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CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS

GCE Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level

MARK SCHEME !r "#e N!ve$ber %&&' (ues"i!n )a)ers

*+*, HISTOR-

*+*,.&/ 0a)er / 1M!dern Eur!)ean His"!ry2 /,3*4/*'*52$a6i$u$ $ar7 /&&

*+*,.&% 0a)er % 1S!u"#eas" Asia8 9r!$ C!l!nies "! Na"i!ns /3,& : /*3&52$a6i$u$ $ar7 /&&

*+*,.&' 0a)er ' 1In"erna"i!nal His"!ry2 /*;T#ey d! n!" indica"e "#e de"ails ! "#e discussi!ns "#a" "!!7 )lace a" an E6a$iners@ $ee"in be!re$ar7in bean> Any subs"an"ial c#anes "! "#e $ar7 sc#e$e "#a" ar!se r!$ "#ese discussi!ns ?illbe rec!rded in "#e )ublis#ed Report on the Examination>

All E6a$iners are ins"ruc"ed "#a" al"erna"ive c!rrec" ans?ers and une6)ec"ed a))r!ac#es incandida"es@ scri)"s $us" be iven $ar7s "#a" airly relec" "#e relevan" 7n!?lede and s7illsde$!ns"ra"ed>

Mar7 sc#e$es $us" be read in c!nunc"i!n ?i"# "#e (ues"i!n )a)ers and "#e Report on theExamination>

CIE ?ill n!" en"er in"! discussi!ns !r c!rres)!ndence in c!nnec"i!n ?i"# "#ese $ar7 sc#e$es>

CIE is )ublis#in "#e $ar7 sc#e$es !r "#e N!ve$ber %&&' (ues"i!n )a)ers !r $!s" IGCSE andGCE Advanced Level syllabuses>

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GENERIC MARK BANDS 9OR ESSA- =ESTIONS

E6a$iners s#!uld n!"e "#e c#anes in "#e $ar7 bands r!$ "#!se used in )revi!us e6a$ina"i!ns> T#esec#anes ?ill $a7e i" nei"#er easier n!r $!re diicul" !r candida"es "! reac# a )ar"icular rade b!undarybu" s#!uld acili"a"e decisi!ns ab!u" rade b!undaries by ?idenin "#e rane ! $ar7s a?arded "! eac#rade> E6a$iners can n!"e "#e rade b!undaries iven bel!?>

E6a$iners ?ill assess ?#ic# Level ! Res)!nse bes" relec"s $!s" ! "#e ans?er> An ans?er ?ill n!" bere(uired "! de$!ns"ra"e all ! "#e descri)"i!ns in a )ar"icular Level "! (ualiy !r a Mar7 Band>

In bands ! ' $ar7s2 e6a$iners ?ill n!r$ally a?ard "#e $iddle $ar72 $!dera"in i" u) !r d!?n acc!rdin"! "#e )ar"icular (uali"ies ! "#e ans?er> In bands ! % $ar7s2 e6a$iners s#!uld a?ard "#e l!?er $ar7 i anans?er us" deserves "#e band and "#e #i#er $ar7 i "#e ans?er clearly deserves "#e band>

Levels ! Res)!nseT#e a))r!ac# ?ill be c!nsis"en"ly analy"ical !r e6)lana"!ry ra"#er "#an descri)"ive !rnarra"ive> Essays ?ill be ully relevan"> T#e aru$en" ?ill be s"ruc"ured c!#eren"ly andsu))!r"ed by very a))r!)ria"e ac"ual $a"erial> T#e ?ri"in ?ill be accura"e> A" "#el!?er end ! "#e band2 "#ere $ay be s!$e ?ea7er sec"i!ns bu" "#e !verall (uali"y ?ills#!? "#a" "#e candida"e sis in c!n"r!l ! "#e aru$en"> T#e bes" ans?ers $us" be

a?arded %< $ar7s>

Essays ?ill be !cused clearly !n "#e de$ands ! "#e (ues"i!n bu" "#ere ?ill be s!$eunevenness> T#e a))r!ac# ?ill be $!s"ly analy"ical !r e6)lana"!ry ra"#er "#andescri)"ive !r narra"ive> T#e ans?er ?ill be $!s"ly relevan"> M!s" ! "#e aru$en" ?illbe s"ruc"ured c!#eren"ly and su))!r"ed by larely accura"e ac"ual $a"erial> T#ei$)ressi!n ?ill be "#a" a !!d s!lid ans?er #ad been )r!vided>

Essays ?ill relec" a clear unders"andin ! "#e (ues"i!n and a air a""e$)" "! )r!videan aru$en" and ac"ual 7n!?lede "! ans?er i"> T#e a))r!ac# ?ill c!n"ain analysis !re6)lana"i!n bu" "#ere $ay be s!$e #eavily descri)"ive !r narra"ive )assaes> T#eans?er ?ill be larely relevan"> Essays ?ill ac#ieve a enuine aru$en" bu" $ay lac7balance and de)"# in ac"ual 7n!?lede> M!s" ! "#e ans?er ?ill be s"ruc"ured

sa"isac"!rily bu" s!$e )ar"s $ay lac7 ull c!#erence>

Essays ?ill indica"e a""e$)"s "! arue relevan"ly al"#!u# !"en i$)lici"ly> T#e a))r!ac#?ill de)end $!re !n s!$e #eavily descri)"ive !r narra"ive )assaes "#an !n analysis!r e6)lana"i!n2 ?#ic# $ay be li$i"ed "! in"r!duc"i!ns and c!nclusi!ns> 9ac"ual $a"erial2s!$e"i$es very ull2 ?ill be used "! i$)ar" in!r$a"i!n !r describe even"s ra"#er "#an "!address direc"ly "#e re(uire$en"s ! "#e (ues"i!n> T#e s"ruc"ure ! "#e aru$en" c!uldbe $!re !ranised $!re eec"ively>

Essays ?ill !er s!$e a))r!)ria"e ele$en"s bu" "#ere ?ill be li""le a""e$)" enerally "!lin7 ac"ual $a"erial "! "#e re(uire$en"s ! "#e (ues"i!n> T#e a))r!ac# ?ill lac7 analysisand "#e (uali"y ! "#e descri)"i!n !r narra"ive2 al"#!u# suicien"ly accura"e andrelevan" "! "#e "!)ic i n!" "#e )ar"icular (ues"i!n2 ?ill n!" be lin7ed eec"ively "! "#e

aru$en"> T#e s"ruc"ure ?ill s#!? ?ea7nesses and "#e "rea"$en" ! "!)ics ?i"#in "#eans?er ?ill be unbalanced>

Essays ?ill n!" be )r!)erly !cused !n "#e re(uire$en"s ! "#e (ues"i!n> T#ere $ay be$any unsu))!r"ed asser"i!ns and c!$$en"aries ?#ic# lac7 suicien" ac"ual su))!r">T#e aru$en" $ay be ! li$i"ed relevance "! "#e "!)ic and "#ere $ay be c!nusi!nab!u" "#e i$)lica"i!ns ! "#e (ues"i!n>

Essays ?ill be c#arac"erised by siniican" irrelevance !r aru$en"s ?#ic# d! n!" bein"! $a7e siniican" )!in"s> T#e ans?ers $ay be larely ra$en"ary and inc!#eren">

Mar7s a" "#e b!""!$ ! "#is Band ?ill be iven very rarely because even "#e $!s" ?ay?ard andra$en"ary ans?ers usually $a7e a" leas" a e? valid )!in"s>

0ae / Mar7 Sc#e$e SyllabusA.AS LEEL EXAMINATIONS : NOEMBER %&&' *+*,

Band Mar7s/ %/4%

For example, &here is evidence or and against the claim that Belgium's insistence

on maintaining its neutrality $rought a$out ermany's invasion! Source records theFrench guarantee that there would not $e an invasion o Belgium $y that country!Source # denies erman claims that Britain and France planned to invade Belgium!Source % conirms that Britain did not have an agreement to send solders toBelgium $eore the erman invasion! Source E states that the erman invasion oBelgium was the cause o the war! n the other hand, Source A shows that theerman #hancellor had promised that Belgian neutrality would $e respectedalthough this policy could not $e made pu$lic! Source B demonstrates theimportance o Belgium to ermany, which eared a French invasion through thatcountry! Source % states that ermany accused Britain o sending troops toBelgium, which would $e a threat to ermany!'

=niversi"y ! Ca$bride L!cal E6a$ina"i!ns Syndica"e %&&'

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0ae % Mar7 Sc#e$e Syllabus 0a)er

A.AS LEEL EXAMINATIONS : NOEMBER %&&' *+*, /

L; B- INTER0RETING.EAL=ATING SO=RCES IN CONTEXT2 9INDS EIDENCETO CHALLENGE OR S=00ORT THE H-0OTHESIS> F/;4/+

T#ese ans?ers are ca)able ! usin s!urces as evidence2 i>e> de$!ns"ra"in "#eiru"ili"y in "es"in "#e #y)!"#esis2 by in"er)re"in "#e$ in "#eir #is"!rical c!n"e6"2 i>e> n!"si$)ly acce)"in "#e$ a" ace value>

For example, &he S!urces mostly support the claim that Belgium's insistence onmaintaining its neutrality $rought a$out ermany's invasion! All o "#e sources werewritten at the time o the crisis, which adds to their relia$ility! &he writer o Source Arec!rds the views o $oth French and erman oicials and would have wished togive an accurate version to other Belgian am$assadors! Source B is $y the ermanam$assador and he was trying to deend the policies o his government! S!urce # isan oicial and pu$lic statement o the British government and shows the concern othat government! S!urce % is a report $y some$ody who (new a lot a$out Britishpolicy and it points that there ?ere no British plans to invade Belgium! Source Eshows the pu$lic support in Britain or the view that ermany caused the Belgiancrisis! '

L< B- INTER0RET ING AND EAL=ATING SO=RCES IN CONT EXT2 9INDEIDENCE TO CHALLENGE AND S=00ORT THE H-0OTHESIS> F/,4%/

T#ese ans?ers 7n!? "#a" "es"in "#e #y)!"#esis inv!lves a""e$)"in b!"# "! c!nir$and disc!nir$ "#e #y)!"#esis2 and are ca)able ! usin s!urces as evidence "! d!"#is 1i>e> b!"# c!n!r$a"i!n and disc!nir$a"i!n are d!ne a" "#is level5>

For example, )*+ plus !!!-owever, the Sources also point to another explanation!&he writer o Source A might not have $een ully aware o French and ermanpolicies! Source B shows the reasons why ermany did not wish its policy toBelgium to $e pu$licised. $ut eared a French invasion o Belgium! &he note is

mar(ed /ery #onidential0, which conirms the concern o ermany not to encourageFrance! Although Source # is an oicial statement o the British government, it is notnecessarily completely relia$le $ecause it would wish to deend British policy! Source% was also written $y an enemy o ermany! Source E is an extreme criticism oermany $y some$ody a British enemy o that country! -e would pro$a$lyexaggerate the responsi$ility o ermany or the out$rea( o war!'

