› bitstream › handle › 10251 › 13212 › ... · Web viewriunet.upv.es2019-05-07 · FINAL PROJECT. The Passive house. PASCUAL SANCHIS, ISAAC. Escuela técnica superior de

FINAL PROJECT

The Passive house

PASCUAL SANCHIS, ISAAC

Escuela técnica superior de ingeniería de la edificación (UPV)

Jade Hochschule (Oldenburg)

Index

1. Introduction

1.1 Limiting values for Passive House Standard

1.2 Passive House criteria

1.3 Advantages through Passive House standard

2. Main features of Passive House

2.1 Insulation

2.2 Design avoiding thermal bridges

2.3 Air Tightness to Avoid Structural Damages

2.4 Why a mechanical ventilation system is recommended

2.5 Windows for Passive Houses

3. Passive Houses in Germany

3.1 History of passive houses

3.2 The energy laboratory of the University

4. Passive Houses in Spain

5. Passive House Planning Package

6. Passive-On

7. Project of Passive House

7.1 Valencia

7.1.1 Localitation and features

7.1.2 Architecture

7.1.3 Climate

7.2 Celular concrete

7.2.1 Insulation

7.2.2 Humidity

7.2.3 Mechanical resistence

7.2.4 Sound proofing

7.3 Geothermal Solar building

7.3.1 Taking avantage of the subsoil temperance

7.3.2 An unbeatable efficiency

The Passive House | Isaac Pascual Sanchis

7.3.3 Technology for energy efficiency

7.3.4 An investment-saving

7.3.5 Examples of geothermal energy in practice

7.4 Description of the construction

7.5 Calculations

8. Bibliography


1. Introduction

Passive houses are buildings that use resources architecture bioclimatic energy with an

efficiency much higher than traditional construction, according to the conventional

definition of Passivhaus Institute of Darmstadt: "a building that achieves a very high

comfort, almost without any heating in winter or air conditioning in summer "

Buildings are designed to maximize light and heat received from this source of energy,

resulting a temperature and humidity comfort, fit and healthy. There are a healthy

environment at any time of year, without further heat production. Basically, to make this

possible, the isolation of these houses is absolute and the air exchange takes place via

a mechanical ventilation system that renews and purifies the air without letting heat

escape.

By comparing the energy expenditure of a passive house with a house conventional can

say that the heating energy is 80-90% lower.

The energy that we take is from a lesser extent the heat of the occupants and

especially the sun that is almost enough to keep the building warm.


1.1 Limiting values for Passive House Standard

-The total energy for heating and cooling of the house must be less than or equal to

15kWh/m2 / year, or what is the same 1.5 liters of diesel litres/m2 / year.

- The coefficient of heat transmission of the exterior walls of the building (U value) must be

less than 0.15 W / m² K

-The final energy should be less than 120 kWh / m² / year (15 kWh / m² / year + thermal

energy to heat water + electricity consumed by the ventilation air + consumption +electricity)

- You must get a minimum flow, air renewal required per 30 m ³ / h.

- To unheated space through the ventilation system must be controlled to limit energy demand

in a room to 10W / m (u)

- The rehabilitation may increase the harsh limitations of standard 15 up to

25 kW/m2kW/m2 to since it has to work on predefined conditions.

1.2 Passive House criteria

-Construction with super-insulation, U value to be less than 0.15 W / (m2 K)

-We should avoid all thermal bridges

-We must use skilled labor, because the details have to be as constructive in the project; we

don’t admit variation, this may vary the transmittance values

-The construction should be as compact as possible

-We should use solar energy for the south facing and must consider the construction of


shadows, (mobile or fixed shadows).

-The window frames and glass must have a transmittance value of less than 0.8 W / (m2 K)

-The buildings should be of great tightness

-Efficiency savings in electrical machines

-Use of renewable energy

-You can use duct ground heat exchanger to maintain temperature

1.3 Advantages through Passive House standard

-The main advantage would be savings in energy consum

-Can be regulate the humidity

-Great indoor air quality

-There's no problem for people allergic to air filters, because it have high quality

-Thanks to the absence of thermal bridges, we avoid moisture and mold infestation

-Thanks to the high insulation, we reduce cold in winter and heat in summer

-There are no radiators, we have no problems of dust dispersion footprint

-Great sound insulation

The aim of Passive House standards is more comfort, simultaneous to lower monthly debit for

financing and secondary costs, to maintain a high value in the long run high and protect the

environment as well.


2. Main features of Passive House

2.1 Insulation

In a Passive Home the whole building envelope has an

excellent thermal insulation. The envelope consists of all

parts of the construction, which separate the indoor climate

from the outdoor climate. All construction methods can be

used for Passive Houses and have been tested successfully:

masonry construction, lightweight construction,

prefabricated elements, insulating concrete formwork

construction, steel construction, and all combinations of the

methods above.

The thermal heat loss coefficients (U-Values) of

external walls, slabs to the ground, and roofs are

within 0.1 to 0.15 W/(m²K) These are upper level

values for all contemporary constructions. As a

consequence the transmission heat losses during

the cold season are negligible. Another

consequence is that the temperatures of the

internal surfaces are almost the same as the indoor

air temperature. This leads to a very comfortable

indoor climate and avoids damages caused by the

humidity of indoor air.

During hot periods in summer, a high thermal insulation is a protection against heat, too. To

ensure high thermal comfort during summer, well designed shading and sufficient ventilation

are important, too.

Good thermal insulation and an airtight construction are well proved in Passive Houses.

Another basic principle used is"Construction Avoiding Thermal Bridging": The insulation is

applied continuously around the envelope of the building without serious thermal bridging. By


this method there will be no cold spots and no increased heat losses. This is a contribution to

high quality, comfortable, and long lasting construction, too.

Insulation is efficient for energy conservation, increasing thermal comfort in existing buildings,

too. This will be shown by retrofit examples in Workshops on using Passive House components

for refurbishment.

click on the figure will provide a larger one

The most important principle of a Passive House: insulation (yellow), applied continuously

around the building envelope without thermal bridging - this reduces the heat losses like a

warm coat. Most insulation materials are not airtight, however. Therefore the envelope has to

be airtight, too. The airtight envelope can be seen in the section, too - it is given by the red

line. The reduction of thermal bridges is very important; A special design method,

the "Construction Avoiding Thermal Bridging" has been developed to simplify this design

detail.


http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/passive_house_avoiding_thermal_brigdes.html

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/airtightness_06.html

http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/envelope_passive_house.png



2.2 Design avoiding thermal bridges

Heat will flow the easiest path from the heated

space to the outside - the path with the least

resistance. And this will not necessarily be the path

perpendicular to the surfaces. Very often heat will

“short circuit” through an element which has a

much higher conductivity than surrounding

material. In such cases the experts call this a

"thermal bridge".

