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7/28/2019 9AM Fri Eng 102 Otherpunctuation Hyphens Pronouns
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ENG 102Hacker Chapters 39 & 44
Dash, parenthesis, brackets, ellipsis mark, slash, hyphen
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Parenthesis
DO NOT OVERUSE!!!
Use to enclose supplemental material, minor
digressions, and afterthoughts
Nurses record patients vital signs (temperature, pulse, and
blood pressure) several times a day.
Use to enclose letters or umbers labeling items in a
series
Regulations stipulated that only the following equipmentcould be used on the survival mission: (1) knife, (2) thirty
feet of parachute line, (3) a book of matches, and (4) two
ponchos.
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Brackets
Use to enclose any words/phrases that have beeninserted into an otherwise word-for-word quotation
Audubon reports that if there are not enough young to balancedeaths, the end of the species [California condor] is inevitable(4).
The Latin word sic in brackets indicates that an errorin a quoted sentence appears in the original source.
Do NOT overuse because calling attention to othersmistakes can appear snobbish.
According to the review, NellyFortados performance wasbrilliant, exceeding [sic] the expectations of even her most
loyal fans.
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Dash
Use to set off parenthetical material that deservesemphasis
Everything that went wrongfrom the peeping Tom at herwindow last night to my head-on collision todaywe blamedon our move.
Use to set off appositives that contain commas
An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames a
nearby noun. They are usually set off with commas, butwhen the appositive itself contains commas, a pair ofdashes helps readers see the importance of all pauses.
In my hometown, peoples basic needs food, clothing, andshelterare less costly than in a big city like LA.
type word, space, next word, andWord will do it automatically
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Dash
Use to introduce a list, a restatement, an amplification,
or a dramatic shift in tone or thought
(basically can replace a colon, but colons are more
formal and less dramatic than a dash)
Only use if there is a specific reason for its use (dont
want unnecessary chopiness)
In my hometown, peoples basic needs sesame seed oil, honey,safflower oil, and that half-liquid peanuts only peanut butter.
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Ellipsis Mark
Use to indicate that words have been deleted from anotherwise word-for-word quotation
Shute acknowledges that treatment for autism can beexpensive: Sensory integration therapycan cost up to $200an hour (82).
If a full sentence or more is deleted in the middle of aquoted passage, use a period before the three ellipsis
dots If we dont properly train, teach, or treat our growing prison
population, says long-time reform advocate Luis Rodriguez,somebody else will.This may well be the safety issue of thenew century (16).
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Ellipsis Mark
Use to indicate a hesitation or an interruption in
speech or to suggest unfinished thoughts
The apartment building next doorits going up in flames!
yelled Marcia.
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Slash
Use to separate two or three lines of poetry
Add a space before and after the slash
Roses are red / violets are blue / sugar is sweet
Use to separate paired terms
Do not use space before or after slash
Pass/fail, producer/director
Do not use and/or, he/she, is/or
Rewrite instead
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Ex. 39-1 pg. 340
1. The old Valentine verse we used to chant says it all:Sugar is sweet, / And so are you.
2. In studies in which mothers gazed down at their
infants in their cribs but remained faciallyunresponsive, for example, not smiling, laughing, orshowing any change of expression, the infantsresponded with intense weariness and eventual
withdrawal.3. There are three points of etiquette in poker: 1.always allow someone else to cut the cards, 2. dontforget to ante up, and 3. never stack your chips.
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Ex. 39-1 pg. 340
4. In Lifeboat, Alfred Hitchcock appears [some say without
his knowledge] in a newspaper advertisement for weight
loss.
5. The writer Chitra Divakaruni explained her work withother Indian American immigrants: Many women who
came to Maitri [a womens support group in San Francisco]
needed to know simple things like opening a bank account
or getting citizenship.Many women in Maitri spokeEnglish, but their English was functional rather than
emotional. They needed someone who understands their
problems and speaks their language.
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Hyphen
Use the dictionary to see if whether or not a word is
hyphenated or compound
Water-repellent, waterproof, water table
Use when two or more words are used together as anadjective before a noun
Richa Gupta is not yet a well-known candidate.
Do not use to connectly adverbs to words theymodify
WRONG: A slowly-moving truck tied up traffic
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Hyphen
Hyphenate fractions and certain numbers when they
are spelled out
One-fourth
Use with the prefixes all-, ex-, and self-
Self-help
Use with the suffix -elect
President-elect
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Hyphen
Use in certain words to avoid ambiguity or to separate
awkward double or triple letters
Re-creation and recreation
Anti-intellectual (double i)
Cross-stitch (double s)
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ENG 102
Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement
Pronoun Reference
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Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement
What is a pronoun? Substitutes a noun
He, she, it, her, him, they, we, us, them
What is an antecedent?
Noun or pronoun that a pronoun refers to
Dr. Berto finishedherrounds.
The hospitalinterns finishedtheirrounds.
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Pronoun & Antecedent AgreementDo not use plural pronouns to refer to singular
antecedents
3 Ways to correct
When someone travels outside the US for the first time,they need to apply for a passport.
Replace plural pronoun with he or she (his or her)
When someone travels outside the US for the first time, he or sheneeds to apply for a passport.
