U H * A L * * * F E O H * * F L S U 4 t N H 3 A O H Z S A O U Z A Q

-1 .3 ) A L B I T E -1,29 A N H Y D R I T -1.20 A N O R T H I T -4.39 A R A G O N I T - 0 . 2 6 - 3 - 9 s C A L C I T E 0.01 C A - M O N T -2.16 C E L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E O N - 0 . 0 8 - 2 . 1 2 C L U T H I T E -99.99 C R I E C I T E -99.99 G Y P S U M - 1 . 2 4 H A L I T E - 4 . 8 3 - R . 4 5 H Y D T O M A C -7.90 I L L I T E -2.34 K A O L I N I T -1.49 K - H l C A - 3 . 9 1

-90 .3 ' ) X T R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 0 . 9 5 T H E N A R D T - 5 . 5 8 W l T H F R l T -99.99 -99.99 HIRAHILT -5.34 NFSOUFHO -5 .oh P H L O C ~ ~ P T - 3 . 3 0 PYRITE -99.99

L I C A S A T 1 l R A T I O N I N D I C F S

0 4 0 3 . 4 4 P U A R T Z 0 . 3 3 C H A C C F D O N Y - 0 . 0 1 A - C R I S T U M A L I I E - 0 . 2 8

CA* + HCOH++ N A H C 0 3 B A t 4

L 1504- A L O H Z * F E O H Z * F E S O 4 * NH4 HS04- H 3 8 0 3 0

3.20 CAOH* 1.35 M G H C 0 3 4 . 8 2 K *

-9v.ov L I * 19.55 A l O H * *

-9 9.99 F E OHZ* -99.V9 F E * * -99.99 NH4S04 -99.99 HS- -Y9. Y 9

0. L z a e ~ - 0 2 0.1494E-07 0 4 4 06 E-05 0 0 000 E 00 0.2 280E-05 0.2987E-11 0.0 OOOE 00 0.0 OOOE 00 0 0 OOOE 400 0 . LSbOE-08 0.7 119E-04

t1.91

4.00 7.48

3.69 1 5 - 6 3

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 - 99.99

B A R I l € -99.9Y B O E H H I T E -1.99 C I 4 L l l H I T t -1 .02 D O L O M I T E -1.70 ~ 4 A C L I ) Y S T -5.42 HEMATITE -99.Y9 M A C K I N A W -99.99 H A C N E S I 1 -1.97 P Y W U P H Y L -1.13 Q U A R T Z 0.35

AMURPk4OUS - 1.34

T I T L E

C A T 0 1 S 0 4 TOT N U 3 1 0 1

N P U I D A T A I W l l L F S P E R L I T E R OF S O L U l I O N : E O U I V A L F N I S P E R L I T E R F O R A L K A L I N I T Y ) 0 . 6 2 3 4 E - 0 3 M C l O T 0 . 1 9 5 1 F - 0 3 N A T O 7 0.461 L E - 0 1 K 101 0 . 4 8 0 7 E - 0 3 C L T O r 0 . 3 4 3 6 t - 0 1 A L K 0.3080E-02 0 . 5 7 2 6 t - 0 2 ALTDT 0,0000E*00 F F T I I T 0.0000E*00 S R T O T 0 . 0 0 0 0 t * 0 0 M A T 0 1 0.00OOt t o 0 L I T U T 0 . 1 8 7 3 E - 0 3 o . o o o o ~ ~ o o S I O Z T O T O.IZISE-OZ B T O ~ O . L Z O Z ~ - 0 3 0 ~ 1 0 1 O.OOOOE+OO H Z S I O T o .oooot too N H ~ T O T O.OOOOE*OO

P H -c 7-95 P E = 99.99 1 E H P = 39,hODEG C O E N S l l Y = 1 . O O O C H l C C - L O G ( P C O Z ) = 2.b6 - L O G ( P U Z ) = 99.99 - L O C ( P C H 4 ) = 99.99 I O N I C S T R L N G l H = 0 . 0 5 3 7 5 T O l A L D I S S S O L I O S 3 . I 5 C H / L l T E R SOLN T O l A L I N O R G C A R B O N H O L A L l l Y = O.3043E-02 I O N B A L A N C F E R R O R = -0.1 O P € R C E N l C A 1 I O N E X C E S S =-0.96 l o € - 0 4 1 C H A R G E + H O L E S

I N D l V I D U A L S P E C I E S M O L A L I l l E S

OH- 0 . 3 1 1 7 E - 0 5 C 0 3 - 0.2710E-04 H C 0 3 - 0.2868E-02 5 0 4 - - 0.4982E-02 C A O H + 0.2489€-07 C A C O 3 O 0.7698E-05 C A H C 0 3 0.1376E-04 C A S 0 4 0 0.1489E-03 H C C 0 3 0 0.1029E-05 H G H C 0 3 0.2663E-05 H G S U 4 0 0.29b2E-04 M A * 0.4559E-01 N A S U 4 - O.57ZOE-03 N A C L O 0 . 2 5 3 9 E - 0 4 K * 0 . 4 7 2 8 6 - 0 3 KSU4- 0.9156E-05 R A O H + 0.0000€*00 S R 4 * O.OOOOE+OO SROH4 O.OOOOE*OO L I * 0 .186 lE-03 t i 4 5 1 0 4 O.lLR9E-02 H35104 0.3013E-04 HZSI04 0 . 4 5 5 8 E - 0 7 A L * * * A L O H 4 - O . O O O O E ~ O O A L S O 4 4 0.0000E*00 A L S O 4 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * 0 0 F E + * + F E O H 3 0 O.UOOOE*OO F E O H 4 - 0.0000E*O0 F E C L + * O.OOOOE*OO F E C L Z * F E * t 0.0000E*00 FEOH* 0.0000E*00 F t O H Z O 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 k * 0 0 FF UOH- N H 3 A O O.OOOOF*OO NH4S04 O.OOOOF+OO N O ) - O . O O O O E * 0 0 H * H C L O 0.1082E-14 H Z S A O O.OOOOE*OO HS- O.OOOOF*OO S-- H Z 8 0 3 - 0.9622E-05 H Z C 0 3 * 0 . 5 ? 8 5 E - 0 4 OZAP 0.0000E 400