Typical effects of thermal bridges are:

Decreased interior surface temperatures; in the worst

cases this can result in high humidity in parts of the

construction

Significantly increased heat losses.

Both can be avoided in Passive Houses: The internal surface temperatures are high enough

that a critical humidity can not occur at any place, and the additional heat losses will be

negligible. If the thermal bridge coefficient (which is an indicator of the extra heat losses of a

thermal bridge) is lower than 0.01 W/(mK), the detail is said to be “Thermal Bridge Free”.

If this criterion of avoiding thermal bridges is fullfilled throughout the thermal envelope,

neither the designer nor the builder has to worry about cold and humid parts in the

construction - and it will be far much simpler to calculate the heat energy balance.


This section illustrates a building envelope avoiding thermal bridges end-to-end.


An example: The thermal bridge at

the joint of the interior masonry

wall withthe slab-on-grade can be

avoided almost completely if a

porous concrete block (yellow) is

used for the first row of bricks.

This is an infrared picture documenting that the thermal separation of the external wall from

the concrete basement floor is working: There is no significant temperature drop (IR-photo

taken by PHI).

This is how it looks if no care is taken

about the thermal separation: a cold

band (blue) all along the baseboard is

visible.This will often cause damages

by high humidity. It can be eliminated

by a design for avoiding thermal

bridges.


2.3 Air Tightness to Avoid Structural Damages

The external envelope of a building should be as airtight as possible - this is true for

conventional as well as for passive houses. It is the only means to avoid damage caused by

condensation of moist, room warm air penetrating the construction. Such damage not only

occur in cold climates; in hot and humid climates the problem can occur from airflows from the

outside to the inside. The cause is the same in both cases: a leaky building envelope.

Drafts in living spaces are not tolerated by occupants any more: Therefor a very airtight

construction is essential to fulfil modern thermal comfort expectations. Most building codes,

worldwide, require airtight building envelopes and this is a reasonable and useful requirement.

Air tightness should not be mistaken forinsulation. Both qualities are essential characteristics

of a high quality building envelope, but in most cases both have to be achieved independently:

A well insulated construction is not necessarily airtight, too. Air can easily pass through

insulation made from coconut, mineral or glass wool. These materials have excellent

insulation properties, but are not airtight.

On the other hand an airtight construction is not necessarily well insulated: e.g. a

single aluminium foil can achieve excellent air tightness, but has no relevant insulation

property.

Air tightness is an important, but not the most important requirement for energy efficient

buildings. Further, achieving air tightness should not be mistaken with the function of a

"vapour barrier". The latter is a diffusion tight layer: An oiled paper e.g. is airtight, but it allows


moisture vapour to pass through. Conventional room plastering (gypsum or lime plaster,

cement plaster or reinforced clay plaster) is sufficiently airtight, but allows vapour diffusion.

Infiltration can not guarantee good indoor air quality. Houses built in Germany after 1985, for

example, are so airtight that infiltration alone is inadequate to assure acceptable indoor air

quality. Yet, these houses are still at risk regarding moisture damage to the construction from

moist room air exfiltration.

Careful design and accurate workmanship are the prerequisites to success. Construction

details needed to achieve tightness are available for all important joint and envelope

penetration situations.

If a construction is not sufficiently airtight, moist room air can penetrate into the construction,

condense and cause damage. In hot humid climates infiltration of humid outside air can

damage construction. The problem can be solved by thorough, air tight design.

Air tightness is not a mere nicety of energy saving construction, it is essential to avoid

construction damage. Gaps in the construction will lead to substantial humidity transport by

convection.


The diagram compares the air tightness of passive houses to that of existing and typical new

construction.

Everybody who plans to build a new house is well advised to pay attention to the air tightness

of the envelope construction. Fixing the problem after the house is built can be difficult and

costly.

2.4 Why a mechanical ventilation system is recommended

The health and comfort of the inhabitants are the most important objectives of a Passive

House design. Excellent indoor air quality is indispensable. But this can only be achieved if stale

air is exchanged with fresh outdoor air at regular intervals. This can definitely not be done by

just opening windows twice a day.

Ventilation will work accurately only if polluted air is removed constantly out of kitchen,

bathrooms, and all other room with significant air pollution. Fresh air has to be supplied to the

living room, children’s room, sleeping rooms, and workrooms to substitute the removed air.

The system will supply exactly as much fresh air as is needed for comfort and for good indoor

air quality; only outdoor air will be supplied – no recirculated air. This will lead to a high level

of indoor air quality.

What has been discussed so far could be satisfied by using a simple exhaust fan ventilation

system, where the air is supplied through direct vents in external walls. These vents allow fresh

(cold) air to enter the room at the required rate. However, for a Passive House, the heat losses


caused by such a system are much to high.

In Central Europe Passive Houses will only work with highly efficient heat recovery. Heat from

the exhaust air is recovered and applied to the supply air by a heat exchanger. The air flows

are not mixed in the process. State of the art ventilation systems may have heat recovery rates

of 75% to more than 95%. Of course this only works with counterflow heat exchangers and

very energy efficient ventilators.

An additional opportunity to increase the efficiency of ventilation systems is the use of earth

buried ducts. The ground during winter has a higher temperature than outdoor air, and during

the summer a lower temperature than outdoor air. Therefore it is possible to preheat fresh air

in an earth buried duct in winter, or to cool it in summer. This can be done directly with air

ducts in the ground, or indirectly with brine circulating in earth buried pipes and heating or

cooling the air with a water-to-air heat exchanger.

The scheme of a comfortable ventilation system. Stale air (brown) is removed permanently

from the rooms with the highest air pollution. Fresh air (green) is supplied to the living rooms.


http://www.passivhaustagung.de/Passive_House_E/passivehouse_definition.html

2.5 Windows for Passive Houses

To build Passive Houses, highly efficient windows have to be used.

The type of glazing and frames will depend on climate, however. In

the Central European climate there are three essentials:

Triple glazing with two low-e-coatings (or another combination of panes giving a

comparable low heat loss)

"Warm Edge" - spacers,

Super-insulated frames.

These components harmonize in a way that the total heat

loss of such a window is only half as high as compared to a

conventional new window. But direct and indirect solar gains

are collected through the glazing, too. Therefore, it has been

demonstrated that by using these highly efficient windows,

the result will be a positive energy balance even in the

Central European winter period, as long as the orientation is

suitable and the shading not excessive.

The thermal loss coefficients, Uw, of such Passive House windows are lower than 0.8 W/(m²K)

according to the new European standard (EN 10077). One consequence of such a low heat loss

is that the interior surface temperature of such a window, even in cold European winter nights,

will exceed 17 °C. This results in excellent thermal comfort even near the window: There will

be neither trouble with "cold radiation" from the window nor an unpleasant lake of cold air at

the floor.

