A Appendices

A.1 Scopus and Web of Science QueriesWeb of Science

TS=( technology OR process OR conversion OR treatment ) AND TS=(waste OR by-product OR byprod-uct) AND TS=(organic OR bio OR biodegradable) NOT TS=(rankine OR desalination)

Refined by: LANGUAGES: ( ENGLISH )

Scopus

TITLE-ABS-KEY ( technology OR process OR conversion OR treatment ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (waste OR by-product OR byproduct ) AND TITLE-ABS-KEY (organic OR bio OR biodegradable) ANDNOT TITLE-ABS-KEY (rankine OR desalination)

A.2 Supporting Information for List of TAPsA.2.1 Wikipedia Categories

These are the 85 categories located while searching for bio-economy related topics. All of the article titles inthese categories were compiled into a list of 779 articles, which was then further filtered by hand into the listshown in the next section. This list was further augmented by the terms listed by ? in a survey of chemicalproduction from biomass sources.

• Alcohol_fuels• Algaculture• Algae_biofuels• Alternative_energy• Alternative_fuels• Anaerobic_digestion• Anaerobic_digester_types• Animal_fat_products• Animal_waste_products• Animal_products• Appropriate_technology• Aquaculture• Aquaponics• Aviation_fuels• Bamboo• Biodegradable_materials• Biodegradable_plastics• Biodegradable_waste_manage-

ment• Biodegradation• Biodiesel• Bioenergy• Biofuels• Biofuels_technology• Biological_waste• Biomass• Biopharmaceuticals• Bioplastics• Bioremediation

• Biotechnology_products• Bone_products• Cogeneration• Composting• Distributed_generation• Engineered_wood• Environmental_engineering• Essential_oils• Ethanol_fuel• Feces• Fermented_beverages• Fermented_foods• Fish_products• Flotation_processes• Forest_products• Fuels• Fuel_cells• Green_chemistry• Guano• Horse_products• Hydrogen• Hydroponics• Incineration• Industrial_composting• Insect_products• Landfill• Liquefied_petroleum_gas• Liquid_fuels• Meat_industry

• Mechanical_biological_treat-ment

• Non-timber_forest_products• Nut_oils• Organic_fertilizers• Pet_foods• Plywood• Pyrolysis• Recycling• Recycling_by_material• Renewable_energy• Renewable_energy_technology• Renewable_fuels• Resins• Sewerage• Sewerage_infrastructure• Sustainable_energy• Sustainable_technologies• Synthetic_fuels• Synthetic_fuel_technologies• Thermal_treatment• Urine• Vegetable_oils• Waste• Waste_management• Waste_treatment_technology• Water_treatment• Wood_fuel• Wood_products

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A.2.2 List of TAPs

The following shows our final list of TAPs, grouped by general classes. As mentioned, this list and theclassification used are not meant to be authoritative, but is meant to show the range of TAPs that we areable to scan for in the literature collected. The Wikipedia URLs mentioned are the titles that we filter forfrom the output of DBpedia Spotlight. In this article, we do not analyze the contents of any Wikipediaarticle, but rather use the titles as a means of building up a list of items to scan for in academic literature.

This list was further augmented by the terms listed by ? in a survey of chemical production from biomasssources. The categories “Biomass Feedstocks”, “Building Blocks”, “Intermediates”, “Intermediate Platforms”and “Secondary Chemicals” come from this reference.

Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLAgriculture aerated static pile com-

postingAerated static pile com-posting

Agriculture animal feed animal feeds Animal feedAgriculture aquaculture aquacultures AquacultureAgriculture compost composts CompostAgriculture fertilizer fertilizers

biofertilizerbiofertilizers

Fertilizer

Agriculture fish farming Fish farmingAgriculture green manure green manures Green manureAgriculture herbicide herbicides

bioherbicidebioherbicides

Herbicide

Agriculture humic acid humic acids Humic acidAgriculture humus HumusAgriculture mulch mulches MulchAgriculture mycoremediation MycoremediationAgriculture organic fertilizer organic fertilizers Organic fertilizerAgriculture pesticide pesticides PesticideAgriculture vermicompost vermicomposts VermicompostAgriculture windrow composting Windrow composting

Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLApplication bioadhesive bioadhesives BioadhesiveApplication biofilter biofilters BiofilterApplication bioremediation bioremediations BioremediationApplication biosorption biosorptions BiosorptionApplication chelating agent chelating agents Chelating agentsApplication composite composite material

composite materialscompositesbio compositebio composites biodegrad-able compositesbiocompositebiocompositesgreen compositespolymer compositespolymer matrix composites

Composite

Application constructed wetland constructed wetlands Constructed wetlandApplication cosmetic cosmetics CosmeticApplication denitrification denitrifications DenitrificationApplication desiccant desiccants DesiccantApplication emulsifier emulsifiers EmulsifiersApplication essential oil essential oils Essential oilApplication humectant humectants HumectantApplication nanofiltration NanofiltrationApplication plasticizer plasticizers PlasticizerApplication resin resins ResinApplication solvent solvents

green solventgreen solvents

Solvent

Application surfactant surfactants Surfactant

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLBiomass Feedstocks cellulose celluloses CelluloseBiomass Feedstocks chitin chitins ChitinBiomass Feedstocks collagen collagens CollagenBiomass Feedstocks hemicellulose hemicelluloses HemicelluloseBiomass Feedstocks lignin lignins LigninBiomass Feedstocks oil oils OilBiomass Feedstocks protein proteins ProteinBiomass Feedstocks starch starches StarchBiomass Feedstocks suberin Suberin

Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLBuilding Blocks 3-Hydroxy-propionateBuilding Blocks 5 hydroxymethyl furfural 5 hydroxymethyl furfurals

hydroxymethyl furfuralBuilding Blocks acetoin AcetoinBuilding Blocks aconitic acid aconitic acids Aconitic acidBuilding Blocks arabitol ArabitolBuilding Blocks aspartic acid aspartic acids Aspartic acidBuilding Blocks citric acid citric acids Citric acidBuilding Blocks ferulic acid ferulic acids Ferulic acidBuilding Blocks fischer tropsch liquids fischer tropsch synthesis Fischer-Tropsch processBuilding Blocks fumaric acid fumaric acids Fumaric acidBuilding Blocks furfural furfurals FurfuralBuilding Blocks gallic acid gallic acids Gallic acidBuilding Blocks glucaric acid glucaric acids Glucaric acidBuilding Blocks gluconic acid gluconic acids Gluconic acidBuilding Blocks glutamic acid glutamic acids Glutamic acidBuilding Blocks glycerol GlycerolBuilding Blocks higher alcohols Higher alcoholsBuilding Blocks hydrogen hydrogens HydrogenBuilding Blocks itaconic acid Itaconic acidBuilding Blocks lactic acid lactic acids Lactic acidBuilding Blocks levulinic acid levulinic acids Levulinic acidBuilding Blocks lysine LysineBuilding Blocks malic acid malic acids Malic acidBuilding Blocks malonic acid malonic acids Malonic acidBuilding Blocks methanol MethanolBuilding Blocks mixed alcohol mixed alcoholsBuilding Blocks Oxo synthesis products HydroformylationBuilding Blocks propionic acid propionic acids Propionic acidBuilding Blocks serine SerineBuilding Blocks sorbitol SorbitolBuilding Blocks succinic acid succinic acids Succinic acidBuilding Blocks threonine ThreonineBuilding Blocks xylitol XylitolBuilding Blocks xylonic acid xylonic acids Xylonic acid

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLEnergy alcohol fuel alcohol fuels Alcohol fuelEnergy anaerobic digestion anaerobic digestions Anaerobic digestionEnergy biochar biochars

bio charbio chars

Biochar

Energy biodiesel biodieselsbiodiesel productionbiodiesel productions

Biodiesel

Energy biofuel biofuels BiofuelEnergy biogas BiogasEnergy biohydrogen BiohydrogenEnergy briquette briquets

briquette productionbriquettesbriquettingbio briquettebio briquettesbiomass briquettes fuel

Briquette

Energy cellulosic ethanol Cellulosic ethanolEnergy cofiring CofiringEnergy cogeneration CogenerationEnergy combustion combustions CombustionEnergy ethanol fuel ethanol fuels

ethanolEthanol fuel

Energy fuel cell fuel cells Fuel cellEnergy fuel oil fuel oils Fuel oilEnergy gasification gasifications GasificationEnergy hydrogen storage Hydrogen storageEnergy hydrothermal liquefaction hydrothermal liquefactions Hydrothermal liquefactionEnergy incineration incinerations IncinerationEnergy jet fuel jet fuels Jet fuelEnergy liquid hydrogen liquid hydrogens Liquid hydrogenEnergy methane methanes MethaneEnergy methanol fuel methanol fuels Methanol fuelEnergy microbial fuel cell microbial fuel cells Microbial fuel cellEnergy pyrolysis PyrolysisEnergy pyrolysis gasoline Pyrolysis gasolineEnergy pyrolysis oil pyrolysis oils Pyrolysis oilEnergy synthetic fuel synthetic fuels Synthetic fuelEnergy thermal depolymerization Thermal depolymerizationEnergy thermal hydrolysis Thermal hydrolysisEnergy torrefaction TorrefactionEnergy wood fuel wood fuels Wood fuel

Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLIntermediate Platforms arabinose ArabinoseIntermediate Platforms fructose FructoseIntermediate Platforms glucose GlucoseIntermediate Platforms lactose LactoseIntermediate Platforms sucrose SucroseIntermediate Platforms sugar sugars SugarIntermediate Platforms syngas SyngasIntermediate Platforms xylose Xylose

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLIntermediates fuel oxygenate fuel oxygenates Fuel oxygenate additiveIntermediates Green solvents Green solventsIntermediates Phenol-formaldehyde

resinsPhenol formaldehyde resin

Intermediates polyacrylamide polyacrylamides PolyacrylamidesIntermediates polyacrylate polyacrylates PolyacrylatesIntermediates polyamide polyamides PolyamideIntermediates polycarbonate polycarbonates PolycarbonateIntermediates polyhydroxyalkanoate polyhydroxyalkanoates PolyhydroxyalkanoatesIntermediates polysaccharide polysaccharides PolysaccharideIntermediates polyurethane polyurethanes PolyurethaneIntermediates polyvinyl acetate polyvinyl acetates Polyvinyl acetateIntermediates polyvinyl alcohol polyvinyl alcohols Polyvinyl alcohol

Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLMaterials activated carbon activated carbons Activated carbonMaterials activated sludge activated sludges Activated sludgeMaterials bioplastic bioplastics

biodegradable plasticbiodegradable plastics

Bioplastic

Materials biorefinery biorefining BiorefineryMaterials isoprene isoprenes IsopreneMaterials natural rubber natural rubbers Natural rubberMaterials nylon nylons NylonsMaterials particle board particle boards Particle boardMaterials polymer polymers

biopolymerbiopolymers

Polymer

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLSecondary Chemicals 1,3-propanediol 1,3-PropanediolSecondary Chemicals 1,4-butanediol 1,4-ButanediolSecondary Chemicals 1,4-diolSecondary Chemicals 1,5-diaminopentane 1,5-DiaminopentaneSecondary Chemicals 1,5-pentanediol 1,5-PentanediolSecondary Chemicals 2-Methyl THF 2-Methyl-THFSecondary Chemicals acetic acid acetic acids Acetic acidSecondary Chemicals acid acids AcidSecondary Chemicals acrylamide acrylamides AcrylamideSecondary Chemicals acrylate acrylates AcrylateSecondary Chemicals alcohol alcohols AlcoholSecondary Chemicals aldehyde aldehydes AldehydeSecondary Chemicals butanediol butanediols ButanediolSecondary Chemicals butanol butanols ButanolSecondary Chemicals butenoic acid Butenoic acidSecondary Chemicals caprolactam CaprolactamSecondary Chemicals diacid diacids DiacidSecondary Chemicals dialdehyde dialdehydes DialdehydeSecondary Chemicals diamine diamines DiamineSecondary Chemicals diesel diesels

diesel fueldiesel fuels

Diesel

Secondary Chemicals Dilactones DilactonesSecondary Chemicals dimethylcarbonate Dimethyl carbonateSecondary Chemicals dimethylether Dimethyl etherSecondary Chemicals diol diols DiolSecondary Chemicals dioxane dioxanes DioxanesSecondary Chemicals epoxide epoxides EpoxideSecondary Chemicals ester esters EsterSecondary Chemicals ethylene glycol ethylene glycols Ethylene glycolSecondary Chemicals food additive food additives Food additiveSecondary Chemicals formaldehyde FormaldehydeSecondary Chemicals furan derivative furan derivativesSecondary Chemicals gasoline gasolines GasolineSecondary Chemicals Gluconolactones GluconolactonaseSecondary Chemicals glutaric acid glutaric acids Glutaric acidSecondary Chemicals hydroxy furans HydroxyfuranoneSecondary Chemicals hydroxybutyrate hydroxybutyrates HydroxybutyratesSecondary Chemicals hydroxybutyric acid hydroxybutyric acids Hydroxybutyric acidSecondary Chemicals isobutene IsobutyleneSecondary Chemicals isosorbide IsosorbideSecondary Chemicals ketone derivative

6

Category Preferred Label Alternative Labels Wikipedia URLSecondary Chemicals lactate lactates LactateSecondary Chemicals lactide lactides LactideSecondary Chemicals lactone lactones LactoneSecondary Chemicals methyl ester methyl esters Methyl esterSecondary Chemicals methylamines dimethylamines MethylamineSecondary Chemicals mtbe methyl tert-butyl ether Methyl tert-butyl etherSecondary Chemicals olefin olefins OlefinsSecondary Chemicals phenolic phenolics PhenolicSecondary Chemicals polyester polyesters PolyesterSecondary Chemicals polyethylene glycol polyethylene glycols Polyethylene glycolSecondary Chemicals propyl alcohol propyl alcohols Propyl alcoholSecondary Chemicals propylene glycol propylene glycols Propylene glycolSecondary Chemicals pyrrolidone PyrrolidineSecondary Chemicals reagent reagents ReagentSecondary Chemicals succinate succinates SuccinateSecondary Chemicals sugar acid sugar acids Sugar acidSecondary Chemicals thf tetrahydrofuran TetrahydrofuranSecondary Chemicals unsaturated estersSecondary Chemicals wax waxes WaxSecondary Chemicals α-olefins α-olefinSecondary Chemicals γ-butyrolactoneSecondary Chemicals δ-aminolevulinate δ-aminolevulinate

A.3 List of WastesA.3.1 List of Waste Sources

• abattoir• alfalfa• algae• almond• apple• apricot• aquaculture• babassu• bamboo• banagrass• banana• barley• bean• beef• beer• beet• bivalve• bovine• brewery• broccoli• cabbage• cacao• cane• canola• cardboard• carpet• cashew• cashew nut• cassava• castor• castor bean• cattle

• cheese• cherry• chestnut• chicken• clam• coconut• coffee• corn• cotton• cotton gin• cow• cranberry• crustacean• cucumber• dairy• date• date palm• demolition• distillery• duck• durian• dye• earthworm• egg• eucalyptus• farm• farmyard• fish• fishery• flax• forest• fungi

• furniture• garden• gastropod• goat• grape• greenhouse• groundnut• guar• guayule• hair dye• hardwood• hardwood kraft• hazelnut• hemp• hen• hog• horse• horticultural• household• hyacinth• jatropha• jute• kenaf• kitchen• kraft• kraft mill• leather• lettuce• linseed• livestock• lobster• longan

• lucerne• lychee• maize• malt• mango• melon• milk• mill• mill kraft• mushroom• mussel• mustard• neem• newspaper• newsprint• oak• oat• oat mill• oil palm• okra• olive• olive mill• onion• orange• oyster• palm• paper• paper mill• pea• peach• peanut• pecan

• pig• pig farm• piggery• pineapple• pine• pistachio• plum• pomegranate• poplar• potato• poultry• prawn• prune• rabbit• radish• rapeseed• rice• rice mill• rubber• sago• seafood• seaweed• sesame• slaughterhouse• sheep• shrimp• shrimp farm• sisal• slag• snail• softwood• softwood kraft

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• sorghum• soy• soya• soybean• spirulina• spruce

• sugar• sugar beet• sugarcane• sugar cane• sugar mill• sugar palm

• sunflower• swine• tannery• tapioca• tea• textile

• tobacco• tofu• tomato• turkey• walnut• wheat

• wine

• wine distillery

• winery

• wood

• yeast

A.3.2 List of Waste Descriptors

• ash• backwash• backwashing• bagasse• bale• bark• barkdust• bedding• biochar• biosolid• biowaste• biproduct• bi-product• bleach• bleached• block• blood• blood meal• bone• bone ash• bone char• bone meal• bran• bunch• byproduct• by product• by-product• cake• carbohydrate• carcass• cardboard• carton• cellulose• chaff• char• charcoal• chip• chipping• chips• coating

• cob• coir• collagen• compost• concentrate• cone• contaminated• core• crop• curd• cutting• debris• digestate• discard• discarded• distillate• dreg• dross• dung• dust• effluent• egg• eggshell• empty fruit

bunch• emulsion• excreta• faecal• faeces• fat• feather• feces• fiber• fibre• fibres• filter• flour• fly ash• food waste• forage• fresh fruit bunch

• frond• fruit• fruit bunch• garbage• gluten• grain• grease• ground• guano• gum• hair• hay• hemicellulose• hoof• hooves• horn• horns• hull• husk• interceptor• intestine• juice• kernel• lagoon• leachate• leaf• leave• lignin• lint• liquor• litter• manure• marc• meal• meat• milling• molasses• mold• mud• mulch

• needle• nut• offal• oil• oilseed• packaging• particulate• paste• peat• peel• pellet• pit• pith• plant• pod• pole• pomace• powder• press• protein• pulp• pulping• recovery• reject• residual• residue• resin• root• sawdust• scale• scrap• screening• seed• sewage• shaving• shell• shoot• shredder• silage• skimming

• skin• slag• slaughter• slaughterhouse• sludge• slurry• solid waste• soot• spent• spill• stable• stalk• stall• starch• stem• stick• stone• stover• straw• stump• suet• syrup• tailing• tannin• tar• tendon• toxic• trash• trimming• trunk• tuber• urea• urine• vinasse• vine• waste• wastewater• wax• whey• wool

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A.3.3 Final List of WastesCategory Preferred Label Alternative Labelsalfalfa alfalfa foragealfalfa alfalfa hayalfalfa alfalfa powdersalgae algae mealalmond almond mealalmond almond shellsapple apple filter cakeapple apple juiceapple apple pomaceapple apple wasteapricot apricot stonesaquaculture aquaculture effluent aquaculture effluents

aquaculture wastewateraquaculture aquaculture waste aquaculture wastesbabassu babassu cakebamboo bamboo charcoalbamboo bamboo dustbamboo bamboo wastewater bamboo industry wastewaterbamboo bamboo leavesbamboo bamboo vinegarbanana banana leafbanana banana peelbanana banana pseudo stembanana banana stem wastebanana banana waste banana wastesbarley barley starchbarley barley strawbarley barley wastebean bean curd manufacturing

wastebean bean dregsbean bean podsbeet beet pulpbrewery brewery sludge brewery slurry

brewery waste water sludgebrewery brewery waste beer brewery wastebrewery brewery wastewater brewery waste water

brewery wastewater treatmentbrewery effluentbeer brewery wastewaterbrewery bio effluent

broccoli broccoli residuecabbage cabbage wastecarpet carpet dyeing wastewatercarpet carpet waste

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelscassava cassava bagassecassava cassava dregscassava cassava fibrous residuecassava cassava haycassava cassava meal cassava root mealcassava cassava peel cassava peelscassava cassava pulpcassava cassava starch tapioca starchcassava cassava starch wastewater tapioca starch wastewater

cassava starch fermentationwastewatercassava starch extraction wastew-ater

cassava cassava waste cassava wastestapioca solid waste

cassava cassava wastewater cassava mill wastewatercastor castor bean cake castor cakecattle beef suetcattle bovine bonecattle bovine haircattle cattle manure cattle dung

cattle manuresbeef manurelivestock manurelivestock manurescow dungcowdungcow manurebovine manurefresh cow manuredairy cattle manuredairy manuredairy manurescattle fecescow fecesbeef cattle manurebeef cattle feedlot manurelivestock excreta

cattle cattle slaughterhouse wastewa-ter

cattle cattle slurry cow dung slurrylivestock sludge

cattle cattle waste livestock wastelivestock wastes

cattle cattle wastewater livestock wastewaterlivestock effluents

cattle cow dung ashcattle cow slurrycattle cow urinecattle livestock manure digester

liquorcheese cheese wastewater cheese processing wastewater

cheese industry wastewatercheese cheese whey raw cheese whey

ricotta cheese wheycheese cheese whey wastewater

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelscoconut coco peatcoconut coconut fiber coconut fibre

coconut coircoconut coir fibrecoconut coir pith

coconut coconut huskcoconut coconut industry wastewatercoconut coconut shell coconut shellscoconut coconut watercoffee coffee groundscoffee coffee husk coffee huskscoffee coffee processing wastewatercoffee coffee pulp coffee pulp waste