I N D l V I D U A L S P E C I E S A C T I V I T I E S 4 -LOG A C T I V I T Y )

on C A C O 3 0 H C S O 4 0 K S 04- L I O H 0 A L D H Z * F E I l H 3 F E O H * N O 3- S --

5.60 5.11 4-52 5.17 9 - 0 5

-0v.99 -v9 . 99 - Y O . 99 -99 (. 99 -99.99

cn3-- C A H C 0 3 N 4 K C L O L I S 0 4 - ALOH4- F E O H 4 - F E O H Z O H* BR--

4.91 4.94 1 - 4 3 6.5h 5.R)

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

7.94 -99.99

H C 0 3 - C A S 0 4 0 N A C 0 3 - 8 A * * t i4s io+ A L S O 4 4 F E C L * * FErJnH- H Z S I l 4 0 H 3 R 0 3 0

2 .63 3.82 4.77

-99.99 2.92

-99.99 -99.99 -v9.99

19.19 3.95

so*-- HG ++ N A H C 0 3 0 A O H t 143s i n 4

F E C L Z * FE so40

A L S O 4 2

H S 0 4 - H Z 0 I l 3 -

H I N L R A L S A l V R A T I O N I N O I C F S

A D U L A R I A -99.99 A L 8 1 T E -99.99 A N H Y D R I l -1.51 O R U C I T F -3.97 C A L C I T E 0.15 C A - M O N T -99.99 G l R l 3 S l T F -39.99 Z t O T H l l E -99.99 G R I E G I T E -99.99 H U N T I T L - 4 . L t M Y 0 l I ) H A G -3 .H4 I L L I T E -99.99 M A G N E T 1 1 - V ' ) . V V H l R A Y l L T -5.06 N f SOUFHU -3.h9 S I D t R l T t -'t9.91 S l R O N T N T -99.99 T A L C 3-02

S I L I C A S A T I J R A T I O N I N D l C f S

- L O G H ~ S I I W O 7 - 9 2 O U A W T L O . H h C H A L C € O ; l N Y

2 . 6 6 4 . 1 5 4 - 3 1

-99.99 4 . 6 1

-99.99 -v9.v9 -99.99

R.43 5.14

O.OOOOE*OO 0.0000E* 00 0.0000~400 0.0000E*00 0.1355E-07 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * 00

H Z O A C l l V l T Y = 0.9984

C L - 0 . 3 4 4 4 E - 0 1 H G 4 0 .1523 t -03 N A C 0 3 - 0.20 79E-04

L I D H O 0.879VE-09 K C L O 0.2700E-06

A L O H + * O o O O O O E * O O F E O H + * O . O O O O E * O O F E C L 3 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 E + 0 0 F E S O S O O.OOOOE*OO

B R - O.OOOOE*OO HZ s o 4 0 o .6 ~ Z O E -1 9

C L - MGOH+ N A S 0 4 - S R * * H Z S I 0 4 F E + * * F E C L 3.0 NH4* H C L O H Z C O ~

1.56 7 . 4 6 3 . 3 3

-99.99 7.68

-99.99 -99.99 -99.09

14.96 4.27

C A 4 4 H G C O 3 0 N A C L O S R l J H * A L * * * F F O H * * F € S D 4 * N H 3 A O H Z S A O O Z A O

3.53 5.98 c.59

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -Y9.99 -99.99 -99.99

C A * + 0.6556E-03 nton*+ 0.4159~-07 N A H C 0 3 0.485bE-04 E A * * O ~ O O O O E * O O LIS04- 0.1812E-05 ALOHZ* 0.0000E*00 F E O H Z * 0.0000E*00 F E S O + + O.OOOOE*OO " 4 4 0 .0000€*00 HS04- 0.4589E-08 H38030 0.1 l l O E - 0 3

C A O H * H G H C 0 3 K * 11* ALOHW F E O H Z + FE.4 " 4 5 0 4 HS-

7.69 5.67 3.42 3.81 - 99.99

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99 -99.99

A N D R T H I T -99.99 A I R A G O N I T -0.12 8 A R l l t -99.99 B O E H H l l E -99.99 C F L E S T I T -99.99 C H A L C E D N 0.45 C H L U W l T t -99.99 D O L O H I T € -0.19 G Y P S U M -1.55 H A L I T E -4.60 t 1 A L L t l Y 5 T -99.99 H E H I l I T E -VV.VY K A O L I N I T -99.99 K - M I C A -99.9') M A C K I N A W -99.99 H A G N E S I 1 -0.61 P M - I ( I G U P T -99.99 P Y R I T E -99.99 P Y R O P t 1 V L -V9.9V O U A R T L 0.87 T H E N A R O V -5.32 H l l H F R l T -99.99

0 . 2 4 A W U R P H I ) U S - 0 . M Z 0.4') A-CR I S T O R A L I T E

I N P U l O A T A 1’4OLES P E R L I T € R OF SOLUTION : EOUIVALENTS PER L I T E R FOR ALKALIN ITY) C A T O T 0.29t,9;-02 H G T O T 0.2961E-03 NATOT 0.1 131E400 K T O T 0.4909E-03 C L T O T 0.1019€*00 ALK 0 . 1 2 7 M - 0 2 5[)4TflT 0 . 1 8 0 I F - 0 2 ALTO1 O . O O O O F + O O FETIJT 0.0000t*00 S P T f l T O .OOOOE*OO BAT01 0 .0000t t00 L I T O T 0 .2450 t -03 NU3TOT 0.0000t.*00 S I f l Z T O T 0 . 1 0 8 2 E - O Z 8101 0.148OE-03 B R T O T O . O O O O E * O O H Z S l O T 0.0000k*00 NHSTOT 0.0000Et00