The 17 °C condition for minimum internal surface temperatures of windows in a Passive House

is the defining requirement for Passive House windows in any given climate.


A Passive House window with an Uw-value lower than 0.8 W/(m²K) assures a high thermal

comfort.

3. Passive Houses in Germany

3.1 History of passive houses

The standard Passivhaus officially formulated in 1988 by Professors Bo Adamson of Lund

University in Sweden, and Wolfgang Feist, German Institute of Construction and Environment

The first Passivhaus residences were built in Darmstadt, Germany in 1990, and Occupied by the

clients by the Following year .


They were built by architects Professor Bott, Professor Ridder and Professor Westermeyer. The

building has four townhomes that has been subjected to numerous studios, this construction

has an annual heat requirement of about 10 kWh / (m² a).

In 1994, Dr. Wolfgang Feist founded the Institut PassivHaus in Darmstadt (Hessen, Germany).

It is estimated that there are about 20,000 constructions made in this standard would mean (In

Germany alone there are over 10,000 passive house examples in both domestic and

commercial buildings).

The region Vorarlberg (Austria) requires that all new apartment blocks are made in standard

Pasivhaus.

It is an energy concept applies to any style of architectural design to any style of construction

and / or any material used. Energy consumption is minimized through the implementation of

passive measures and the technical features of the standard.


3.2 The energy laboratory of the University

The energy laboratory of Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg is used for

building research and teaching the use of renewable energies in the physics department since

1982.

The basic idea of this construction is to save energy, construction shaped house and well

insulated.


Moreover, the laboratory has a supply of energy based on renewable energy

independent. Energy solar, wind and geothermal provide all the electricity needed, but when

there is insufficient energy to work the combination of propane gas, heat and power . Thanks

to use of thermal and electrical energy can be said that it achieve high efficiency.

The power generation system in the laboratory of energy is based on the production

of electricity by the photovoltaic generation (PV), wind energy and combined heat and power

converter. The term "photovoltaic" means that the solar cells that convert sunlight directly

into electricity.

The building's electricity demand for lighting, computers, laboratory equipment, measuring


equipment, circulation pumps, etc. is about 15,000 kWh per year.

The Energy Laboratory isn’t a model for home energy supply, it is a continue experiment in

physics; the new techniques and the interaction of different modules are practically tested and

improved.

4. Passive Houses in Spain

The word “Passivus” originating in Latin, the subject is said that receives the action of

the agent without cooperating with it. Spain is suffering extreme temperatures

and has had to adapt to all types of weather conditions by

using different elements depending on the geographic

area: granite walls or adobe, whitewashed walls or baked bricks, large or small

windows, decks tile, slate, gypsum. All systems, passed down from generation to

generation, simple but effective we can see across and along the more

rural areas of Spain.

The first passive house in Spain was built in

2009 and is the work of an architect of Lleida,

Josep Bunyesc. It is located in Lleida and

incorporates building elements such as recycled

wood boards glued to prevent condensation on

the walls and sheep's wool to allow the

evacuation of humidity. It also

has large windows to capture light energy from the sun, and a method

of venting air channels and wells that gives the home a constant temperature of 23 º C.


To complement this; if the Projekt Passivehaus combined with renewable energy,

energy efficiency achieved easily switch from a "passive house" to an "autonomous

house".

Josep Bunyesc architecture could be Guinness. After building the first passive house in

Spain, in Lleida his own house, the architect completed the expansion of the

Refuge Colomina. It is built to 2,400 meters high, and it takes two hours to walk to the

nearest road and was built in one week. This is a remodeling of a building of

1917, the Keller House, which was named by the German engineer who signed

the first hydroelectric work in Spain. In the montain “Encantats de Pallas”, in the

“Aigues Tortes” National Park, the largest lake area in the Pyrenees, with more

than 24 lakes, receives regular visits from hikers who made the crossing “Pallars-

Ribagorça-Aran”.

The "Casa Arias"is the second in Spain

to receive the certificate of "passive house"by


the German Institut Passivhaus, was inaugurated last April 14, 2011 in the town of Roncal,

Navarra.

This house will be used, as well as residence Arias normal family, as a testing laboratory to

study the behavior of materials and systems installed and functioning energy. In

addition to comparing the projected values and certificates will be made compared

with values in normal operation as a residence. This energy concept is applicable

to any architectural style, any style of construction, or any equipment used.

The next certified passive house in Spain may be in Mallorca in the municipality of

Santanyi, as was recently approved construction of a luxury mansion certified by

the Passivhaus institut (Darmstadt). Technology uses a passive house in a typical Majorcan

Country House in “S’Alqueria Blanca” in the south east of Mallorca.

And despite these extra costs, when a 'passive house' would be economically viable in

Spain?

The extra cost for Spain is considering between 8-12% of the cost of conventional

implementation, depending on the case. If a house worth 200,000 euros, would cost

20,000 of extra cost. From the outset it is worth the investment. The energy cost


difference between a obligatory “Clase E” and Passive House, currently allows an annual

depreciation of between 8 and 12 years depending on the case, which is an

investment with an annual profit of about 10% of investment performed.

Is this type of housing has some public support to be built?

Currently there are subsidies for housing made with energy rating class A as the “Código

Técnico de la Edificación” (spanish regulation). The demand, the thrust of the industry

and competitiveness, which also generated many new jobs in specials labor,

made the extra cost would be reduced to between 3 and 5% of the additional costs of

the “conventional house”. This also reduces the return periods of the initial investment.

Being a home with few energy costs, banks are informed and more willing to lend. Apart

from any subsidies that may exist in each territory (communities of Spain).

The European Union is preparing a directive that will determine that the power ofpublic

buildings to be neutral in 2015 and the rest of the property five years later. All

buildings will have to be like this, not to exceed the 15 kWh/m2/year or, which is the

same, 1.5litros/m2/año. If a normal house spends 2,000 euros per year in

heating, this only uses 200 euros.

5. Passive House Planning Package

Passive House Planing Package is a computer program on a spreadsheet (Excel) for

architects and designers of passive houses, in order to perform this type of

project. The spreadsheet will calculate the U values of the components of thermal

insulation, energy balances, determine the ventilation rates calculated comfort


and thermal loads, although there aren’t climatic data in locations outside Germany.

The PHPP has been able to characterize

thermally passive houses with surprising

approach. It is an application that has been

specially developed for passive houses

and being a spreadsheet is very

easy to use, the user can perform the project

without too much complexity. The designer can

evaluate design solutions without the need to

wait for the execution of simulations.

