A Brief Synopsis of

“Introduction: The Distributed Architecture of Network

Global Governance”

As presented by James Dickinson, Chelsea Holmes, Anitha Nagaraj, & Josh Steffee

Introduction:Pages 1 - 81

Agenda

1. Introduction of ICT Global Governance2. Historical Evolution3. Global Governance of Infrastructure4. Global Governance of Networked Information,

Communication, and Commerce5. Conclusion & Summary

1. Introduction of ICT Global Governances

Introduction

• Key features of current world affairs Electronic networks and Information Communication Technology

• International Telegraph Union now called as the International Telecommunications Union started in the year 1865.

• This presentation is basically divided into 4 sections Nature of global governance. Historic Evolution of network global governance. Overview of major global governance mechanisms. Overview of governance mechanisms related information,

communication and commerce.

Nature of ICT Global Governance

• High-level commission released a report on Global Governance in 1995.

• Academic Council on the United Nations System (ACUNS) together with United Nations University released a new journal called Global Governance

• The ACUNS journal has functioned as a vehicle for policy guide for many scholars and policy practitioners from various sectors.

What is Global Governance?

• Global Governance is the “Ability of the government to exercise public policy “ .

• “Global governance is governing, without sovereign authority, relationships that transcend national frontiers. Global governance is doing internationally what governments do at home” .

• Governance mechanisms in the perspective of the author.

2. Historical Evolution

NWO

NetWorld Order(s)• NWOs are stages in history during which

major technologies and subsequent policies have been adopted and changed

• NWOs were influenced by– Colonialism – International diplomacy– Postal services

Mid-1800s First NetWorld Order

Early-1980s Second NetWorld Order

1995 Third NetWorld Order

First NWO

• Started during Mid-1800s

• Invention of telegraph

• European countries & standardization– Internally– Externally

• 1850: Creation of Austro-German Telegraph Union– Created precedent for governmental involvement

• 1865: Creation of International Telegraph Union– Comprised of 20 European governments

• 1906: Creation of International Radiotelegraph Union– Comprised of 29 European Union

• 1934: Creation of International Telecommunication Union– Complemented by USA’s Communication Act of

1934

• 1947: Ratification of International Telecommunication Union– Created International Frequency Registration Board

(IFRB)– Standards Adopted by United Nations

• 1964: Creation of International Telecommunications Satellite Organization– Known as INTELSAT which distributed satellite

“parking slots” (pg. 15)• 1970: Creation of the Internet– Establishment of

International Organization of Standardization– Conception of Open System Interconnection (OSI

model)

Second NWO

• Started in Early-1980s

• Government began relinquishing control of telecomm industry

• Favored “market liberalization & privatization”

• U.S. Trade Representative (USTR) & the General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)

• Influenced international governmental intervention

President Ronald Reagan

Global “telecommunication administrations were privatized, often with the governments retaining 51 or 49 percent of shares of the stock at the outset and then releasing more to the market over time.” (pg. 21)

= FREEDOM IN THE MARKET

Third NWO

• Started in 1995

• World Trade Organization (WTO) gave governments a legal and political platform

• US government empowered Internet Service Providers (ISPs)

• Internet became popular among citizens – web, email, blogs, etc.

• 1998: Creation of Internet Corporation for Assigned Names & Numbers (ICANN)

• 2008: Creation of Council of Europe’s Convention on Cybercrime

President Bill Clinton

President Clinton stressed the importance of a “global electronic commerce as industry-led catalysts of an information-based ‘new economy’” (pg. 23)

GLOBAL ECONOMY STANDARDIZATION

NWO History SummaryMid-1800s First NetWorld Order

1850 Creation of Austro-German Telegraph Union

1865 Creation of International Telegraph Union

1906 Creation of International Radiotelegraph Union

1934 Creation of International Telecommunication Union

1947 Ratification of International Telecommunication Union

1964 Creation of International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

1970 Creation of the Internet

Early-1980s Second NetWorld Order

1995 Third NetWorld Order

1998 The Creation of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers

2004 Creation of the Council of Europe’s Convention on Cybercrime

Present Continuation of Third NetWorld Order

3. Global Governance of Infrastructure

Global Governance of Infrastructure feels like…

Who Regulates Global Governance of Infrastructure for Telecommunications?