coffee wastecoffee coffee wastewater coffee wet processing wastewatercoffee spent coffee spent coffee groundscotton cotton fibercotton cotton gin trash cotton gin wastecotton cotton seed oilcotton cotton stalk cotton stalkscotton cotton textile dyeing wastewa-

tercotton cotton wastecotton cottonseed cottonseedscotton cottonseed de oiled cakecotton cottonseed hullscotton cottonseed mealcotton cottonseed oilcranberry cranberry pomacecranberry cranberry processing wastecrustacean crustacean wastedairy dairy cow manure dairy cattle fecesdairy dairy effluent dairy effluents

dairy factory effluentdairy industry wastewaterdairy processing wastewaterdairy waste waterdairy wastewaterdairy wastewater treatmentdairy wastewaters

dairy dairy farm wastewater dairy farm effluentdairy industry effluentdairy wastewater treatment plantdairy cattle slurry

dairy dairy food wastewaterdairy dairy manure treatmentdairy dairy sewage sludge dairy pond sludge

dairy sludgedairy plant sludgedairy slurry

dairy dairy waste dairy wastesdairy waste streamsdairy industrial wastedairy industry waste

dairy dairy waste scum oil

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsdistillery distillery effluent distillery effluentsdistillery distillery sludge distillery industry sludgedistillery distillery spent wash distillery spentwashdistillery distillery vinassedistillery distillery waste distillery wastesdistillery distillery wastewater distillery wastewaters

distillery wastewater treatmentalcohol distillery wastewater

duck duck manuredye dye wastedye dye wastewater dye waste water

dye wastewater treatmentdye wastewatersdyeing wastewaterdyestuff wastewaterdyeing effluentsdyehouse effluentdyehouse effluentsdye effluentdye effluentsdye bath effluentdye house effluentdye works wastewaterdye containing wastewaterdye process wastewater

egg eggshell eggshell wasteeggshellseggshell membranesegg shell

eucalyptus eucalyptus barkeucalyptus eucalyptus ctmp effluentfarm farm effluentsfarm farm waste farm wastesfarm farm manure farmyard manure

farm yard manurefish fish canning wastewaterfish fish faecesfish fish farm effluentfish fish meal fishmealfish fish offalfish fish processing waste fish processing wastesfish fish processing wastewater fish processing effluentfish fish scale fish scalesfish fish waste fish wastes

fishery wastesfishery waste

fish fish waste oil fish oilwaste fish oil

fish fishery washing waterfish fishmeal wastewaterfish waste fish fatsflax flax fiber flax fibers

flax fibres

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsforest forest waste forest residue

forest residuesforestry residuesforestry wasteforestry wastesforest litterforest nursery waste

garden garden waste garden wastesgastropod gastropod shellgoat goat manuregrape exhausted grape marcgrape grape marc grape pomace

spent grape marcgrape grape seed grape seeds

grape seed extractgrape grape stalk grape stalks

grapevinesgrape vine

grape grape wastegreenhouse greenhouse effluentgreenhouse greenhouse wasteguar guar gumguar guar gum industrial wasteguayule guayule resinhazelnut hazelnut cupula hazelnut huskhazelnut hazelnut oilcattle hoof hooves

hoofmealhoofs

cattle horn hornshornmealhorn mealhorn shavings

horse horse manurehorticulture horticultural wastehousehold waste household hazardous wastehousehold waste household municipal solid

wastehousehold waste household organic waste household bio waste

organic household wasteorganic household wastessource separated organic house-hold wastekitchen organic wasteshousehold biowastehousehold food waste

household waste household sewagehousehold waste household solid organic wastehousehold waste household solid wastehousehold waste household waste household wasteshousehold waste household wastewaterhousehold waste mixed household wastehousehold waste residual household wastehousehold waste source separated household

waste

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsjatropha jatropha cake jatropha curcas seed cake

jatropha curcas linn capsule huskjatropha huskjatropha seedshell cakejatropha meal

jatropha jatropha wastejute jute dustjute jute fibresjute jute stickkenaf kenaf fiberkitchen waste kitchen garbage kitchen waste

kitchen wasteskitchen waste kitchen waste compost kitchen waste compostingkitchen waste kitchen wastewater kitchen sink wastewaterkitchen waste vegetable kitchen wastekraft eucalyptus kraft pulpkraft kraft mill effluent kraft mill effluents

kraft pulp mill effluentkraft pulp mill effluentskraft effluentkraft cellulose mill wastewaterbleached kraft mill effluentbleached kraft mill effluentsbleached kraft pulp mill effluent

kraft kraft mill lignin kraft ligninkraft kraft pulp kraft pulpingleather leather dustleather leather shavingsleather leather waste leather wasteslettuce lettuce seedslucerne lucerne haymaize corn cob corn cobs

corncobcorncobs

maize corn fiber corn fibersmaize corn gluten mealmaize corn oilmaize corn residue corn residuesmaize corn silage maize silagemaize corn stalk corn stalks

cornstalkmaize stalkmaize stalks

maize corn starchmaize corn steep liquormaize corn stover corn stoversmaize corn straw maize strawmaize corn syrup wastemaize corn wet milling effluentmaize ear corn residuemaize maize branmaize maize starchmaize maize waste

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsmalt malt bagassemalt malt waste malt wastesmalt malting wastewatermango mango peelsmilk milk fatmilk milk house wastewatermilk milk powdermilk milk protein milk proteinsmilk milk wheymilk waste milkmushroom mushroom compost spent mushroom compostmushroom mushroom waste mushroom wastes

mushroom residuemushroom spent mushroom substrate spent mushroom substratesmussel mussel shell mussel shellsmustard mustard tuber wastewaterneem neem cakeneem neem leavesnewspaper waste newspaperoak oak barkoak oak sawdustoat oat strawokra okra gumolive olive cake wet olive cake

dry olive cakeolive olive husk olive husksolive olive leaf olive leavesolive olive mill solid waste olive mill solid wastes

dry olive mill residuedry olive residueolive mill residuesolive solid wastetwo phase olive mill solid residue

olive olive mill waste compost olive pomace compostolive olive oil mill waste olive oil mill wastes

olive mill wasteolive mill wastesolive oil wasteolive wasteolive wastestwo phase olive mill wastetwo phase olive mill wastesolive oil industry wasteolive processing waste

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsolive olive oil mill waste water olive oil mill waste waters

olive oil mill wastewaterolive oil mill wastewatersolive mill effluentolive mill effluentsolive oil waste waterolive oil wastewaterolive oil wastewatersolive mill waste waterolive mill waste watersolive mill wastewaterolive mill wastewatersolive mill wastewater sludgeolive mill wastewater treatmentolive oil mill effluentsraw olive mill wastewaterolive mills wastewaterolive oil processing wastewaterolive plant wastewater

olive olive oil mill wastewater sludge olive mill sludgeolive olive pits olive stone

olive stonesolive olive pomace olive mill pomace

two phase olive pomaceolive oil cakeolive mill watery husk

olive olive pomace leachateolive olive pomace oilolive olive pulp raw olive pulponion onion dehydration wastewateronion onion juiceonion onion peelsorange industrial orange wasteorange orange juiceorange orange juice waste waterorange orange peel orange peels

orange peel wasteorange orange waste orange wastesoyster oyster shell waste oyster shellsoyster waste oysterpalm date palm leafpalm date syrup wastepalm oil palm biomasspalm oil palm empty fruit bunch oil palm empty fruit bunchespalm oil palm frond oil palm frondspalm oil palm stonepalm oil palm trunkpalm oil palm wastepalm palm ashpalm palm fatty acid distillatepalm palm fiber palm press fibrepalm palm kernel cakepalm palm kernel mealpalm palm kernel proteinpalm palm oil fuel ashpalm palm oil mill effluent palm oil mill effluentspalm palm oil mill sludge palm oil sludge

16

Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelspalm palm oil mill waste palm oil mill wastes

palm oil wastesoil palm wastes

palm palm shell palm shellspalm palm wastepaper de inking paper sludgepaper paper fiber paper fiberspaper paper pulppaper paper recycling wastewaterpaper paper sludge paper sludges

paper pulp sludgepaper paper waste paper wastespaper recycled paper sludgepaper waste paper waste papers

wastepaperpaper waste paper pulppaper wastepaper pulp effluents wastepaper pulping effluentpaper miill paper mill effluent paper mill effluents

paper industry effluentpaper factory effluentpaper effluent

paper miill paper mill sludge paper mill sludgespapermill sludge

paper miill paper mill waste paper mill wastespaper mill waste materials

paper miill paper mill wastewater papermaking wastewaterpaper industry wastewaterpaper wastewater

paper miill pulp and paper mill sludge pulp and paper mill sludgespulp and paper sludgepulp mill sludge

paper miill pulp and paper mill wastewa-ter

pulp and paper mill effluentpulp and paper mill effluentspulp and paper wastewaterpulp and paper wastewaterspulp and paper waste treatmentsystemspulp and paper industry wastewa-terpulp and paper industry effluentspulp and paper effluentpulp and paper effluentspulp mill effluentpulp mill effluentspulp mill wastewater

peach peach pitpeanut peanut oilpeanut peanut shells peanut hullpeanut peanut skinpine pine barkpine pine chips pine wood chipspine pine needle pine needlespine pine oilpine pine pulpingpine pine sawdustpineapple pineapple juicepineapple pineapple leafpineapple pineapple peelpineapple pineapple pulppineapple pineapple waste pineapple wastes