6. Passive-On

It is a calculation program that intends to adapt the concept of passive house the rest

of Europe; in this case the rest of Europe would be the south because the climate is

different with regard to central Europe. In southern regions there are very high energy

consumption in both, summer and winter. Passive-on attempts to adapt the advances

that exist for cold climates to warm climates, develop energy savings during the

summer cooling.

It is addressed to architects and building professionals to guide them in assessing the

actual costs design for all seasons and all climates, both the dominated cooling loads

and the dominated by heating loads. Project is aimed mainly Italy, Spain and Portugal

which have few resources to develop innovative designs. A portion of the guide is built

into the PHPP (Passive House Planning Package) developed by the Passivhaus Institute

in Germany (Darmstadt).Passive-on program is to expand the program to allow the

user PHPP calculating cooling loads and evaluation of passive solutions in summer. The

project will evaluate the definition of passive Standard House, and as shall be


amended to take account cooling charges and other energy consumption within the

home.

The project will provide a report as to evaluate potential for improvement and

procedures to implement it. The project will include an analysis of housing

development do you currently passive and low energy consumption in the partner

countries, an analysis of selected models of passive houses in partner countries to

estimate the total energy savings in the medium and short term an analysis of political

and administrative benefits of the development of voluntary certification for passive

house.

Finally, the project aims to spread the passive house concept from all users of the

member countries

7. Project of Passive House

7.1 Valencia

7.1.1 Localitation and features

Valencia is the most populous city of the Autonomous Community ofValencia and the third

largest city in Spain, with a population of 809,267 in 2010. It is the 15th-most populous

municipality in the European Union. About 1,564,145 people live in the Valencia urban area

and 1,705,742 in the Valencia metropolitan area.

Valencia city is on the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian

Peninsula, in the center of the gulf of Valencia, on the great

alluvial plain that form the rivers Júcar and Turia. It is

integrated into an industrial area on the Costa del Azahar. Its

main festival, the Falles, is known worldwide, while the

traditional dish, paella, originated around Valencia.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paella

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falles

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_del_Azahar

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_cities_of_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largest_cities_of_the_European_Union_by_population_within_city_limits

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Spain

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valencian_Community

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain

The city contains a dense monumental heritage, including the Llotja de la Seda (World Heritage

Site since 1996), but its landmark is undoubtedly the City of Arts and Sciences, an avant-

garde and futuristic museum complex.

7.1.2 Architecture

The ancient winding streets of the Barrio del

Carmen contain buildings dating

to Roman and Arabic times. The Cathedral,

built between the 13th and 15th century, is

primarily of Gothic style but contains

elements of Baroque and Romanesque

architecture. Beside the Cathedral is the

Gothic Basilica of the Virgin (Basílica De La

Virgen De Los Desamparados). The 15th

century Serrano and Quart towers are part of what was once the wall surrounding the city.

UNESCO has recognised the silk exchange market (La Lonja de la Seda), erected in early

Valencian gothic style, as a World Heritage Site. The modernist Central Market (Mercado

Central) is one of the largest in Europe. The main railway station Estación Del Norte is built

inmodernisme (the Spanish version

of Art Nouveau) style.

World-renowned (and city-born)

architect Santiago Calatrava produced

the futuristic City of Arts and Sciences

(Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), which

contains an opera

house/performing arts centre, a science

museum, an IMAX cinema/planetarium,

an oceanographic park and other structures such as a long covered walkway and restaurants.

Calatrava is also responsible for the bridge named after him in the center of the city. The Music

Palace (Palau De La Música) is another good example of modern architecture in Valencia.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciutat_de_les_Arts_i_les_Ci%C3%A8ncies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llotja_de_la_Seda

7.1.3 Climate

This particular

geography of Valencia contributes in huge measure to the Valencia climate. Know all about

the Valencia climate before chalking out your Valencia travel guide to avoid rain delays and the

like on your Valencia holidays.

Tourists around the world will vouch for the pleasantness of the Valencia climate. Then climate

in Valencia, Spain is a Mediterranean-type climate characterized by warm and dry summers

and mild winters. But what endears the Valencia climate to one and all are the endless number

of sunny days that the region enjoys throughout the year. Valencia climate sees about 320

sunny days in a year, making for a great outdoors venue.

The weather in Valencia, Spain borders on the warmer side with the yearly average

temperature hovering somewhere around 21-degree Celsius and the average humidity around

70%. July and August are the peak summer months whence the average temperature is about

26-degree Celsius. In the winter months, from November to March, the average temperature

is around 13-degree Celsius. The mountainous reaches of Valencia however see the

temperatures plummeting to below the freezing point in the winter months.


Valencia climate offers pleasant summers and bearable winters (at least in most parts of the

region) but important from the Valencia tourism point of view is information regarding the

rainy season in Valencia. There are four seasons in Valencia and the rains come down, in

copious amount too, in the spring and autumn. In the higher reaches of Valencia, this rainfall

sometimes turns into snow.

The Valencia weather is one of the reasons for the tourists flocking to the region almost

throughout the year. The Valencia climate with all its equitable coastal climate characteristics

almost lulls you into believing that it is always spring here.

January

February

March

April

May

June

July August

September

October

November

Dicember

Total

MonthDaily mean 11,5 12,6 13,9 15,5 18,

422,

124,

925,5 23,1 19,1 14,9 12,4 17,8

Averege high

16,1 17,2 18,7 20,2 22,8

26,2

29,1

29,6 27,6 23,6 19,5 16,8 22,3

Averege low

7,0 7,9 9,0 10,8 14,1

17,9

20,8

21,4 18,6 14,5 10,4 8,1 13,4

Precipitation

36 32 35 37 34 23 9 19 51 74 51 52 454

Humidity 63 61 61 60 65 65 66 68 67 66 65 65 65

DaysAv. Precipitation

4 3 4 5 5 3 1 2 4 5 4 5 44

Av. Snow 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Av. Storm 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 2 1 0 18Av. Foggy 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 10Av. Frost 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Av. Sunny 9 6 7 5 5 8 13 10 7 6 7 7 91Sunshine hours

169 169 212 229 256 271 314 285 237 201 167 150 2.660

(The measures are from 1971 to 2000)

Its average annual temperature is 17.8 °C: 22.3 °C during the day and 13.3 °C at night. In the

coldest month - January - the temperature typically ranges from 10 to 18 °C during the day and


2 to 12 °C at night, with the average sea temperature being between 13–14 °C. In the warmest

month - August - the temperature during the day typically ranges from 28–34 °C, above 23 °C

at night, the average sea temperature is 26 °C. Sunshine hours are up to 2,660 per year, from

150 (average 4.8 hours of sunshine / day) in December to 314 (average 10 hours of sunshine /

day) in July. Average relative humidity is 60% in April to 68% in August. Average number of

days above 21 °C is 200, average number of days above 32 °C is 11 (1 in June, 4 in July, 4 in

August and 2 in September). Generally, summer temperatures similar to those experienced in

northern Europe last about 8 months (from April to November). Two months (December and

March) are transitional, with temperatures above 20 °C sometimes occurring.