PH = 7.81 PE = ‘39.99 TEMP = 4h.lODEG C OENSITY 1 l.OOOGH/CC -LOClPCOZl = 2 - 9 2 -LOGlPOZ) = 99.99 -LOG(PCti4) = 99.99 I O N I C S T R E N G T H = O. lZb81 10TAL D l 5 5 S O L I O S = 7.25GH/LITER SQLN TOTAL INORG CARBON HOLALITY 0.122AE-02 I O N BALANCE [ Q R O R = 0.69PERCcNT CATION € X C E S S I: 0 . 1 6 Z 7 E - O Z l C H A R G E * H O L E S ) H Z O A C T I V I T Y = 0.9961

I NDl V I DUAL S PEC I E S MOLAL I T I E S

OH- CAOHt HGC030 NAS04-

H I S I O 4 ALOH4- FEOH30 F E * + NH3AQ HCLO H2803-

BAOH*

0 . 3 89 bF. - 0 5 0.9C b 4 L - 0 7 0.43 L S E - 0 6 0.1328E-02 0.0000€ 400 O.IO6IE-02 0.0000E*00

0.0000E too 0.00 OOF 00 0.7219E-14 0. I 1 72E-04

0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ 4 00

C03- CACO3O MGHCO3 NACLO S R * t t i 35104 b L S 0 4 t F E O H 4 - F FOHt NH4 SO4 HZSAO HZC03*

0.1020E-04 0 . n i 4 +E-05 0.14b4E-05 0.1569E-03 0 .0000€ * o o 0.28 7 L E -04 0.00 0 0 E 00 0. OOOOE 00 0.0000E+00 0.0000E*D0 0.000 OE t o o 0.24 59E-04

HC03- 0.1098E-02

HGSU40 0.3714E-04 K t 0.4845E-03

CAHC03 0.1917E-04

S W O H t 0.0000E+00

ALSO42 O . O O O O E ~ O 0 FECL*+ O . O O o O E ~ o O FEOHZO 0.0000E*00 N03- 0 . 0 0 0 0 E * O O HS- 0.0000E*00 OZAO 0.0000E*00

H Z S IO4 0.7091E-07

O H CAC030 HGS040 I( 5 0 4 - L I UHO ALOH24 F t O H 3 F E O H * NO3- S --

I N D I V I D U A L SPECIES A C T I V I T I E S ~ - L O G A C T I V I T Y )

5.54 5.08 4 - 4 2 5-15

-99. 99 -99 . 99 -0v. 99 -99 . 99 -99.93

n.nj

C03-- CAHCO3 NA+ KCL 0 L I S04- ALOH4- F E O H4- FE nnzo HI BI( --

5.45 4 - 8 3 1 .or 6.15 5.79

-Y9.99 -99.99 -99.99

-99.99 7 . ~ 1

HC03- CAS040 N I C 0 3 - R A * * H I S I 04 ALSO44 F E C L t t F E OOH- HZS040 H3 BO 3 0

HlNFRAL SATURATION INDICFS

3 - 0 7 3 . 3 6 4.82

-99.99 2 - 9 6

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

1 8 . 8 3 3.85

SO4-- H G * + NAHCO3 BAOHt

A L S 042 F € C L Z * FF SO40 nso4- H Z BO 3-

~ 3 ~ 1 0 4

ADULARIA -99.99 ALBITE -99.99 ANHYORIT - 1 . 0 2 P,RUCITT: - 3 0 ? 4 CALCITE 0.15 CA-HONT -99.99 C I B ~ ~ S I T E -99.99 I ;FoiniTE -99.99 G R I E C I T E -99.99 HUNTlTE -5.16 HYDTOMAG -4047 I L L I T E -99.99 HAGNFT I T -99.99 M l R A R l L T -4.6h HI S O U E H O -4.05 S l D t R I T € -9’J.V‘j SIRONTNT -99.9’3 TALC Z.Yh

S I L I C A SATIIPATION INDICES

-LOG H4511140 2-‘3t> O I J A R T Z 0. 7 3 CHALCLDIINY

s04- - CAS040 N I KS04- L I * A L t * t F E t 4 4 FFCLZ* FFOOH- H* 5- -

2.70 4.02 4.39

-99.99 4.67

-99.99 -99.99 -99.99

8.Zb 5.12

0.6069E-02 0.4 192E-03

0.9278E-05 0.2446E-03 0 . 0 0 0 0 ~ * o o 0.0000E*00 0.0000E*00 0 .0000t~00 0.191 3E-0 7 0.0000E* 0 0

0- 1124E+OO

CL- 0 . LOZ5f 400

NACO3- 0.1967E-04 M G * * 0.2592E-03

UCLO 0.6829E-06 Lion0 O . L ~ ~ Z E - O B

F E O H t t O . O O O O € t O O FECL 3 0 0. OOOOE 00 FESO4O 0.0000E*00

A L O H t t 0.0000E*00

HZSOIO 0 . I C Z T E - L ~ BR- 0.0000E*00

C A t t HCOH*. NAHC03 BA++ L I S O 4 - ALOHZ* F E O H 2 t FESO4t MH4 t HS04- I438030

0 - 2544E-02 0.7 342E-0 7 0.3928E-04 0.0 OOOE t o o 0.2 184E-05 0. O O O O E t 00 O.OOOOE+OO 0 . 0 OOOE 400 0.0000EtOO 0 . 7 3 5 2 t - 0 8 0.1374E-03

CL- 1.12 HG OH 7.24 NASO4- 2.99 SR * + -99.99 H Z S I 0 4 7 - 6 1 F E + * * -99.99 FECL30 - V 9 0 9 9 NH4t -99.99 n c L o 14.13 HZ C O 3 4.60