L+ AS L F%%4%e> n!" us" ?#ys!$e evidence is be""er2 bu" ?#y s!$e evidence is ?!rse>

For example, Although 'Belgium's insistence on maintaining its neutrality $roughta$out ermany's invasion, there is some evidence to challenge the claim thatermany was completely to $lame! ermany elt surrounded $y hostile countriesand it was important that Belgium should not all under their control! &he writer oSource A provides a $alanced, and pro$a$ly accurate, account o the statements o$oth the French and erman governments! &here is no reason to dou$t the claimin Source B that Belgium was important to ermany and ermany had goodreason to ear French invasion, especially ater the outcome o the Franco12russian

3ar in 4567! Source %, whilst a well1inormed record o British policy, is uncleara$out what Britain intended to do! 8t does not ma(e clear what Britain planned to doin the event o an invasion o Belgium! Source E states erman guilt or the war,and especially or the invasion o Belgium, $ut its relia$ility is limited $y thecircumstances when it was written! '


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9!r 1b5 include all L< ans?ers ?#ic# use "#e evidence "! $!diy "#e #y)!"#esis1ra"#er "#an si$)ly see7in "! su))!r".c!n"radic"5 in !rder "! i$)r!ve i">

For example, &he sources show that, whilst Belgium's insistence on maintaining its

neutrality $rought a$out ermany's invasion, other countries were also responsi$le!ermany must $ear some $lame or the Belgian crisis and France and Britaininvolved! 8t was in the interests o each o three countries that Belgium shouldremain neutral and they eared the results o an invasion o Belgium! &hereoreeach country ollowed a deensive policy although that policy might actually lead toan invasion o Belgium! ermany could $est attac( France through Belgium!France eared a erman invasion, correctly in view o the Schlieen 2lan! Britainhad interests in Belgium $ut did not ma(e its policy suiciently clear until the crisishad erupted! &he Belgian crisis was as much the result o internationalmisunderstanding as o Belgium's own actions and policies!'


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Sec"i!n B

Essay ues"i!ns

% #ic# ! "#e rievances ! "#e T#ird Es"a"e in 9rance in /,3* ?ere "#e $!s"

i$)!r"an"J E6)lain y!ur ans?er>

T#e 7ey issue is "#e analysis ! "#e rievances ! /,3*> T#e (ues"i!n all!?scandida"es "! e6)lain "#e bac7r!und "! /,3* bu" a discri$ina"in ac"!r in reac#in"#e /*4%/ !r %%4%< band ?ill be "#e abili"y "! c!ncen"ra"e !n "#e si"ua"i!ni$$edia"ely be!re and a" "#e !u"brea7 ! "#e 9renc# Rev!lu"i!n> Ans?ers in "#esebands ?ill als! )r!vide a #ierarc#y ! )ri!ri"ies8 "#e $!s" i$)!r"an"J> T#erievances ! "#e T#ird Es"a"e2 e6)ressed in "#e ca#iers2 ?ere )red!$inan"lyec!n!$ic> T#ey s#!uld re!r$s ! "#e iscal sys"e$ "! end "#e unair )r!)!r"i!n !"a6es "#a" "#ey #ad "! bear> T#is relec"ed ?ider dissa"isac"i!n ?i"# "#e )rivilees !"#e 9irs" and Sec!nd Es"a"es> T#e $ee"in ! "#e Es"a"es General ?as !ll!?edi$$edia"ely by "#e e6)ressi!n ! )!li"ical rievances2 re)resen"ed es)ecially by "#e

de$and !r v!"in by #ead> ery #i# credi" ?ill be iven ?#en candida"es n!"e "#a"in /,3* "#e rievances ?ere n!" aains" L!uis XI )ers!nally !r aains" "#e$!narc#y as an ins"i"u"i!n> //4/' $ar7s can be iven !r basic acc!un"s ! "#esi"ua"i!n in 9rance al"#!u# "#ese ans?ers2 and "#!se ?!r"# /;4/ /*4%/ can be a?arded "! ans?ers "#a" are$!s"ly s!und bu" ?#ic# $iss s!$e )!ssible lines ! discussi!n ab!u" /,3* "#ere$i#" be "!! $uc# unc!nnec"ed bac7r!und> ell4!cused ans?ers "#a" s#!?!!d abili"y "! analyse ?ill be a?arded %%4%< $ar7s>

' Did "#e Indus"rial Rev!lu"i!n resul" in $!re advan"aes "#an disadvan"aes

!r "#e ?!r7in classes in nine"een"#4cen"ury Eur!)eJ 1-!u s#!uld reer "!devel!)$en"s in a" leas" "?! ! Bri"ain2 9rance and Ger$any in y!ur ans?er>5

T#e 7ey issue is "#e eec"s ! indus"rialisa"i!n !n "#e ?!r7in classes> Candida"escan arue !r and aains" "#e balance ! advan"ae bu" E6a$iners ?ill l!!7 !rreas!ned and su))!r"ed assess$en"s> T#e direc"i!n "! reer "! a" leas" "?! c!un"riess#!uld uide candida"es a?ay r!$ vaue discussi!n bu" "#e $ar7 ?ill n!" de)end!n ?#e"#er "#ey discuss "?! !r "#ree c!un"ries> T#e $!s" i$)!r"an" issue2 as al?ays2?ill be "#e (uali"y ! "#e discussi!n> Advan"aes included2 !r "#e $!s" )ar"2 #i#ere$)l!y$en"> T#ere ?ere )eri!dic )eri!ds ! de)ressi!n and "#ere!re une$)l!y$en"bu" "#ese ?ere n!" ?!rse "#an "#!se suered by ararian ?!r7ers> Indus"rialiseds!cie"ies crea"ed "#e !))!r"uni"y !r !ranisa"i!n by ?#ic# ?!r7ers c!uld )u"

)ressure !n "#e es"ablis#$en" "! ive s!cial and s!$e"i$es )!li"ical c!ncessi!ns> By"#e end ! "#e cen"ury2 "#e ranc#ise #ad ?idened "! include $!s" ! "#e $ale ?!r7inclass> Disadvan"aes included "#e end ! an inde)enden" lies"yle> !r7ers ?ereuni"s in larer ec!n!$ic r!u)s> Livin c!ndi"i!ns in ci"ies $i#" be e6a$ined bu" i" isaruable ?#e"#er "#ese ?ere ?!rse "#an in "#ec!un"ryside> //4/' ans?ers ?ill )r!bably c!n"ain !nly relevan" bu" eneral

discussi!ns ! indus"rialisa"i!n> Gains and l!sses ?ill be asser"ed ra"#er "#ane6)lained> 9uller descri)"i!ns can be a?arded /;4/< $ar7s> T#ese ans?ers $i#"be very !ne4sided> M!re e6)lana"!ry c!$$en"s ?i"# "#e abili"y "! s!$e"#in !advan"aes and disadvan"aes2 su))!r"ed by s!$e valid e6a$)les2 ?ill deserve /+4

/3 $ar7s> /*4%/ ans?ers ?ill be able "! c!$)are advan"aes and disadvan"aesbu" "#ey ?ill be less c!$)le"e "#an "#e essays "#a" are ?!r"# %%4%< $ar7s>


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; H!? si$ilar ?ere "#e ai$s and $e"#!ds ! Bis$arc7 and Cav!ur in "#e uniica"i!n !Ger$any and I"alyJ

T#e 7ey issue is "#e c!$)aris!n ! Bis$arc7 and Cav!ur> //4/' $ar7s can be a?arded"! ans?ers "#a" de$!ns"ra"e a basic 7n!?lede and unders"andin ! b!"# s"a"es$en>

/;4/< $ar7s ?ill re(uire uller descri)"i!ns> T#e ans?ers in "#ese bands ?ill )r!bably bevery narra"ive and "#ere ?ill be li""le ab!u" "#eir ai$s and li""le c!$)aris!n> T#e /+4/3band ?ill re(uire s!$e $!re c!$)aris!n and s!$e $!re c!nvincin e6)lana"i!ns !ai$s and $e"#!ds> A !cus !n "#e 7ey ?!rds 1si$ilar2 ai$s2 $e"#!ds5 ?ill "a7eans?ers "! /*4%/ !r %%4% T#e /*4%/ ans?ers ?ill be $!s"ly s!und bu" ?ill $iss s!$e)!ssible lines ! discussi!n> B!"# Bis$arc7 and Cav!ur ?ere c!ncerned )ri$arily ?i"#"#e in"eres"s ! "#eir s"a"es ra"#er "#an ! "#eir c!un"ries as a ?#!le> B!"# sa? Aus"ria as"#eir $a!r ene$y> T#ey c#aned "! a ?ider c!$$i"$en" "! uniica"i!n> Bis$arc7 ?is#ed"! re"ain "#e c!n"r!l ! "#e "radi"i!nal au"#!ri"ies in 0russia 1Kin and un7ers5 Cav!urals! deended "#e $!narc#y al"#!u# #e ?as n!" as de)enden" !n "#e "radi"i!nallanded aris"!cracy> B!"# ?ere careul "! secure "#e assis"ance ! !"#er )!?erulc!un"ries2 ei"#er "#r!u# benev!len" neu"rali"y

