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UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

GCE Advanced Subsidiar Leve! and GCE Advanced Leve!

MAR" SC#EME $%r &'e Ma()une *+,+ -ues&i%n .a.er

$%r &'e /uidance %$ &eac'ers

0102 #ISTORY

0102(3* 4a.er 3*5 6a7i6u6 ra8 6ar9 ,++

T'is 6ar9 sc'e6e is .ub!is'ed as an aid &% &eac'ers and candida&es5 &% indica&e &'e re-uire6en&s %$&'e e7a6ina&i%n: I& s'%8s &'e basis %n 8'ic' E7a6iners 8ere ins&ruc&ed &% a8ard 6ar9s: I& d%es n%&indica&e &'e de&ai!s %$ &'e discussi%ns &'a& &%%9 .!ace a& an E7a6iners; 6ee&in/ be$%re 6ar9in/ be/an58'ic' 8%u!d 'ave c%nsidered &'e acce.&abi!i& %$ a!&erna&ive ans8ers:

Mar9 sc'e6es 6us& be read in c%n

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GCE AS(A LEVEL > Ma()une *+,+ 0102 3*

GENERIC MAR" BANDS FOR ESSAY ?UESTIONS

E7a6iners 8i!! assess 8'ic' Leve! %$ Res.%nse bes& re$!ec&s 6%s& %$ &'e ans8er: An ans8er 8i!! n%&be re-uired &% de6%ns&ra&e a!! %$ &'e descri.&i%ns in a .ar&icu!ar Leve! &% -ua!i$ $%r a Mar9 Band:In bands %$ 3 %r @ 6ar9s5 e7a6iners 8i!! n%r6a!! a8ard &'e 6idd!e 6ar9(%ne %$ &'e 6idd!e 6ar9s5

6%dera&in/ i& u. %r d%8n acc%rdin/ &% &'e .ar&icu!ar -ua!i&ies %$ &'e ans8er: In bands %$ * 6ar9s5e7a6iners s'%u!d a8ard &'e !%8er 6ar9 i$ an ans8er * T'e a..r%ac' 8i!! be c%nsis&en&! ana!&ica! %r e7.!ana&%r ra&'er &'an descri.&ive%r narra&ive: Essas 8i!! be $u!! re!evan&: T'e ar/u6en& 8i!! be s&ruc&ured

c%'eren&! and su..%r&ed b ver a..r%.ria&e $ac&ua! 6a&eria! and ideas: T'e8ri&in/ 8i!! be accura&e: A& &'e !%8er end %$ &'e band5 &'ere 6a be s%6e 8ea9ersec&i%ns bu& &'e %vera!! -ua!i& 8i!! s'%8 &'a& &'e candida&e is in c%n&r%! %$ &'e

* ,>*+ Essas 8i!! be $%cused c!ear! %n &'e de6ands %$ &'e -ues&i%n bu& &'ere 8i!! be

s%6e unevenness: T'e a..r%ac' 8i!! be 6%s&! ana!&ica! %r e7.!ana&%r ra&'er&'an descri.&ive %r narra&ive: T'e ans8er 8i!! be 6%s&! re!evan&: M%s& %$ &'e

ar/u6en& 8i!! be s&ruc&ured c%'eren&! and su..%r&ed b !ar/e! accura&e $ac&ua!

3 ,1>,2 Essas 8i!! re$!ec& a c!ear unders&andin/ %$ &'e -ues&i%n and a $air a&&e6.& &%.r%vide an ar/u6en& and $ac&ua! 9n%8!ed/e &% ans8er i&: T'e a..r%ac' 8i!!

c%n&ain ana!sis %r e7.!ana&i%n bu& &'ere 6a be s%6e 'eavi! descri.&ive %rnarra&ive .assa/es: T'e ans8er 8i!! be !ar/e! re!evan&: Essas 8i!! ac'ieve a

@ ,@>, Essas 8i!! indica&e a&&e6.&s &% ar/ue re!evan&! a!&'%u/' %$&en i6.!ici&!: T'e

a..r%ac' 8i!! de.end 6%re %n s%6e 'eavi! descri.&ive %r narra&ive .assa/es &'an%n ana!sis %r e7.!ana&i%n5 8'ic' 6a be !i6i&ed &% in&r%duc&i%ns andc%nc!usi%ns: Fac&ua! 6a&eria!5 s%6e&i6es ver $u!!5 8i!! be used &% i6.ar&

in$%r6a&i%n %r describe even&s ra&'er &'an &% address direc&! &'e re-uire6en&s %$

