9/9/2015 1 Engineering & Technology Management Group Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal

04/19/23 1Engineering & Technology Management Group

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ManagementTracking the Constant of Change

ManagementHistory

Society Legal Aspects

LogisticsSupply Chain

SystemsEngineering

Economics

Risk

TechnicalInformation

MultidisciplineDesign

ProductDevelopment

Risk Mitigation through Knowledge Management

JoAnne Rocker

NASA Scientific and Technical Information Program

Chair, AIAA Technical Information Committee

Topic 4


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Discussion Topics

Risk mitigation

Knowledge management

• Communities of practice

• Lessons Learned

• Portals

Technology and cultural change

Conclusion

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Risk Management (RM) is an organized, systematic decision-making process that efficiently identifies, analyzes, plans (for the handling of risks), tracks, controls, communicates, and documents risk

Purpose: increase the likelihood of achieving program/project goals

Risk mitigation depends upon risk analysis

Many useful sources of information should be compiled to provide input for risk analysis, for example:

• Test data

• Expert opinions

• Hazard Analyses, Failure Modes and Effects Analyses

• Lessons learned data and historical information from other programs/projects

• Software verification and validation

• Risk data generated in other steps in the process

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Risk mitigation is a process involving information analysis from a variety of data sources

Risk Mitigation

Risk Management Procedures and Guidelines, NPG 8000.4


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Knowledge management refers to strategies and structures for maximizing the return on intellectual and information resources

• Tacit form (human education, experience and expertise)

• Explicit forms (documents and data)

Creates new value by improving the efficiency and effectiveness of individual and collaborative efforts to organize and use information resources

Increases innovation and improves decision-making

From: “Defining Knowledge Management”, destinationKM.com,

http://www.destinationkm.com/articles/default.asp?ArticleID=949

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Knowledge Management


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ProductDevelopmentWhy does the aerospace industry need KM?

• Aerospace is a competitive knowledge-based industry

• Continual learning and re-using information to be competitive, respond to change, stay innovative, and discover new products and processes

• Long-term life cycle for technology development and knowledge can be lost or forgotten if no KM process is in place (KM provides continuity as information is captured, stored, and made available for use)

• Virtual workforce (national and internationally located) need to share resources and information for collaborative work

• Cyclical hiring practices hinders knowledge sharing between experienced employees and new hires

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Knowledge management strategies and structures

• Communities of practice

• Lessons learned databases

• Portals

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From: “Communities for knowledge management,” by Stephen Denning, article found at http://www.stevedenning.com/communities_knowledge_management.html

“Definitions of community of practice vary somewhat, but are usually taken to mean a group of practitioners who share a common interest or passion in an area of competence and are willing to share the experiences of their practice.”

Communities of practice can also be known as:

• Thematic groups (World Bank)

• Learning communities or networks (Hewlett Packard)

• Best practice teams (Chevron)

Communities exist within companies and as well as across company boundaries

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• Strong sense of identity with the group - members often from the same line of work (salespeople, technicians, engineers, webmasters, etc).

• Practice is not captured in formal procedures – people learn how to do the work and are seen as competent or not based on working with others

• Use the same the same tools, methods, techniques

• Express themselves in a common language

• Cross-disciplinary not attached to organizational chart

• Differ from projects or teams

• Groups are self-selecting

• Emphasis sharing knowledge and experiences

Source: Fred Nickols, “Communities of Practice: Definition, Indicators & Identifying Characteristics,” http://home.att.net/~discon/KM/CoPCharacteristics.htm

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“Lessons learned is a narrative account of an actual experience providing an analysis of what happened, what was expected to happen, an understanding of why there were differences, and what was learned.”

Source: Schlumbergerhttp://www.slb.com/oilfield/index.cfm?id=id27859

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http://llis.nasa.gov/llis/plls/index.html


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“A portal is a site featuring a suite of commonly used services, serving as a starting point and frequent gateway to the Web (Web portal) or a niche topic (vertical portal). Web portal services often include a search engine or directory, news, email, stock quotes, maps, forums, chat, shopping, and options for customization.”

From: Marketing Terms.com, http://www.marketingterms.com/dictionary/portal/

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Example: aerospace portal (http://aerade.cranfield.ac.uk/)


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Example: aerospace portal (http://aerade.cranfield.ac.uk/)


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Technology but part of process to implement knowledge management but changing culture is essential to KM success

Source: William Matthews, “Knowledge management's 'worst‘” Federal Computer Week, April 25, 2002, http://www.fcw.com/fcw/articles/2002/0422/web-know-04-25-02.asp

Gartner Inc. conducted a survey on how well organizations utilize knowledge management and found:

• Survey participants scored from high of 78% to low of 2%

• Worst offender was the government with 2%

• Government workers didn’t understand what knowledge management was and how to use it

• Effective knowledge management means information sharing and collaboration and agencies are not used to doing that

French Caldwell, Gartner Research Director, "Knowledge management is a business process that has to be approached with discipline. It is not a technology. You can't buy it in a box."

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No KM technology or tool will be successful without a fundamental paradigm shift in corporate culture

• KM initiatives need acceptance and be seen as a way to do things differently

• Means user training, emphasizing the benefits of the new way of working

• KM is not a one-time investment but rather an ongoing process

• Top level management are the champions of KM initiatives

• Success or failure depends on a company's ability and willingness to make real cultural changes

Source: Henry Newberry, “Knowledge Management and Corporate Culture,” Lotus Advisor Magazine, November 2002, p6, http://businessintelligenceadvisor.com/doc/11262

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Risk Mitigation and knowledge management

• Purpose of managing risk is to increase the likelihood of achieving program/project goals

• Way to mitigate risk is through process of risk analysis which draws upon many different types of data and information sources

• Knowledge management provides the structure for collecting, organizing, and making information available for use (communities of practice, lessons learned, portals)

• Leverages corporate knowledge and creates a collaborative work environment

• Business process - not a technology - that needs top-level support to be effective

Knowledge management should be a business practice in the aerospace industry

• Knowledge-based industry

• Highly specialized technologies and processes making it vital to capture and retain corporate knowledge

• Innovation and knowledge creation are keys to survival in competitive marketplace and knowledge management is about getting the right information to the right people at the right time

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Conclusion

Documents

9/9/2015 1 Engineering & Technology Management Group Engineering Technology Management Tracking the Constant of Change Management History Society Legal