!r )!si"ive c!4!)era"i!n> T#ere ?ere dierences and H!? si$ilar>>>J invi"es

candida"es "! e6)l!re "#ese dierences> 0russias ar$y ?as s"r!ner "#an 0ied$!n"s>Bis$arc7 ?as n!" c#allened2 as Cav!ur ?as2 by rival leaders in "#e devel!)$en" !uniica"i!n> Credi" s#!uld be iven ?#en candida"es "#a" Cav!ur died be!re c!$)le"euniica"i!n #ad been ac#ieved ?#ereas Bis$arc7 lived "! see "#e es"ablis#$en" ! "#ene? Ger$an E$)ire> T#e even"s leadin "! uniica"i!n can be e6)lained ?i"#in "#ec!nsen" ! suc# )!in"s>

< H!? i$)!r"an" ?ere ec!n!$ic rivalries as a reas!n !r i$)erial e6)ansi!n in "#ela"er nine"een"# cen"uryJ

T#e 7ey issue is "#e e6"en" "! ?#ic# ec!n!$ic rivalries ?ere a reas!n !r i$)erialis$ in"#is )eri!d> H!? i$)!r"an">>>J all!?s candida"es "! discuss !"#er ac"!rs suc# as$ili"ary.s"ra"eic in"eres"s2 "#e )ressure ! )ublic !)ini!n2 )ers!nal in"erven"i!ns andrelii!us $!"ives> H!?ever2 //4/' $ar7s ?ill re(uire a basic unders"andin !ec!n!$ic in"eres"s> Ans?ers in "#is band and in "#e /;4/< band ?ill )r!bably be verydescri)"ive ab!u" ec!n!$ic ac"!rs> /+ ?ill re(uire "#e c!$bina"i!n ! eneral clai$sand a))r!)ria"e e6a$)les bu" "#ese can be dra?n r!$ )ar"icular rei!ns> T#ere ?as asearc# !r ra? $a"erials "! su))!r" "#e indus"ries "#a" ?ere devel!)in as" in Eur!)e>S!$e ! "#ese ?ere un!b"ainable in Eur!)e2 e>> !il2 rubber> aluable de)!si"s ! !ldand dia$!nds in Arica ?ere an induce$en"> Inves"$en" $i#" be reerred "! and "#evie? "#a" i$)erialis$ ?as "#e #i#es" !r$ ! ca)i"alis$> T#ere ?as "#e #!)e !!verseas $ar7e"s> S!$e candida"e $i#" in"er)re" s!$e s!cial ac"!rs as ec!n!$ic2

!r e6a$)le "#e )!ssibili"y "#a" "#e ne? c!l!nies $i#" ive "#e !))!r"uni"y "! deal ?i"#increased )!)ula"i!ns> T#is s#!uld be iven credi">

+ H!? ar2 by /*%;2 #ad Lenin es"ablis#ed a Mar6is" s"a"e in RussiaJ

T#e 7ey issue is "#e es"ablis#$en" ! a Mar6is" s"a"e in /*%;> %%4%< can be a?arded "!ans?ers "#a" s#!? a ir$ ras) ! Mar6is$ and can a))ly i" "! Lenins Russia> H!?ar>>> invi"es candida"es "! e6a$ine "#e e6"en" and li$i"s ! "#e clai$ "#a" Russiabeca$e a Mar6is" c!un"ry> /*4%/ ans?ers ?ill $a7e s!$e valid )!in"s ab!u" Mar6is$bu" ?ill be $!re uneven> T#e ans?ers in "#e !"#er bands ?ill )r!bably deal $!reenerally ?i"# c!$$unis$> T#e /+4/3 bands ?ill )r!bably include $any ans?ers "#a"

are $!s"ly descri)"ive bu" ?#ic# als! $a7e s!$e valid c!$$en"s ! e6)lana"i!n !rassess$en"> /;4/< can be iven "! (ui"e de"ailed narra"ive "#a" lac7 c!$$en"s and //4/' ans?ers ?ill c!n"ain basic descri)"i!n !r narra"ive> Lenin s!u#" "! es"ablis# aMar6is" s"a"e "#r!u# "#e dic"a"!rs#i) ! "#e )r!le"aria"2 relec"ed in a )ar"ners#i)be"?een "#e s!vie"s and "#e B!ls#evi7 )ar"y> In )rac"ice2 "#e B!ls#evi7s beca$esu)re$e> ar c!$$unis$ re)resen"ed Mar6is" "#e!ry bu" ?as )r!bably i$)le$en"ed


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0ae + Mar7 Sc#e$e Syllabus 0a)er


$!re !r )ra$a"ic reas!ns2 "! eed "#e )!)ula"i!n a"er "#e disas"r!us eec"s ! "#e9irs" !rld ar and "#e Rev!lu"i!n> T#e NE0 ?as a ?i"#dra?al "! a $!re $i6edec!n!$y> M!s" candida"es ?ill see Lenin as es"ablis#in a B!ls#evi7 dic"a"!rs#i) and"#e use ! "#e C#e7a ?as i$)!r"an"> H!?ever2 credi" s#!uld be iven "! candida"es?#! unders"and "#a" "#e su)re$acy ! "#e )ar"y and ! Lenin #i$sel did n!" $ean "#e

disa))earance ! !"#er r!u)s2 e>> Mens#evi7s and S!cial De$!cra"s by /*%;2al"#!u# "#eir inluence ?as $uc# reduced>

, H!? ar d! y!u aree "#a" ec!n!$ic reas!ns ?ere "#e $!s" i$)!r"an" cause !"#e rise ! a "!"ali"arian !vern$en" in ei"#er Ger$any !r I"aly durin "#e /*%&s and/*'&sJ

T#e 7ey issue is "#e causes ! "#e rise ! "!"ali"arian !vern$en" in Eur!)e2 usinGer$any !r I"aly as an e6a$)le> Candida"es $i#" disaree ?i"# "#e clai$ in "#e(ues"i!n bu" "#e //4/' band ?ill de)end !n a basic unders"andin ! "#is ac"!r> T#e9irs" !rld ar caused "#e ec!n!$ic c!lla)se ! "#e Ger$an E$)ire and ei$ar ?asaced ?i"# c!n"inuin ec!n!$ic )r!ble$s as a resul" ! "#e ?ar and as a c!nse(uence

! "#e all S"ree" Cras#> T#e rise ! Muss!lini )receded "#e all S"ree" Cras# bu" "#e)!s"4?ar I"alian ec!n!$y ?as ?ea72 #ence Muss!linis e$)#asis !n )r!ra$$es !ec!n!$ic re!r$> Candida"es can als! e6)l!re !"#er causes suc# as "#e )!li"ical?ea7ness ! )re4"!"ali"arian !vern$en"s> T#e ei$ar Re)ublic ?as )!li"ically uns"ableand ?as !verned by a series ! ?ea7 !vern$en"s> Ri#"4?in )!li"icians and "#eirallies under4es"i$a"ed Hi"ler and "#e Nais> I"alian de$!cra"ic !vern$en"s ?ere unable"! ac#ieve s"abili"y> T#e )!"en"ial !r a Muss!lini dic"a"!rs#i) ?as n!" realised> T#e!))!nen"s ! "#e "!"ali"arian rulers ?ere divided> S!$e candida"es ?ill e6a$ine "#e)!si"ive a))eal ! "#e rev!lu"i!nary."!"ali"arian r!u)s> ery #i# credi" ?ill be iven "!candida"es ?#! c!nsider ?#y "!"ali"arian !vern$en"s e$ered> In b!"# Ger$any andI"aly2 "#is see$ed "! be by )!)ular c!nsen">

3 H!? ar d! y!u aree "#a" "#e c!nse(uence ! "#e 9irs" !rld ar ?ere rea"er"#an any !"#er ?ar r!$ /,3*J 1-!u s#!uld reer "! "#e 9irs" !rld ar and a" leas"!ne !"#er ?ar in y!ur ans?er>5

T#is (ues"i!n all!?s candida"es "! dra? !n "#eir s"udy ! "?! "!)ics in "#e syllabus>T#e ins"ruc"i!n "! reer "! a" leas" "?! ?ars2 /*/;4/3 and !ne !"#er is "! uide "#e$a?ay r!$ vaue discussi!ns> T#e nu$ber ! ?ars s"udied ?ill n!" in i"sel aec" "#e$ar7 "#e discri$ina"in ac"!r ?ill be "#e c!$)ara"ive ele$en" al"#!u# ans?ers "#a"can sus"ain a c!$)aris!n acr!ss a nu$ber ! ?ars ?ill deserve a #i# $ar7> Bu" %%4% /*4%/ can be a?arded "! c!$)ara"ive

ans?ers "#a" are $!s"ly secure bu" "#ere ?ill be s!$e a)s in )!ssible lines !discussi!n> /+4/3 ans?ers ?ill c!n"ain s!$e valid c!$)aris!n in !"#er?ise descri)"ivea))r!ac#es> Ans?ers in "#e //4/' and /;4/< bands ?ill )r!bably all in"! "?!ca"e!ries8 "#!se "#a" are #i#ly se(uen"ial in "#eir narra"ives !r descri)"i!n2 ?i"# li""lec!$)aris!n and "#!se "#a" $a7e s!$e c!$)aris!ns bu" ?#ic# are very eneral insu))!r"in evidence> T#e 7ey issue is "#e c!nse(uences2 n!" "#e causes2 ! ?ar> T#e9irs" !rld ar led "! rev!lu"i!n in Russia and "! "#e all ! $!narc#ies in Aus"ria4Hunary and Ger$any> I" des"abilised di)l!$acy !r a enera"i!n and2 i" can bearued2 led "! "#e !u"brea7 ! "#e Sec!nd !rld ar> H!?ever2 "#ere ?ere a""e$)"s "!es"ablis# an in"erna"i!nal arbi"ra"!r in "#e Leaue ! Na"i!ns al"#!u# "#e a""e$)" ?asunsuccessul> Candida"es need "! (ui"e s)eciic !n "#e eec"s ! !"#er ?ars> T#e )!in"s

"! be discussed ?ill de)end !n "#eir c#!sen e6a$)les> T#ey are li7ely "! #ave s"udieda selec"i!n r!$ "#e 9renc# Rev!lu"i!nary2 and es)ecially "#e Na)!le!nic ?ars2 and.!rBis$arc7s ?ars "#a" led "! "#e uniica"i!n ! Ger$any>