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelspistachio pistachio by productpistachio pistachio compostpistachio pistachio hull wastepomegranate pomegranate juicepomegranate pomegranate marc pomegranate huskpoplar poplar wood chipspotato potato juicepotato potato peel potato peels

potato skinpotato peel waste

potato potato processing wastewater potato wastewaterpotato process effluent

potato potato pulppotato potato starchpotato potato starch wastewaterpotato potato waste solid potato waste

potato processing wastepoultry chicken feather chicken feathers

chicken feather wastepoultry featherpoultry feathers

poultry chicken fecespoultry chicken intestinepoultry chicken litter poultry litter

poultry litterspoultry chicken manure chicken manures

hen manurepoultry manurepoultry manuressolid poultry manure

poultry chicken slurry chicken manure slurrypoultry poultry beddingpoultry poultry bloodpoultry poultry carcassespoultry poultry intestinepoultry poultry litter leachatepoultry poultry litter wastepoultry poultry manure compostpoultry poultry wastewater poultry manure wastewaterpoultry poultry slaughterhouse wastepoultry poultry slaughterhouse

wastewaterpoultry processing wastewaterpoultry slaughter wastewaterpoultry slaughterhouse wastewatertreatment plant

poultry poultry waste poultry wastesdried poultry waste

rabbit rabbit manurerapeseed rapeseed cake rapeseed meal

canola mealrapeseed press cake

rapeseed rapeseed residuerapeseed rapeseed straw canola straw

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelsrice rice bran rice brans

fermented rice branrice rice bran oilrice rice chaffrice rice hull rice hullsrice rice hull ashrice rice husk rice husksrice rice husk ashrice rice husk biocharrice rice mill waste rice residuesrice rice seed peelsrice rice straw rice straws

rice straw wasterice straw residue

rubber rubber factory wasterubber rubber latex effluentrubber rubber seed oilrubber rubber waste waste rubberrubber rubber wastewater rubber thread wastewatersago sago pith wastesago sago sludgesago sago starchsago sago waste sago industry waste

sago residuesago sago wastewater sago effluentsawmill sawmill wastewaterseafood seafood wastewaterseaweed seaweed leachatesesame sesame barksheep sheep littersheep sheep manuresheep sheep wool sheepwoolshrimp shrimp biowaste shrimp bio wasteshrimp shrimp farm effluents shrimp aquaculture wastewater

shrimp pond effluentshrimp shrimp mealshrimp shrimp shellsshrimp shrimp waste shrimp wastessisal sisal fiber sisal fibre wastesisal sisal leaf waste leachateslaughterhouse slaughterhouse waste slaughterhouse wastes

solid slaughterhouse wasteabattoir waste

slaughterhouse slaughterhouse wastewater slaughterhouse wastewatersslaughterhouse wastewater treat-mentslaughterhouse wastewater treat-ment plantabattoir effluentabattoir wastewaterslaughterhouse plant wastewaterslaughterhouse effluent

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Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelssorghum sorghum bagasse sweet sorghum bagassesorghum sorghum liquor wastesorghum sorghum silagesoy soy cake soybean meal

soy mealsoya oil cake

soy soy molassessoy soy residuesoy soy sauce wastewatersoy soy waste soya wastesoy soybean hull soybean hulls

soybean husksoy soybean strawsoy soybean waste cooking oilsoy soybean wastewater soybean processing wastewaterspruce spruce barksugar residual sugarssugar sugar industry waste sugar factory waste

sugar industry wastessugar mill wastesugar refinery waste

sugar sugar industry wastewaters sugar mill effluentssugar industry effluentsugar mill effluentsugar wastewater

sugar sugar mill sludgesugar sugar molassessugar beet beet molasses beet molasses vinassesugar beet beet sugar wastewatersugar beet beet vinassesugar beet dried sugar beet pulp spent sugar beet pulpsugar beet sugar beet molassessugar beet sugar beet processing wastew-

atersugar beet sugar beet pulpsugar beet sugar beet silagesugar beet sugar beet vinassesugar beet sugar beet wastesugar cane cane juicesugar cane sugar cane bagasse sugarcane bagasse

sugar cane strawsugar cane sugar cane molasses sugarcane molasses

cane molassessugar cane sugar cane vinassesugar cane sugar cane wastesugar cane sugar cane wax sugar cane crude waxsugar cane sugarcane bagasse ashsugar cane sugarcane distillery effluentsugar cane sugarcane filter cakesugar cane sugarcane juicesugar cane sugarcane trash cane trash

sugarcane residuesugar cane sugarcane vinasse

20

Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelssunflower sunflower cake sunflower oil cakesunflower sunflower seed husks sunflower hulls

sunflower hullswine pig manure pig feces

pig dungpig manuressolid swine manureswine manure management sys-temsliquid swine manureliquid hog manureliquid pig manurehog manureflushed swine manureswine manure solidsswine manureswine feces

swine pig manure compostswine pig slaughterhouse sludgeswine pig slaughterhouse wasteswine pig slurry piggery slurry

swine manure slurryuntreated pig slurryswine slurryswine lagoons

swine pig waste pig wastespiggery wastepiggery wastesswine wasteswine wasteshog waste

swine pig wastewaterswine piggery waste treatmentswine piggery wastewater piggery wastewaters

piggery wastewater treatmentpiggery effluentraw swine wastewaterswine wastewaterswine wastewatersswine wastewater treatmentswine waste treatmenttreated swine wastewaterdigested swine wastewaterpig farm wastewaterswine effluentswine lagoonswine waste lagoonswine waste slurry

swine swine digester liquortannery tannery sludge tannery sludges

tannery sewage sludgetannery tannery soak liquortannery tannery solid wastetannery tannery waste tannery wastestannery tannery wastewater tannery wastewaters

tannery wastewater treatmenttannery waste watertannery saline wastewatertannery effluenttannery effluentsleather tanning wastewatertreated tannery effluent

tea tea leaf tea leavestea tea waste green tea waste

tea production waste

21

Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelstextile textile dye wastewater textile dyeing wastewater

textile dye effluenttextile dyeing effluent

textile textile effluent textile effluentstextile effluent treatmenttextile industry wastewatertextile wastewatertextile waste watertextile wastewater treatmenttextile wastewatersraw textile wastewaterbiotreated textile wastewater

textile textile fiber textile fiberstextile fibres

textile textile industrial wastewater textile industry effluenttextile mill effluenttextile preparation effluenttextile wastewater effluent

textile textile industry sludge textile sludgetextile wastewater sludge

textile textile washingtextile textile wastetobacco tobacco bio oiltobacco tobacco dusttobacco tobacco waste tobacco wastes

tobacco residuestobacco solid waste

tobacco tobacco wastewatertofu tofu waste tofu processing waste

tofu residuetofu liquid waste

tomato tomato peel tomato peelstomato tomato pomacetomato tomato processing wastewatertomato tomato waste tomato plant waste

tomato processing wasteturkey turkey litterturkey turkey processing wastewatertyre waste tyre rubberwalnut walnut shellswheat wheat branwheat wheat chaffwheat wheat dregswheat wheat fiberwheat wheat glutenwheat wheat huskwheat wheat residuewheat wheat starchwheat wheat straw wheat strawswine wine vinasse wine vinasseswine winery waste winery wastes

wine wasteswine winery wastewater winery wastewater treatment

winery wastewaterswinery effluentwinery effluentswine processing waste sludgewine distillery wastewaterwine distillery wastewaters

22

Category Preferred Label Alternative Labelswood wood ash wood fly ashwood wood barkwood wood blockswood wood char wood charcoal

wood biocharwood wood chip wood chips

woodchipwoodchips

wood wood dust wood powderwood wood fiber wood fibre

wood fibreswood wood flourwood wood hydrolysate effluentwood wood mealwood wood mill effluent wood mill effluentswood wood pellet wood pelletswood wood pulp wood pulpingwood wood sawdust softwood sawdustwood wood shaving wood shavingswood wood tarwood wood vinegarwood wood waste wood wastes

wood and wood wasteswoody debriswaste woodwaste wood biomasswood residuewood residueswood debris

wood woodwaste leachateyeast spent yeast

A.4 DBpedia Spotlight ExampleThe DBpedia Spotlight service provides an online API (Application Programming Interface) where one cansend text to a server online and get a response describing a list of entities found in the text and their corre-sponding Wikipedia articles. In other words, instead of copy/pasting text for thousands of article abstractsinto an online web page 1, we automated the process. The API defines how you can write programming codein order to communicate with this online server and then understand the results which are returned.

Figure A.4 shows the text of a single abstract along with which of the words have been determined torepresent a concept related to a particular Wikipedia article. Table A.4 shows for each of the words found,which Wikipedia article was suggested. Note that the results are sorted by the Wikipedia Article. Entriesthat appear twice in the table were actually found twice in the abstract. To further explain the meaningof the columns in Table A.4, the “surfaceForm” is the exact text match in the abstract, while “WikipediaArticle” is the article that the surfaceForm was matched with. The "support" column relates to the numberof inlinks on Wikipedia, which means that we have more confidence about the annotation since we havemore info about it via the links. The "similarityScore" is based on the context, so not just string matching,but looking at other words that are nearby in the text, versus other words that are nearby in the Wikipediaarticle. This is a technique that helps to disambiguate if a reference to “Paris” is referring to the city inTexas or the city in France.

As expected, text that is an exact match with a Wikipedia article is found easily. Scientific namesare found as well when a common name is given. The text “black soldier fly2 larvae” is linked to thearticle on “Hermetia illucens”, and the text “soldier fly” is linked to “Stratiomyidae”, which is the family offlies that the black soldier fly is in. While in the analysis presented, we do not evaluate co-occurrence oforganisms with TAPs, this does show the power of this approach in managing alternative forms of terms.

1like the one at http://demo.dbpedia-spotlight.org/2 http://live.dbpedia.org/page/Hermetia_illucens

23

Figure A.1: Sample abstract, highlighted text indicates entities with matching Wikipedia articles, as de-scribed in Table 1

Wikipedia Article support surfaceForm similarityScoreBiodiesel 1133 Biodiesel 1Biodiesel 1133 Biodiesel 1Biofuel 1852 Biomass 0.9994981064Biofuel 1852 Biofuel 1Cellulose 1818 Cellulose 0.9999977733Cellulosic ethanol 235 Lignocellulose 0.9999995039EN 14214 13 EN 14214 1Hemicellulose 154 Hemicellulose 1Hermetia_illucens 10 black soldier fly larvae 1Lignin 589 Lignin 1Lipid 2050 Lipid 1Microorganism 2543 Microbes 1Protein 38586 Protein 0.6712916614Rice 10609 Rice 1Royal Scottish Society ofPainters in Watercolour

37 RSW 0.9999999111

Stratiomyidae 119 soldier fly 1

Table 1: Entities extracted using DBpedia Spotlight, with their corresponding Wikipedia articles and ex-traction scores. The “surfaceForm” is the text highlighted in Figure A.1

However, the table also shows that there are examples which are not as precise as desired. For example,“lignocellulose” is linked to “Cellulosic ethanol” when a link to the article “Lignocellulosic_biomass” wouldbe more appropriate. Additionally, the abbreviation RSW is not associated with restaurant solid waste, butrather an art organization.

A.5 Alternative Metrics for Co-occurrence AnalysisIn the article, we chose NPMI as the metric by which we analyze co-occurrences of waste terms and TAPs.As mentioned in the article, this has the advantage of being able to highlight co-occurrences which occur

24

more frequently than chance, which may not appear frequently in the entire collection of text. To give anoverview of how other co-occurrence metrics may influence the results of our analysis, the reader is directedto the spreadsheet available at https://github.com/isdata-org/mapping-the-bioeconomy/raw/master/CoOccurrenceAnalysis/data/Colocation_Scores.xlsx. In addition to showing the metrics already de-scribed (co-occurrence count, PMI and NPMI), it also shows the results for the Weighted Pointwise MutualInformation (WPMI) in addition to the Pearson Residual, whose formulas are shown below.

wpmi (x; y) = p (x, y) logp(x, y)

p(x)p(y)

Equation 3: Weighted Pointwise Mutual Information (WPMI)

pearson (x; y) =p (x, y)− p(x)p(y)

p(x)p(y)

Equation 4: Pearson ResidualA comprehensive overview of co-location metrics is given by Pecina (2005) who lists 87 different ap-

proaches that include variants of mutual information, tests of statistical independence, and various heuristicapproaches.

