A 4-Element Dual Wideband Circular Yagi MIMO Antenna ... · Electrical Engineering Department ... Antenna System with Loop Excitation IEEE APS/URSI 2016 Fajardo, Puerto Rico ... Layout

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without written permission by the author.

© 2016, M. S. Sharawi, KFUPM Restricted to Educational USE ONLY.

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ABSTRACT

A 4-element dual-band Circular Yagi based multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system with loop excitation is presented. It has a very wide-bandwidth of 1 GHz in both bands. The lower band covers from 1.45 – 2.55 GHz while the upper band covers from 3.707 – 4.71 GHz. This antenna is highly directional with front-to-back ratio (FBR) of 13.8 dB, gain of 6.6 dB and Directivity of 7 dB. The proposed antenna shows good MIMO performance in terms of isolation and correlation. It has a minimum isolation of 23 dB across both bands. Due to its geometry configuration, the radiation patterns are orthogonal to each other and hence it has very low correlation coefficient values not exceeding than 0.1338. The size of the single antenna is 78 x 117.5 mm2 while overall size is 263 x 263 mm2.


Keywords: MIMO, Loop Excitation, Yagi, F/B ratio, Wide Multi-band

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

Overview of MIMO Technology & It’s Performances metrics

Work Motivation

Introduction to Printed Yagi antennas

Literature Summary

Results & Discussion

Conclusion

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DATA RATE

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) [1]

Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) [1]

Multiple-Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) [1]

[1] M. S. Sharawi, Printed MIMO antenna engineering, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2014.

2/20 Fig.1: Illustration of Capacity increase in MIMO.


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MIMO

Using multiple antennas at Tx & Rx.

In the presence of an ideal environment, channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of MIMO channels. For multiple antennas, Shannon equation [2] is

[2] V. Garg, Wireless Communications and Networking, San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 2007.

3/20

C: Channel capacity in bits/sec M: Number of Tx antennas N: Number of Rx antennas B: Bandwidth in Hz SNR: Signal-to-noise ratio

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• Multiple antennas can be easily installed at base stations. • Placing multiple antennas in mobile phone and other

portable wireless devices is a challenging problem due to the availability of limited space.

• MIMO antennas need to be meticulously designed so that they do not affect the performance of neighboring antennas (i.e. highly isolated with low field correlation).


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MIMO METRICS

Total Active Reflection Coefficient (TARC)

Mean Effective Gain (MEG)

Diversity Gain (DG)

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Isolation Correlation Coefficient (ρ)


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MIMO METRICS

Isolation1

Correlation Coefficient (ρ)

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• It is the measure of power coupled between the adjacent antenna elements through substrate, ground plane and ports.

• Isolation is measured using S-parameters.

1For a good MIMO performance, a minimum isolation of at least 10 dB should be obtained between the adjacent ports [1] 2The maximum value set for correlation coefficient is 0.3 while for ECC is 0.5 according to 4G standards. [3]T. Taga, ”Analysis for mean effective gain of mobile antennas in land mobile radio environments,” IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 117-131, 1990.

• It is a measure of how much the channels are correlated or isolated from each other.

• Envelop Correlation Coefficient (ECC) is approximately equal to the square of the correlation coefficient2.

2

3 [3]

• where F (θ, φ) is the 3D field radiation pattern

• Ω is the solid angle • Sij are the S-parameters


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WORK MOTIVATION

• Yagi-Uda antennas are highly directive, have high gain and high Front-to-Back

Ratio (FBR) and are best substitutes of previously end-fire antennas like Vivaldi

and linearly tapered slot antennas which have complex feeding mechanisms

and narrow bandwidths [4].

• To investigate a new excitation technique (loop excitation) for Printed Yagi-Uda

antennas.

• Since a loop antenna can be made as a dual band radiator, our goal is to design

a printed Yagi antenna having dual band characteristics with wide bandwidth,

high gain, high FBR and high directivity using a simple feeding mechanism.

