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SE!TION A+ THE DE,E-O.MENT O" THE NITED NATIONS 19(1991

Yo us$ an#0er @e#tion *5

NITED NATIONS .EA!EEE.IN4

1 Read t3e Sorce# and t3en an#0er t3e 9e#tion5

63en an#0erin4 &ues$%on 1 candidate# are ad!i#ed to &a$ &articlar attention to t3e

inter&retation and e!alation of t3e Sorce# "ot3 indi!idall$ and a# a 4ro&5

Sour#e A

%eace1ee&in4 0a# not 7entioned in t3e UN C3arter and 3ad no clear le4al #tandin45Ne!ert3ele##) &eace1ee&in4 "eca7e a 1e$ for t3e UN in t3e 7aintenance of international &eaceand #ecrit$) 7ontin4 * &eace1ee&in4 7i##ion# drin4 t3e Cold 6ar5 Sc3 7i##ion# 0erecreated nder t3e at3orit$ of t3e Secrit$ Concil or t3e General A##e7"l$ and 0ere nder t3e

control of t3e Secretar$General and UN (ead9arter#5 Co7&o#ed 7ainl$ of 7ilitar$ force# of#7all or 7edi7#ied UN 7e7"er#) 7i##ion# 0ere de&lo$ed "et0een #tate# in #&&ort of a

cea#efire or a &eace #ettle7ent5 %eace1ee&in4 o&eration# 0ere to "e i7&artial and de&lo$ed 0it3t3e con#ent of t3e 3o#t #tate5

From The United Nations and Global Security, by a British academic, 2004.

Sour#e '

T3e UN Force ai7ed to 3el& 7aintain 9iet drin4 and after t3e 0it3dra0al of nonE4$&tian force#

and to #ecre co7&liance 0it3 t3e ot3er ter7# e#ta"li#3ed in t3e re#oltion5 It 3ad no ri43t# ot3ert3an t3o#e nece##ar$ to carr$ ot it# fnction#) in coo&eration 0it3 local at3oritie#5 It 0a# 7oret3an an o"#er!er cor) "t in no 0a$ a 7ilitar$ force te7&oraril$ controllin4 t3e territor$ in 03ic3it 0a# #tationed5 Nor did t3e Force 3a!e fnction# e:ceedin4 t3o#e nece##ar$ to #ecre &eacefl

condition#) on t3e a##7&tion t3at t3e &artie# to t3e conflict 0old ta1e all nece##ar$ #te forco7&liance 0it3 t3e reco77endation# of t3e General A##e7"l$5 It# fnction# co!ered an area

e:tendin4 ro43l$ fro7 t3e Se Canal to t3e Ar7i#tice De7arcation Line# e#ta"li#3ed in t3e

Ar7i#tice A4ree7ent "et0een E4$&t and I#rael5

descri!tion o" UN #!erations in Sue$ in %&'(, "rom a UN article !ublished in 200&.

Sour#e !

In t3e &eriod #ince 6orld 6ar II) C3a&ter Se!en of t3e UN C3arter 3a# not "een in!o1ed in order

to ta1e forcefl action a4ain#t a44re##ion5 In#tead) international di#&te# and t3reat# to t3e &eace3a!e "een dealt 0it3 "$ nonforcefl 7ean#5 T3at doe# not 7ean t3at C3a&ter Se!en #3old "e

for4otten5 It i# 4ood t3at international &eace and #ecrit$ #3old "e "a#ed not on forcefltec3ni9e#) "t on coo&eration and &er#a#ion5 Bt 0e cannot #a$ for certain t3at t3e 0orld 0ill

ne!er a4ain "e t3reatened "$ irrational a44re##or#5 T3e ca&acit$ to react forcefll$ 7#t t3erefore"e 7aintained) 0it3 t3e o&tion of &eace7a1in4 and &eace1ee&in4 a# t3e nor7al a&&roac3 to

international di#&te# or t3reat# to t3e &eace5

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T3e e##ence of &eace1ee&in4 i# t3e #e of #oldier# a# a4ent# for &eace rat3er t3an a# t3e

in#tr7ent# of 0ar5 It i#) in fact) t3e e:act o&&o#ite of t3e 7ilitar$ action a4ain#t a44re##ion fore#eenin C3a&ter Se!en5 It 0old #ee7 t3at t3e 7aorit$ of nation# 3a!e o&ted for t3e rle of international

at3orit$ and la0 in t3eir relation# 0it3 eac3 ot3er5 T3i# at3orit$ can onl$ 0or1 t3ro43 &er#a#ion)t3e 7oral force of international and di&lo7atic &re##re5 In addition) international at3orit$ can "e#$7"olied in conflict area# "$ nonfi43tin4 #oldier#) t3e UNH# &eace1ee&er#5

From the Secretary)Generals acce!tance s!eech o" the Nobel *eace *ri$e, %&++.

Sour#e D

T3e Secrit$ Concil de7anded t3at t3e Bel4ian 4o!ern7ent recall it# troo fro7 Con4o and4a!e t3e Secretar$General &o0er to &ro!ide #&&ort for t3e Con4ole#e 4o!ern7ent5 T3e 7ain

&r&o#e of t3e UN force# in Con4o 0a# to 4i!e Con4o real inde&endence and to re#tore t3econtr$H# &re0ar life and "order#5 De to t3e o&eration called ONUC ;United Nation# O&eration#

in Con4o< and t3e in!ol!e7ent of international force# nder t3e UN) t3e 0ar 0a# #to&&ed5 ONUC0a# a #cce##fl 7i##ion for it #ol!ed a 7ilitar$ conflict) a!oidin4 t3e #e of force) findin4 acon#en## and a &eacefl #oltion to t3e &ro"le7#5

Unfortnatel$) 0e cannot #a$ t3at t3e o&eration of t3e UN in Le"anon) called UNIFIL) 0a# a##cce##fl a# ONUC5 T3e 7ain o"ecti!e# of t3e UN force# 0ere t3e li"eration of t3e Le"ane#eterritor$ fro7 I#raeli occ&ation) t3e re#toration of &eace and t3e re4ainin4 of &o0er "$ t3e officialLe"ane#e 4o!ern7ent5 None of t3e#e 0ere ac3ie!ed5

The e""ectieness o" UN !eace-ee!in o!erations, by a British /ournalist, 200(.