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N!ve$ber %&&'

GCE AS AND A LEEL

0a)er % 1S!u"#eas" Asia8 9r!$ C!l!nies "! Na"i!ns /3,&4/*3&5

S-LLAB=S.COM0ONENT8 *+*,.&%

MAXIM=M MARK8 /&&

MARK SCHEME

HISTOR-

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0ae / Mar7 Sc#e$e Syllabus 0a)er

A.AS LEEL EXAMINATIONS : NOEMBER %&&' *+*, %

SECTION A8 THE 0OLITICAL DEELO0MENT O9 SINGA0ORE2 /*;

L/ RITES ABO=T THE H-0OTHESIS2 NO =SE O9 SO=RCES F/4 Included in "#is

level ans?ers ?#ic# ive in!r$a"i!n "a7en r!$ "#e s!urces2 bu" !nly in )r!ducinan acc!un" ! "#e even"s2 ra"#er "#an "es"in "#e #y)!"#esis>

L% =SES IN9ORMATION 9ROM THE SO=RCES TO CHALLENGE OR S=00ORTTHE H-0OTHESIS F+43

T#ese ans?ers use "#e s!urces as in!r$a"i!n ra"#er "#an evidence2 i>e> s!urces areused a" ace value !nly ?i"# n! evalua"i!n.in"er)re"a"i!n in c!n"e6">

For example 9es, as Source B suggests, &un(u wanted to prevent Singapore$ecoming a communist state! r :o, Source A shows how enthusiastic *ee ;uan9ew was>

L' =SES IN9ORMATION 9ROM SO=RCES TO CHALLLENCE AND S=00ORT THEH-0OTHESIS F*4/'

T#ere is evidence !r and aains" "#e vie? "#a" i" ?as )urely !r s#!r"4"er$advan"aes> B!"# S!urce A and S!urce D sues" a enuine en"#usias$ !r $erer2"#!u# !n "#e !"#er #and S!urce B arues "#a" Malaya ?an"ed "! reduce "#ec!$$unis" "#rea" and S!urce C "#a" Sina)!re ?as l!!7in !r an accelera"ed r!u"e"! inde)endence>

L; B- INTER0RETING.EAL=ATING SO=RCES IN CONTEXT2 9INDS EIDENCETO CHALLENCE OR S=00ORT THE H-0OTHESIS F/;4/+

T#ese ans?ers are ca)able ! usin "#e s!urces as evidence i>e> de$!ns"ra"in "#eiru"ili"y in "ensin "#e #y)!"#esis2 by in"er)re"in "#e$ in "#eir #is"!rical c!n"e6" i>e> n!"si$)ly acce)"in "#e$ a" ace value>

For example Source A oers an am$itious $lue1print or a united peninsula with long1term advantages or Singapore < made at a time when the political uture waso$scure= it can $e seen as a $id or Singapore to $e included in any uture Britishplans! *;90s general philosophy is conirmed in Source E with his complaint a$outsegregated communal parties0 which was the reality with >alaysia! At ace value,Source % and the reerence to a multi1racial concept. in Source B $ac( up this long1

termism! Again, the short1term advantages or $oth sides are set out in Source B andSource # $ut that they had little in common is revealed in Source # and again inSource E! Although the &un(u had proposed a multi1racial concept0 or >alaysia)Source B, Source E suggests how ar short o this concept, >alaysia had allen $yits reerence to segregated communal parties0!

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L< B- INTER0RETIGN SO=RCES I N CONTEXT2 9 INDS EIDENCE TOCHALLENCE AND S=00ORT THE H-0OTHESIS F/,4%/

T#ese ans?ers 7n!? "#a" "es"in "#e #y)!"#esis inv!lves a""e$)"in b!"# "!

c!nir$ and c#allene "#e #y)!"#esis and are ca)able ! usin s!urces asevidence "! d! "#is 1i>e> b!"# c!nir$a"i!n and c#allene are d!ne a" "#is level5>

For example -owever some o the Sources do suggest that long1term as well asshort1term advantages were $eing considered! For instance, on one interpretationSources A and % may $oth $e long1term visions o a uture united peninsula! 9etSource A may $e no more than a cynical ploy and in Source % the Barisan Socialists$y supporting the merger may $e considering how ar the merger will ena$le them toulil their long1term aims o creating a socialist state!

L+ AS L< 0L=S EITHER 1a5 EX0LAINS H- EIDENCE TO CHALLENGE.S=00ORTIS BETTER.0RE9ERRED2 OR 1b5 RECONCILES.EX0LAINS 0ROBLEMS IN

EIDENCE TO SHO THAN NEITHER CHALLENCE NOR S=00ORT IS0RE9ERRED> F%%4%e> n!" us" ?#y s!$eevidence is be""er2 bu" ?#y !"#er evidence is ?!rse> 9!r 1b5 include all L< ans?ers?#ic# use "#e evidence "! $!diy "#e #y)!"#esis 1ra"#er "#an si$)ly see7in "!su))!r".c!n"radic"5 in !rder "! i$)r!ve i" e>> arues "#a" ?#ile "#e )ar ?ere ill4$a"c#ed2 and s#!r"4"er$ advan"aes ?ere in "#e $inds ! b!"# )ar"ies2 !"#er ac"!rssuc# as l!n4"er$ )!li"ical !r ec!n!$ic advan"aes $ay als! #ave been ac!nsidera"i!n>

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SECTION B

% Every?#ere in S!u"#eas" Asia2 Eur!)eans s!u#" "! $!dernise "radi"i!nals!cie"ies@> H!? ar d! y!u aree ?i"# "#is assess$en" ! "#eir r!le durin "#e )eri!d/3,&4/*/;J

Ans?ers "! "#is (ues"i!n $ay dra? !n "#e #is"!ry ! several SEA c!un"ies "!illus"ra"e "#e us"ice 1!r !"#er?ise5 ! "#is asser"i!n>

i5 One a$iliar line ?ill "urn u)!n "#e s#adin ! ! indirec" rule in"! direc" rule in"#e #is"!rical e6)erience ! Malaya2 runnin r!$ /3,; "! 9edera"i!n in /3*+2 "!"#e ur"#er encr!ac#$en"s br!u#" ab!u" by "#e /*&* Trea"y and "#einc!r)!ra"i!n ! "#e N!r"#ern Malay S"a"es and "#e c!nse(uen" declinin )!?er! "#e "radi"i!nal au"#!ri"ies>

ii5 T#e c!n"ras"in e6)erience ! Bur$a and T#ailand8 in Bur$a2 "#e re)lace$en"! all "radi"i!nal au"#!ri"ies : $!narc#2 l!cal #ead$en2 budd#is" $!n7s : bydirec" rule> In T#ailand2 ?#ere a" "#e cen"re Eur!)ean e6)er"s and advisers se"

u) a s"a"e ?i"# a Eur!)ean aPade and a" "#e l!cal level cen"ral !vern$en"beca$e $!re invasive>

iii5 In Ind!nesia2 indirec" rule ?as enerally $ain"ained bu" as "#e E"#ical 0!licy?as i$)le$en"ed i"s educa"i!nal.?elare )!licies beca$e increasinly in"rusive>

iv5 In eneral candida"es are li7ely "! reer "! "#e in"r!duc"i!n ! es"ern4"y)e lealsys"e$s2 al"#!u# in $any c!l!nies "#is ?as $edia"ed by "#e !rce ! l!calcus"!$>

' T#e ec!n!$ic devel!)$en" ! S!u"#eas" Asia !?ed $!re "! i$$iran"s "#an"! "#e indien!us )e!)les@> H!? "rue ?as "#is ! "#e )eri!d /3,&4/*/;J

T#is (ues"i!n calls !r an e6a$ina"i!n ! "#e i$)ac" ! $iran"s2 )rinci)ally C#ineseand Indian !n "#e ec!n!$ies ! S!u"#eas" Asian c!l!nies> G!!d candida"es ?ille6a$ine "#e varied c!n"ribu"i!n ! "#e C#inese in2 say Malaya and Sina)!re2 and"#e ec!n!$ic r!les "#ey ulilled in Ind!nesia !r T#ailand> Gain2 Indian $iran"sac"ed as essen"ial lab!ur !r rubber )lan"a"i!ns in Malaya ?#ereas in Bur$a "#eybeca$e $iddle $en and $!ney lenders ?i"#in "#e rural ec!n!$y> T#e (ues"i!n?!uld all!? !r a discussi!n ! Eur!)ean @$iran"s@ as en"re)reneurs and e6)er"ssuc# as enineers in Malaya2 Ind!nesia !r Bur$a>

; T! ?#a" e6 "en" did c!l!n ia l !vern$en"s be ! re "#e Sec!nd !rld ar )re)are "#eir subec"s !r sel4!vern$en"J

T#is (ues"i!n all!?s candida"es "! c!nsider "#e varied res)!nse ! c!l!nialau"#!ri"ies "! ?#a" ca$e "! be seen as a $a!r res)!nsibili"y in "#e li#" ! "#e?idely4acce)"ed )rinci)le ! sel4de"er$ina"i!n@> T#is res)!nse varied r!$ "#e!l7sraad in Ind!nesia "! "#e Bur$ese e6)erience ! dev!lved !vern$en"> Aaincandida"es are li7ely "! c!$)are 9rance@s re)ressive )!licies in ie"na$ and "#ec!$)le"e absence ! any )re)ara"i!n !r sel4!vern$en" ?i"# A$erica@s )!licy in"#e 0#ili))ines ! "ranserrin )!li"ical )!?er "! "#e 9ili)in!s and se""in a da"e1/*;+5 !r ull inde)endence>


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< #y2 in eneral 2 did na" i!nalis" $!ve$en"s a" "rac" s! l i" "le su))!r" in "#e)eri!d /*/*4;/J