• To use a Quasi-Yagi concept to make narrowband loop antenna as wideband.

6/20 [4]Y. Qian, W.R. Deal, N. Kaneda, and T. Itoh, ”Microstrip-fed Quasi-Yagi antenna with broadband characteristics,” Electronics Letters, vol. 34, no. 23, pp. 2194-2196, Nov 1998.


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1- CLASSIC YAGI-UDA ANTENNAS

Driven Element

Directors

N-1Reflector

N-2 1 2

S 2a

L

z

y

Fig.2. Basic Yagi-Uda antenna configuration.

• The electromagnetic

energy is coupled from driven element through space into the parasitic dipoles and then re-radiated to form a sharp beam.

• Optimization is

difficult as current distribution between all the elements is interdependent.

7/20


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2-QUASI-YAGI ANTENNAS

• Operating principle remains the same.

• No need of a reflector element (truncated ground plane acts as a reflector) [5].

• These are found as best substitutes of Vivaldi and linearly tapered slot antennas.

• High Bandwidth (up to 48%), high gain, high FBR and low cross polarization.

[5] Y.Qian, W.R. Deal, N. Kaneda, and T. Itoh,”A uniplanar quasi-yagi antenna with wide bandwidth and low mutual coupling characteristics,” Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, vol. 2, pp. 924-927 , July 1999.

Feeding network • Microstrip-to-Coplanar strip (MS-CPS) feeding. • Coplanar Waveguide feeding. • Slot-line feeding. • Complementary feeding. • Probe feeding.

• Simple feeding (Microstrip lines).

8/20


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DISTINCT FEATURES OF YAGI ANTENNAS

• End-fire radiation directional radiation pattern. • High Front-to-Back (FBR) ratio (usually greater than 10 dB). • Low cross-polarization (usually less than -15 dB). • High Gain (greater than 3 dB). • Bandwidth (inherently it has a bandwidth of 2%, but we it can be increased to 48%). • They are easy to fabricate, simple to feed. • These antennas are robust and are highly compatible with printed circuitry. • Yagi antennas can find a wide range of applications like radars, local positioning systems

(LPS) and wireless communication where high gain, high directivity and high FBR is required [6].

9/20

[6] O. Kramer, T. Djerafi, and K. Wu, “Vertically Multilayer-Stacked Yagi Antenna With Single and Dual Polarizations,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 1022-1030, April 2010.


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LITERATURE TREE

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Printed Yagi Antennas

Quasi-Yagi MicrostripYagi

Driven Monopoles

Driven Loops

Driven Folded & Meandered Dipoles

Mult iple Reflectors

Yagi MIMO

Single Band

[122]-[128]

Single Band

[129]-[132]

Single Band

[133]-[137]

Single Band[138]-[141]

Mult i Band[106]

Single Band[105],

[107]-[121]

Mult i Band-------

Mult i Band-------

Single Band[142][143]

Mult i Band-------


Single Band

[33]-[39],[45]-[95],[97]-[104]

Mult i Band

[40]-[44]

Band of Interest (1.8 GHz-2.6 GHz)

Quasi[39],[40]-[43],[60]

[80]-[81],[83]-[85],[87]-[88]

Monopole[122],[124],

[125]

Loop[130]

Microstrip[120]

Othe rs[152]

Slot Yagi-Like Antennas Othe rs


Mult i Band-------

Fig.3. Literature tree under different criteria.


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1. QUASI-YAGI ANTENNAS WITH DIPOLE EXCITATION

Fig .4 . Yagi Printed Antenna with Simplified Feeding [7].

[7] Avila Navarro, E., J. A. Carrasco, and C. Reig. ”Design of Yagi like printed antennas for WLAN applications.” Microwave and optical technology letters, Vol. 49, No.9, pp. 2174-2178, 2007.

• Operating frequency of 2.5 GHz.

• Substrate used: Duroid (with Ɛr =3.9)

• Substrate thickness of 1.52mm.