25

A.6 Co-occurrence Matrices for Groups of WastesThe raw data used to create these matrices is available as a spreadsheet at https://github.com/isdata-org/mapping-the-bioeconomy/raw/master/CoOccurrenceAnalysis/data/Colocation_Scores.xlsx, and thisincludes alternative co-occurrence metrics described in Appendix A.5.

As the entire co-occurrence analysis results are too large to present in a single matrix, we have created aseries of matrices composed of collections of categories defined for wastes in Appendix A.3.3. The sectionsheaders below first give a general description related to the collection of wastes, followed by a list of thewaste categories included. For example, what we term “Alcohol Production” below relates to wastes in thecategories brewery, wine, distillery, malt and yeast.

26

A.6.1 Alcohol Production - brewery, wine, distillery, malt, yeast

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

humic_acidherbicidepesticidefertilizercompostorganic_fertilizervermicompost

constructed_wetlandbiosorptionbiofiltercompositesurfactantcosmeticnanofiltrationbioremediationchelating_agent

proteinoilcellulosehemicelluloseligninstarch

propionic_acidglycerolgallic_acidmalic_acidhydrogensuccinic_acidmethanolcitric_acidgluconic_acidaspartic_acidserinelysinethreonineglutamic_acidxylitollactic_acid

anaerobic_digestionbiogasmethaneethanol_fuelbiofuelbiodieselbiocharcombustionincinerationmicrobial_fuel_cellfuel_cellbiohydrogentorrefaction

glucoselactosesugararabinosesyngasxylosefructosesucrose

polysaccharidepolyamidepolyurethanepolyvinyl_alcoholpolyhydroxyalkanoate

activated_sludgepolymeractivated_carbonbioplastic

reagentaldehydephenolicesterdieselacetic_acidacidbutanolmethyl_esterpolyesterhydroxybutyratealcohol

spen

t_ye

ast

mal

t_w

aste

brew

ery_

was

te

win

e_vi

nass

e

win

ery_

was

te

dist

iller

y_sl

udge

win

ery_

was

tew

ater

mal

t_ba

gass

e

brew

ery_

slud

ge

mal

ting_

was

tew

ater

dist

iller

y_vi

nass

e

brew

ery_

was

tew

ater

dist

iller

y_w

aste

wat

er

dist

iller

y_w

aste

dist

iller

y_sp

ent_

was

h

dist

iller

y_ef

fluen

t

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.2: brewery, wine, distillery, malt, yeast

27

A.6.2 Aquatic Wastes - aquaculture, fish, crustacean, mussel, oyster, shrimp, seafood, algae,seaweed

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

fertilizercompostherbicidevermicompostpesticidehumic_acidmulchorganic_fertilizerfish_farminganimal_feedaquaculture

nanofiltrationsurfactantbiofilterbioremediationbiosorptionsolventdenitrificationconstructed_wetlandcosmetic

proteincollagenoilstarchligninchitin

gluconic_acidmalic_acidsuccinic_acidcitric_acidpropionic_acidmethanolhydrogenlactic_acidlysinethreonineserine

methanebiogasbiofuelanaerobic_digestionethanol_fuelcombustionfuel_cellmicrobial_fuel_cellpyrolysis_oilpyrolysisgasificationbiocharbiodieselfuel_oilmethanol_fuel

glucosesugarsyngas

polyacrylamidepolysaccharide

activated_carbonpolymerbiorefineryactivated_sludge

polyesterhydroxybutyratefuran_derivativealcoholreagentolefingasolineesteracidacetic_acidphenolicfood_additivedieselacrylate

fish_

scal

e

fish_

mea

l

shrim

p_w

aste

shrim

p_bi

owas

te

shrim

p_m

eal

crus

tace

an_w

aste

shrim

p_sh

ells

fish_

was

te_o

il

fish_

proc

essi

ng_w

aste

fish_

was

te

was

te_f

ish_

fats

alga

e_m

eal

fishm

eal_

was

tew

ater

aqua

cultu

re_w

aste

fish_

faec

es

fishe

ry_w

ashi

ng_w

ater

shrim

p_fa

rm_e

fflue

nts

aqua

cultu

re_e

fflue

nt

oyst

er_s

hell

fish_

cann

ing_

was

tew

ater

mus

sel_

shel

l

seaf

ood_

was

tew

ater

was

te_o

yste

r

fish_

farm

_effl

uent

fish_

proc

essi

ng_w

aste

wat

er

fish_

offa

l

seaw

eed_

leac

hate

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.3: aquaculture, fish, crustacean, mussel, oyster, shrimp, seafood, algae, seaweed

28

A.6.3 Birds - poultry, turkey, duck, egg

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

windrow_compostingfish_farminganimal_feedhumusgreen_manuremulchherbicidevermicomposthumic_acidaquaculturefertilizercompostorganic_fertilizer

essential_oilsolventbioremediationbiofiltercompositechelating_agent

chitinstarchoilcellulosehemicelluloselignincollagenprotein

lactic_acidhydrogencitric_acidlysinepropionic_acid

fuel_oilcogenerationbriquettebiofuelincinerationsynthetic_fuelgasificationbiodieselbiogashydrothermal_liquefactionpyrolysis_oiltorrefactionpyrolysisbiocharanaerobic_digestionmethane

sucroseglucosesugar

polysaccharidepolyurethane

natural_rubberpolymeractivated_carbon

acetic_acidformaldehydegasolinealcohollactateepoxideacidesterwaxacrylatepolyesteraldehydefood_additive

poul

try_

was

te

chic

ken_

feat

her

poul

try_

carc

asse

s

eggs

hell

poul

try_

man

ure_

com

post

chic

ken_

man

ure

duck

_man

ure

poul

try_

bedd

ing

chic

ken_

litte

r

turk

ey_l

itter

poul

try_

inte

stin

e

poul

try_

litte

r_w

aste

poul

try_

litte

r_le

acha

te

poul

try_

bloo

d

chic

ken_

slur

ry

chic

ken_

fece

s

poul

try_

slau

ghte

rhou

se_w

aste

poul

try_

slau

ghte

rhou

se_w

aste

wat

er

chic

ken_

inte

stin

e

poul

try_

was

tew

ater

npmi0.60.40.20

Figure A.4: poultry, turkey, duck, egg

29

A.6.4 Dairy - cheese, milk, dairy

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

organic_fertilizer

fertilizer

vermicompost

compost

aquaculture

windrow_composting

animal_feed

nanofiltration

cosmetic

denitrification

biosorption

solvent

biofilter

surfactant

constructed_wetland

protein

starch

chitin

cellulose

oil

glycerol

propionic_acid

hydrogen

methanol

glutamic_acid

lactic_acid

gluconic_acid

biohydrogen

ethanol_fuel

biogas

biofuel

fuel_cell

combustion

incineration

hydrothermal_liquefaction

methane

microbial_fuel_cell

biodiesel

anaerobic_digestion

lactose

sugar

sucrose

fructose

glucose

polyhydroxyalkanoate

polyurethane

activated_sludge

polymer

bioplastic

nylon

acid

alcohol

butanol

reagent

phenolic

polyethylene_glycol

acetic_acid

polyester

hydroxybutyrate

lactate

milk

_whe

y

dair

y_w

aste

_scu

m_o

il

dair

y_m

anur

e_tr

eatm

ent

dair

y_se

wag

e_sl

udge

milk

_fat

was

te_m

ilk

milk

_pow

der

milk

_hou

se_w

aste

wat

er

dair

y_co

w_m

anur

e

chee

se_w

aste

wat

er

dair

y_fo

od_w

aste

wat

er

chee

se_w

hey_

was

tew

ater

dair

y_fa

rm_w

aste

wat

er

milk

_pro

tein

chee

se_w

hey

dair

y_ef

fluen

t

dair

y_w

aste

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.5: cheese, milk, dairy

30

A.6.5 Domestic Waste - household waste, kitchen waste, garden

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

fertilizer

organic_fertilizer

humus

green_manure

humic_acid

animal_feed

windrow_composting

mulch

pesticide

compost

vermicompost

surfactant

constructed_wetland

plasticizer

biofilter

bioremediation

solvent

denitrification

cellulose

oil

hemicellulose

starch

lignin

protein

hydrogen

citric_acid

propionic_acid

lactic_acid

anaerobic_digestion

biogas

methane

gasification

combustion

biofuel

fuel_oil

biochar

ethanol_fuel

jet_fuel

incineration

thermal_hydrolysis

biohydrogen

sugar

xylose

glucose

fructose

syngas

polyhydroxyalkanoate

polyacrylamide

bioplastic

activated_sludge

isoprene

acetic_acid

alcohol

ester

polyester

gasoline

acid

butanol

furan_derivative

polyethylene_glycol

diesel

lactide

lactate

vege

tabl

e_ki

tche

n_w

aste

kitc

hen_

was

te_c

ompo

st

kitc

hen_

garb

age

hous

ehol

d_so

lid_o

rgan

ic_w

aste

hous

ehol

d_so

lid_w

aste

hous

ehol

d_se

wag

e

hous

ehol

d_w

aste

wat

er

hous

ehol

d_ha

zard

ous_

was

te

kitc

hen_

was

tew

ater

hous

ehol

d_m

unic

ipal

_sol

id_w

aste

mix

ed_h

ouse

hold

_was

te

resi

dual

_hou

seho

ld_w

aste

gard

en_w

aste

sour

ce_s

epar

ated

_hou

seho

ld_w

aste

hous

ehol

d_or

gani

c_w

aste

hous

ehol

d_w

aste

npmi0.40.30.20.10

Figure A.6: household waste, kitchen waste, garden

31

A.6.6 Fruit Trees - peach, olive, mango, orange, pomegranate, apple, apricot, banana