Candida"es are called !n "! e6a$ine "#e reas!ns ?#y eec"ive na"i!nalis"$!ve$en"s ?ere sl!? "! devel!) in S!u"#eas" Asian c!un"ries> Clearly !ne ac"!rc!$$!n "! all ?as "#e ?a"c#ul eye ! "#e rulin )!?er ?#ic# ?as un?illin "! see i"sc!n"r!l c#allened> Candida"es $ay c#!!se "! e6e$)liy "#is by reerence "! "#eDu"c# in Ind!nesia !r "#e 9renc# in ie"na$> T#e sl!? devel!)$en" ! #i#ereduca"i!n ?as an!"#er i$)!r"an" ac"!r !r c!l!nial au"#!ri"ies ?!uld be a?are "#a"educa"ed $en ?!uld de$and a career !)en "! "alen"s ?i"# )!li"ical )!?er as "#eul"i$a"e !al> In c!l!nies ?#ere "#e $ass ?ere ei"#er )easan"s !r uns7illed ?!r7erssubsis"ence ?as $!re i$)!r"an" "#en su))!r" !r a na"i!nalis" )r!ra$$e> G!!dcandida"es are li7ely "! c!nsider !"#er ac"!rs ?#ic# #indered "#e devel!)$en" ! auni"ed $!ve$en" suc# as "#e ra$en"a"i!n ! na"i!nalis" r!u)s e>> in Malaya !r"#e r!le ! relii!n in suc# c!l!nies as Bur$a2 Ind!nesia !r Malaya>

+ as a)an@s Ne? Order@ in S!u"#eas" Asia an i$)r!ve$en" !n "#e c!l!nialrei$es i" re)lacedJ

T#e a)anese invasi!n ! S!u"#eas" Asia crea"ed a ca"aclys$ic c#ane r!$ ?#ic#n! c!l!nial )!?er ?as able "! rec!ver> C!40r!s)eri"y ?as "#e )r!$ise and )!li"ical)r!ress ?as !"en "#e reali"y> One $a!r aru$en" $ay ?ell "urn !n "#e e6"en" "!?#ic# a)an by eli$ina"in "#e Eur!)ean )resence all!?ed !r l!cal inv!lve$en"2l!cal advance$en"2 "#e crea"i!n ! indien!us $ili"ary !r )ara$ili"ary !rces> G!!dans?ers ?ill e6a$ine #!? ar a)anese )!licy diered in dieren" )ar" s! #er ne?ly4ac(uired e$)ire ?#ere2 !r ins"ance2 in Ine!n'sia na"i!nalis$ ?as already a reali"y?i"# leaders ?ai"in in a!l "! Malaya ?#ere eec"ive na"i!nalis$ #ardly e6is"ed a" all>In Malaya2 "#e a)anese !ccu)a"i!n s";en"#end Malay )!li"ical inv!lve$en" : l!calrulers2 and "#e use ! Malays in suc# b!dies as "#e )!lice and )ara4$ili"ary !rces :all ! ?#ic# ?as "! )r!vide "#e basis !r a ne? and uni"ed Malay na"i!nalis$ in "#e

)!s"4?ar ?!rld> In Bur$a aain a)an s)eeded u) na"i!nalis" advance> In ie"na$2?i"#in a)an@s Ne? Order "#e 9renc# devel!)ed a )!licy ! ie"na$isa"i!n 1as ac!un"er$easure "! "#e a)anese )resence5 and inally2 "#e a)anese as in Ind!nesia2es"ablis#ed an inde)enden" rei$e> I$)r!ve$en"s cer"ainly> G!!d ans?ers are li7ely"! c!nsider "#e reas!ns ?#y a)an@s )!licy ul"i$a"ely ailed8 l!ss ! naval su)eri!ri"y!s"ered ec!n!$ic decline #er insensi"ivi"y "!?ards #er ne? subec" )e!)le> Re?ardcandida"es ?#! )r!vide a case s"udy ! "#e causes ! #er ailure in c!un"ries suc# asBur$a and ?#y2 in ie"na$ and "#e 0#ili))ines2 "#e a)anese !ccu)a"i!n )r!ducedan"i4a)anese resis"ance $!ve$en"s>

, T! ? #a " e6 "e n" d id " #e e 6) er ie nc e ! i nd e) en de nc e de $! ns "r a" e "# a"de$!cra"ic !vern$en" is n!" ideally sui"ed "! S!u"#eas" Asia@J

T#is (ues"i!n calls !r an e6a$ina"i!n ! "#e al"erna"ive !r$s ! !vern$en" ?#ic#S!u"#eas" Asian s"a"es es"ablis#ed ! ?#ic# $ili"ary rule ?as "#e $!s" c!$$!n>S!u"#eas" Asian s"a"es #ave !"en been ready " all bac7 !n "#e ar$y2 in c!un"iessuc# as Bur$a2 T#ailand and "#e 0#ili))ines !r in ie"na$2 a s"a"e crea"ed byrev!lu"i!n and ?ar> Aain2 candida"es are li7ely "! c!nsider #!? ar GuidedDe$!cracy@ c!uld be seen as de$!cra"ic !r even ?#a" li$i"a"i!ns e6is"ed ?i"#ins"a"es ?#ere a sinle )ar"y $!n!)!lied )!?er> G!!d candida"es $ay c#!!se "!discuss "#e relevance ! "#e c!n"inuance ! "radi"i!nal eli"es in s!$e SEA s"a"es "!"#e !r$ ! !vern$en" ad!)"ed>

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3 H!? successul ?ere S!u"#eas" Asian rei!nal !ranisa"i!ns in "#e )eri!d u)"! /*3&J

S!$e candida"es $ay ?is# "! e6)l!re "#e $u"ual sel4#el) i$)lici" in "#e crea"i!n !SEATO2 a rei!nal )ac" !r$ed under A$erican )ressure as a SEA e(uivalen" "!

NATO2 ?i"# #ead(uar"ers in T#ailand> Aain2 Bandun 1/* T#e bes" candida"es ?ill a""e$)" "! discuss #!? ar2 iven"#e dierin ec!n!$ic #eal"# ! i"s $e$bers2 benei"s l!?in r!$ ASEAN$e$bers#i) ?ere une(ual and ?#e"#er "#e absence ! an eec"ive en!rce$en"$ec#anis$ ?as a siniican" ac"!r in any !verall assess$en" ! i"s benei"s>

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N!ve$ber %&&'

GCE AS AND A LEEL

0a)er ' 1In"erna"i!nal His"!ry2 /*;

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0ae / Mar7 Sc#e$e Syllabus 0a)er

A.AS LEEL EXAMINATIONS : NOEMBER %&&' *+*, '

FN!"e8 eneric $ar7 bands ?ill be used in addi"i!n "! "#is $ar7in sc#e$e>

SECTION A

/> S!urce4based (ues"i!n8 T#e =ni"ed Na"i!ns and "#e C!n! Crisis /*+&4/

H!? ar d! S!urces A4E su))!r" "#e vie? "#a" "#e e!r"s@ ! "#e =ni"ed Na"i!ns in/*+&4/ "! res!lve "#e crisis in "#e C!n! ?ere under$ined $!re by "#e =SSR "#anby "#e =SA@J

*4 3R8&ES AB?& &-E -92&-ES8S, : ?SE F S?R#ES )41@

T#ese ans?ers ?ill be ab!u" "#e =ni"ed Na"i!ns and "#e C!n! crisis2 bu" ?ill in!re "#e(ues"i!n2 i>e> "#ey ?ill n!" use "#e s!urces as in!r$a"i!n.evidence "! "es" "#e iven#y)!"#esis> Include in "#is level ans?ers ?#ic# use in!r$a"i!n "a7en r!$ "#e s!urces2bu" !nly in )r!ducin an acc!un" ! "#e Secre"ary4General@s c#anin )!si"i!n2 ra"#er "#an!r "es"in "#e #y)!"#esis>

* ?SES 8:FR>A8&: &A;E: FR> &-E #?R#ES & #-A**E:#E RS?22R& &-E -92&-ES8S )C15

T#ese ans?ers use "#e s!urces as in!r$a"i!n ra"#er "#an as evidence2 i>e> s!urces areused a" ace value !nly ?i"# n! evalua"i!n.in"er)re"a"i!n in c!n"e6">

For example 9es, it is true that the ?: eorts to resolve the #ongo crisis wereundermined $y the ?SSR than the ?SA! Source B illustrates this point0 R :o, the ?SAdid more to undermine the ?:! 9ou can tell this rom Source %0!

*D ?SES 8:FR>A&8: &A;E: FR> S?R#ES & #-A**E:#E A:%S?22R& &-E -92&-ES8S )14D

T#ese ans?ers 7n!? "#a" "es"in "#e #y)!"#esis inv!lves b!"# a""e$)"in "! c!nir$ and"! disc!nir$ i"> H!?ever2 s!urces are s"ill used !nly a" ace value>

For example &here is evidence $oth or and against the view that ?SSR did more toundermine the ?:0s eorts to solve the #ongo crisis in 4C714! 8 you thin( the evidencesupports this view then Source E helps you $ecause it states that the ?SSR was hostileto the ?: operation! But Source A gives a dierent impression $ecause it shows the ?SAta(ing steps to remove the #ongo0s 2rime >inister, who was supported $y the ?:!0

*+ B9 8:&ER2RE&8:E/A*?A&8: S?R#ES 8: #:&EG&, F8:%S E/8%E:#E& #-A**E:E R S?22R& &-E -92&-ES8S )4+14C

T#ese ans?ers are ca)able ! usin s!urces as evidence2 i>e> de$!ns"ra"in "#eir u"ili"y in"es"in "#e #y)!"#esis2 by in"er)re"in "#e$ in "#eir #is"!rical c!n"e6"2 i>e> n!" si$)lyacce)"in "#e$ a" "#eir ace value>

For example 8 thin( it is true that the ?SSR did more to undermine the ?:0s eorts!3hen you loo( at Source % you have to Huestion its argument $ecause it is not supported$y Sources B and #! R 8 thin( it is true that the ?SA did more to undermine the wor( othe ?:! Source A is contradictory! 8t suggests it is proposing action in order to preventdisastrous conseHuences or the ?: and yet the actions posed, the so1called covertactions0, on the evidence o Source %, involve assassination! Assassinating politicalleaders must contravene international law and thus undermine the authority o the ?nited:ations0!


