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A Brief Introduction to History of Modern China
Jin Guangyao
Professor of History
Fudan University
Chinese Modern History:
• Late Qing Period: 1840—1911
• Republican Period: 1912—1949
• People’s Republic: 1949--
Ancient China
• Over 5000 years of historical continuity
• Among the oldest civilizations in the world
• More than twenty dynasties recorded in Chinese long history
• Tang dynasty (618—907), one of the most prosperous dynasties.
Confucius (551- 479 B.C.)
the Confucians emphasize
• the concept of REN 仁• the need for self-discipline
• the self-examination
• compromise and tolerance as the inner virtues of people
• Qing Dynasty 1644-1911
Late Qing Period
• Qing: the last dynasty in China founded by Manzu in 1644
• Man zu, Han zu: different nationalities
• Qing facing the crisis in early 19th century from both within and without
• The First Opium War 1840-1842
Nanjing Treaty 1842:the first unequal treaty between China an
d Powers
• the opening of five ports;
• the cession of HK,
• extraterritoriality
• an indemnity as war compensation
After the First Opium War
• Most of Chinese officials were still arrogant
• Some began to face the reality
• The Second Opium War 1856-1860
Li Hongzhang (1823 - 1901), considered as the leader of the “Self-Strengthening Movement”, was the most influential politician in late 19th century.
• Chinese-Japanese War 1894-1895
Aftermath of the War 1894-95
• Calling for reform
• Reform demand rejected by Qing dynasty
• New generation turned to revolution
Sun Yat-sen( 1866-1925), the leader of a new generation of revolutionaries. His political ideal was to overthrow the monarchy system and to set up a republic based on American model.
On Jan. 1, 1912, the Republic of China was established.
Sun Yat-sen’s political ideal
• Military governance
• Tutelage governance
(Nationalist Party)
• Constitutional government
• Political turbulence→ warlord period
• Sun failed to get support from Great Powers
• Sun’s cooperation with Russia and CCP
Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) became the leader of the Nationalist Party after Sun’s death
•
In July 1921, the first congress was held in Shanghai, marking the birth of CCP
Nationalist-Communist coalition between 1924 and 1927
Mao Zedong (1893-1976) became the leader of CCP
In 1937 Japan launched a full-scale aggression against China
Mao Zedong and Jiang Jieshi
The Civil War between KMT and CCP (1946-1949)
Mao announced the establishment of the People’s Republic of China on Oct.1, 1949
Mao’s Path to China’s Modernization
• mass mobilization: revolutionary experience
• rapid economic growth: eager to economic
development
Great Leap Forward:
millions of people were mobilized to making Steel
People’s Commune: Public Canteen
Mao’s Road to China’s Modernization
• Economic chaos created the difference between Mao and the pragmatic leaders Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
• Policy difference resulted in the Cultural Revolution
The Cultural Revolution 1966-1976
Deng in 1978
The opening up of Pudong