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

composthumic_acidvermicompostherbicidehumusmulchgreen_manurepesticideorganic_fertilizerfertilizeranimal_feed

compositechelating_agentsurfactantcosmeticdenitrificationnanofiltrationsolventresinconstructed_wetlandbioremediationbiosorptionessential_oil

lignincellulosehemicelluloseoilproteinstarch

citric_acidmalic_acidpropionic_acidlysineserineferulic_acidglycerolhydrogenlactic_acidmethanolfurfuralsuccinic_acidxylitolgallic_acid

anaerobic_digestionmethanebiogasbiofuelcombustionincinerationbiodieselpyrolysis_oilgasificationsynthetic_fuelcogenerationethanol_fuelbiohydrogenfuel_cellmethanol_fuelpyrolysisbiochar

sugarglucosefructosesucrosexyloselactosesyngasarabinose

polyurethanepolyamidepolyhydroxyalkanoatepolyacrylamidepolyvinyl_alcoholpolysaccharide

biorefinerypolymeractivated_carbonisoprene

succinatelactonemethylamineslactatereagentacetic_acidolefinwaxepoxideacidalcoholfood_additiveesteraldehydedieselphenolic

appl

e_po

mac

eol

ive_

pulp

oran

ge_j

uice

_was

te_w

ater

oran

ge_j

uice

oliv

e_pi

tsor

ange

_pee

lor

ange

_was

teol

ive_

leaf

oliv

e_oi

l_m

ill_w

aste

_wat

erap

ricot

_sto

nes

peac

h_pi

tol

ive_

cake

oliv

e_po

mac

eol

ive_

oil_

mill

_was

teol

ive_

mill

_sol

id_w

aste

pom

egra

nate

_mar

cm

ango

_pee

lsap

ple_

filte

r_ca

kepo

meg

rana

te_j

uice

oliv

e_oi

l_m

ill_w

aste

wat

er_s

ludg

eol

ive_

pom

ace_

leac

hate

indu

stria

l_or

ange

_was

teol

ive_

mill

_was

te_c

ompo

stap

ple_

was

teol

ive_

pom

ace_

oil

bana

na_p

seud

o_st

emba

nana

_was

teol

ive_

husk

bana

na_p

eel

appl

e_ju

ice

bana

na_s

tem

_was

teba

nana

_lea

f

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.7: peach, olive, mango, orange, pomegranate, apple, apricot, banana

32

A.6.7 General Agricultural Wastes - greenhouse, horticulture, farm

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

fertilizer

organic_fertilizer

mulch

green_manure

compost

humus

humic_acid

vermicompost

aquaculture

herbicide

pesticide

constructed_wetland

solvent

denitrification

essential_oil

lignin

cellulose

hemicellulose

oil

protein

lactic_acid

citric_acid

biogas

anaerobic_digestion

biochar

biofuel

ethanol_fuel

pyrolysis

biodiesel

methane

fuel_oil

sugar

biorefinery

alcohol

acid

phenolic

farm

_man

ure

hort

icul

tura

l_w

aste

farm

_effl

uent

s

gree

nhou

se_e

fflue

nt

gree

nhou

se_w

aste

farm

_was

te

npmi0.40.30.20.10

Figure A.8: greenhouse, horticulture, farm

33

A.6.8 Grains - wheat, sorghum, oat, maize, rice, barley

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

fertilizerhumic_acidvermicompostaquaculturegreen_manurehumuspesticidewindrow_compostingcompostmulchherbicideorganic_fertilizeranimal_feedsurfactantbiofilterdenitrificationsolventresinbiosorptionchelating_agentcosmeticbioremediationplasticizerdesiccantemulsifieressential_oilcompositecelluloseligninhemicellulosestarchproteinchitinoilpropionic_acidglutamic_acidsuccinic_acidmalonic_acidhydrogencitric_acid5_hydroxymethyl_furfurallactic_acidacetoingluconic_acidglycerolmethanolhigher_alcoholsxylitolthreoninelevulinic_acidfurfuralsorbitolitaconic_acidlysineferulic_acidhydrothermal_liquefactionmicrobial_fuel_cellpyrolysis_oilfuel_cellwood_fuelthermal_hydrolysiscombustionincinerationbiohydrogensynthetic_fuelgasificationfuel_oilbiodieselbiogasmethaneanaerobic_digestioncogenerationpyrolysisbriquetteethanol_fuelbiofuelcellulosic_ethanolalcohol_fueltorrefactionthermal_depolymerizationbiocharxyloseglucosesugarsucrosesyngasfructosearabinosepolyurethanepolyamidepolyhydroxyalkanoatepolycarbonatepolyvinyl_acetatepolyvinyl_alcoholpolysaccharidebioplasticbiorefinerypolymeractivated_carbonactivated_sludgenatural_rubbernylonformaldehydelactateethylene_glycolaldehydephenolicfuran_derivativegasolinesugar_acidaciddioxanethfolefinmethyl_esterwaxdiolpropylene_glycol1,3−propanediolglutaric_aciddieselesterbutanolacrylamidealcoholacetic_acidpolyethylene_glycolpolyestersuccinatepyrrolidonelactonefood_additive

corn

_sto

ver

rice_

stra

ww

heat

_str

awco

rn_s

tarc

hw

heat

_glu

ten

whe

at_b

ran

corn

_ste

ep_l

iquo

rco

rn_c

oboa

t_st

raw

sorg

hum

_liq

uor_

was

teco

rn_s

talk

mai

ze_b

ran

corn

_fib

erric

e_br

anric

e_br

an_o

ilco

rn_g

lute

n_m

eal

corn

_wet

_mill

ing_

efflu

ent

rice_

hull_

ash

corn

_oil

barle

y_st

raw

corn

_res

idue

rice_

hull

rice_

husk

_bio

char

rice_

husk

_ash

sorg

hum

_bag

asse

rice_

husk

corn

_syr

up_w

aste

whe

at_s

tarc

hw

heat

_cha

ffso

rghu

m_s

ilage

whe

at_h

usk

whe

at_f

iber

mai

ze_s

tarc

hric

e_se

ed_p

eels

rice_

mill

_was

teco

rn_s

traw

corn

_sila

geea

r_co

rn_r

esid

uem

aize

_was

tew

heat

_res

idue

barle

y_st

arch

rice_

chaf

fba

rley_

was

tew

heat

_dre

gs

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.9: wheat, sorghum, oat, maize, rice, barley

34

A.6.9 Grasses - flax, sisal, kenaf, jute, bamboo, sugar cane

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

compostanimal_feedorganic_fertilizerfertilizerhumic_acidmulchvermicompostherbicidepesticide

biofilterbioremediationplasticizerchelating_agentdenitrificationconstructed_wetlandsolventbiosorptionresinemulsifiercomposite

celluloseligninhemicelluloseproteinstarchoil

glutamic_acidlysinecitric_acidlactic_acidpropionic_acidglycerolhydrogenmethanolhigher_alcoholsferulic_acidfurfuralxylitol

fuel_cellmicrobial_fuel_cellcombustioncogenerationfuel_oilincinerationbiodieselmethanegasificationbiogasanaerobic_digestionethanol_fuelbiofuelalcohol_fuelcellulosic_ethanolbiohydrogenpyrolysisbiocharbriquettesynthetic_fuel

syngasglucosexylosesucrosefructosesugar

polyhydroxyalkanoatepolyamidepolyvinyl_alcoholpolysaccharidepolyacrylamidepolyurethane

polymeractivated_carbonbioplasticbiorefinerynatural_rubber

phenolicacrylamidedioxanedieselbutanolformaldehydealdehydeacidreagentesteracetic_acidpolyestergasolinealcoholwaxlactone

bam

boo_

dust

suga

r_ca

ne_b

agas

se

suga

rcan

e_ju

ice

suga

r_ca

ne_m

olas

ses

suga

rcan

e_ba

gass

e_as

h

bam

boo_

char

coal

jute

_fib

res

flax_

fiber

suga

r_ca

ne_w

ax

cane

_jui

ce

bam

boo_

leav

es

suga

r_ca

ne_w

aste

suga

r_ca

ne_v

inas

se

jute

_dus

t

suga

rcan

e_tr

ash

suga

rcan

e_di

still

ery_

efflu

ent

kena

f_fib

er

bam

boo_

vine

gar

sisa

l_le

af_w

aste

_lea

chat

e

sisa

l_fib

er

suga

rcan

e_vi

nass

e

jute

_stic

k

suga

rcan

e_fil

ter_

cake

bam

boo_

was

tew

ater

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.10: flax, sisal, kenaf, jute, bamboo, sugar cane

35

A.6.10 General Industrial Waste - dye, textile, carpet

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

vermicompost

humus

organic_fertilizer

fertilizer

compost

humic_acid

aquaculture

bioremediation

biofilter

surfactant

constructed_wetland

chelating_agent

solvent

composite

resin

cosmetic

biosorption

nanofiltration

cellulose

hemicellulose

protein

lignin

starch

chitin

fumaric_acid

lactic_acid

anaerobic_digestion

biofuel

biogas

gasification

ethanol_fuel

methane

pyrolysis

combustion

cogeneration

incineration

glucose

fructose

sugar

sucrose

polyvinyl_alcohol

polyurethane

polysaccharide

polyacrylamide

polyvinyl_acetate

polyamide

activated_sludge

polymer

bioplastic

activated_carbon

nylon

formaldehyde

methyl_ester

1,3−propanediol

acid

lactate

ethylene_glycol

ester

polyethylene_glycol

reagent

acrylate

wax

polyester

carp

et_w

aste

text

ile_w

ashi

ng

text

ile_f

iber

text

ile_i

ndus

try_

slud

ge

text

ile_i

ndus

tria

l_w

aste

wat

er

dye_

was

te

text

ile_e

fflue

nt

dye_

was

tew

ater

carp

et_d

yein

g_w

aste

wat

er

text

ile_d

ye_w

aste

wat

er

text

ile_w

aste

npmi0.60.40.20

Figure A.11: dye, textile, carpet

36

A.6.11 Industrial Waste from Animal Materials - tannery, leather, slaughterhouse

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

fertilizer

humus

compost

pesticide

aquaculture

animal_feed

vermicompost

humic_acid

organic_fertilizer

constructed_wetland

nanofiltration

bioremediation

biofilter

biosorption

resin

denitrification

surfactant

solvent

chelating_agent

composite

cosmetic

collagen

protein

starch

oil

lignin

cellulose

propionic_acid

hydrogen

succinic_acid

furfural

glycerol

citric_acid

fuel_cell

biochar

gasification

biohydrogen

biofuel

biodiesel

ethanol_fuel

pyrolysis

microbial_fuel_cell

combustion

incineration

anaerobic_digestion

methane

biogas

sugar

polycarbonate

polyurethane

polysaccharide

polyvinyl_alcohol

polyamide

polyacrylamide

natural_rubber

activated_sludge

nylon

activated_carbon

polymer

polyethylene_glycol

ethylene_glycol

diol

aldehyde

ester

acetic_acid

acid

olefin

phenolic

butanol

alcohol

formaldehyde

leat

her_

dust

leat

her_

was

te

tann

ery_

solid

_was

te

tann

ery_

was

tew

ater

tann

ery_

soak

_liq

uor

slau

ghte

rhou

se_w

aste

wat

er

slau

ghte

rhou

se_w

aste

leat

her_

shav

ings

tann

ery_

slud

ge

tann

ery_

was

te

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.12: tannery, leather, slaughterhouse