C A * * HGC030 NACLO S RUH A L t * t FEOH** FES044 NH3AO HZSAQ O Z A O

3.05 6 . 3 5 3.79

-99.99 - Y V . 9 9 -99.9v - 9 Y .99 -99.99 -9 9.9 9 -99.99

CAOH* HGHC03 K t L I ALOHt t FEOHL* F € t t NH4SO4 HS-

7.13 5.96 3.45 3.72

-99.99 - 99.99 -99.99 -99.99 - 99.99

ANORTHIT -99.99 ARAGONll -0.14 B A R I T E -99.99 B O E H H I T E -99.99 CELECTIT -99.99 CHALCEON 0.34 C I I L U W I T t -99.99 O O L O H I T E - 0 . 5 5 GYPSUH -1 .09 HALITE - 3 . n ~ HALLI IYST -99.99 HEHATIT€ -99.99

PHCOCOPT -99.99 P Y R l I t -99.09 PYRIIPHYL -99.99 QUARTL 0.75 K A I I L I N I T -99.9V K-HlCA -99.99 HALKINAW -99.99 HAGNESIT -0.93

THENARDT -4.63 H ITHERIT -99.99

0.31) A - C R I S I O B A L I T E 0. 1 J AtlllRPl1OUS - O . V ?

APPENDJX D

WATSPEC Program

C W A T 5 P E C C C R E F E R E N C C : W I G L E Y r T . n . L . . 1 ' ) 7 7 r W A T S P E C - A C O H P U T E S P R O G R A M F O R D E T E R - C M I N I N G THE t O U I L I B R I U N S P E C I A T I O N OF A P U E O U S S O L U T I O N S : 4 R I T I S H C G E O H O R P H O L D G I C A L G R O U P T E C H N I C A L N U L L E T I N 20. C E O A S S T R A C T S L T D I C U N I V t R S I l Y UF E A S T A N G L l A r N O Q W I C H N R 4 7 T J r E N C L A N D r 4 O P . C C W A T S P E C IS A N A O U E O U S M O D E L F O R D E T E R M I N I N G E O U I L I B R I U M C H E N I C A L C S P E C I A T I O N I N N A I U R A L WATERS. I T A C C F P T S U P TO 18 T O T A L S P E C I E S C C O N C E N T R A T I O N S A S I N P U T . E H I N P U T C A N BE I N C L U D E D I N A N Y OF 5 C D I F F E R E N T W A Y S 1 OR M A Y 9E O N I T T E D . W A T S P E C A C C O U N T S F O R U P I O 70 C A Q U E O U S - P H A S E S P E C I € S A N D C U N P U T F S S A T U R A T I O M I N D I C E S FOR 40 C N I N E R A L ' i C I N P U T D E T A I L S : F A C H S A M P L E R E O U I R F S 2 - 3 9 4 O'R 5 C A R D S . C C A R D 1 t Z I l r F 1 0 . O ) C F L A C l t I I F S A N P L E I N C L U D E S R E D U C T I O N - O X I D A T I O N D A T A ( C A R D 3 )

C I 6 M I N I 3 2 S P E C I E S PER C A R D S O F L A G Z = 0. 1 09 2)

C A S L E S S T H A N 1 .01 W A T S P E C P U T S D E N S = 1.0 C C A R D 2 (9F6.0) : T€NP ( D E C CB. P H A N 0 M A J O R S P E C I E S . C Z I I ) r I = L r ? = M A J O R S P € C I E S T O T A L C O N C E N T R A T I O N S I N M I L L I M O L E S P E R C L I T E R O F S O L U T I O N ( F ! I L L I t O U I V A L E N T S F O R T I T R A T I D N C A L K A L I N I T Y ) : S P E C I F S O R D E R * 1 = C A L C I U N r C 2 H A G N E S I l H r 3 = S O D I U N r 4 P O T A S S I U M . 5 = C H L O R I D E C h p T I T R A T I O N A L K A L l N I T Y r 7 = S U L P H A T E C C A R D 3 I I l . Z F l O . O I : O X I D N - R E D N D A T A ( O M I T IF F L A G 1 N O T E Q U A L T O 11. C T H E R E A R E 5 I N P U T O P T I O N S I N D I C A T E D B Y FLAG' ) . Z Z Z IS THE C A P P R O P R I A l E D d T A V A L U E . E L IS L E F T B L A N K U N L E S S F L A G 3 = 3. EH C V A L U E S IN V O L T S . C FLAG3 V A L U E 2 2 z C 1 M I i A S U R E D EHr T E M P E R A T U R E C O R R E C T E D C 2 N L A S U R E D EHr N O T T E N P k R A T U R E C O R R E C T E D C 3 M E A S U R E D €HI N O T T E M P E R A T U R E C O R R E C T E D . E L M U S T B E

C F L A C Z - N U M Y E R OF M I N O R S P F C I E S C A R D S ( C A R D S 4 A N D / O R 5)