,,>,3 Essas 8i!! %$$er s%6e a..r%.ria&e e!e6en&s bu& &'ere 8i!! be !i&&!e a&&e6.&/enera!! &% !in9 $ac&ua! 6a&eria! &% &'e re-uire6en&s %$ &'e -ues&i%n: T'e

a..r%ac' 8i!! !ac9 ana!sis and &'e -ua!i& %$ &'e descri.&i%n %r narra&ive5 a!&'%u/'su$$icien&! accura&e and re!evan& &% &'e &%.ic i$ n%& &'e .ar&icu!ar -ues&i%n5 8i!! n%&be !in9ed e$$ec&ive! &% &'e ar/u6en&: T'e s&ruc&ure 8i!! s'%8 8ea9nesses and &'e

1 >,+ Essas 8i!! n%& be .r%.er! $%cused %n &'e re-uire6en&s %$ &'e -ues&i%n: T'ere

6a be 6an unsu..%r&ed asser&i%ns and c%66en&aries &'a& !ac9 su$$icien& $ac&ua!su..%r&: T'e ar/u6en& 6a be %$ !i6i&ed re!evance &% &'e &%.ic and &'ere 6a bec%n$usi%n ab%u& &'e i6.!ica&i%ns %$ &'e -ues&i%n:

2 +>2 Essas 8i!! be c'arac&erised b si/ni$ican& irre!evance %r ar/u6en&s &'a& d% n%&be/in &% 6a9e si/ni$ican& .%in&s: T'e ans8ers 6a be !ar/e! $ra/6en&ar andinc%'eren&: Mar9s a& &'e b%&&%6 %$ &'is Band 8i!! be /iven ver rare! becauseeven &'e 6%s& 8a8ard and $ra/6en&ar ans8ers usua!! 6a9e a& !eas& a $e8 va!id.%in&s:

UCLES *+,+

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Sec&i%n A

, U T#ANT AS SECRETARYGENERAL

C%n&en& Ana!sis L*>3 EVALUATION L@>

A 4ri6ar s%urce US %naccessi%n %$ U T'an&:

S.ecu!a&es %n.%ssib!e i6.ac& %$ UT'an& and 'i/'!i/'&ss&ren/&'s and8ea9nesses:

Y( N X Re$ 8i&' C S%urce;s u&i!i&!i6i&ed because %$da&e %$ .ub!ica&i%n:

Y(N

B Sec%ndar vie8 bBri&is' ne8s.a.er:

Ta9es vie8 &'a& UT'an& 8as 8ea9 anda $ai!ure:

Y X re$ 8i&' D S%urce &a9esne/a&ive vie8 bu& is%n! &'e vie8 %$ %neU" ne8s.a.er:

Y

C Sec%ndar vie8 b anAsian ne8s.a.er:

Ta9es a 6i7ed vie8%$ U T'an&;s 8%r9:

Y(N X Re$ A and E S%urce a&&e6.&s &%&a9e a ba!anced vie88i&' s.eci$icre$erence &% even&sdurin/ U T'an&;s.eri%d in c'ar/e:

Y(N

D A Sec%ndar vie8b an acade6ic:

Ta9es vie8 &'a& UT'an& 6ade 6a&&ers8%rse in Mid Eas&:

Y X re$ 8i&' A

and C

S%urce !%%9s bac9and 'i/'!i/'&s %n!%ne area %$ c%ncern=Mid Eas&:

Y

E Sec%ndar s%urce bUNO:

Ta9es vie8 &'a& UT'an& 8as a successand 8'ere 'e $ai!edsuc' as Vie&na6 i&8as US &% b!a6e:

N X re$ 8i&' B

and C

S%urce c%n&ainsin$%r6a&i%n 8'ic'%$$ers a ba!ancedvie8 bu& is !in9ed&% %n! &8% even&s:

Y(N

On ba!ance asser&i%nis su..%r&ed:

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L, RITES ABOUT T#E #Y4OT#ESIS5 NO VALID USE OF SOURCES ,>

T'ese ans8ers 8i!! 8ri&e ab%u& U T'an& as Secre&arGenera! and 6i/'& use &'e s%urces:#%8ever5 candida&es 8i!! n%& use &'e s%urces as in$%r6a&i%n(evidence &% &es& &'e /iven'.%&'esis: I$ s%urces are used5 i& 8i!! be &% su..%r& an essas&!e ans8er &% &'e -ues&i%n:

L* USES INFORMATION TA"EN FROM T#E SOURCES TO C#ALLENGE OR SU44ORT T#E#Y4OT#ESIS 1>

T'ese ans8ers use &'e s%urces as in$%r6a&i%n ra&'er &'an as evidence5 i:e: s%urces are used a&$ace va!ue %n! 8i&' n% eva!ua&i%n(in&er.re&a&i%n in c%n&e7&:

L3 USES INFORMATION TA"EN FROM SOURCES TO C#ALLENGE AND SU44ORT T#E#Y4OT#ESIS 0>,3

T'ese ans8ers 9n%8 &'a& &es&in/ &'e '.%&'esis inv%!ves b%&' a&&e6.&in/ &% c%n$ir6 and &%dis.r%ve i&: #%8ever5 s%urces are s&i!! used %n! a& $ace va!ue:

L@ BY INTER4RETING(EVALUATING SOURCES IN CONTEXT5 FINDS EVIDENCE TOC#ALLENGE OR SU44ORT T#E #Y4OT#ESIS ,@>,1

T'ese ans8ers are ca.ab!e %$ usin/ s%urces as evidence5 i:e: de6%ns&ra&in/ &'eir u&i!i& in &es&in/&'e '.%&'esis5 b in&er.re&in/ &'e6 in &'eir 'is&%rica! c%n&e7&5 i:e: n%& si6.! acce.&in/ &'e6 a&&'eir $ace va!ue:

L BY INTER4RETING(EVALUATING SOURCES IN CONTEXT5 FINDS EVIDENCE TOC#ALLENGE AND SU44ORT T#E #Y4OT#ESIS ,2>*,

T'ese ans8ers 9n%8 &'a& &es&in/ &'e '.%&'esis inv%!ves a&&e6.&in/ b%&' &% c%n$ir6 and

disc%n$ir6 &'e '.%&'esis5 and are ca.ab!e %$ usin/ s%urces as evidence &% d% &'is Hi:e: b%&'c%n$ir6a&i%n and disc%n$ir6a&i%n are d%ne a& &'is !eve!:

L1 AS L5 4LUS EIT#ER Ha EX4LAINS #Y EVIDENCE TO C#ALLENGE(SU44ORT ISBETTER(4REFERRED5 OR Hb RECONCILES(EX4LAINS 4ROBLEMS IN T#E EVIDENCE TOS#O T#AT NEIT#ER C#ALLENGE NOR SU44ORT IS TO BE 4REFERRED **>*

F%r Ha &'e ar/u6en& 6us& be &'a& &'e evidence $%r a/reein/(disa/reein/ is be&&er(.re$erred: T'is6us& inv%!ve a c%6.ara&ive

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Sec&i%n B

* Assess &'e vie8 &'a& nei&'er &'e USA n%r &'e USSR 8an&ed a C%!d ar &% deve!%. in Eur%.e in &'eears ,0@ >,0@0:

Candida&es 'ave &'e %..%r&uni& &% assess &'e reas%ns $%r &'e %ri/ins and deve!%.6en& %$ &'eC%!d ar5 in &'e ears ,0@ >,0@05 in re!a&i%n &% &'e 'is&%rica! deba&e %n &'e issue:

T'e asser&i%n in &'e -ues&i%n 6a !ead candida&es &% discuss &'e .%s& revisi%nis& vie8: In su..%r&%$ &'e vie8 &'e 6a s&a&e &'a& &'e US 6isin&er.re&ed &'e reas%ns 8' &'e USSR es&ab!is'edc%66unis& re/i6es in Eas&ern Eur%.e5 in &'e ears ,0@ >,0@0: T'e 6a a!s% s&a&e &'a& S&a!in6a 'ave 6isin&er.re&ed &'e reas%ns be'ind &'e crea&i%n %$ BiJ%nia in &'e US and U" J%nes %$Ger6an: U!&i6a&e!5 candida&es 6a s&a&e &'a& nei&'er &'e USA n%r &'e USSR 8an&edc%n$r%n&a&i%n bu& i& &%%9 .!ace an8a:

T% c%un&er &'e asser&i%n in &'e -ues&i%n candida&es 6a re$er &% &'e &radi&i%na!(%r&'%d%7 vie8 &'a&S&a!in de!ibera&e! .r%v%9ed &ensi%n &'r%u/' 'is .%!icies: A!&erna&ive! candida&es 6a re$er &% &'e

revisi%nis& vie8 8'ic' &ends &% !a &'e b!a6e 8i&' Tru6an and &'e USA: In eac' case re$erences&% &'e 'is&%rica! deba&e 8i!! need &% be su..%r&ed b de&ai!ed $ac&ua! evidence:

3 #%8 $ar 8as &'e US .%!ic %$ c%n&ain6en& &'e cause %$ &'e /!%ba!isa&i%n %$ &'e C%!d ar5in &'e ears ,0+>,0+K

Candida&es 'ave &'e %..%r&uni& &% assess &'e reas%ns be'ind &'e /!%ba!isa&i%n %$ &'e C%!d ar$r%6 ,0+: T'e 6a s&a&e &'a& US su..%r& $%r c%n&ain6en& 8as a 6a

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Assess &'e vie8 &'a& &'e success %$ C'ina and &'e $ai!ure %$ &'e USSR &% survive &'e crisis%$ &'e ,0+s 8as due &% &'e -ua!i& %$ .%!i&ica! !eaders'i.K

Candida&es 'ave &'e %..%r&uni& &% discuss &'e crises $acin/ &'e 8%r!d;s !ar/es& c%66unis& s&a&esin &'e ,0+s: In C'ina &'e crisis 8as s.ar9ed b &'e i6.ac& %$ ne85 !ibera! ec%n%6ic .%!icies

8'ic' &rans$%r6ed &'e C'inese ec%n%6 ra.id! and !ed &% de6ands $%r 6a05 cu!6ina&in/ in &'e Tianan6en S-uare de6%ns&ra&i%ns and 6assacre: In &'e USSR &'ecrisis deve!%.ed because %$ &'e s&a/na&i%n %$ &'e S%vie& ec%n%6 and a&&e6.&s &% reverse dec!ine&'r%u/' &'e .%!icies %$ /!asn%s& and .eres&r%i9a:

Candida&es 6a 6en&i%n &'a& Den/ Xia% 4in/ s'%8ed res%!u&e !eaders'i. &'r%u/' ec%n%6icre$%r6s 8'ic' 8ere brin/in/ /rea&er ec%n%6ic .r%s.eri& and in usin/ &'e 4LA &% e$$ec&ive! crus'.%!i&ica! %..%si&i%n in ,00:

G%rbac'ev5 in c%n&ras&5 $ai!ed &% reverse &'e S%vie& ec%n%6ic dec!ine and $ai!ed &% s'%8 res%!u&e!eaders'i. in $ace %$ de6ands $%r .%!i&ica! re$%r6 in Eas&ern Eur%.e and &'e USSR in ,00>,00,:

1 #%8 $ar did nuc!ear 8ea.%ns 6a9e &'e C%!d ar !ess dan/er%us in &'e ears ,0@0 &%,0+K

Candida&es 'ave &'e %..%r&uni& &% discuss &'e r%!e %$ nuc!ear 8ea.%ns in &'e C%!d ar and '%8&'eir deve!%.6en& a$$ec&ed su.er.%8er re!a&i%ns: T'e 6a s&a&e &'a& &'e idea %$ Mu&ua!!Assured Des&ruc&i%n HMAD 'e!.ed s&abi!ise &'e C%!d ar: I& 6ean& &'a& nei&'er &'e USA and n%rUSSR 8an&ed a 'ead %n c%n$r%n&a&i%n: 'en &'is did %ccur %ver Cuba in ,01* b%&' c%un&riesreac&ed 8i&' &'e 4ar&ia! Tes& Ban Trea& %$ ,013 and &'e M%!in9 in ,013:

T'e decisi%n5 in SALT I5 &% ban ABM ss&e6s $ur&'er en'anced &'e s&abi!isin/ e!e6en& in nuc!ear8ea.%nr: #%8ever5 candida&es 6a 6en&i%n &'a& &'e S%vie& deve!%.6en& %$ &'ea&re nuc!ear