Sour#e E

Since *+,) t3ere 3a!e "een ,+ UN &eace1ee&in4 o&eration#) ' of 03ic3 0ere created #ince *+)t3e $ear in 03ic3 UN &eace1ee&in4 0a# a0arded t3e No"el %eace %rie5 6ell o!er ->)>>> 7ilitar$

and ci!ilian &er#onnel) fro7 ** different contrie#) 3a!e #er!ed in UN &eace1ee&in4 o&eration#5 Nofi4re#) 3o0e!er) can do #tice to t3e lti7ate #acrifice t3at 7ore t3an *)->> &eace1ee&er# 3a!e

7ade o!er t3i# 3alfcentr$5 T3e e!oltion of UN &eace1ee&in4 3a# "een neit3er #7oot3 nor #i7&le5Often t3e e:&ectation# &laced on &eace1ee&er# 3a!e ot#tri&&ed t3e re#orce# 4i!en to t3e75 Oftent3e de7and# 7ade of t3e7 3a!e crell$ i4nored realitie# on t3e 4rond5 6e 3a!e 3ad #o7en7i#ta1a"le #cce##e#) #c3 a# Na7i"ia) Moa7"i9e and El Sal!ador5 Bt 0e 3a!e al#o fond

or#el!e# 7aintainin4 cal7 in #o7e #ee7in4l$ intracta"le #tale7ate#) #c3 a# C$&r# and t3e MiddleEa#t5 And) in #o7e &lace#) #c3 a# R0anda and t3e for7er Y4o#la!ia) 0e 3a!e fond or#el!e#

#tandin4 "$) in i7&otent 3orror) 03ile t3e 7o#t a&&allin4 cri7e# 0ere co77itted5 T3ere) t3e li7it# of&eace1ee&in4 0ere 4ra&3icall$ de7on#trated 0e learned) t3e 3ard 0a$) t3at li43tl$ ar7ed troo in03ite !e3icle# and "le 3el7et# are not t3e #oltion to e!er$ conflict5

The UN Secretary)General, in a s!eech to the General ssembly, #ctober %&&+.

UN !eace-ee!in has demonstrated that it can deal e""ectiely ith international con"licts. 1o "ar doSources 3 su!!ort this ie

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(

SE!TION '

Yo 7#t an#0er $hree 9e#tion# fro7 t3i# #ection5

Yo 7#t no$ an#0er "ot3 @e#tion ' and @e#tion ,5

2 To 03at e:tent 0a# t3e de!elo&7ent of t3e Cold 6ar) in t3e $ear# fro7 *+,- to *+,+) ca#ed "$7i#nder#tandin4 "et0een t3e USA and t3e USSRJ

3 (o0 far 0a# contain7ent #cce##fl in t3e $ear# fro7 *+-> to *+-J

OR

( KT3e C"an Mi##ile Cri#i# 0a# t3e ine!ita"le re#lt of US &olic$ to0ard# t3e C"an Re!oltion5H(o0 far do $o a4reeJ

(o0 far 0a# Mi13ail Gor"ac3e! &er#onall$ re#&on#i"le for t3e end of t3e Cold 6arJ

6 KFro7 *+ to *+ atte7&t# to control t3e &roliferation of nclear 0ea&on# 0ere 7ore #cce##flt3an atte7&t# to redce t3e75H (o0 far do $o a4reeJ

7 To 03at e:tent 0a# t3e reco!er$ of t3e a&ane#e econo7$ after *+,- t3e re#lt of a##i#tance fro7

t3e United State#J

5 A##e## t3e !ie0 t3at decoloniation ca#ed 7ore &ro"le7# t3an it #ol!ed for t3e T3ird 6orld5

Co&$ri43t Ac1no0led4e7ent#/

@e#tion * Sorce A ? ed5 R M %rice and M 6 ac3er The United Nations and Global Security %al4ra!e Mac7illan =>>,5

@e#tion * Sorce B ? 0005n5or45

@e#tion * Sorce C ?0005n5or45

@e#tion * Sorce D ?0005articlealle$5co7 5

@e#tion * Sorce E ? 0005n5or45

%er7i##ion to re&rodce ite7# 03ere t3ird&art$ o0ned 7aterial &rotected "$ co&$ri43t i# inclded 3a# "een #o43t and cleared 03ere &o##i"le5 E!er$

rea#ona"le effort 3a# "een 7ade "$ t3e &"li#3er ;UCLES< to trace co&$ri43t 3older#) "t if an$ ite7# re9irin4 clearance 3a!e n0ittin4l$ "een inclded) t3e

&"li#3er 0ill "e &lea#ed to 7a1e a7end# at t3e earlie#t &o##i"le o&&ortnit$5

Uni!er#it$ of Ca7"rid4e International E:a7ination# i# &art of t3e Ca7"rid4e A##e##7ent Gro&5 Ca7"rid4e A##e##7ent i# t3e "rand na7e of Uni!er#it$ of

Ca7"rid4e Local E:a7ination# S$ndicate ;UCLES

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