C D t N S = D E N S I T Y ( G M / C C OR K G / L I T E R ) : I F D E N S IS M I S S I N G OR I N P U T

C S P E C I F I E D W I T H T H I S O P T I O N . E L = EH OF S T A N D A R U C Z O B E L L S S O L U T I O N C I O X Y G E N C O N C E N T R A T I O N A S - L O G l H O L E S OF 02 P E R L I T E R C O F S O L U T I O N 1 C 5 T O T A L S U L P H I D E A S - L O G t M O L E S OF H Z S P E R L I T E R C O F S O L U T I O N ) C C A R D S 4 A N D 5 ( 6 1 1 2 * G 1 0 . 4 1 : N I N O R S P E C I E S . O M I T IF N O N l N O R S P E C I E S C D A T A . D A T A INPUT IS I N P A I R S W I T M S P E C I E S N U M B E R F O L L O W E D B Y T O T A L C C D N C E k T R A T I U N I N B I L L I N O L E S P E R L I T E R O F S O L N : S P E C I E S N U M B E R S C 8 ( A L U M 1 N l U N ) r 9 f I R 0 N ) r 10 I S T R O N T I U N I r 11 ( B A R I U M ) . 12 ( L I T H I U N ) r C 13 I N l 1 R A T E ) r 1 4 ( S I L I C A T F A S SI0219 15 ( B O R A T E AS 8 1 9 16 I B R O M I D E I C I ? ( S U L F I D E A 5 H2S)r 1 8 ( A M M O N I A A S N"I*J. C IF S U L F I D E IS E N T E R E D ON C A R D 4 OR 5 T H I S V A L U E WILL B E U S E D F O R C C A L C U L A l I O N (r S P E C I A T I O N E V E N I F M E A S U R E D E H D A T A 1 5 G I V E N ON C C A R D 3. Ti) F I N D S P E C I A T I O N W I T H S U L P H I D E O E T E R M I N E D B Y M E A S U R E D C EH D A T A O M I T SULPHIDE F R O M C A R D 4 . c E N D OF DATA: A C A R D W I T H 99 IN COLUMNS i AND z SHOULD A L W A Y S B E C I N C L U D E D A F T E R THE L A S T D A T A C A R D T O D E N O T E E N D OF D A T A C C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D I M E N S I O N R 1 ? Z ) r B ( 7 2 ) r I P A I R I Z l l r I R 1 l Z l ) t I R Z l 2 1 ) r C F W I l B ) r N X l l l ) I r C H H t 72 1 r iLOC ( 4 )

I N l E G t R C H G ~ C H H I F L A C L ~ F L A G Z ~ F L A G ~ R E A L K r K M I N R E A L * M A f l T L E C O M N U N A 1 7 5 ) r F ( 7 2 1 r X ( 7 2 ) r I 172) . A A r B B r C H G l 7 2 ) r C T O T r O E N S r F L A G 3 r C N H Z O r

l P P C H 4 r € LIP€ r P H * T * T E H P r TDS V U * Z L Z rK ( 7 7 ) * U k I N t 6 0 ) 9 P U f 7 7 1 r P K M l N ( 4 O )

1 5 O r h i 9 6 A / r I R 1 / 4 * 1 * 4 * Z r 4 * 3 9 4 9 4 9 7 1 9 71.101 11 r 12 9 129 7 l / r 1 R Z l 7 2 9 3 4 9 6 9 7 r 3211r-i9Or0r-L r O r l r I r O i 1 . 0 9 l r O 1 1 r O r O r - l r O * - l * O r - l r 09-2 r-lrO*-lr-2 t

4392 9 1 V I V-19-1 9 3 r 2 10 9 2

5 1 r - l / + C F W/43 .0 8 * 2 4 . 3 12 6 5 5 . 8 4 7 r H 7 . 6 2 1 1 3 7 . 3 4 9 6 . 9 3 9 r 6 2 . 0 0 5 r 6 0 . 0 8 5 r 10.8 I 1 9 7 1 . 7 0 9 ~ 3 4 . 0 8 r

OA T A I P A 1 R / 19 9 2 0 2 1 r 2 2 9 2 3 r Z I 9 25 9 2 6 9 2 7 r 2 8 9 29 r 3 0 9 31 r 3 2 * 3 3 3 5 5 8 9 5 9 *

1 9 - 1 v 1 2 1 1 9 1 9 01-1 rO r l r 1 * 01-1 r -19-2 I 09-1 9 5 * 0 r 22 99 9 3 V - 102 9 3 5 . 4 5 3 . 6 1.0 1 I r 96. Ob 2 9 26.98 1 9

?18003'J/ * K / 5 . r 5 . 5 r 4 . r Z * 3-59 5.49 3 . r 4 -5 9 00 r 5 0 9 5 . ~ 6 . r 3 90. r 2 5 r 4 . r 0 0 9

8 0 . r b r r D . * 6 . r 0 . r6.5~0.r+.rO. 90. r5.4r0. r 5 . 4 r 0 . . 5 . C 1 0 . r 5 . 4 r 4 . 5 r O . r C . * 9 5 . 4 * 9 . r 2 * 5 . 4 r 2 * 4 . 5 r 0 . ~ 9 ~ ~ 5 ~ * Q ~ ~ 5 . 5 r 5 ~ 9 6 ~ r 5 . ~ 5 . r 0 . r 5 . ~ 0 . r 5 ~ ~ *'J. r 0- r 5 * 3 - 5 9 5 . S O . t 5 t 5 *Om 9 9. 9 3 5 I t B / . l 6 5 I b S * O ~ / r E L l H I T / l . E - O 6 / r n D 4 T A / O / ~ I K E E P / 1 0 0 0 . /

2 r 0 75 t 2 * e 0 1 5 r 0 r - . 04 r

A 2 A 3 A 4 A X I A 5 A b A ? A 8 A 10 A 11 A 1 2 A 1 3 A 1 4 A 15 A l b A 1 7 A 1 8

L

C * * C

901

902

C C * * C C 10

2 0

3 0

4 0

C

5 0 c

6 0

70

C

C

OPEN F I L E S

TYPE Y O 1 FORHAT(* I N P U T F I L E ? **SI CALL A S S I G N f 5 * O r - 1 1 T I P S 9 0 2 F O k M A T I ' OUTPUT F I L E ? '1S) C A L L IS 5 I W f 6 rO.-l I

DONE C P E N I M G F I L E S

00 20 I=lr72 A 19 C H G l I B=CHHI I 1 A 20 Zl I )=b A 2 1 X I I l = O A 22 A ( 1 ) = O A 2 3 F I I ) = 1 A 2 4 NOATA=NDATA* l A 2 5 R EA b 1 5 9 2 2 0 9 € N O = 2 3 I F L A C1 rF L ACZ 9 DF N S r A T I T L E r X L O C A 2 6 I F ( I F L A G l . E O . 9 1 ~ A N D . IFLACZ.EQ.9) IC0 T O 1 3 0 A 2 7