7.2 Cellular concrete. Main features


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity

7.2.1 Insulation

The insulating property of a material depends on the amount of air contained in it, as long

as the air is captured in small volume cells.

Cellular concrete is made up of millions of micropores closed air and evenly distributed,

reaching up to 80% of total volume.

What really makes him unique is that posses a high mechanical strength, can be used as

a structural element.

The coefficients depend only on the density.

Table:

Density (kg/m3) Useful thermal conductivity coefficient ʆ

(W/mK)

350 (blocks) 0,10

400 (blocks) 0,11

500 (blocks) 0,125

550 (blocks) 0,145

500 (plates) 0,13

600 (plates) 0,16

These values allow for massive walls of a single sheet in any climatic zone of Spain, without


requiring additional insulation and reduced wall thicknesses.

Enclosure solutions are prepared for the future, far exceeding the limits set by the CTE

(Spanish rules) on today.

The elements of the construction permit to minimize the thermal bridges, being a solid,

homogeneous material with isotropic properties.

7.2.2 Humidity

The low coefficient of water vapor diffusivity of cellular concrete ( = 5-10) allow self-

regulation of the humidity inside the house. Walls can absorb excess moisture which

usually generates timely in bathrooms and kitchen, and a return to the environment

of outdated and even carry some of it outward, as long as the coatings do not create a

barrier steam

.

The walls, however, have a coeficient of very low water absorption, or in other words are

walls with a high degree of tightness. This is because the concrete pores are closed

and cell interconnect. The material can only absorb water by capillary action through the solid

part, which we know only occupies 20% of the volume.


7.2.3 Mechanical resistance

Load-bearing walls

Aerated concrete is a material with high resistance to compression, which varies depending

on the density of the material.

Table:

Density (kg/m3) Characteristic resistance (N/mm2)

350/400 3

500 4

Load-bearing walls are characterized by their homogeneity, which is due to the geometric

precision of the blocks and the joint. The blocks are solid and the pores are evenly

distributed throughout its volume.

The walls can withstand high loads, allowing a lot of floors in the construction.

Floors and roofs

The deck and slabs are manufactured as armed cell, able to with stand high

loads without compression layer.


The lightness of the plate benefits the structural capacity, while reducing considerably the

loads are transmitted to the walls and finally to the foundation.

Table of the weight of the floors:

Thickness 20 cm Thickness 24 cm Thickness 30 cm

144 kg/m2 173 kg/m2 216 kg/m2

The plates are manufactured in thicknesses from 10 to 30cm for roof and floor elements 20

to 30cm. The maximum light varies depending on the total overhead, and can reach a

maximum of 6.60 m. It is also possible to place the plates with an overhang of up to 1.50 m.

The plates were placed directly on the walls. You only need to assemble and fill the horizontal

joints between panels and frames to tie the perimeter hoops to ensure the rigidity of the

floor or deck.

The plates can be loaded directly and do not require compression layer, allowing work to

continue without interruption or obstructive items as props or forms.

7.2.4 Sound proofing

The micro-alveolar structure of cellular

concrete, with millions

of pores embedded in closed

air volume, contributes positively to

satisfy the requirements of sound

insulation regulations.


7.3 Geothermal Solar building

The low-temperature geothermal energy is a renewable, clean and available almost anywhere,

based on exchanging the heat stored in the ground by solar radiation.Technology is

successfully implemented in Europe and North America for several years begin to make

themselves known in our territory.

7.3.1 Taking advantage of the subsoil temperance

The sun heats the earth's crust, especially in summer. As the land has a high thermal inertia, is

able to store this heat and maintain even seasonally. In the subsoil, from about 5 meters deep

geological materials remain at a fairly constant temperature throughout the year. In the

Spanish case, to a depth greater than 5 meters, the soil temperature, regardless of season or

weather conditions, is around 15 degrees. Between 15 and 20 meters deep, the thermal

stability is about 17 º C all year long depending on the location in each case.


A geothermal system uses a solar heat pump and a system of holes in the ground to take this

mild temperatures. The key to the efficiency of these heat pumps is the difference between

the temperature to be achieved and the temperature at which the item is found to be

heated. With a conventional heat pump air-air, in summer we intend to maintain a

comfortable temperature of 25 ° when the outside air is 30 - 35 ° C. In winter, you want to

keep the house at 21 º C when the outside temperature is below 10 ° C. Pass the air one

temperature to another can only be achieved at the expense of considerable energy

expenditure.

In the case of geothermal heat pumps (GHP), the temperature gradient that must be overcome

is much lower. In winter, have a material 15 to 17 degrees can be considered a heat source.

And in summer the ground is considerably cooler than the outside environment.

The exchange of heat with the ground, can provide the

same comfort needs but with much lower power than a

conventional heat pump.

7.3.2 An unbeatable efficiency

The COP (Coefficient of Performance) lets us know how

efficient a heat pump. The COP of a geothermal heat


pump is 4 to 6, ahead of more efficient heat pumps air to air, estimated between 2 and 3. This

means that for every unit of energy used by the system you get 4 or more units of energy as

heat or cold.

Note that the efficiency of a geothermal heat pump does not vary with the weather or

seasonal, while in a conventional performance declines in the hottest summer and the coldest

in winter, just when we need is your use.

Comfort without waste

If the distribution system by water, heat is transferred to the subsurface water flow. It usually

feeds a system of low temperature radiators or underfloor heating, which can be

complemented with an air cooling device. In the cooling mode, is an interesting effect called

free cooling; depending on the weather of the place, or the beginning of the warm season,you

can get cool to a high comfort level without the pump running, only taking advantage passively

the freshness rise. When demand is greater, the pump is put into operation.

We see that the possibilities are varied, although it is noteworthy that the most efficient

option is the distribution of heat through radiant floor or walls. In these systems it is enough

that the outlet temperature of the heat pump is around 30 degrees, while in a hot air system

or radiators high temperature is necessary to reach temperatures of about 50 degrees.

In summary, geothermal heating of cooling and solar energy can get hot water in homes and

other buildings, but with performance unsurpassed by any other system. All this thanks to the

system is not seen, which is under the ground.

7.3.3 Technology for Energy Efficiency

To take advantage of stable temperature in the subsurface is necessary to make a series of

holes in the ground. The dimensions of these small wells of 10 to 15 centimeters in diameter

depends on the dimensions of the place to air-condition, availability of land or geological

conditions.