• The International Telecommunication Union (ITU), created in 1865

• The ITU went through many different name changes throughout the years

• ITU has experienced all three NetWorld Orders (NWO)

The ITU and the First NetWorld Order

• Three Objectives Promoted by ITU during First NWO• First Objective: Consolidate and buttress national

sovereignty • Second Objective: Promote interconnection between

national networks via technical standardization • Third Objective: Facilitate international

correspondence without undercutting sovereignty • ITU was Dual System of “national monopoly control

and international joint service provisioning”

*(Drake & Wilson, 2008, p. 27-28).

The ITU and the Second NetWorld Order

• Dramatic shift occurred in the 1980s• “The information revolution, U.S. domestic regulation,

corporate demands for worldwide market liberalization, and the spread of new ideas about telecommunications governance progressively undermined the political foundations of the old regime” (Drake & Wilson, 2008, p. 28).

• Countries were liberalized and the private sector emerged

• Facilitated the transition to a multi-provider telecommunications world

The ITU and the Third NetWorld Order

• Currently in Third NWO• Global governance needed for the Internet is what

shifted the world into this third wave • The net effect of these developments has been to push

the world’s oldest international regime into a state of drift and decline, with its instruments remaining legally in force but actually governing less and less of the global industry’s actual behavior” (Drake & Wilson, 2008, p. 29)

• Founding three objectives of ITU challenged by the emerging technologies and global needs of this telecommunications era

The Six Areas of Focus forGlobal Governance Mechanisms

How can the world globally govern these?

Technical Standardization

Satellite Systems and

Services

Radio Frequency Spectrum

ManagementTrade in

ICT Goods

Trade in Telecommunications

Services

Internet Identifiers

Competing Players, Stakeholders, and Goals

Developing Countries

Developed Countries

GOVERNMENTS

Global Level

Privatization

Open Markets International Trade

Businesses

Non-profits

Global Organizations

Technical Standardization• Proves to be VERY difficult with so many players involved• First NWO: Shift in standards occurred in 1950s, because of

the growth of technology around traffic, digitization of networks, connection of information systems

• Second NWO: technical standardization outgrew its confines here—The ITU lost much power over technical standards

• Third NWO: “The devolution of technical standards activity from the ITU to an expanding universe of organizations and collaborations has accelerated substantially during the third NWO” (p. 32).

• At stake are deciding what will drive and guide the future evolution of the electronic networks

Radio Frequency Spectrum Management• “As with the telecommunications regime, preserving

national sovereignty was a core concern of the radio regime launched in 1906” (p. 32)

• Nations wanted control over radio spectrum’s distribution, did not want interference to occur, and have troubles with other country's operations interfering

• Third NWO: – 1.) Increasing commercialization and private sector – 2.) Range of technologies and uses vying for spectrum has

continued to grow, due to the recent demands and increase in technology

– 3.) Regime confronted with political challenges arising from changing incentives structures

Satellite Systems and Services• U.S. created INTELSAT- government initiated monopoly

provider– Provided international transmission to Earth station gateways

for national networks– Cost subsidies offered to developing countries – U.S profiting from it all

• Third NWO: Sweeping international regime change occurred – Private operators moved into market and ate away INTELSAT– Level playing field was argued as being needed for all

countries – In 2000, Congress passed the Open-Market Reorganization for

the Betterment of International Telecommunications (ORBIT)

Trade in Telecommunications Services

• General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS), created by the Uruguay Round negotiations, changed the way international telecommunications had been governed for a century and a half

• Establishment of GATS regime was biggest change in governance of global telecommunications since founding ITU in 1865