37

A.6.12 Mammals - cattle, swine, goat, rabbit, sheep, horse

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

fertilizercompostwindrow_compostinghumic_acidhumusaquaculturepesticideherbicidegreen_manuremulchanimal_feedorganic_fertilizervermicompost

cosmeticbiofiltersolventchelating_agentresinplasticizerconstructed_wetlandessential_oilcompositebioremediationdenitrification

hemicelluloselignincelluloseproteinoilchitincollagen

glutamic_acidlysineaspartic_acidlactic_acidpropionic_acidmethanolcitric_acidhydrogenferulic_acidglycerol

pyrolysis_oilbiodieselsynthetic_fuelcombustionfuel_cellmicrobial_fuel_cellincinerationethanol_fuelbiohydrogengasificationpyrolysishydrothermal_liquefactionbiocharcogenerationthermal_hydrolysismethanebiofuelbriquettehydrogen_storagealcohol_fuelanaerobic_digestionbiogas

glucoselactosesugar

polyacrylamidepolyamidepolyacrylatepolyvinyl_alcoholpolysaccharide

polymeractivated_sludgeparticle_board

formaldehydegasolineacrylamidephenolicdieselesterketone_derivativealcoholwaxacetic_acidacidpolyethylene_glycolfood_additive

shee

p_w

ool

beef

_sue

tliv

esto

ck_m

anur

e_di

gest

er_l

iquo

rsh

eep_

litte

rco

w_s

lurr

yra

bbit_

man

ure

shee

p_m

anur

eca

ttle_

man

ure

goat

_man

ure

cow

_urin

ebo

vine

_hai

rho

rse_

man

ure

pigg

ery_

was

tew

ater

pig_

man

ure

horn

hoof

bovi

ne_b

one

pig_

was

tew

ater

cow

_dun

g_as

hpi

g_m

anur

e_co

mpo

stca

ttle_

slau

ghte

rhou

se_w

aste

wat

erpi

g_sl

augh

terh

ouse

_slu

dge

swin

e_di

gest

er_l

iquo

rpi

gger

y_w

aste

_tre

atm

ent

pig_

slau

ghte

rhou

se_w

aste

pig_

was

teca

ttle_

was

tepi

g_sl

urry

cattl

e_w

aste

wat

erca

ttle_

slur

ry

npmi0.60.40.20

Figure A.13: cattle, swine, goat, rabbit, sheep, horse

38

A.6.13 Non-food crops - coffee, tea, tobacco, cotton, lucerne, alfalfa, guayule

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

humic_acidhumusvermicompostherbicidepesticidefertilizercompostwindrow_compostingmulchanimal_feedorganic_fertilizer

constructed_wetlandbiofilterdenitrificationplasticizeressential_oilcosmeticsolventresincompositebiosorptionbioremediation

cellulosehemicelluloseligninstarchoilprotein

glycerolmethanolhydrogenlactic_acidcitric_acidpropionic_acidsuccinic_acidgallic_acidhigher_alcoholsferulic_acid

biodieselbiofuelsynthetic_fuelbiocharanaerobic_digestionmethanebiogascombustionincinerationgasificationfuel_oilethanol_fuelpyrolysistorrefaction

sugarsyngasglucosesucrosefructose

polyamidepolyurethanepolycarbonate

activated_carbonbiorefineryactivated_sludgepolymerisopreneparticle_board

food_additiveolefinformaldehydealdehydeacetic_acidacidpolyesterepoxidemethyl_esterwaxlactonephenolicalcoholesterdiesel

cotto

nsee

d_oi

lco

tton_

seed

_oil

cotto

nsee

dco

ffee_

was

tew

ater

coffe

e_pu

lpco

tton_

stal

kco

ffee_

husk

toba

cco_

was

teco

tton_

gin_

tras

hte

a_le

afto

bacc

o_w

aste

wat

erte

a_w

aste

toba

cco_

bio_

oil

cotto

nsee

d_de

_oile

d_ca

kesp

ent_

coffe

eco

tton_

was

teal

falfa

_for

age

alfa

lfa_p

owde

rsco

ttons

eed_

mea

lgu

ayul

e_re

sin

alfa

lfa_h

ayco

ffee_

proc

essi

ng_w

aste

wat

erco

tton_

fiber

toba

cco_

dust

cotto

n_te

xtile

_dye

ing_

was

tew

ater

cotto

nsee

d_hu

llslu

cern

e_ha

yco

ffee_

grou

nds

npmi0.60.40.20

Figure A.14: coffee, tea, tobacco, cotton, lucerne, alfalfa, guayule

39

A.6.14 Non-food trees - castor, jatropha, neem

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

humus

organic_fertilizer

fertilizer

compost

mulch

animal_feed

bioadhesive

composite

resin

cellulose

oil

lignin

protein

glycerol

biodiesel

pyrolysis

fuel_oil

biofuel

ethanol_fuel

methane

biogas

anaerobic_digestion

cellulosic_ethanol

sugar

bioplastic

activated_carbon

ester

alcohol

aldehyde

acid

diesel

jatr

opha

_cak

e

jatr

opha

_was

te

neem

_lea

ves

neem

_cak

e

cast

or_b

ean_

cake

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.15: castor, jatropha, neem

40

A.6.15 Nut trees - pistachio, hazelnut, almond, walnut

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

organic_fertilizer

humic_acid

fertilizer

vermicompost

compost

surfactant

solvent

lignin

cellulose

hemicellulose

oil

starch

protein

levulinic_acid

methanol

biofuel

ethanol_fuel

gasification

pyrolysis

biodiesel

wood_fuel

glucose

activated_carbon

activated_sludge

alcohol

ester

methyl_ester

formaldehyde

acid

food_additive

haze

lnut

_oil

haze

lnut

_cup

ula

wal

nut_

shel

ls

pist

achi

o_hu

ll_w

aste

pist

achi

o_co

mpo

st

pist

achi

o_by

_pro

duct

alm

ond_

mea

l

alm

ond_

shel

ls

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.16: pistachio, hazelnut, almond, walnut

41

A.6.16 Oil crops - sunflower, rapeseed, sesame, peanut

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

fertilizer

compost

organic_fertilizer

humic_acid

green_manure

resin

cosmetic

composite

biofilter

bioremediation

solvent

biosorption

essential_oil

bioadhesive

lignin

starch

protein

oil

hemicellulose

cellulose

methanol

citric_acid

lactic_acid

hydrogen

glycerol

ferulic_acid

5_hydroxymethyl_furfural

levulinic_acid

furfural

biohydrogen

microbial_fuel_cell

biogas

combustion

incineration

methane

anaerobic_digestion

pyrolysis

wood_fuel

cellulosic_ethanol

biochar

ethanol_fuel

fuel_cell

biofuel

fuel_oil

synthetic_fuel

biodiesel

arabinose

fructose

xylose

glucose

sugar

syngas

sucrose

polysaccharide

biorefinery

bioplastic

activated_carbon

activated_sludge

alcohol

acid

acetic_acid

aldehyde

wax

diesel

phenolic

methyl_ester

ester

rape

seed

_str

aw

rape

seed

_cak

e

pean

ut_o

il

rape

seed

_res

idue

sesa

me_

bark

sunf

low

er_s

eed_

husk

s

pean

ut_s

kin

sunf

low

er_c

ake

pean

ut_s

hells

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.17: sunflower, rapeseed, sesame, peanut

42

A.6.17 Other Industrial Waste - tyre, rubber, sugar

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

vermicompost

animal_feed

organic_fertilizer

humic_acid

pesticide

fertilizer

compost

solvent

biofilter

surfactant

denitrification

bioremediation

composite

essential_oil

resin

oil

hemicellulose

lignin

protein

cellulose

lysine

citric_acid

lactic_acid

furfural

hydrogen

methanol

propionic_acid

methane

biogas

anaerobic_digestion

microbial_fuel_cell

ethanol_fuel

biohydrogen

combustion

incineration

pyrolysis_oil

biofuel

biodiesel

fuel_cell

pyrolysis

gasification

sugar

arabinose

xylose

glucose

sucrose

polyhydroxyalkanoate

polysaccharide

polymer

activated_sludge

activated_carbon

biorefinery

bioplastic

natural_rubber

acid

acetic_acid

aldehyde

reagent

alcohol

ester

food_additive

diesel

phenolic

butanol

gasoline

methyl_ester

resi

dual

_sug

ars

rubb

er_w

aste

rubb

er_s

eed_

oil

rubb

er_l

atex

_effl

uent

suga

r_in

dust

ry_w

aste

suga

r_m

olas

ses

rubb

er_f

acto

ry_w

aste

rubb

er_w

aste

wat

er

was

te_t

yre_

rubb

er

suga

r_in

dust

ry_w

aste

wat

ers

suga

r_m

ill_s

ludg

e

npmi0.60.40.20

Figure A.18: tyre, rubber, sugar

43

A.6.18 Palm - palm, coconut, sago, babassu

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

vermicompostcompostfertilizerhumic_acidherbicidepesticidemulchwindrow_compostingaquacultureanimal_feedorganic_fertilizer

chelating_agentbiosorptionsurfactantbioremediationbiofilterdenitrificationresinsolventcompositeplasticizer

oillignincelluloseproteinhemicellulosechitinstarch

propionic_acidglutamic_acidhydrogenlactic_acidmethanolfurfuralcitric_acidglycerol

microbial_fuel_cellbiogasfuel_cellmethaneanaerobic_digestionincinerationcombustionbiohydrogenethanol_fuelfuel_oilbiofuelbiodieselsynthetic_fuelbiocharbriquettepyrolysispyrolysis_oiltorrefactiongasificationwood_fuel

xylosearabinoseglucosesyngassucrosesugar

polyhydroxyalkanoatepolyvinyl_alcoholpolyurethanepolycarbonate

polymeractivated_sludgebiorefineryactivated_carbonbioplastic

acidacetic_acidaldehydealcoholesterbutanolacrylategasolinedieselwaxmtbeepoxidehydroxybutyrate

sago

_pith

_was

tesa

go_s

tarc

hpa

lm_w

aste

palm

_oil_

mill

_was

tepa

lm_f

iber

sago

_was

tew

ater

coco

nut_

husk

sago

_was

teda

te_s

yrup

_was

teoi

l_pa

lm_b

iom

ass

oil_

palm

_fro

ndpa

lm_f

atty

_aci

d_di

still

ate

coco

nut_

wat

erpa

lm_o

il_m

ill_e

fflue

ntoi

l_pa

lm_w

aste

palm

_ker

nel_

cake

oil_

palm

_em

pty_

frui

t_bu

nch

palm

_she

llco

conu

t_sh

ell

coco

nut_

fiber

palm

_ash

baba

ssu_

cake

palm

_ker

nel_

mea

lpa

lm_k

erne

l_pr

otei

noi

l_pa

lm_t

runk

date

_pal

m_l

eaf

oil_

palm

_sto

nesa

go_s

ludg

eco

co_p

eat

palm

_oil_

fuel

_ash

palm

_oil_

mill

_slu

dge

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.19: palm, coconut, sago, babassu