Inside each hole are placed pipes where there is heat exchange, consisting of a tube, usually


made of polyethylene, full of fluid. Usually this circulating fluid is water or a saline solution

with antifreeze to prevent the fluid solidifies when temperatures are low on the surface of the

soil. This formula is safe for the environment, although it anyway in no time the fluid comes in

contact with the soil as the tube is perfectly sealed.

The liquid is continuously circulated through the closed circuit: down, heated (or cooled, if it is

summer) and go up again, driven by a small pump. At this point, the circulating medium gives

up its heat (or cold) to the refrigerant and then to the means used for heating (air or

water).Then, the fluid back down through the circuit located in the holes of the ground for

more heat. This system has high performance drilling because the exchange is made at a depth

of between 50 and 100 m. An important part of economic cost is determined by drilling and

these may not be feasible in some areas.

On the other hand, there are also horizontal circuits, in which the intake pipe is buried

horizontally at a depth of 1.5 meters. In this case, you must have an area of land plot, that it is

not asphalted or paved. Installation is easier and less cost, but we need to have a considerable

floor space.

The circuit buried in the ground is chosen according to where is the building and the space


available. With regard to the characteristics of the geothermal heat pump, there are different

models to suit each case and each size of the houses.

7.3.4 An investment-saving

The main advantage of buying an efficient appliance or turning to renewable energy is that the

investment is recovered relatively quickly. A solar geothermal installation can be amortized in

five to ten years. This is possible because the GHP used between 25% and 40% less electricity

than conventional heating or cooling, powered by natural gas, propane, diesel, or electric

radiators. They also require little maintenance and have a long life. For example, the

compressor heat pump, the element with greater wear, has a lifespan of about 16 years, and

the interchange with the underground about 50.

This technology was developed initially in regions with very strong winters, they often want to

savings of energy and money, which allows the low-temperature of geothermal energy for

heating in cold countries (saving about 65 - 75% of heating costs). However, it is also true that

in Spain is increasingly consumed more energy for cooling in summer, so that also in our

territory profitability will be an advantage.

Other positive factor is the fact that they require no outside condensing unit, avoiding the

problems of noise inside and outside the home.

7.3.5 Examples of geothermal energy in practice

The solar geothermal should not be confused with high-temperature geothermal systems,

which are only possible in parts of the planet with special conditions of tectonic activity, which

takes advantage of the residual energy inside the earth to generate electricity. On the other

hand, solar geothermal can be exploited by almost everyone, provided that local ground

conditions make it possible.


Facilities that have been made in our country include

both single-family homes or cottages isolated as

apartment buildings or offices in the heart of the city,

farm or industrial premises. The holes range from

several tubes of a few meters (6 holes 10 meters),to

deeper wells. This diversity demonstrates the

versatility of the geothermal systems. In the case of isolated houses, for example, usually has a

large amount of soil that allows for a horizontal loop geothermal installation. Considering the

expenses diesel or other fuels and transport to the house, the geothermal system, although an

considerable initial investment in the medium term is really the cheapest option.

On the other hand, it is noteworthy that in multi-family buildings or public or commercial

buildings in the urban environment, in many cases it is possible to drill vertical during the

performance of the foundation, so that one of the major costs of the geothermal system is

reduced or eliminated, by including it in the usual requirements of the building.

We also note that, given the low consumption makes the pump, this could be powered by

photovoltaic solar panels, so that then the system becomes fully autonomous, efficient and

renewable.

Geothermal and solar has come a long way. In 1950 in the United States first patented

geothermal heat pump, and such systems are being used extensively in North America, Japan,

Switzerland, Germany and Sweden for more than three decades. Some experts say may be the

most efficient, ecological and economically viable to get comfortable in the home. What is

certainly true that the air-conditioning heat pumps is a new opportunity to reduce energy

consumption and CO2 emissions associated with houses.

7.4 Description of the construction


The construction of the passive house is located in Valencia, on the campus of the Universitat

Politécnica de Valencia, the parcel is an irregular polygon with an area of XXXX m2, and the

house is built in the north of the parcel to take advantage of the deciduous trees that we plant

on the south and protect us the sun in the summer and in winter the sun will pass to take

advantage of this energy.

The construction will take place on a layer of Foam glass of 27 cm thickness, Foam glass is an

insulating material made from crushed glass and carbon; is totally inorganic and is not

conducive to mold, fungi or microorganisms; and is the only insulation material completely

sealed to all types of humidity, non-combustible and does not release toxic fumes or gases, is

stable, its compressive strength is high and resist rot, insects, undesirable animals and the acid.

The foundation was made on a layer of lean concrete and the isolated footing type. The

isolated footing is a superficial type of foundation that can be used in areas of good quality

land when the eccentricity of the column load is small or moderate, this condition is best

accomplished in the building perimeter abutments, consisting of concrete prism beneath the

pillars of the structure; its function is to transmit the stresses to the land which is under the

rest of the structure, the footings are joined together by beams. The correct sizing of the

isolated footings involves checking the bearing capacity of collapse, checking the state of

equilibrium (sliding, overturning) and its differential settlement in relation to the adjacent

footings.

For the formation of the walls, we will use blocks of celular concrete, thanks to all the features

explained before. After the sheet of celular concrete we place the insulation that in the case of

the walls will be expanded polystyrene; we place this material because it has extraordinary

qualities, the most significant are the thermal insulation and low weight, other important

characteristics are mechanical strength, their proper behavior and resistance to water vapor

diffusion compared with other materials, its versatility in shape and features that are specified

in a wide range. The use of expanded polystyrene in the building also provides environmental

benefits primarily due to its role of thermal insulation and the use of a material that implies a

low energy consumption of material resources.


The last sheet will consist of facing bricks, these bricks are manufactured to be placed without

covering both exterior and interior of the building. There are a variety of models, depending on

the size, color ... and depending on the materials and additives,may also have a decorative

function moreover of its structural function, but in our case will have,apart from the

decorative function, the function of protecting isolation. This material is very resistant to the

passage of time and very low maintenance, which in turn has thermal insulation and

soundproofing. Current technology allows the manufacture of facing bricks of large dimensions

that are used in their dual role of thermal and decorative facades.

The roof structure is also formed by celular concrete, in this case we use plates of 24cm thick.

The roof insulation is extruded polystyrene that have similar characteristics of heat insulation

and a little more mechanical resistence than expanded polystyrene. They are very similar

materials as their chemical composition is identical: about 95% polystyrene and 5% of gas, the

only difference is in the process of formation, but it is a crucial difference, because the

polystyrene produces a bubble structure closed; the extruded polystyrene is the only

insulation that is capable of getting wet without losing properties. The XPS has a typical

thermal conductivity between 0.033 W / mK and 0.036 W / mK, although there polystyrenes

with values up to 0.029 W / mK.