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*@ B9 8:&ER2RE&8:E/A*?A&8: S?R#ES 8: #:&EG&, F8:%S E/8%E:#E& #-A**E:E A:% S?22R& &-E -92&-ES8S I4614

T#ese ans?ers 7n!? "#a" "es"in "#e #y)!"#esis inv!lves a""e$)"in b!"# "! c!nir$ anddisc!nir$ "#e #y)!"#esis2 and are ca)able ! usin s!urces as evidence "! d! "#is 1i>e>b!"# c!nir$a"i!n and disc!nir$a"i!n are d!ne a" "#is level5>

For example )second *+ example 2*?S the ollowing -owever, some o the sources dosuggest that the ?SSR did more to undermine the ?:! Source B warns against the threato unilateral action in the #ongo, a warning which must $e directed at the ?SSR! &hiswarning is made in pu$lic $y a new and untested 2resident at the height o the #old 3ar!&his is a very ris(y tactic, one which could easily $ac(ire < thin( o the Bay o 2igs threemonths later < and so would not have $een made unless ;ennedy0s ears had soundoundations! And source #, a 3estern $ut not an American source, shows that the ?:could rely on ?S support!

*C AS *@, 2*?S E8&-ER )a EG2*A8:S 3-9 E/8%E:#E -A**E:ES?22R& 8S BE&&ER2REFERRE%, R )$ RE#:#8*ESEG2*A8:S

2RB*E>S 8: &-E E/8%E:#E & S-3 &-A& :E8&-ER #-A**E:E :RS?22R& 8S & BE 2REFERRE% I1@

9!r 1a5 "#e aru$en" $us" be "#a" "#e evidence !r areein.disareein isbe""er.)reerred> T#is $us" inv!lve a c!$)ara"ive ude$en" i>e> n!" us" ?#y s!$eevidence is be""er2 bu" als! ?#y !"#er evidence is ?!rse>

9!r 1b5 include all L< ans?ers ?#ic# use "#e evidence "! $!diy "#e #y)!"#esis 1ra"#er"#an si$)ly see7in "! su))!r".c!n"radic"5 in !rder "! i$)r!ve i"2 !r e6a$)le2 arues "#a""#e =SA )!licy c#aned ?i"# "#e c#ane ! ad$inis"ra"i!n2 Eisen#!?er@s bein lessy$)a"#e"ic "! =N e!r"s2 Kennedy@s $!re> T#e =SSR@s )ublic )!si"i!n ?as $!resu))!r"ive2 even "#r!u# i" ?as cri"ical be#ind "#e scenes> T#ese )!in"s can be arued

"#r!u# "#e dieren" !)ini!ns.)erce)"i!ns s#!?n in "#e s!urces !r by es"ablis#in dieren"cri"eria !r su))!r".c!n"radic"i!n>

SECTION B

%> T#e Mars#all 0lan caused "#e divisi!n ! Eur!)e and "#us "#e C!ld ar@> Discuss"#is asser"i!n>

T#e Mars#all 0lan !rced "#e =SSR "! c#!!se be"?een $ain"ainin allied c!4!)era"i!n !rbrinin i" "! an end> T#e !r$a"i!n ! "#e OEEC by "#e s"a"es ! es"ern Eur!)e in A)ril/*;3 "! i$)le$en" "#e Mars#all 0lan ?as !ll!?ed ?i"#in a year by "#e !r$a"i!n !C!$ec!n> T#us Eur!)e beca$e !r$ally divided2 "#ereby ins"i"u"i!nalisin "#e C!ld ar>

=n"il "#is "i$e2 "#ere ?as al?ays a c#ane "#a" r!s"y rela"i!ns be"?een Eas" and es"$i#" )r!ve s#!r" lived> 1T#e )arallel $ili"ary alliances "!!7 l!ner "! be es"ablis#ed2 "#earsa? )ac" n!" bein se" u) un"il /* T#e "?! su)er)!?ers #ad dieren")lans !r Eur!)e> T#e =SA ?an"ed a Eur!)e ! ca)i"alis" liberal de$!cracies ?#ere "#e=SSR@s )reerred $!del ?as ! !ne4)ar"y s!cialis" s"a"es> B!"# sa? "#e !"#er ase6)ansi!nis" : a" leas" acc!rdin "! "#e )!s"4revisi!nis" $!del> And n! d!ub" candida"es?ill ind "#e !))!r"uni"y "! describe "#e "radi"i!nal and revisi!nis" $!dels as ?ell> Ideally2"#ey s#!uld als! evalua"e "#e$>


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'> T#e C!ld ar beca$e "ruly l!bal !nly a"er /*+%>@ H!? ar d!es y!ur s"udy ! "#e C!ldar in "#e )eri!d /* 0ar" ! "#e s#!c7 ! "#e /*+% Cuban $issilecrisis ?as "#e a""e$)" by "#e =SSR "! e6"end i"s inluence in"! )ar"s ! "#e l!be un"il "#enrearded as )ar" ! "#e A$erican s)#ere> 9r!$ "#e early /*+&s : )er#a)s be!re /*+%J :

C!ld ar #!s"ili"ies bean "! aec" aairs in "#e res" ! Asia2 Arica and "#e Middle Eas">T#e =S in"erven"i!n in ie"na$ r!$ /*+'2 su)er)!?er "ensi!ns !ver Si6 Day ar in/*+, and "#e -!$ Ki))ur ar in /*,'2 and s"rules !r )!?er in s!u"#ern Arica2!ll!?in "#e c!lla)se ! "#e 0!r"uuese e$)ire in /*,;2 and "#e H!rn ! Arica> Cen"ralA$erica beca$e )ar" ! "#e C!ld ar r!$ /*,* ?#en "#e Sandinis"as ained )!?er inNicaraua> S!u"# A$erica2 #!?ever2 re$ained ree r!$ !bvi!us C!ld ar c!nlic"s2 asdid Aus"ralasia> H!?ever2 "#r!u#!u" "#e )!s"4/*+%2 !r "#e irs" "i$e2 "#e =SSR ?as"urnin i"sel in"! a l!bal naval )!?er>

A ull ans?er als! re(uires c!nsidera"i!n ! "#e )eri!d be!re /*+%2 ?#en "#e =SA and "#e=SSR s!$e"i$es c!4!)era"ed "! c!n"ain a crisis2 as "#ey did in /*

H!?ever2 "#ey ?ere als! a" eac# !"#er@s "#r!a"s2 $ainly in Eur!)e2 as s#!?n by "#e crises!ver Hunary 1/* H!?ever2 "#ere #ad been "ensi!ns be"?een "#e )ar"y leaders#i)s ! "#e"?! s"a"es since "#e /*%&s and cer"ainly since /*; I" enabled Kissiner and Ni6!n in /*+*4,' "!)lay !ne )!?er ! aains" "#e !"#er and ain c!ncessi!ns r!$ b!"#2 in "er$s ! ei"#erar$s c!n"r!l !r "rade> I" diver"ed scare $ili"ary res!urces "! deendin "#eir b!rdersaains" eac# !"#er> 9inally2 i" enabled s!$e $in!r c!$$unis" s"a"es "! brea7 a?ay r!$S!vie" c!n"r!l2 as in "#e case ! Albania and Ru$ania> T#e ri" als! under$ined "#eS!vie" clai$ "! be "#e !nly "rue in"er)re"er ! "#e Mar6is" ai"#> T! $any T#ird !rldc!$$unis" leaders2 C#ina )r!vided an a""rac"ive al"erna"ive $!del ! a Mar6is"4Leninis"s"a"e>

H!? seri!usly "#e c!$$unis" bl!c ?as ?ea7ened is $uc# #arder "! assess> By /*3*4*/"#e bl!c #ad disin"era"ed and disa))eared2 leavin C#ina as vir"ually "#e s!le re$aininc!$$unis" s"a"e> T#a" c!lla)se ?as )r!bably $!re a resul" ! "#e ?ea7nesses ! "#eS!vie" $!del ! c!$$unis$ ra"#er "#an ! divisi!ns ?i"#in "#e bl!c>

E6)lain "#e eec"s ! "#e c!lla)se ! "#e =SSR in "#e )eri!d /*3

T?! as)ec"s ! "#e c!lla)se aec"ed =S )!licy "!?ards "#e =SSR> One ?as "#e ne?"#in7in@ "#a" G!rbac#ev revealed in S!vie" !rein )!licy in "#e la"e /*3&@s2 as #eunila"erally cu" S!vie" deences and )us#ed #ard !r a ne? rela"i!ns#i) ?i"# "#e =SA> T#esec!nd ?as "#e ra)id disin"era"i!n ! "#e =SSR2 es)ecially in "#e )eri!d /*3*4/**/> B!"#devel!)$en"s re(uired a res)!nse r!$ "#e =SA and enabled =S ini"ia"ives in !"#erareas2 suc# as "#e Middle Eas">


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T#e =S !vern$en" ! Reaan ?as ri#" ?in and "#us is usually seen as cau"i!us in i"sres)!nse "! "#e ini"ia"ives ! G!rbac#ev and S#evardnade> 1T#ere are s!$e #is"!rians?#! arue "#a" Reaan bean "#e )!licy ! ra))r!c#e$en" in early /*3;2 !ll!?in nuclear?ar scares in la"e /*3'>5 H!?ever su$$i"s a" Geneva 1/*3 In /**& "#e "?! sides areed "! "#e reuniica"i!n !Ger$any> T#e =SA #ad even"ually c!4!)era"ed ?i"# "#e =SSR in endin "#e C!ld ar>T#e ne? rela"i!ns#i) rea"ly #el)ed "#e =SA buildin an in"erna"i!nal c!ali"i!n "! resis"Ira(i aressi!n aains" Ku?ai" in /**&4/>

In #is res)!nse "! "#e disin"era"i!n ! "#e =SSR2 Bus# ?as cau"i!us> He did n!" )r!videG!rbac#ev ?i"# "#e $assive inancial aid #e re(ues"ed2 $ainly because G!rbac#ev ?asn!" dis$an"lin "#e c!$$and ec!n!$y (uic7ly en!u#> Even"s un!lded ra)idly in /**/2?#ic# $ean" "#a" "#e =SA c!uld d! li""le bu" ?a"c#2 even "#!u# i"s res)!nse "! "#ea""e$)"ed c!u) ! Auus" ?as n!" as dis$issive as i" $i#" #ave been> 0!licy a"er "#edisin"era"i!n ! "#e =SSR in Dece$ber /**/ is bey!nd "#e sc!)e ! "#e syllabus>