IF(FLAG1.EO.L READ15 r 2 4 O ) F L A G 3 r ZZL r E Z A 29 IFIFLACZ.CE.1) READ( 5 1 2 5 0 1 I I NX( 1 1 9 ZINX I I 1 1 1 r 1 x 1 9 61 A 30 I F I FLACZ. CE 02 I R E A 0 (59250) I I NX( I I r 1 I NX I I I I I r I x 1 r 6 1 A 3 1 Y R I T € (6.1 70) NDATA A 3 2 WQ 1 TE f 6.2 11 I A T 1 TLE 1 XLOC AX32 I F I I D E N S . C 1.0 B 0 AND. (DENS. L T - 1 I 1 W R I TE (6 92 10 I O E N S A 33 I F I (DENC.CE.0. I ,AND. (DENS. LT. 1 I I D E N S = 1.0 A 3 4 T=TFHP*Z73.15 A 3 5 1 F I ~ ~ S I T E H P - T K F E P I . C T . O . l l C A L L FOUCON A 36 TKEEP=TEHP A 3 7 ~ ~ c w = 9 9 . 9 9 A 38 PE199.99 A 3 9 CTOT=lOOO A 40 TDS=O A 4 1 GMSOLN=1000.*9ENS A 4 2 DC) 3 0 1 - 1 1 1 8 A 4 3 T D S = T Q S * Z I I l * G F W ( I ) /1000. A 4 4 GMHZO=C MS OL ?t TD S A 4 5 DO 4 0 I=1918 A 4 6 Z I I l = Z ~ l l / G M ? O A 4 7 X( I I = Z ( I I A 4 8 I F I l Z l 1 7 l ~ G l ~ O ~ l ~ A N D ~ l F L A C l ~ N E ~ l l l G O T O 1 2 0 A 4 9 A ( 7 1 )= 10. * * ( - P H I A 5 0 x I 7 1 I = A ( 7 1 A 5 1 X t 7 Z l = K ( 7 3 l / A ( 7 1 1 A 5 2 A I 7 3 ) = 1 . A 5 3

X ( h 1 - t Z(51 * X I 7 1 I - X t 7, ') 1 / I 1. * Z I 1 I * K t 2 1 I * I I 2 I * X I251 * Z ( 3 1 * K ( 2 9 1 A 5 4 1 Z . * f l o * ? ( l l * N l 70l*LI2l*Kl24l*Z I 3 l * K ( L B l l / f K I h l * A ( 7 1 ) 1 ) A 5 5

I T € P = G A 5 7 I F ( I T F R . G E . 5 0 1 GO T O 120 A 58

DO 60 1 = 1 * 7 2 A 60 U = U * . 5 * X ( I I + C Y G ( I ) * C H C ( I 1 A 61 X T O T = O A 62 S O 7C 1 = 1 . 7 2 A b 3 C = S O Q T l l J I * C ' i C I I l * C H G I I l + % A A 6 4 1FtCHC. I I I . F 3 . O l F l I 1 = l o . **l0.1*111 A 6 5 I F ( C H G I I 1 . t J E . p I F 1 I ) = l O . * * l - t / I 1. * ~ B * S U R T I U I * Z l I 1 l * U * e ( I ) I A 66 I F t I . W F . 7 1 1 A ~ I l = F I I l * X l X l A 6 7 XTOT=XTOT*X(I A 6a C = T E n P * T t M P A 69 F (68 J = LO. **tu* I 33.5-. 1 0 9 * T E M P * . 0 0 1 4 * C - U * ( 1.5*. O l S * T E n P - . 0 0 0 4 * C l 1 A 7 0

1 /11 A 7 1

A t 73 1 x 1 .-. O l 7 * X T O T A 7 2 A ( 7 ? l = K l 7 3 l * A l 7 3 l / A ( 7 1 1 A 7 3 X ( 7 Z l = A ( ? Z l / F ( 7 2 ) A 7 4 A ( 3 4 1 - A ( h l / t K ( 6 ) * A ( 7 1 1 ) A 7 5

T E S T = C T U T A 76 C T O T = X l b B * X I Z O ) ~ X ( 2 1 l ~ X l 2 4 l * X I 2 5 l ~ X l Z 8 l * X ~ Z 9 l * X ~ 3 5 ~ * X l 6 8 ~ A 7 7

R E A D I 5 * 2 3 0 1 T E M P I P H . I Z I I I ~ I ~ ~ . ~ I A z a

F I R S r F S T l M A T E UF H C 0 3 - A C T l V l T V .

I F ~ w ~ h l . L T . o . J l c u T C 1 2 0 A > b

CALCN I F I P N I C S T P F N G T i i b N n A C T I V I T Y C C E F F I C I E N T S

A C T I V I T I E S OF H Z O I OH-*AND C03--.

TEST F 02 CONVERGENCE.