8ea.%ns5 suc' as &'e SS*+ and &'e US de.!%6en& %$ &'ea&re nuc!ear 8ea.%ns in &'e $%r6 %$4ers'in/ II and Cruise in ,0,>35 des&abi!ised &'e C%!d ar !eadin/ &% a ne8 .eri%d %$c%n$r%n&a&i%n: A!s% &'e US decisi%n &% !aunc' &'e SDI ini&ia!! !ed &% c%n$r%n&a&i%n bu& u!&i6a&e! !ed&'e USSR &% &'e c%n$erence &ab!e in ,01> in %rder &% end nuc!ear c%n$r%n&a&i%n:

2 T% 8'a& e7&en& 8as )a.an;s ec%n%6ic 6irac!e; &'e resu!& %$ &'e ec%n%6ic .%!icies %$ successive)a.anese /%vern6en&sK

Candida&es 'ave &'e %..%r&uni& &% assess &'e reas%ns be'ind &'e )a.anese ec%n%6ic 6irac!e:T'e 6a 6en&i%n s.eci$ic ac&s b successive Libera! /%vern6en&s 8'ic' aided )a.aneseec%n%6ic /r%8&': T'ere 8as /%vern6en& su..%r& $%r &'e )a.anese aiba&su c%r.%ra&i%ns 8i&'direc& !in9s be&8een aiba&su and &'e Libera! /%vern6en& in &er6s %$ c%66ercia! .%!ic5 &a7 ande7.%r& .%!ic: T'e 6a 6en&i%n &'e .iv%&a! r%!e %$ MITI in )a.anese /%vern6en& .%!ic %nec%n%6ics:

Candida&es 6a a!s% 6en&i%n $ac&%rs suc' as &'e .re$eren&ia! &rea&6en& %$$ered &% )a.an b &'eUSA in &'e ,0+s5 &'e dec!ine %$ s6%9es&ac9 indus&ries in &'e 8es& &'r%u/' !ac9 %$ 6%dernisa&i%nand R and D5 &'e 8%r9 e&'ic %$ &'e )a.anese and &'e !i6i&ed 6i!i&ar e7.endi&ure %$ )a.an 8'%re!ied %n &'e USA $%r .r%&ec&i%n:

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Ec%n%6ic 6is6ana/e6en&5 ra&'er &'an 8ar and $a6ine5 8as A$rica;s 6%s& seri%us .r%b!e6 in &'e.eri%d ,02+ &% ,00,:;Assess &'is vie8:

Candida&es 'ave &'e %..%r&uni& &% assess &'e reas%ns be'ind A$rica;s c%n&inued ec%n%6ic

.r%b!e6s $r%6 ,02+ &% ,00,: In su..%r& %$ &'e asser&i%n in &'e -ues&i%n candida&es 6a re$er &%&'e c%nce.& %$ "!e.&%crac 8'ic' a$$!ic&ed 6an A$rican s&a&es suc' as Ni/eria5 Cen&ra! A$ricanRe.ub!ic and aire: T'e 6a a!s% 6en&i%n &'e ec%n%6ic .%!icies %$ !eaders suc' as Nerere inTanJania5 &'e .%!icies %$ successive G'anaian ru!ers be$%re Ra8!in/s5 &'e .%!ic %$ "aunda ina6bia and &'e .%!icies %$ &'e s%cia!is& /%vern6en& in E&'i%.ia 8'ic' a!! br%u/'& ec%n%6ic.r%b!e6s $%r &'eir res.ec&ive s&a&es:

In c%n&ras&5 candida&es 6a 6en&i%n &'e des&ruc&ive i6.ac& %$ c%n$!ic& suc' as &'e 8ars be&8eenE&'i%.ia and S%6a!ia and Eri&rea5 &'e civi! 8ars in An/%!a and M%Ja6bi-ue5 civi! 8ar in aire and8ars %$ !ibera&i%n in i6bab8e5 An/%!a and M%Ja6bi-ue: T'e 6a a!s% 6en&i%n &'e 'i/'incidence %$ $a6ine in &'e Sa'e! area %$ 8es&ern A$rica5 S%6a!ia and E&'i%.ia:

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