After placement of the insulation, we place the membrane impermeable across the deck, this

sheets are called also fabrics asphalt. They are sheet products, whose base is of type

bituminous waterproofing, bituminous materials are those containing natural asphalt, bitumen

penetration of oxidation or tars. Can be found in several ways: self-protected (have an

aluminum embossed or crushed slate on one side), without protection or reinforcement (mesh

or felts are to be inserted into the sheet during manufacture, the Mayans are fiberglass,

polyethylene or polyester), in our case we will use of non-protected, which will force us to

protect them with a finish.

We will finish with a thin layer of concrete for the formation of slopes and pavement as well as

inside the house will be ceramic tile.


The house will have some solar panels to feed power, photovoltaic modules or photovoltaic

solar collectors consist of a set of cells (photovoltaic cells that produce electricity from light

that strikes them) (solar electricity). The standardized parameter to classify its power is called

the peak power and corresponds to the maximum power that can deliver under standardized

conditions, which include radiation 1000 W/m2 and cell temperature of 25 º C, for example, a

plate of 40 Wp, produce 40 Wh energy if you get radiation for one hour with standard

conditions. The construction will also have a system for harnessing geothermal energy

described above.

-Vapor barrier

-Waterproof sheet

-Extuded polystyrene


-Bricks facing ceramic

-Waterproof mortar

-Expanded polystyrene

-Celular concrete


-Ceramic tiles

-Regulation mortar

-Reinforced concrete

-Foam glass


7.5 Calculations.

We start to calculate the U-value of the Windows, facades, deck, floor and door. To calculate

these values we used the program PHPP (Passive House Planning Package). This program takes

the thickness and the lambda of the materials, and the thermal resistance of the exterior and

the interior of the walls, windows, deck, floor and door. The transmittance coefficient (U-

value) is determined by the following expression:

U= 1

Rse+∑ eλ+Rc+Rsi

U: Transmittance coefficient of the build element (W/m2K)

Rse: Thermal resistance of the external superficies (m2K/W)

Rc: Thermal resistance of the air chamber (m2K/W)

Rsi: Thermal resistance of the internal superficies (m2K/W)

E: Thickness of each material making up the layers of the sealing elements (m)

λ: Thermal conductivity of each of the materials comprising the layers of the construction

element (W/mK)


In the case of the windows must also take into account the orientation, the surface of the

window and the frame surface, In this house we have chosen a crystal passive triple U = 0'49

(W/m2K) and a frame a U = 0'72 (W/m2K), these values of the window and frame are chosen

in the options of the PHPP program, the case of the door will be the same system for

calculating but we will catch the U-values of the wood frame and the wood of the door,the

values are chosen in the PHPP; the frame has a U = 1.50 (W/m2K) and the door U = 0'70

(W/m2K).

With these values, the surfaces of hollow frames and windows and the thermal bridge

between the glass and frame, we calculate the U-value of all around.


The total U-value:

Window1………………………………………………………………………………………. U-value= 0’69 (W/m2K)




Door……..………………………………………………………………………………………. U-value= 0’87 (W/m2K)


To calculate the facades, the deck and the floor we take the lambda and the thickness of each

material and the correct thermal resistance in each case.

U= 1

Rse+∑ eλ+Rc+Rsi


The values of the U calculation of the walls:

The values of the U calculation of the deck:


The values of the U calculation of the floor:

With the U-values and the area of each element we calculate the coefficient of heat

transmission of the exterior environment.

The average of the U-values of the construction is 0’159 W/K.


Let us calculate the total energy that we need for heating or cooling the building. We begin by

calculating the power losses of transmitantion and ventilation and the power of cooling that

we need, and after that we will calculate the sun, internal and the precooling power; with

these factors we can calculate the total energy.

To calculate the power losses of transmitation we take the total of U*A*F= 35,59 W/K and we

multiply by the difference of Temperature between the temperature inside and the average of

temperature outside of each month. In summer we have negative differences in these cases

we take 0 because these values we will take to calculate the power of cooling.

Power losses of transmitation:

January: 35,59 * 9’5 = 338 kWh

February: 35,59 * 8’4 = 299 kWh

March: 35,59 * 7’1 = 253 kWh

April: 35,59 * 5’5 = 196 kWh

May: 35,59 * 2,6 = 93 kWh

June: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh

July: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh

August: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh

September: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh


October: 35,59 * 1’9 = 68 kWh

November: 35,59 * 6,1 = 217 kWh

December: 35,59 * 8,6 = 306 kWh

Total power losses of transmitation= 1769 kWh

To calculate the losses of ventilation we need to know how many people are going to live or to

stay in the house, in our case we choose 5 persons because or house is not too big. Each

person need 20 (m3/h) air needed. The way to calculate is:

Persons∗Air need∗(r∗c )∗(1−recovery efficience )∗differenceof temperature3 ' ' ' ,6

The difference of temperature (winter) is the same that we used in the power losses of

transmition.

Power losses of ventilation:

January = 317 kWh

February = 280 kWh


March = 237 kWh

April = 183 kWh

May = 87 kWh

June = 0 kWh

July = 0 kWh

August = 0 kWh

September = 0 kWh

October = 63 kWh

November = 203 kWh

December = 287 kWh

Total power losses of ventilation = 1657 kWh

To calculate the power of cooling we take the total of U*A*F= 35,59 W/K and we multiply by

the difference of Temperature between the temperature inside and the average of

temperature outside of each month. In summer we have negative differences in these cases

we take the absolute value because we need the power to change these difference of

temperature.

Power cooling:


January: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh

February: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh

March: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh

April: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh

May: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh

June: 35,59 * 1’1 = 39 kWh

July: 35,59 * 3’9 = 139 kWh

August: 35,59 * 4’5 = 160 kWh

September: 35,59 * 2’1 = 75 kWh

October: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh

November: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh

December: 35,59 * 0 = 0 kWh

Total power cooling= 413 kWh

To calculate the power of the sun we used the area of the south window, the sunshine hours

per month and the insensitive of the sun. We estimate that the insensitive of sun is 600 W/m2

for each month. The area of the south windows are 6 m2.

Formula:

Sun shine time∗Sun intensitive∗Area southwindow1000


Sun shine hours per month Power Sun

January 169 608’4

February 169 608’4

March 212 763’2

April 229 824’4

May 256 921’6

June 271 975’6

July 314 1130’4

August 285 1026

September 237 853’2

October 201 723’6

November 167 601’2

December 150 540

Total Power Sun = 9576 kWh

To calculate the internal power we supposed that are 5 persons and we estimate that each

person produce 100 W.

Pint=Persons∗Pperson

Every month we produced 500 W. And to know how much kWh we multiply per the hours of

each month.