C

C

C

C

C

90 c

C

90

100 C

A 78 A 79

A 8 0

A 8 1 A 8 2 A 83

A 84 A 85

A 86 A 8 7 A 88 A 8 9 A 90 A 9 1 A 92 A 93 A 94 4 9 5

4 96 A 3 7 4 78 A 99 A 100 A 1 0 1 A 1 0 2 A 1 0 3 A 1 0 4 A 1 0 5 A 106 A 1 0 7 A109 A I O A A110 A 1 1 1 A 1 1 2 A 1 1 3 a114 A 1 1 5 A l l b A 1 1 7

A 1 1 8 A1 19 A 1 2 0 A 1 2 1 A 1 2 2 A 1 2 3 A 1 2 4

A 1 2 5 A l Z b A 1 2 7 A 128 A 1 2 9

A 1 3 0 A 1 3 1 A 1 3 2 A 1 3 3 A 134 A 1 3 5 A 1 3 6 A 1 3 7 A 1 3 8 a139 A 140 A 1 4 1 A 142 A 1 4 3 A 1 4 4 A 1 4 5

GO T O 5 0 110 IF( (FLAC1. EO. 1 ) .AND. f Z ( 1 R 1 .GT .O. 1 )

I F ( f F L A G l o E O . 1 ) .AND. ( L f 1 3 ) . C T . O . ) ) IFffFLACl.NE.l).AND.fZ~9).GT~O~l 1 W R I T E ( b ~ 1 6 0 ) C A L L P R I N T GO TO 10

I F f X t t ) .LT.O. 8 WR I T € f 69 190) IF( (Z17.CT.O.) .AND. (FLACl.NF.1) 1 HRITE ( 6 9 2 0 0 ) I F ( ITER.GT.50) CALL P Q I N T

WRITE ( 6 9 1 4 0 ) WR I T E ( 6 9 1 5 0 )

X13 X 1 8

120 I F 1 ITER.CT.50) WRIT€ ( 6 9 1 8 0 )

G O TO 10 1 3 0 CONTINUE 1 4 0 FORMAT( / / * * NH3 AND PE DATA GIVEN : "39 PH AN0 PE IMPLY N03- MOL

1 5 0 F O R * A T ( / / r * N O 3 AND PE D A T A GIVEN : NO39 PH AM0 PE IMPLY NH4+ M O L

160 F O R M A T l / / r * F F TOTAL > Z E R O BUT NO E H DATA CA9D : PE ARBITRARILY

1 7 0 F O R M r l ( l H 1 9 ' SAMPLE NUMBCR' t I4 ) 2 1 1 1 8 0 f f l Q M ~ l ( / / * ' N O T CONVERGED A F l r Q 5 0 IT tRATIONS. RESULTS A T T H I S S

190 F D R H A T f l X r ' SAMPLE R E J E C T E D : HCC3 < 0 1 POSSIRLE PH O R A L K A L l N l T

200 FORHAlf 1 x 9 ' POSSIRLE DATA INPUT F R U n R : TOTAL SULPtlIOF SPECIF IED

210 F O R M A l ( l X 9 ' WARNING. O e N S I T Y S P E C I F I E D A 5 ' r F h . 3 r 1 VALUt CPAN

l A L I T Y = * * E 11.4)

L A L I T I ~ ' r t l l . 4 )

IASSUMED EQUAL T O 10.0')

F D R M A 1 f / 9 7 x 9 ' T I TLE * 9 2 X 1 A h 9 1 0 x 9 * L O C A 1 ION' r 2 x 1 3A 49 A2 1

LACE ARF * I

1 Y E Q Q U R ' )

1 qUT NO EH D A T A C A R D ' )

L C E D T Z 1 . 0 ' ) 220 F O R q A T l 2 1 1 r F l O . O i A b 9 3 A 4 r b 7 ) 2 3 0 F O R r 4 1 f 3F 8.41 2 4 0 FIIQHATt IlrZF10.0) 2 5 0 F l l Q V A r f f ~ f I Z s G 1 0 . 4 ) ) C2ZO C 2 3 0 C z 5 0 2 3 STOP

Fflr(!iATf 2 I 9F 1 F f l 4 B A T ( 7 F 1

F 0 d M 4 1 f 5 I 1 9 1 1

E NO SUBROUT IHF ECUCUN

C T H I 5 S U 4 R O l J l I N E CALCULATES ALL EOUIL IRRIUM C O N S T A N T S AND C D E @ Y t -HUCK EL C O N S T ANT S

D I M E N S I ON INTFGEQ C H G I ~ L A C ~ ~ ~ L A C Z I F L A C ~ REAL I 9 K M I N CDWMONA f 7 5 ) r F f 7 2 ) r X ( 7 2 ) 9 1

I1( 3 9 1 9 1 2 ( 1 5 1 *PI( 2 5 f 7 3 1 9 DELHf 7 8 1 9 A 1 I 15 1 9 A Z ( 15 1 9 63 ( 1 5 I

7 2 ) r A A r 0 B r C H C t 7 2 ) ~CTOTIDENSIF LAC3rGMHZO9 lPPCH4r E Z I P € ' P H I 1 9 TEMPI 12'5 CUI 2 2 2 9 K ( 77 1 9 KMINf 4 0 ) * P K t 7 7 ) r P K M I N f 4 0 )

111999.199 2 2 9 Z h . 2 7 r Z 8 t 299 3 0 9 311 3 3 9 36.409 4 1 942 943 9 4 5 9 4 6 9 4 7 9 4 8 9 1 4 9 9 5 0 I 5 1 9 539 54 9 559 5 6 9 5 7 9 5 3 9 599 60961 9 6 3 9 659 669 739 74 9 75 9 7 h / r I 2 / 6 9 2 01 2 2 1 r Z J 1 2 4 ~ 1 5 ~ ~ 2 ~ 3 5 r 3 7 ~ 3 R ~ 4 4 ~ b Z l h 4 r 6 8 r 7 7 /

DATA PK2>1-33.938. 26.571 9 -1.4 9 -2.309. - 2 . 2 3 8 1 1.602. - 1 . 2 b 8 . 1 0 2 5 9 -0.72 9 1.5859 6.1 9 1. 9 -8.3Q89-19.7359 -3.2 9

2 -5.1 9 13 .0139 11.6 9 11.9259 15.473. 2 0 . 1 7 3 9 34.R949 8.886. 3 10.9199 9.3199 20.57 9 29.4589 -2.2 9 - 0 . 8 2 9 -0.64 9 - 0 .2 9

