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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

General Certificate of EdcationAd!anced S"#idiar$ Le!el and Ad!anced Le!el

%ISTORY &'&()*+

,a-er * International %i#tor$. /&012/&&/ Ma$)3ne +4/+

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Additional Material#6 An#7er ,a-er

READ T%ESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

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Section A6 T5e De!elo-9ent of t5e United Nation#. /&012/&&/

You 9#t answer Question 1.

T%E BIRT% OF T%E UNITED NATIONS

/ Read the Sources and then answer the question.

When answering >e#tion /, candidates are advised to pay particular attention to the interpretationand evaluation of the Sources both individually and as a group.

Sorce A

At no tie in history has there been a ore iportant conference than this one in San !rancisco,which you are opening today. You ebers of this "onference are to be the architects of the betterworld. You are to write the fundaental charter. We ust provide the achinery which will a#efuture peace not only possible but certain. We represent the overwheling a$ority of all an#ind.We spea# for people who have endured the ost savage and devastating war ever inflicted uponinnocent en, woen and children. We hold a powerful andate fro our people. %f we should

pay erely lip service to inspiring ideals, and later do violence to siple $ustice, we would drawdown upon us the bitter wrath of generations yet unborn. We can no longer perit any nation, orgroup of nations, to attept to settle their arguents with bobs and bayonets. We ust build a

new world in which the eternal dignity of an is respected.

US President Truman addressing the opening sessionof the San Francisco Conference, April 1945.

Sorce B

W& '(& )&*)+&S *! '(& -%'& -A'%*-S &'&R/%-&0 to save succeeding generations fro the scourge of war, and0 to reaffir faith in fundaental huan rights , in the dignity and worth of the huan

person, in the equal rights of en and woen and of nations large and sall, and 0 toestablish conditions under which $ustice and respect for international law can beaintained, and

0 to proote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedo

A- !*R '(&S& &-S0 to practice tolerance and live together in peace with one another, and0 to unite our strength to aintain international peace and security, and0 to ensure that ared force shall not be used, save in the coon interest, and0 to eploy international achinery for the prootion of the econoic and social advanceents

of all peoples,

(A& R&S*+& '* "*/2%-& *R &!!*R'S '* A""*/)+%S( '(&S& A%/S.Accordingly, our respective 3overnents have agreed to the present "harter and do herebyestablish an international organisation to be #nown as the nited -ations.

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Preamle to the Charter of the United !ations, as signed " delegatesof 5# nations at the San Francisco Conference, $une 1945.

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Sorce C

'he foration of the - was an illusory achieveent. isintegrating tendencies followed quic#lyand it is now uch the sae as the +eague of -ations, a public foru eployed by all theiperialist powers to pro$ect their respective plans, test out their friends and foes, and lay the basisfor winning peranent allies and creating coalitions in preparation for future struggles. 'he decline

of the - was already prepared at 'eheran, Yalta and )otsda. %ts organisational structureguarantees control by the 2ig !ive. 'here is a 3eneral Assebly of all the eber nations, but thisis little ore than a debating society. )ower presuably rests in the Security "ouncil, but itsactions are sub$ect to veto by any one of the 2ig !ive. 'he veto syste a#es the - a totallyineffective body, as should have been e=pected.

From an article in %The !e& 'nternational(, a )ar*ist maga+ine, ctoer 194-.

Sorce D

%t is a yth that the - was born out of an idealistic vision of a global body. %n fact, the -"harter was a eticulously crafted, power>orientated docuent, carefully oulded to confor tothe global realities of 17?@. %t was structured so that the 2ig !ive powers were given the tools,including the veto, to prevent future wars. /any feel the veto power should be abolished. 'he truthis that the SA and its allies ade it clear that they would not participate in such a globalorganisation unless they possessed that power. (ence, the blueprint for the - was not the productof naivety. 'he SA was the chief patron of the -. 'he S State epartent produced the draft"harter. Washington had to pressure "hurchill and Stalin, neither of who was very enthusiastic,into supporting it, and it ade certain that the 17?@ conference was held on Aerican soil. %t paidthe full cost of the two>onth San !rancisco "onference and, as the ost powerful country onearth in 17?@, possessing the strongest ilitary force in history, it freely e=ercised econoic andilitary uscle to get its way on ost issues.

From an article " a ritish academic, 199-.

Sorce E

After World War %% there was broad support for creating an international organisation to preventanother global conflict. 'he - "harter spea#s eloquently of the need to Bsave succeedinggenerations fro the scourge of warC. Realistic Aerican drafters, however, also carefully restrictedthe reach of the - by liiting its role to cases that presented a threat to Binternational peace andsecurityC, in the hope of avoiding giving the - a global licence for international social wor#.Aerican officials also insisted on the veto power in the Security "ouncil as a condition of Sebership, to ensure that no a$ority of - ebers could ever threaten our national interests.

From an article " an American academic, /##5.

-ow answer the following question.

%A genuine commitment to ensuring a fairer and safer &orld &as the main reason for the USA(s

strong support for the estalishment of the United !ations.( 0o& far do Sources A2 support this

3ie&

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Section B

You ust answer t5ree questions fro this section.

You ust not answer both Question ; and Question ?.

+ 'o what e=tent does the /arshall )lan of 17?9 ar# the start of the "old WarD

* B!ro 17@6 to 179@, the SACs policy of containent was based on the ista#enassuption that

there was soething to contain.C (ow far do you agreeD

OR

0 (ow far do you agree with the view that the SA failed to achieve its ais in the EoreanWarD

1 B'he inability to cope with nationalist uprisings, both within the SSR and in &astern&urope, was

the ain reason why the SSR collapsed by 1771.C (ow far do you agreeD

' 'o what e=tent can the -uclear -on>)roliferation 'reaty of 178F be considered to havefailedD

( Assess the iportance of the SA to the developent of the international econoy fro17?@

to 1771.

Bivided and ineffective.C (ow far do you agree with this assessent of the -on>Aligned/oveent

between 17@@ and 1771D

Cop"right Acno&ledgements6

Question 1 Source " 4httpG::www.ar=ists.org:history:etol:newspape:ni:vol1;:no6F:not1.ht.

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Question 1 Source 4httpG::www.tholyo#e.edu:acad:intrel:schles.ht.Question 1 Source & 4httpG::www.cato.org:pubs:boo#s:bolton chapter.pdf.

)erission to reproduce ites where third>party owned aterial protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared wherepossible. &very reasonable effort has been ade by the publisher H"+&SI to trace copyright holders, but if any ites requiring clearance haveunwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to a#e aends at the earliest possible opportunity.

niversity of "abridge %nternational &=ainations is part of the "abridge Assessent 3roup. "abridge Assessent is the brand nae ofniversity of "abridge +ocal &=ainations Syndicate H"+&SI, which is itself a departent of the niversity of "abridge.

http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/schles.htm.http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/schles.htm.http://www.cato.org/pubs/books/boltonhttp://www.cato.org/pubs/books/boltonhttp://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/schles.htm.http://www.cato.org/pubs/books/bolton