Make antecedent plural
When people travel outside the US for the first time, they need toapply for a passport.
Rewrite sentence to correct problem
Anyone who travels outside the US for the first time needs to applyfor a passport.
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Pronoun & Antecedent AgreementDo not use plural pronouns to refer to singular
antecedents
These indefinite pronouns are all singular
Anybody anyone anything each
Everybody either everyone everything
Nobody no one neither nothing
Somebody someone something
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Pronoun & Antecedent AgreementTreat collective nouns as singular unless the meaning is
clearly plural
Collective nouns are treated as a group and functions
as a unit
Jury committee audience couple
Crowd class troop family team
The committee granted its permission to build.
Sometimes they act as individuals though
The committee put their signatures on the document.
Simplify by adding a clearly plural antecedent
The members of the committee put their signatures on the
document.
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Pronoun & Antecedent AgreementTreat most compound antecedents joined with andas
plural
In 1987, Reagan and Gorbachev held a summit where they
signed the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.
With compound antecedents joined with oror nor(or
with eitheroror neithernor), make the pronounagree with the closer antecedent
Either Bruce or Tom should receive first prize for his poem.
Neither the mouse nor the rats could find their waythrough the maze.
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Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement With compound antecedents joined with oror nor(or
with eitheroror neithernor), make the pronoun
agree with the closer antecedent
*if one antecedent is singular and the other plural, put
plural one last to avoid awkwardness
*If one antecedent is male and the other female, donot follow the traditional rule
Either Bruce or Elizabeth should receive first prize for her
short story.
The prize for best short story should go to either Bruce or
Elizabeth.
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Pronoun References Avoid ambiguous or remote pronoun reference
Occurs when pronoun could refer to 2 possibleantecedents
When Gloria set the pitcher on the glass-topped table, it
broke.
Which object broke the pitcher or the table?
The pitcher broke when Gloria set it on the glass-topped
table.
Tom told Sam that he had won the lottery. Who won the lottery Tom or Sam?
Tom told Sam, You have won the lottery.
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Pronoun References Generally, avoid broad reference of this, that, which, it
By advertising on TV, pharmaceutical companies gainexposure for their prescription drugs. Patients respond to
this by requesting drugs they might not need.
What are patients responding to ads, companies,
prescription drugs?
By advertising on TV, pharmaceutical companies gain
exposure for their prescription drugs. Patients respond to
the ads by requesting drugs they might not need.
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Pronoun References Do not use a pronoun to refer to an implied
antecedent
A pronoun should refer to a specific antecedent, not to
a word that isnt actually in the sentence
After braiding Anns hair, Sue decoratedthem with ribbons.
What is the antecedent for the pronoun them?
After braiding Anns hair, Sue decoratedthe braids with
ribbons.
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Pronoun References Avoid the indefinite use of they, it, you
A pronoun should refer to a specific antecedent, not to a
word that isnt actually in the sentence
In June, they announced that parents would have to pay a
fee.
In June, the board announced that parents would have to pay
a fee.
In the encyclopedia it states that male moths can smell female
moths from several miles away. The encyclopedia states that male moths can smell female
moths from several miles away.
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Pronoun References Avoid the indefinite use of they, it, you
A pronoun should refer to a specific antecedent, not to a
word that isnt actually in the sentence
Ms.Pickersgills book stipulates that you should not arrive at a
party too early or leave too late.
Ms.Pickersgills book stipulates that a guest should not arriveat a party too early or leave too late.
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Pronoun References To refer to persons, use who, whom, whose NOT which,
that
Use which, that to refer to animals or things
All thirty-two women in the study, half of which wereunemployed for more than six months, reported higher self-esteem after job training.
All thirty-two women in the study, half of whom wereunemployed for more than six months, reported higher self-esteem after job training.
During the two-day festival El Dia de los Muertos, Mexicanfamilies celebrate loved ones that have died.
During the two-day festival El Dia de los Muertos, Mexicanfamilies celebrate loved ones who have died.
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Mad Lib exercise
___noun____has made many advances in the past fewdecades, but___pronoun____still cannot answer a
number of questions about tornadoes. Every___noun____has___pronoun____own uniquecharacteristics. The science of___noun____watching has___pronoun____own system, the Fujita scale, for
measuring storms from weakest (F0) to strongest (F5).An___noun____or an___noun____can destroyeverything in___pronoun____path. Scientists cannot yetpredict how strong any___noun____will be before___pronoun____happen. One mystery about
___noun____involves the last step when___pronoun____forms. Specialists do not know if a___noun____forms ina cloud and travels to the ground or if___pronoun____begin on earth and spiral upward.
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Grammar Tasks
Create a menu for a restaurant
On the menu, include one correct example of the
dash, parentheses, brackets, ellipsis mark, slash, and
hyphen.
Create a mad lib in which players have to apply
each rule for Pronoun & Antecedent Agreement
& Pronoun Reference.
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For Monday...
Ethical essay rough draft
Chapter 14 questions
1. What is a proposal argument?
2. What types of proposals exist?
3. How are proposals structured?
4. Name and explain the strategies for generating
ideas for proposal essays.