4 -0.64 9 12.9189 -1.11 9 21.4959 1 3 . 9 9 8 r - 4 0 . h 4 4 r - 3 0 . 7 4 1 ~ ~ 1 1 9 . 0 7 7 5 8.215* 4.5489 8.24 9 -1 .5821 11.41 9 5.9749 9.7569 13.32 9

6 10.55 9 - 1 7 9 , 11.41 9 32.77 9 3.5239 4.0059 17.02 9 4.7599 7 5.211. 1.1139 4.6319 30.51 9 4 1 . 2 9 33.41 9-24.15 9 18. 9

8 6 3 . 5 3 9 2 0 0 5 7 9 49.09 9 19.33 9 62.29 9 36.91 9 32.82 9 90.61 9

9 42.43 9 37.82 9 - 3 2 - 6 7 9 18.40 9 17.97 9 40.31 9 45. 1 DATA DELH/ -9.32 9 -0 9 1.19 9 1.5 9 1.27 9 .O 9 8.91I.r

1 - 0 9 1.1 9 -0 9 1 9 - 6 3 9 10. 9 1.99 9 00 9 2 - 2 9 9

2 3.07 9 9 . 7 9 lR.1521 e 0 9 20.1159 00 9 e 0 9 1 5 - 9 2 9

3 -0 9 13.219. 28.56>9 32.9959 0 5 6 9 1.15 9 1.75 9 4.8329 4 - 0 9 12.1 9 - 0 9 33.4579 13.3459-65.44 9-57.5359-187.055 5 9 -2.959. -3.7699 -6.16'49 . 9 1 8 r 2.3619 -1.054. 6.1419 6.95 9

6 -5.32Rv -0.5721 - 8 5 9 14.47 9 4.6159 6-22 9 -8.29 9 - 2 6 1 9 7 -4.5519 18.9R79 -0 9-25.76 9 25.555, 11.9059-49-65 9 25.8969 A -0 9 30.82 9 67.86 9 17.53 9 45.0659 4 9 - 1 5 9 44.68 9 54.76 9

9 90 9 - 2 5 - 5 2 9-68.Rh 9 11.3 9 .O e 54.6949 58 .3731 DATAAl / - b . 4989-27.3939-2 - 9 5 9 ehA4 9 a 9 9 1 9 2 - 3 199 3.1069-5.3505 9 6 . 3689 39

I . 4 7 8 9 2 R. 6 0599 1 1.179 . 6 3229 - 14.8 43 5 9 - 1 4.0 1 8 4 / 9 A 2 / - 0 2 379 9 0 5 61 7 9 . 0 1 3 3 2 9.005 1295 9 - 0 0 4 6 7 9 - . 0 11 056 9 0. 9 . 0 1 8 3 4 1 2 *-. 0 16 3 4 6 9 - . Ob 592 7 9 0 120 7 8 9 ' .

302386*- . 00 122 5 9 . 032 78 69 .O 1 5 264 / * A 3 / 2 9 02.399 4 1 14.9 0 . 9 0 9 0 0 9 - 6 7 3 0

D A T A

469557.259-3405.99-12355.19 1573.2 19-3279. 9-2835.769 3404.71 92385 .731 DO 10 I = 1 * 3 9 P K ( I 1 4 1 9 #=PK25 ( I ) + O E L H ( 1)*(25.-TEMP I / ( T*1 .3642378)

A 1 4 6 A147 A146 A 1 4 9 A150 A151 A152 A153 A 1 5 4 A 1 5 5 A 1 5 6 A157 A 1 5 8 A159 4 160 A161 A162 A163 4 1 6 4

AX154 A165 41ba A167 A108 A 169 A 170 4 1 7 1 A172 A 1 7 3 A174 4 1 7 5 a17b

A177 A178 9 1

a z B 3 8 4 B 5 B b 8 7 8 d B 9 B 10 8 11 B 12 8 1 3 B 1 4 0 15 B 16 B 1 7 B 18 B 1 9 B 2 0 8 2 1 B 22 li 23 B 2 4 B 2 5 8 26 0 2 7

B 2 9 8 3 0 8 3 1 B 3 2 8 3 3 0 3 4 8 35 li 36

e 2 8

10

20

3 0

C

10

C

10

20

P K ( 1 1 1 I ) I=-35.0 8x39 8 39 6 38 e 39 R 40 8 41 E 42 8 $ 3 B 44 8 45 8 46 R 47 B 48 8 49 8 50 C l

c 2 c 3 c 4 c 5 C b c 7 c 9 L LU c I 1 c 1 2 c 1 3 c L ' c C 1 5 C l b c 17 c 18 C 19 c 20 c 21 c 2 2 c 2 3 c 24 C 2 5 C 2 6 C 27 0 1

D Z D 3 0 4 D 5 O b 0 7 D 8 D 9 D 10 D 11 D 12 0 1 3 0 14 D 15 0 16 0 17 0 18 D 19 D 2 0 D 2 1 0 22 D 23 0 24 0 25 D 26 D 27 0 28 0 2Y D 3 0 D 31 D 32

D 3 3 D 3 4 D 3 5 U 36 D 3 7 0 38 D 3 9 0 4 0 D 4 1 0 4 2 D 4 3 D 44 0 4 5 D 4 6 0 48 ?) 4?

D 5 1 D 5 2 D X 5 3 D 5 3

0 5 5 D 56 D 5 7 D 5 8 D 5 9 0 60 D 61 D 6 2 D 63 D t14 D 65 0 66 D 6 7 D 68

b9 D 70 0 7 1 D 7 2 D 73 D 7 4 D 7 5 D 7 6 D 7 7 0 7 8 D 77 D B O D 8 1 D 82 0 8 3 D 9 4 D 8 5 D 8 6

C

9 0 1

9 0 2

C C 1

5 0 0 52 5 5 50

2 4

3 5

5 5

1 7 5

C

700 :i 00 c v o o h O O

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