• Gain of 7.5 dBi (with 5 directors).

• Bandwidth of 10%.

• Lower than -15 dB cross polarization.

• Front-to-back ratio of greater than 20 dB.

• Size is approximately (64mm × 100mm)..

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1. Yagi Printed Antenna with Simplified Feeding [7]:


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1. QUASI-YAGI ANTENNAS WITH DIPOLE EXCITATION

Fig.5. Layout of quasi-Yagi Bowtie antenna [8].

[8] Costa, F. C., et al, ”A new quasi-Yagi bowtie type integrated antenna, IEEE Telecommunications Symposium,pp.468-471, 3-6 Sept, 2006.

• Operating frequency is 1.9 GHz and 2.4 GHz.

• Substrate used: Fiberglass with Ɛr of 4.4 and

thickness of 1.58mm.

• Bandwidth of 47%.

• Overall size is approximately 89mm×66mm.

12/20

2. Quasi-Yagi Bowtie antenna [8]:


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2. YAGI-MIMO ANTENNAS

Fig.6. Yagi based MIMO array structure [9].

[9] A. D. Capobianco, et al, ”A novel compact MIMO array based on planar Yagi antennas for multipath fading channels,” IEEE Conference on Wireless Technology (EuWIT), pp. 93-96, 27-28 Sept. 2010.

• Operating frequency is 5.2 GHz.

• Substrate used: Rogers RT/Duroid with thickness

of 1.28mm and Ɛr= 10.

• Size of each antenna is 22mm×22mm .

• Overall size is 55mm×48mm.

• Gain of 6 dBi.

13/20

1. Yagi based MIMO array [9]:


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2. YAGI-MIMO ANTENNAS

Fig.7.Yagi based MIMO array structure [10].

[10] Haider R. Khaleel . "Printed Yagi-Uda array for MIMO systems." IEEE International Symposium (APSURSI). Antennas and Propagation Society, pp. 1802-1803, Jul 2013.

• Operating frequency is 5.2 GHz.

• Substrate used: Rogers RT/Duroid with thickness

of 0.45 mm and Ɛr= 4.

• Size of each antenna is 34mm×60mm .

• Overall size is 154mm×154mm.

• Gain of 9.5 dBi (with 3 directors).

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2. Yagi based MIMO array [10]:


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A 4-ELEMENT DUAL WIDEBAND CIRCULAR QUASI-YAGI MIMO ANTENNA SYSTEM WITH LOOP EXCITATION

Fig.8. Single Antenna Geometry (a) Proposed Model (b) Fabricated Prototype-Top view (c) Fabricated Prototype-Bottom view .

• Center Frequency: 2 GHz.

• Overall size :117 mm × 78 mm

• Substrate used: FR-4, with thickness (h=0.8

mm) and Ɛr =4.

• Dual-band covering [GPS, GSM/EDGE,

UMTS/HSDPA, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and

WiMAX bands]

• Lower-band: (1.53-2.5 ) GHz, BW:970 MHz.

• Upper-band: (3.56-4.63) GHz, BW:1.07 GHz.

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Proposed Single Element and Fabricated Prototype

(a) (b) (c)


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Fig.9. MIMO Antenna Geometry (a) Proposed Model (b) Fabricated Prototype

• Overall size :263 mm × 263 mm

• Lower-band:

[1.45 − 2.55 GHz , BW: 1.1 GHz].

• Upper-band:

[3.707− 4.71 GHz, BW:1 GHz].

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Proposed 4-Element MIMO and Fabricated Prototype

(a) (b)



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Fig.12. Effect of director element on reflection coefficient of a single Yagi element

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Results and Discussion- Single Element

(a) (b) Fig.13. Effect of director element on gain, FBR and directivity



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Fig.14. Current distribution (a) without and (b) with director element at 2 GHz

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Results and Discussion- Single Element

(a) (b)

Table 1: Effect of spacing between the first director and the driven loop element

Table 2: Effect of length of the ground plane on FBR

Summary of Results for Single Element

• Gain: 5.94 dBi.