44

A.6.19 Paper - newspaper, paper, paper mill, kraft

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

organic_fertilizerpesticidecompostfertilizerhumusvermicompostherbicidemulch

resincompositebioremediationsolventbiosorptionsurfactantplasticizercosmeticchelating_agent

cellulosehemicelluloseproteinoilstarchlignin

succinic_acidmethanolhydrogengluconic_acidpropionic_acidfurfurallactic_acid

ethanol_fuelbiofuelgasificationcogenerationpyrolysis_oilmethaneincinerationbiohydrogentorrefactionbiogasanaerobic_digestioncombustionbiodieselpyrolysisbiocharmicrobial_fuel_cellfuel_cell

fructosesugarsucrosesyngasglucosexylose

polysaccharidepolyhydroxyalkanoatepolyurethanepolyvinyl_alcohol

bioplasticpolymeractivated_sludgeactivated_carbonbiorefinery

gasolinediolformaldehydeacetic_acidacrylatephenolicfood_additivemethyl_esterthfaldehydediesellactatepolyethylene_glycolreagentacidpolyesteralcoholbutanolesterolefinwaxfuran_derivativeketone_derivativepropylene_glycolbutanediol1,4−butanediol

kraf

t_pu

lp

kraf

t_m

ill_l

igni

n

was

te_n

ewsp

aper

pape

r_pu

lp

was

te_p

aper

_pul

p

euca

lypt

us_k

raft_

pulp

was

tepa

per_

pulp

_effl

uent

s

pape

r_fib

er

kraf

t_m

ill_e

fflue

nt

pape

r_re

cycl

ing_

was

tew

ater

recy

cled

_pap

er_s

ludg

e

de_i

nkin

g_pa

per_

slud

ge

pape

r_sl

udge

pape

r_w

aste

was

te_p

aper

npmi0.60.40.20

Figure A.20: newspaper, paper, paper mill, kraft

45

A.6.20 Plant Crops - lettuce, mustard, okra, tomato, broccoli, cabbage, bean, mushroom,pineapple, cranberry, grape, guar

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

compostfertilizeranimal_feedpesticideherbicidemulchorganic_fertilizerhumic_acidhumusgreen_manurevermicompost

compositesurfactantresinbiofilterconstructed_wetlandbiosorptiondenitrificationbioremediationsolventcosmeticessential_oil

cellulosestarchhemicelluloseligninoilchitinprotein

methanolglycerolpropionic_acidhydrogenmalic_acidlactic_acidgallic_acidxylitollysine

methanebiogasincinerationbiodieselcombustionbiocharanaerobic_digestionbiofuelfuel_cellmicrobial_fuel_cellpyrolysistorrefactionethanol_fuel

sugarglucosexylose

polysaccharidepolyvinyl_alcohol

activated_carbonactivated_sludgebiorefinerypolymer

dieselgasolineesterformaldehydeacidaldehydeacetic_acidpolyethylene_glycollactatealcoholphenolic

grap

e_se

edgr

ape_

mar

cto

mat

o_w

aste

pine

appl

e_pe

elbe

an_c

urd_

man

ufac

turin

g_w

aste

pine

appl

e_ju

ice

pine

appl

e_pu

lppi

neap

ple_

was

teto

mat

o_po

mac

eca

bbag

e_w

aste

guar

_gum

pine

appl

e_le

afgr

ape_

stal

kgu

ar_g

um_i

ndus

tria

l_w

aste

mus

hroo

m_w

aste

mus

hroo

m_c

ompo

stcr

anbe

rry_

pom

ace

grap

e_w

aste

spen

t_m

ushr

oom

_sub

stra

tebe

an_d

regs

okra

_gum

tom

ato_

peel

mus

tard

_tub

er_w

aste

wat

ercr

anbe

rry_

proc

essi

ng_w

aste

tom

ato_

proc

essi

ng_w

aste

wat

erbr

occo

li_re

sidu

ebe

an_p

ods

lettu

ce_s

eeds

exha

uste

d_gr

ape_

mar

c

npmi0.60.40.20

Figure A.21: lettuce, mustard, okra, tomato, broccoli, cabbage, bean, mushroom, pineapple, cranberry,grape, guar

46

A.6.21 Soy - soy, tofu

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

organic_fertilizer

compost

fertilizer

vermicompost

green_manure

animal_feed

bioremediation

surfactant

solvent

composite

resin

denitrification

bioadhesive

essential_oil

desiccant

cosmetic

humectant

hemicellulose

cellulose

starch

lignin

protein

oil

lactic_acid

hydrogen

propionic_acid

glycerol

threonine

lysine

methanol

anaerobic_digestion

biohydrogen

biogas

methane

biochar

pyrolysis

biodiesel

cellulosic_ethanol

ethanol_fuel

biofuel

briquette

glucose

sugar

sucrose

polyurethane

polysaccharide

polyhydroxyalkanoate

activated_carbon

biorefinery

polymer

activated_sludge

bioplastic

acid

ester

alcohol

acetic_acid

diesel

formaldehyde

hydroxybutyrate

polyester

butanol

dioxane

soy_

mol

asse

s

soyb

ean_

hull

soy_

cake

soy_

was

te

tofu

_was

te

soyb

ean_

stra

w

soy_

resi

due

soyb

ean_

was

tew

ater

soyb

ean_

was

te_c

ooki

ng_o

il

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.22: soy, tofu

47

A.6.22 Root Crops - onion, potato, cassava, beet, sugar beet

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

herbicidepesticideorganic_fertilizervermicompostfertilizercompostgreen_manureanimal_feed

surfactantresincompositesolventdenitrificationconstructed_wetlandbioremediationessential_oilbiosorption

proteinligninoilcollagenchitinhemicellulosecellulosestarch

glycerolsuccinic_acidpropionic_acidcitric_acidfumaric_acidmethanolhydrogenlysineglutamic_acidferulic_acidlactic_acid

biogasanaerobic_digestionmethanepyrolysisbiocharbiodieselincinerationgasificationcombustionbriquettebiohydrogenfuel_cellmicrobial_fuel_cellethanol_fuelbiofuel

sugarsucroseglucosexylosefructose

polysaccharidepolyhydroxyalkanoatepolyurethanepolyvinyl_alcohol

activated_sludgepolymeractivated_carbonbioplasticbiorefinerynylon

acidpolyesterlactategasolinedieselphenoliclactidefood_additiveacetic_acidalcoholbutanol

pota

to_j

uice

beet

_mol

asse

sca

ssav

a_w

aste

wat

erca

ssav

a_pu

lpca

ssav

a_st

arch

suga

r_be

et_w

aste

pota

to_p

eel

beet

_sug

ar_w

aste

wat

erdr

ied_

suga

r_be

et_p

ulp

beet

_pul

psu

gar_

beet

_pul

psu

gar_

beet

_vin

asse

beet

_vin

asse

suga

r_be

et_m

olas

ses

onio

n_pe

els

cass

ava_

hay

suga

r_be

et_s

ilage

cass

ava_

mea

lpo

tato

_pul

pca

ssav

a_pe

elca

ssav

a_ba

gass

epo

tato

_sta

rch

cass

ava_

star

ch_w

aste

wat

erca

ssav

a_fib

rous

_res

idue

pota

to_s

tarc

h_w

aste

wat

erca

ssav

a_w

aste

cass

ava_

dreg

ssu

gar_

beet

_pro

cess

ing_

was

tew

ater

onio

n_ju

ice

pota

to_w

aste

pota

to_p

roce

ssin

g_w

aste

wat

er

npmi0.80.60.40.20

Figure A.23: onion, potato, cassava, beet, sugar beet

48

A.6.23 Wood - wood, eucalyptus, forest, spruce, pine, poplar, sawmill, oak

Agriculture

Application

Biomass Feedstocks

Building Blocks

Energy

Intermediate Platforms

Intermediates

Materials

Secondary Chemicals

fertilizervermicompostcompostpesticidehumic_acidherbicideanimal_feedaquaculturehumusorganic_fertilizerwindrow_compostingmulchbiosorptionchelating_agentdenitrificationnanofiltrationsurfactantplasticizercosmeticbioremediationsolventconstructed_wetlandbiofilterresincompositeligninhemicellulosecelluloseoilstarchproteinchitinfurfurallevulinic_acidmethanolglycerolmixed_alcoholhydrogenfischer_tropsch_liquidspropionic_acidlactic_acidcitric_acidlysineacetoincombustioncellulosic_ethanolalcohol_fuelmethanol_fuelfuel_oilethanol_fuelgasificationbiofuelsynthetic_fuelhydrothermal_liquefactionbiodieselbiogasthermal_hydrolysisanaerobic_digestionbiohydrogenfuel_cellincinerationmethanehydrogen_storagepyrolysis_oilpyrolysisbiocharjet_fuelwood_fuelcofiringbriquettetorrefactioncogenerationsugarfructosesucrosesyngasxylosearabinoseglucosepolyamidepolyvinyl_alcoholpolyacrylatepolyhydroxyalkanoatepolysaccharidepolyurethaneactivated_carbonpolymeractivated_sludgebiorefinerybioplasticparticle_boardalcoholesteraldehydeacrylamideacidlactonepolyethylene_glycolethylene_glycolhydroxybutyratewaxmtbeolefinfuran_derivativedioxaneisosorbideisobutenegasolinebutanolpolyesterformaldehydephenolicdieselacetic_acid

woo

d_pe

llet

fore

st_w

aste

woo

d_ch

ipw

ood_

was

tepi

ne_c

hips

popl

ar_w

ood_

chip

sw

ood_

bark

pine

_oil

pine

_saw

dust

pine

_pul

ping

woo

d_pu

lpw

ood_

flour

woo

d_vi

nega

rw

ood_

fiber

woo

d_du

stw

ood_

mill

_effl

uent

pine

_nee

dle

woo

d_as

hoa

k_ba

rkw

ood_

char

woo

d_hy

drol

ysat

e_ef

fluen

tw

ood_

mea

loa

k_sa

wdu

stw

oodw

aste

_lea

chat

esa

wm

ill_w

aste

wat

erw

ood_

bloc

kseu

caly

ptus

_bar

kw

ood_

tar

euca

lypt

us_c

tmp_

efflu

ent

spru

ce_b

ark

woo

d_sa

wdu

stpi

ne_b

ark

woo

d_sh

avin

g

npmi0.60.40.20

Figure A.24: wood, eucalyptus, forest, spruce, pine, poplar, sawmill, oak

49