Power internal=Power produced per person∗Hours per month


Hours per month Power internal

January 744 372

February 672 336

March 744 372

April 720 360

May 744 372

June 720 360

July 744 372

August 744 372

September 720 360

October 744 372

November 720 360

December 744 372

Total Power internal = 4380 kWh

To know the total power we use this equation:

Power total=Power lossesby transmitation+Power lossesby ventialtion+Power cooling−Power Sun−Power Internal


Month per Month:

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Tot.

Ptra 338 299 253 196 93 0 0 0 0 68 217 306 1769

Pvnt 317 280 237 183 87 0 0 0 0 63 203 287 1657

Pcool 0 0 0 0 0 39 139 160 75 0 0 0 413

Psun 608 608 763 824 921 975 1130 1026 853 723 601 540 9576

Pint 372 336 372 360 372 360 372 372 360 372 360 372 4380

Ptot 454 529 774 945 1242 1515 1769 1686 1428 1093 681 447 12563

Power total = 10.943 kWh

We have a additional system of precooling and preheating, but let’s focus with the precooling

because in Spain in the passive house is more important the cooling. If you prepare the house

to the high temperatures, this house will work good in winter too.

We take the values of the temperature average and we add the difference of the temperatures

of hot hours, this difference we estimate that is about 9 degrees. We are going to said that the

higher temperature outside is the:

T air outside=Taverage+T diff of hot hours

The Higher temperature of each month are:

Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.


T air

outside

20,5 21,6 22,9 24,5 27,4 31,1 33,9 34,5 32,1 28,1 23,9 21,4

With this and the values of the ground pipe we calculate the Power precooling.

The values of the ground pipe are:

The equation of the Power precooling:

Power precooling=((Tair outside+T inside2 )−Tground)∗Surface∗Heat Tran . coeff

Power precooling month per month:

January = 2587’5 W

February = 2835 W

March = 3127’5 W

April = 3487’5 W

May= 4140 W


June= 4972’5 W

July= 5602’5 W

August = 5737’5 W

September = 5197’5 W

October = 4297’5 W

November = 3352’5 W

December = 2790 W

To know the energy that we take by the precooling we have to multiply for the sun shine hours

per month, and divide by 1000 to change the unit because we calculated the power precooling

in Watts.

Energy precooling=Power precooling∗SunShine time1000

The energy precooling of each month:

Jan. Feb. Mar

.

Apr. May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.

473’

3

479’

1

663 798’

6

1059’

8

1347’

4

1759’

2

1635’

2

1231’

8

863’

8

559’

9

418’

5

Total Energy precooling = 11.253’8 kWh


To calculate the needed energy, we take the month that need power to cooling and after that

we take the total power minus the energy of precooling and both divided per COP, the

capacity of power of the cooler.

Needede nergy=Total power−enery of precoolingCOP

The needed energy month per month is:

January: 0 kWh

February: 0 kWh

March: 0 kWh

April: 0 kWh

May: 0 kWh

June: 9’1 kWh

July: 39’3 kWh

August: 25’7 kWh

September: 18’7 kWh

October: 0 kWh

November: 0 kWh

December: 0 kWh

The total needed energy is 87’4 kWh

We have enough with the thermal energy, we don’t need air condition, cooler or heaters.


Energy used by the building:

The estimate calculates of the energy of electrical appliances month per month:

January: Total electrical energy = 68’82 kWh

February: Total electrical energy = 62’16 kWh

March: Total electrical energy = 68’82 kWh


April: Total electrical energy = 66’6 kWh

May: Total electrical energy = 61’07 kWh

June: Total electrical energy = 74’01 kWh


July: Total electrical energy = 64’94 kWh

August: Total electrical energy = 64’94 kWh

September: Total electrical energy = 74’1 kWh


October: Total electrical energy = 68’82 kWh

November: Total electrical energy = 66’6 kWh

December: Total electrical energy = 68’82 kWh


The total of energy per year of the electrical apparatus is = 809’8 kWh

8. Biobliography

-http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Cooling/passive_cooling.htm

-http://www.openengineering.talktalk.net/OeUni_Saving_es.html

-http://www.sto.de/88949_DE-Architekten-Konstruktionsdetails.htm?bereichId=16#

-http://www.passivhaus.de/index.php?id=95&L=1or

-http://www.passivehouse.us/passiveHouse/PassiveHouseInfo.html

-http://www.passiv.de/

-http://www.plataforma-pep.org/index.php?page=18

-http://www.passive-on.org/es/design_principles.php

-http://www.energieinstitut.at/Retrofit/

-http://www.panelagency.com/pdf/Steico_Technical_Guide_Nov07.pdf

-http://www.steico.com/anwenden/geschossdecke.html

-http://www.finnforest.de/Pages/Default.aspx

-http://www.azsolarcenter.org/

-http://www.unav.es/arquitectura/actualidad/noticias/not/0178/

-http://www.ytong.es/#_sub1544

-http://2010.sdeurope.org/

-http://www.sdeurope.org/

-http://www.celcon.cl/herramientas.php

-http://www.arquimaster.com.ar/articulos/articulo410.htm

-http://intranet.minem.gob.pe/AppWeb/DGE/CalculoConsumo

-http://www.vaillant.de/

-http://www.terra.org/articulos/art01221.html


http://www.terra.org/articulos/art01221.html

http://www.vaillant.de/

http://intranet.minem.gob.pe/AppWeb/DGE/CalculoConsumo

http://www.arquimaster.com.ar/articulos/articulo410.htm

http://www.celcon.cl/herramientas.php

http://www.sdeurope.org/

http://2010.sdeurope.org/

http://www.ytong.es/#_sub1544

http://www.unav.es/arquitectura/actualidad/noticias/not/0178/

http://www.azsolarcenter.org/

http://www.finnforest.de/Pages/Default.aspx

http://www.steico.com/anwenden/geschossdecke.html

http://www.panelagency.com/pdf/Steico_Technical_Guide_Nov07.pdf

http://www.energieinstitut.at/Retrofit/?to=0&forward=S_19&id=9a077def8198c9d80685ab247a5e977c&dmy=de64bd0cb6841cc57a990b74c2997ac1

http://www.passive-on.org/es/design_principles.php

http://www.plataforma-pep.org/index.php?page=18

http://www.passiv.de/

http://www.passivehouse.us/passiveHouse/PassiveHouseInfo.html

http://www.passivhaus.de/index.php?id=95&L=1or

http://www.sto.de/88949_DE-Architekten-Konstruktionsdetails.htm?bereichId=16

http://www.openengineering.talktalk.net/OeUni_Saving_es.html

http://www.builditsolar.com/Projects/Cooling/passive_cooling.htm

-http://www.prosolda.com/alumbrado_industrial_leds.htm


http://www.prosolda.com/alumbrado_industrial_leds.htm

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