8/13/2019 98619024 Khuzdul Tenses Explained

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"Perfect Tense" -a direct passed tense ("did") for all verbs except those with last root "sh" example: Who walked (Durin's Song) Ku ganaga

"Imperfect Tense" (use of prefixes like in Hebrew and Arabic , but places them at the end of the verb - before personal form)-i future tense ("will do") / examples in the song: "The Abyss" - "zatablugi" (will swallow) and "zatagrafizu" (will take you)

P e r s o n

N u m b e r

P e r s o n

N u m b e r

take (perfect form) (I) STRUCTURE TRANSLATION take (perfect form) (I) STRUCTURE TRANSLATION

zatagrif a * KHUZDUL STRUCTURE zatagrif i * KHUZDUL STRUCTURE

KHUZDUL KHUZDUL

ENGLISH ENGLISHtake (perfect form) we STRUCTURE TRANSLATION take (perfect form) we STRUCTURE TRANSLATION

zatagrif a mâ KHUZDUL STRUCTURE zatagrif i mâ KHUZDUL STRUCTURE

KHUZDUL KHUZDUL

ENGLISH ENGLISH

take (perfect form) you (s) STRUCTURE TRANSLATION take (perfect form) you (s) STRUCTURE TRANSLATION

zatagrif a zu KHUZDUL STRUCTURE zatagrif i zu KHUZDUL STRUCTURE

KHUZDUL KHUZDUL

ENGLISH ENGLISH

take (perfect form) you (pl) STRUCTURE TRANSLATION take (perfect form) you (pl) STRUCTURE TRANSLATION

zatagrif a mênu KHUZDUL STRUCTURE zatagrif i mênu KHUZDUL STRUCTURE

KHUZDUL KHUZDUL

ENGLISH ENGLISH

take (perfect form) he STRUCTURE TRANSLATION take (perfect form) he STRUCTURE TRANSLATION

zatagrif a i KHUZDUL STRUCTURE zatagrif i i KHUZDUL STRUCTURE

KHUZDUL KHUZDUL

ENGLISH ENGLISH

take (perfect form) she STRUCTURE TRANSLATION take (perfect form) she STRUCTURE TRANSLATION

zatagrif a di KHUZDUL STRUCTURE zatagrif i di KHUZDUL STRUCTURE

KHUZDUL KHUZDUL

ENGLISH ENGLISH

take (perfect form) it STRUCTURE TRANSLATION take (perfect form) he/she/it STRUCTURE TRANSLATION

zatagrif a ki KHUZDUL STRUCTURE zatagrif i ki KHUZDUL STRUCTURE

KHUZDUL KHUZDUL

ENGLISH ENGLISH

take (perfect form) they STRUCTURE TRANSLATION take (perfect form) they STRUCTURE TRANSLATION

zatagrif a izd KHUZDUL STRUCTURE zatagrif i zd KHUZDUL STRUCTURE

KHUZDUL KHUZDUL

ENGLISH ENGLISH

Like Hebrew, Khuzdul has only 2 tenses "Perfect" and "Imperfect" - Each Khuzdul verb also identifies the t ense of the verb. In English a verb can have three t enses - past, present or future. Examples of these would be "You took a horse" (past), "You are taking a horse" (present) and "You willtake a horse" (future). Khuzdul only has two direct tenses - perfect and imperfect. While the three verb tenses in English are related to time, Khuzdul verb tenses are related to action. The perfect tense is a completed action while the imperfect tense is an incomplete action.

The "imperfect tense," can indicate an incomplete action and can be translated as "You are taking a horse" (an action t hat has begun but not yet completed) or "You will take a horse" (an action that has not yet begun).

Below is a chart for a few verb conjugations in the perfect and imperfect tense. Notice t hat unlike Hebrew (or Adûnaic), Khuzdul places both imperfect and perfect added letters at the end of the verb, no letters are added at the beginning of the verb. Khuzdul also uses a specific female, male

or neuter form (like in Hebrew - or Adûnaic).

F i r s t

S e c o n d

S i n g .

zatagrifazu

zatagrifiki

she will take / she is taking

I took

We took

I will take / I am taking

We will take / We are taking P l u r a l

S i n g .

S i n g .

P l u r a l

F i r s t

zatagrifa

zatagrifamâ

zatagrifi

zatagrifimâ

zatagrifimênuyou will take (pl) / you are taking (p)

you will take / you are takingYou took

S i n g .

P l u r a l

zatagrifamênuYou took (pl)

S i n g .

zatagrifaki It took

P l u r a l

He took

it will take / it is taking

P l u r a l

zatagrifizd They will take / They are taking

Khuzdul Imperfect Tense***

IMPERFECT (action will be done or is in p rogress / ex: you will takeor you are taking)

Khuzdul Perfect Tense

PERFECT (action is completed / ex: you took)

S i n g .

They took

S e c o n d

S i n g .

zatagrifizu

he will take / he is taking

T h i r d

T h i r d

P l u r a l

zatagrifaizd

S i n g .

S i n g .

zatagrifadi zatagrifidi She took

S i n g .

zatagrifai zatagrifî**

8/13/2019 98619024 Khuzdul Tenses Explained

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* = no letters are a dded for the 1st person (I) form

Other Forms

3 Radical verbs, Examples: (remove last vowel between radicals)

Base Form ("I"Form)

EnglishTranslation

KhuzdulImperative Tense

English ImperativeTranslation

Tabur I grow Tabr! Grow!Tanak I come Tank! Come!

3 Radical verbs, Examples: (replace last vowel between radicals with ù)Tashnik I rip Tashnùk! Rip!

3 Radical verbs, Examples: (base form ends with vowel => remove it)Ishkhaku I spit Ishkhak! Spit!

2 Radical words, Examples: (base form ends with "h" => place it with "i")lah I behold lai! Behold!

The Imperative

** = double ii turns into "î" (instead of - zatagrifii - it turns into - zatagrifî - ) Note: Verbs base forms ending with a vowel are given an "h" at the end of the base form (example: the verb base of "to be wrong" is "zuznu", if we add an "i" for imperfect form, andanother for the he-form, we get "zuznuii" seeing that "uii" doesn't exist in khuzdul as a diphtong it turns into "zuznuhî".

Like in English, in Khuzdul we use the Imperative for direct orders and suggestions and also for a variety of other purposes. Stress and intonation, gesture, facial expression, and, above all, situation and context, indicate whether the use of this form is friendly, abrupt,angry, impatient, persuasive, etc. The negative form is usually expressed by "ma" (do not / don't) - wich indicates a negative form. Unlike English however in Khuzdul we do not use the "bare infinitive" to create the imperative (like: "wait!, shut up!, hold!), with 3 (ormore)-radical words, we simply remove the vowel between the two last radicals of the base verb (like: gurud => Gurd! [fear!], tashurruk => Tashurrk! [surround!], tanak => Tank! [come] or remove the last vowel, incase the base verb end in a vowel (like: takarra =>takarr! [split!], rukosha => rukosh! [shout!] . With 2 (or 1)-radical words, we merely add a "u" at the end of the word (like: sakh => sakhu! [look!], tamb => tambu! [touch!] Note: The vowel between the last radicals can be replaced by "ù" (sounds like "u" in "butter") incase one of the last radicals is a combined radical "sh, gh, kh, etc...".

Khuzdul Imperative Tense

*** to indicate if the action is taking place at this moment or will take place often words like "now", "at this moment", "later", "tomorrow" are added to clarify. (Example: Zatagrifizd kharub khidu - They are taking the horse now / Zatagrifizd kharub baduzh - They will take the horse later)