• Directivity: 6.1 dB.

• FBR: 9.5 dB.

• Bandwidth: 970 MHz (Measured)

• No of directors: 1



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Fig.15. Reflection coefficient and isolation curves (a) Simulated (b) Measured

19/20

Results and Discussion- 4- Element MIMO

(a) (b)



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(a) Antenna-1 (b) Antenna-2

(c) Antenna-3 (d) Antenna-4

Fig.16. Measured gain and efficiency of the MIMO antenna System



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(b) (a)

(c) (d)

Fig.17. Normalized measured and simulated radiation patterns Etotal at 2 GHz. (a) ɸ = 120 -element 1, ɸ = 160 -element 3 (b) ɸ = 1060 -element 2, ɸ = 1040 -element 4 (c) θ = 900, element 1 and 3 (d) θ = 900, element 2 and 4

Fig. 19. Measurement setup in Satimo STARLAB anechoic chamber at MVG-Italy.

Summary of Results MIMO

• Min Measured Gain: 5.8 dBi.

• Min Measured Directivity: 9 dB.

• FBR: 13.8 dB.

• Min Measured Efficiency: 65%.

• Max Measured ECC: 0.1589

• % BW: 55% and 24%



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Literature Study

Printed-Yagi

Wide dual band Yagi with loop excitation

Single Element MIMO

22/20

CONCLUSIONS © 2016, M. S. Sharawi, KFUPM Restricted to Educational USE ONLY.

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MORE REFERENCES

[1] M. S. Sharawi, Printed MIMO antenna engineering, Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2014.

[2] H .Yagi, ”Beam Transmission of Ultra Short Waves,” Proc. IEEE, Vol. 72, No. 5, pp.634-645, May 1984.

[3] Haraz, Osama M., et al., ”Performance Investigations of Quasi-Yagi Loop and Dipole Antennas on Silicon Substrate for 94 GHz Applications,” International Journal of Antennas and Propagation (2014).

[4] Avila-Navarro, E., J. A. Carrasco, and C. Reig,, ”Design of Yagilike printed antennas for WLAN applications,” Microwave and optical technology letters, Vol. 49, No.9, pp. 2174-2178, 2007.

[5] Costa, F. C., et al, ”A new quasi-Yagi bowtie type integrated antenna,” IEEE Telecommunications Symposium, pp.468-471, 3-6 Sept, 2006

[6] A. D. Capobianco, et al, ”A novel compact MIMO array based on planar Yagi antennas for multipath fading channels,” IEEE Conference on Wireless Technology (EuWIT), pp. 93-96, 27-28 Sept. 2010.

[7] Haider R. Khaleel, ”Printed Yagi-Uda array for MIMO systems,” IEEE International Symposium (APSURSI), Antennas and Propagation Society, pp. 1802-1803, Jul 2013


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AUTHOR SHORT BIOGRAPHIES

Syed S. Jehangir: is an MSc student at KFUPM, Saudi Arabia. His research work is focused on novel MIMO antenna designs and geometries.

© 2016, M. S. Sharawi, KFUPM

Mohammad S. Sharawi: is Professor at the Electrical Engineering Department at KFUPM, Saudi Arabia. He is the Director and founder of the AMSD Lab. He has more than 170 published papers mostly in IEEE. He is the author of the recent book Printed MIMO Antenna Engineering, Artech House, 2014. He has 8 issued and 15 filed patents with the USPO. His research work is focused on all types of MIMO antenna designs (Active, Reconfigurable, mm-wave, Printed, etc.) and Applied Electromagnetics.

https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/ee/msharawi/

Restricted to Educational USE ONLY.

https://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/ee/msharawi/

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A 4-Element Dual Wideband Circular Yagi MIMO Antenna ... · Electrical Engineering Department ... Antenna System with Loop Excitation IEEE APS/URSI 2016 Fajardo, Puerto Rico ... Layout