• “Never before has there been a broad-based, multilateral regime that actively promotes international competition as a way to organize the world market” (p. 40)

• 6 Overarching Principles in Reference Paper for redesign of national regulatory rules and institutions: – Competitive Safeguards, Interconnection, Universal Service, Public

Availability of Licensing Criteria, Independent Regulators, and Allocation and Use of Scarce Resources

Trade in ICT Goods• First NWO: “Governments did not attempt to subject global ICT

equipment markets to strong multilateral trade disciplines” (p. 41)

• Second NWO: Change for International Trade of ICT Goods– Asymmetric liberalization increased market access for foreign

suppliers and technological growth– Higher demand for greater competition in international markets

• Third NWO: Liberalization and privatization of telecommunications, globalization of ICT production and export activity, national economic development of ICT, consumer demand in age of personalized technology has all emerged

• These changes and shifts in time and technology require different ideas on International Trade of ICT Goods

• Overall, countries are moving together through the WTO’s Information Technology Agreement (ITA)

Internet Identifiers

• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN): Government of the Internet

• “Despite ICANN’s centrality to the management of the Internet’s core resources, responsibility for other key governance activities is distributed among a host of players” p. 44

• Everything from ICANN must be approved by U.S. government

• There is no perfect solution- some players will be unhappy.

• Compromise is trying to be met- but this will be an ongoing debate, especially as technologies, countries, and the international markets keep shifting

4. Global Governance of Networked Information, Communication,and Commerce

Flow and Content of Information

• Flow– Sovereignty v. Free Flow– Technologies• Direct Broadcasting satellite (DBS)• Internet

• Content– Filtering- e.g. Google– Keep Tranquility

International Trade

• World Trade Organization’s (WTO) General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS)

• Adding to the complexity– The Internet– Domestic Regulations• “…Exercised in a manner that is nondiscriminatory,

transparent, and no more trade-restrictive than is necessary to preserve legitimate social objectives”

Intellectual Property

• The Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS)

• World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

Electronic Commerce

• General Agreement on Tarriffs and Trade (GATT), GATS, and TRIPS

• E-Contracts– International Code Council (ICC)

• Legal Jurisdiction• Taxation• Consumer Protection• Internet Spam

Cyber Security

Council of Europe Cybercrime (CoE)1. Offenses against confidentiality, integrity and availability of

data systems2. Computer related offenses3. Content-related offenses4. Offenses related to infringements of copyright and related

rights

“The global information security market is estimated at around $40 billion, half of which is represented by the United States” – United Nations Conference on Trade Development

Privacy Protection

• Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)

• Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data1. Individuals should be notified when their data is being collected2. Data should be used only for specified purposes and not be

disclosed without its subjects’ consent3. Data should be kept secure from abuse and made accessible to its

subjects for correction4. Data collectors should be accountable to subjects for following the

principles.

Private Sector- self-regulatory

5. Conclusion

Thoughts for Discussion

• Are regulations hindering competition and the markets?• Regulations need to evolve, and regulations need to

encourage the newest technologies to emerge• Necessity to have evolution of technologies, and

regulations that adapt to that• Technology evolution will occur– need to accept it and

figure out how to best have global governance infrastructure for it

Thank you for your time!

Any questions?

References

• Drake, W.J., & Wilson, E. J. III. (2008). Governing global electronic networks: International perspectives on policy and power.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

• Image credit: http://www.climateshowcase.com/69/eco-social-change-and-mitigation-of-global-warming.html

• Image credit: http://uvatoday.org/blog/?p=3553• Image Credit:

http://baghdadbythebaysf.com/2011/12/tsunamis-vs-san-francisco/• Image Credit: http://freebeacon.com/free-internet-under-fire/• Image Credit:

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:GPS_Satellite_NASA_art-iif.jpg• Image Credit:

http://www.dontgetmewrong.org/2012/06/new-generation-internet-protocol-ipv6.html