A Brief History of Early Time

On being Roger’s 1st Graduate Student at Caltech during the

Roaring ‘70s…

• the Article (1066) (Citation History)• Title: Electromagnetic extraction of energy from Kerr black holes• Authors: Blandford, R. D.; Znajek, R. L.• Publication Date: 05/1977

Glacier National Park, Montana, August 1978

VLA, New Mexico, March 1980

Disks, Outflows,

and the

M

word

Disks, Outflows, and the

M word

Date: Thu, 3 Sep 2009 15:34:34 -0700

Hi Arieh,

I don't understand what it means but it sounds great!

The Mystery of the M Word…

The Mystery of the M Word…

What is the M word?

The Mystery of the M Word…What is the M word?

Mysterious

The Mystery of the M Word…What is the M word?

Mysterious

Magnificent

The Mystery of the M Word…What is the M word?

Mysterious

Magnificent

Maverick

The Mystery of the M Word…What is the M word?

Mysterious

Magnificent

Maverick

Mad

The Mystery of the M Word…What is the M word?

Mysterious

Magnificent

Maverick

Mad

Magnetic

Magnetic Fields

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Les Champs Magnétiques (1920) was the

founding text of the surrealist corpus.

Its authors proposed to explore an

uninterrupted form of language, sensing that

thought unobstructed by reason in stream-of-

consciousness ends up revealing what really

wants to be expressed through a kind of

magnetic relationship among the different

creative connections of the imagination.

Electromagnetic Energy Extraction from an Accretion Disk

• Pulsar analogy (“unipolar inductor”)• A model for extragalactic and galactic jets (Sco X-1)• Also efficient extraction of disk angular momentum

Electromagnetic Energy Extraction from a Rotating Black Hole

Blandford & Znajek 1977 Komissarov 2005• Magnetic field threading the black hole’s ergosphere is

supported by the accretion disk

Hydromagnetic Energy Extraction from an Accretion Disk

• “Bead on a rotating wire” mechanical analogy (Henriksen & Rayburn 1971)

• “Radial self-similarity” formulation (Bardeen & Berger 1978)

On the way

to the top there

were moments

of self-doubt….

Retrieved 200 abstracts, starting with number 1. Total number selected: 564. Total normalized citations: 8998

1 1982MNRAS.199..883671.000 06/1982 Blandford, R. D.; Payne, D. G.

Hydromagnetic flows from accretion discs and the production of radio jets

Any lingering doubts are dispelled by numerical simulations… (?)

Krasnopolsky, Li Anderson, Li, Krasnopolsky

& Blandford (1999) & Blandford (2006)

Authors: Blandford, R. D.; Payne, D. G. Citations to the Article: 1342

Protostellar Outflows

Safier, Pedro N.

1993ApJ...408..115

Centrifugally driven winds from protostellar disks. I - Wind model and thermal structure

1993ApJ...408..148

II. Forbidden-Line Emission in T Tauri Stars

Martin, Steven C.

1996ApJ...473.1051

Thermal Radio Emission from Disk-driven Centrifugal Winds

AGN Outflows

Konigl, Arieh; Kartje, John F.1994ApJ...434..446Disk-driven hydromagnetic winds as a key ingredient of active galactic nuclei unification

schemes

Kartje, John F.1995ApJ...452..565Models of the Optical/Ultraviolet Continuum Polarization in Active Galactic Nuclei:

Implications for Unification Schemes

Kartje, John F.; Königl, Arieh; Elitzur, Moshe1999ApJ...513..180Megamaser Disks in Active Galactic Nuclei

Everett, John E.2005ApJ...631..689Radiative Transfer and Acceleration in Magnetocentrifugal Winds

Wind-Driving Disk Models

Wardle, Mark; Koenigl, Arieh

1993ApJ...410..218

The structure of protostellar accretion disks and the origin of bipolar flows

Krasnopolsky, Ruben; Königl, Arieh

2002ApJ...580..987

Self-similar Collapse of Rotating Magnetic Molecular Cloud Cores

Salmeron, Raquel; Königl, Arieh; Wardle, Mark

2007MNRAS.375..177

Angular momentum transport in protostellar discs

Königl, A.; Salmeron, R.; Wardle, M.

2009arXiv0909.2396

Wind-driving protostellar accretion discs. I. Formulation and parameter constraints

Relativistic Jets

Vlahakis, Nektarios; Königl, Arieh2003ApJ...596.1080Relativistic Magnetohydrodynamics with Application to Gamma-Ray Burst Outflows. I. Theory and

Semianalytic Trans-Alfvénic Solutions2003ApJ...596.1104II. Semianalytic Super-Alfvénic Solutions2004ApJ...605..656Magnetic Driving of Relativistic Outflows in Active Galactic Nuclei. I. Interpretation of Parsec-Scale

AccelerationsVlahakis, Nektarios; Peng, Fang; Königl, Arieh2003ApJ...594L..23Neutron-rich Hydromagnetic Outflows in Gamma-Ray Burst Sources

Komissarov, Serguei S.; Barkov, Maxim V.; Vlahakis, Nektarios; Königl, Arieh 2007MNRAS.380…51Magnetic acceleration of relativistic active galactic nucleus jets

Komissarov, Serguei S.; Vlahakis, Nektarios; Königl, Arieh; Barkov, Maxim V.2009MNRAS.394.1182Magnetic acceleration of ultrarelativistic jets in gamma-ray burst sources

Astrophysical Applications: Protostellar Jets and AGN Unification

Safier (1993) Königl & Kartje (1994)• Wind density is highly stratified in the vertical direction• Wind typically uplifts grains from dusty disk regions

The Accretion-Outflow Connection:Protostellar Wind/Disk Models

• Steady-state models incorporate magnetic diffusivity in the disk (Königl 1989; Wardle & Königl 1993; Li 1996; Ferreira 1997;…)

Wardle & Königl (1993)• Double-branch nature of equilibrium curves

has implications to stability (Königl 2004)

Generelization to Other Magnetic Diffusivity Domains

• In a magnetized, weakly ionized gas the conductivity is a tensor incorporating the ambipolar, Hall, and Ohm diffusivities

Königl, Salmeron & Wardle (2009)

Casse & Keppens (2002)• Confirm basic properties and indicate stability

Resistive-MHD Numerical Simulations

In Conclusion:

Thank you, Roger,

and

Many Happy Returns!