+> Analyse "#e i$)ac" ! "#e nuclear ar$s race !n "#e C!ld ar durin "#e )eri!d /*

T#e su)er)!?ers raced eac# !"#er )er#a)s !nly r!$ "#e la"er /* T#us "#e =SA 1a5 ra)idly e6)anded i"s ICBMs and 1b5 c#aned i"s nuclear?arare s"ra"ey "! assured des"ruc"i!n@ 1MAD5 in a sec!nd s"ri7e> 9!r MAD "! be eec"ive2nei"#er side #ad "! #ave a sur)rise advan"ae> T#us s!$e 7ind ! li$i"s !n ?ea)!ns ?asneeded> Hence "#e c!n"r!ls !n nuclear "es"in and ?ea)!ns )r!liera"i!n in "#e /*+&s and!n "#e e6)ansi!n ! nuclear ?ea)!ns2 SALT I and II and "#e ABM "rea"y2 all in "#e /*,&s>

T! use "#e anal!y ! a race2 in "#e /*,&s "#e su)er)!?ers areed "! sl!? "#e race "! avir"ual s"!)> Ne? ?ea)!ns "ec#n!l!ies c!n"inued "! be devel!)ed2 causin a sec!nd4level crisis in "#e la"e /*,&s and "#e =SSR ins"alled in"er$edia"e rane SS%&s in Eas"ernEur!)e> In Dece$ber /*,* NATO decided "! ins"all Cruise $issiles2 a e? ?ee7s be!re"#e =SSR invaded A#anis"an>

In "#e /*+&s and $!s" ! "#e /*,&s2 b!"# sides acce)"ed li$i"a"i!ns $ainly because !"#eir e6)erience ! "#e !ne sur)rise ! nuclear ar$s2 "#e de)l!y$en" ! S!vie" $issiles "!Cuba in /*+%> T#e crisis ?#ic# !ll!?ed s#!?ed #!? cl!se ?as "#e ris7 ! a nuclearc!nlic"> T#is crisis c!uld be used "! dis"inuis# be"?een "#e s#!r" "er$ and l!n "er$eec"s ! "#e ar$s race in "#e s#!r" "er$2 i" $ade "#e C!ld ar $uc# $!re daner!us2"#erea"er i" br!u#" ab!u" "#e rela6a"i!n ! "ensi!n 7n!?n as dQ"en"e>

,> #y did "#e in"erna"i!nal ec!n!$y e6)erience seri!us )r!ble$s in "#e /*,&s and early/*3&sJ

Because "! a e? devel!)in s"rains ?ere added s!$e s#!r"4"er$ s#!c7s "! "#e sys"e$>T#e devel!)in s"rains c!ncerned "#e in"erna"i!nal ec!n!$ic and inancial sys"e$devised a" "#e end ! "#e Sec!nd !rld ar> T#a" sys"e$ ?as based !n a s"r!n =Sd!llar c!nver"ible in"! !ld2 a sys"e$ ! i6ed e6c#ane ra"es and !n "#e e6)!r" ! =Sca)i"al in aid and $ili"ary e6)endi"ure2 ?#ic# unded "#e ec!n!$ic r!?"# ! ?ar4"!rnec!n!$ies> T#is !u"l!? ! ca)i"al s"ren"#ened "#ese ec!n!$ies2 ?#ic# bean "!e6)erience inla"i!n2 ?#ile a" "#e sa$e "i$e i" ?ea7ened "#e =S d!llar and ec!n!$y>E6)endi"ure !n "#e ie"na$ ar and LB@s Grea" S!cie"y ur"#er under$ined "#e =S

ec!n!$y> In "#e /*,/ "#e =SA ended !ld c!nver"ibili"y2 ?#ic# ?as "#e irs" s#!c72 and!ver "#e ne6" "?! years "#e d!llar ?as devalued by s!$e %&> 9i6ed e6c#anes ra"esc!uld n!" be sus"ained l!a"in e6c#ane ra"es beca$e "#e n!r$> Adus"in "! "#is ne?sys"e$ ! in"erna"i!nal inance "!!7 s!$e "i$e "! ac#ieve>

0ae < Mar7 Sc#e$e Syllabus 0a)er =niversi"y ! Ca$bride L!cal E6a$ina"i!ns Syndica"e %&&' =niversi"y ! Ca$bride L!cal E6a$ina"i!ns Syndica"e %&&'

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T#e devalua"i!n ! "#e d!llar ?as !ne reas!n ?#y O0EC (uadru)led !il )rices in /*,'4;2?#ic# ?as "#e sec!nd s#!c7 1"#ere ?ere !"#er2 )!li"ical reas!ns5> Abs!rbin inla"i!n !n"#is scale caused )r!ble$s !r $!s" $a!r na"i!nal ec!n!$ies and "#us !r "#ein"erna"i!nal ec!n!$y> T#e "er$ s"ala"i!n@ ?as c!ined2 I0EC c!$)!unded "#e diicul"y?#en i" "ri)led !il )rices in /*,*43&> es"ern !vern$en"s2 $!s" based !n "#e $i6edec!n!$y and Keynesian ec!n!$ics2 !und rea" )!li"ical diicul"y in res"!rin a ne?ec!n!$ic !rder> M!ne"aris$ and su))ly side ec!n!$ics ?ere "#e )ainul s#!r"4"er$

re$edies i$)!sed by "#e Ne? Ri#"> T#e r!?"# in in"erna"i!nal "rade sl!?ed d!?n>Only in "#e sec!nd #al ! "#e /*3&s did "#e in"erna"i!nal ec!n!$y re"urn "! a )eri!d !s"abili"y and r!?"#>

T#e subec" is a diicul" !ne and "#us s!und e!r"s s#!uld be ?ell re?arded>

3> H!? ar d! y!u aree "#a" "#e )r!visi!n ! ec!n!$ic aid "! devel!)in c!un"riesdid $!re #ar$ "#an !!dJ

In "#e /*5 9r!$ "#e /*,&s2 r!u)s in "#e devel!)ed ?!rld bean "! (ues"i!n "#eeec"iveness ! )r!vidin ec!n!$ic aid2 e6ce)" )er#a)s in "#e !r$ ! s#!r"4"er$ disas"errelie> In "#e /*3&s2 "#e a$!un" ! !icial aid )r!vided bean "! decline>

T#e aru$en"s aains" aid are several8 i" enc!uraes de)endence2 n!" inde)endence i"!es "! "#e ?r!n )e!)le as a resul" ! c!rru)"i!n2 usually ?i"#in reci)ien" !vern$en"s is)end !n devel!)$en"2 i" !"en !es !n ina))r!)ria"e2 !"en randi!se )r!ec"s and "#us is?as"ed> 9ar be""er2 "#e cri"ics arue2 "! !)en u) 9irs" !rld $ar7e"s "! !!ds r!$devel!)in c!un"ries> H!?ever2 i" can be arued "#a" ec!n!$ic aid can d! $!re #ar$ "#an!!d s! l!n as i" $ee"s cer"ain cri"eria "#a" i" by )asses na"i!nal !vern$en"s "#a" i" iss)en" !n s$all4scale2 l!cal )r!ec"s "#a" "#ese )r!ec"s $a7e a (uic7 and !bvi!us

dierence>

A eneral analysis ! "#e "?! sides ?ill suice !r l!?er )ass bands> H!?ever2 !r "#e#i#er bands2 candida"es need "! su))!r" "#e eneral ?i"# s)eciic e6a$)les2 ideally "a7enr!$ a rane ! c!un"ries>

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N!ve$ber %&&'

GCE AS AND A LEEL

0a)er ; 1T#e His"!ry ! Tr!)ical Arica2 /3

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A.AS LEEL EXAMINATIONS : NOEMBER %&&' *+*, ;

; H!? ar d! y!u acce)" "#e vie? "#a" Kaba7a Mu"esa I c!ns!lida"ed Buandas )!si"i!n as Eas" Aricass"r!nes" s"a"eJ

T#is (ues"i!n c!uld )r!vide dieren" res)!nses bu" $!s" candida"es ?ill )r!bably acce)" ully "#e vie?e6)ressed in "#e "i"le> Mu"esa succeeded "! "#e Kaba7as#i) !n "#e dea"# ! Suna ?#! #ad br!u#"Buanda "! i"s rea"es" "erri"!rial e6"en"> Mu"esa nei"#er ained n!r l!s" any "erri"!ry> Buny!r!2 "#e !ldrival ?as s"ill a "#rea" and Ey)" )!sed a ne? "#rea" ?#en General G!rd!n ?as G!vern!r ! E(ua"!ria>

Nei"#er "#rea" ca$e "! any"#in in Mu"esas rein> Ec!n!$ically Buanda cer"ainly beca$e s"r!ner asMu"esa enc!uraed rela"i!ns ?i"# !u"side "raders r!$ ?#!$ Buanda !b"ained cl!"#2 irear$s andne? cr!)s li7e $aie2 cassava and rice> Her $ili"ary )!si"i!n als! beca$e s"r!ner> T#e $!s"c!n"r!versial as)ec" ! Mu"esas )!licies ?as )r!bably "#e ?elc!$e #e ave irs" "! Musli$s and la"er"! C#ris"ian $issi!naries> T#is )!licy ?as n!" )r!$)"ed by relii!us $!"ives bu" by e6)ec"a"i!ns !!"#er benei"s #e #!)ed "! ain r!$ "#e$> He2 #i$sel ?as never c!nver"ed "! ei"#er Isla$ !rC#ris"iani"y bu" $any ! #is subec"s2 s!$e in inluen"ial )!si"i!ns2 ?ere> C!nversi!ns "! C#ris"iani"yc!uld #ave led "! "#e 7aba7as abs!lu"e au"#!ri"y bein c#allened2 bu" as l!n as Mu"esa ruled2 "#isdid n!" #a))en> Durin #is rein "#e 7aba7as )!?er ac"ually increased a" "#e e6)ense ! "#a" !#eredi"ary c#ies> =nder M?ana2 #is less able s!n2 "#e )resence and i$)ac" ! "#ese relii!usinluences #ad seri!us c!nse(uences !r "#e Buandan s"a"e and "#e 7aba7as r!le ?i"#in i">

I "#e aru$en" and evidence !ll!?s "#e ab!ve lines "#e ude$en" re(uired by "#e (ues"i!n ?ill be "!

acce)" "#e vie? in "#e "i"le ?i"# "#e )!ssible reserva"i!n ab!u" "#e )!"en"ially daner!us c!nse(uences !invi"in !rein relii!us $issi!ns in"! "#e c!un"ry> Ans?ers "! be ?!r"# a $ar7 in !ne ! "#e "#ree "!)$ar7 bands s#!uld be based !n a c!$)aris!n ! Buandas s"ren"# a" "#e beinnin and "#e end !Mu"esas rein under vari!us #eadins8 "erri"!rial e6"en" $ili"ary s"ren"# ec!n!$ic s"ren"# )!?er andabili"y ! "#e 7aba7a "! )r!"ec" "#e c!un"rys in"eres"s>

< T! ?#a" e6"en"2 and !r ?#a" reas!ns2 did 0re$)e# I ! Asan"e ail "! ac#ieve #is ai$sJ

0re$)e#s ai$s8

A" #is accessi!n in /333 0re$)e#s ai$s ?ere "! und! "#e resul"s ! "#e Asan"e ar ! /3,'4,;8

"! revive "#e Asan"e C!nederacy

"! revive "#e Asan"e E$)ire

"! av!id $ili"ary c!nr!n"a"i!n ?i"# "#e Bri"is#

"! )reserve "#e inde)endence ! #is c!un"ry and #is !?n s!verein"y>

#y2 and "! ?#a" e6"en" did #e ailJ

Ini"ially #e #ad s!$e "e$)!rary success in revivin "#e disbanded C!nederacy by reca)"urin $!s" !"#e rebel s"a"es2 bu" "#e Bri"is# eec"ively )reven"ed "#e$ re!inin> He )r!"es"ed "! "#e Bri"is#re"r!s)ec"ively in /33* ab!u" "#e inclusi!n ! K?an! in "#e G!ld C!as" C!l!ny in /3,;> La"er2 in /3*%*'#e rec!n(uered "#e B!r!n s"a"es "! "#e n!r"# ?es" ! Ku$asi> In /3*/ #e reec"ed a )r!)!sal "#a"Asan"e s#!uld bec!$e a Bri"is# )r!"ec"!ra"e> In /3*< #e sen" an Asan"e delea"i!n "! L!nd!n "! as7Bri"ain "! rec!nise "#e inde)endence ! #is c!un"ry> T#e Bri"is# resen"ed 0re$)e#s ini"ial reusal "!acce)" a Bri"is# Residen" in Ku$asi "! direc" Asan"e )!licy> T#e las" s"ra? !r "#e Bri"is# ca$e ?i"#0re$)e#s a""e$)"s "! ne!"ia"e a "rea"y ?i"# Sa$!ri T!ure ?#ic# "#rea"ened "#e Eur!)ean )!?erse!r"s "! e6)and "#eir Arican e$)ires> In /3*+ "#e Bri"is# $arc#ed !n Ku$asi> 0re$)e#2 "!! la"e !r#is c!ncessi!n "! be eec"ive2 areed "! acce)" a Bri"is# Residen"> 0re$)e# !ered n! resis"ance "!"#e Bri"is# advance !n Ku$asi and "#e Bri"is# !ccu)ied #is ca)i"al> 0re$)e#2 al!n ?i"# #is a$ily andc!unsell!rs2 ?as arres"ed and de)!r"ed>

T#e basic reas!n !r 0re$)e#s ailure2 lay in "#e clas# be"?een Bri"ains and 0re$)e#s a$bi"i!ns anda""i"udes> Bri"ain rearded Asan"e as an aressive and barbaric $ili"ary )!?er and ?as de"er$ined "!)reven" #er ainin direc" access "! "#e c!as"> =n!r"una"ely !r 0re$)e# #is accessi!n c!incided ?i"#"#e )ea7 )eri!d ! "#e Eur!)ean scra$ble !r Arica and Bri"ains $ili"ary su)re$acy ?as b!und "! lead"! 0re$)e#s deea"> In "#e end2 "#ere!re2 0re$)e# ailed "! ac#ieve any ! #is ai$s>

9!r a $ar7 in !ne ! "#e "!) "#ree bands ans?ers s#!uld ad!)" an analy"ical a))r!ac# ?i"# a narra"iveele$en" "! su$$arise 0re$)e#s e!r"s "! ac#ieve #is ai$s> A s"rai#" narra"ive ! 0re$)e#s rein ?i"#li""le !r n! analysis ! "#e reas!ns !r #is ailure ?ill s"rule "! reac# Band +> 134/&5>


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+ #ic# #ad "#e rea"er i$)ac" !n Eas" Arica and i"s )e!)les8 "#e N!ni invasi!ns !r "#e es"ablis#$en" !"#e O$ani ca)i"al in anibarJ

Ans?ers "! "#is (ues"i!n ?ill re(uire an analysis ! "#e )!si"ive and nea"ive resul"s ! b!"# "#e N!niinvasi!ns and "#e es"ablis#$en" ! "#e O$ani ca)i"al in anibar> Sul"an Seyyid Said $!ved #is ca)i"al"! anibar in /3;& and $a"erial r!$ "#a" da"e s#!uld be acce)"ed> T#e N!ni $!ved in"! )ar"s !Eas" Arica us" be!re "#e dea"# ! ?anendaba2 "#eir leader2 in /3;3> A"er "#a" da"e "#e i$)ac" ! "#e

"?! even"s in"erac"ed ?i"# !ne an!"#er "! brin ab!u" i$)!r"an" c#anes in "#e )!li"ical2 s!cial andec!n!$ic lie ! "#e )e!)le ! "#e Eas" Arican $ainland>

T#e N!ni invaders carried ?i"# "#e$ in"! Eas" Arica "#e vari!us as)ec"s 4 $ili"ary2 s!cial and )!li"ical 4! "#e S#a7a rev!lu"i!n in ululand> Bein a ?arli7e )e!)le2 "#eir i$)ac" ?as inevi"ably )ar"lydes"ruc"ive> Aricul"ural lie ?as seri!usly disru)"ed and e6is"in s!cie"ies and s$all s"a"es ?eredes"r!yed> T#ey s!ld slaves "! "raders r!$ "#e eas" c!as" ?#!se #i#ly !ranised caravans "!!7 "#e$"! "#e anibar slave $ar7e" al!n ?i"# iv!ry> M!re i$)!r"an" ?as "#e )!si"ive i$)ac" ! "#e N!niinvasi!ns> T#e N!ni "#e$selves uni"ed )e!)les ! dieren" cul"ures in"! larer s"a"es ?#ere earliers"a"es #ad been des"r!yed> Several Eas" Arican )e!)les 4 "#e He#e2 "#e Sanu and "#e Ki$buad!)"ed N!ni $ili"ary $e"#!ds in sel4deense and ended as $!re )!?erul s"a"es> Mira$b! ! "#e=ra$b! ?as a successul leader ! "#is 7ind ?#! r!se "! )r!$inence in Cen"ral Tanania>

T#e es"ablis#$en" ! "#e O$ani ca)i"al in anibar als! #ad nea"ive and )!si"ive resul"s2 $!s"2"#!u# n!" all2 ! ?#ic# ?ere ec!n!$ic> T#e "radin ac"ivi"ies ! Seyyid Said and #is success!rs "!/3,' increased "#e v!lu$e ! "#e slave "rade and "#e rela"ed "rade in iv!ry> T#is ?as )ar"ly because !"#e #i#ly !ranised na"ure ! "#e "rade 1caravans inanced by Indians5 and )ar"ly because ! "#ees"ablis#$en" ! cl!ve )lan"a"i!ns !n anibar and !"#er !4s#!re islands ?#ic# re(uired slave lab!ur>T#is disru)"ed s"ill ur"#er aricul"ure in )ar"s ! "#e $ainland bu" in "#e l!ner "er$ led als! "! s"a"ebuildin by leaders li7e Mira$b!> anibar beca$e a a"e?ay "! "#e $ainland n!" !nly !r "raders bu"als! !r $issi!naries and e6)l!rers 1Livins"!ne and !"#ers5> Even"ually Isla$ and "#e S?a#ili lanuae)ene"ra"ed $!re dee)ly and s)read $!re ?idely> S! als! did Eur!)ean i$)erialis$ and Bri"is#inluence led "! "#e Bar#as# Trea"y in /3,'2 "#e irs" $a!r s"e) in Eas" Arica "! "#e su))ressi!n ! "#eslave "rade>

Candida"es $ay lei"i$a"ely arue "#a" a clear cu" ans?er is i$)!ssible because "#e i$)ac" ! "#e "?!

even"s ?as s! !"en in"er4c!nnec"ed and diicul" "! se)ara"e> In any case a reas!nable balancebe"?een "#e N!ni and O$ani inluence and be"?een nea"ive and )!si"ive i$)ac" ?ill be e6)ec"ed !ra $ar7 in "#e "?! "!) bands> Seri!us i$balance ?ill li$i" "#e $ar7 "! Band < 1//4/'5 !r l!?er> Beener!us "! ans?ers ?#ere "#e c!nclusi!n is c!$)a"ible ?i"# "#e evidence )resen"ed>

, #a" d! y!u unders"and by "#e "er$s in!r$al e$)ire and !r$al e$)ire in AricaJ #en2 and ?#y2 did"#e la""er re)lace "#e !r$erJ

T#is is essen"ially a (ues"i!n ab!u" #!? and ?#y "#e Eur!)ean )ar"i"i!n ! Arica accelera"ed in "#elas" (uar"er ! "#e nine"een"# cen"ury> I" als! re(uires "?! deini"i!ns> A !!d in"r!duc"i!n ?!ulde$)#asise "#e li$i"ed a$!un" ! "erri"!ry under Eur!)ean rule in /3,< and e6)lain ?#y Eur!)ean)!?ers ?ere reluc"an" "! anne6 Arican "erri"!ry be!re "#is da"e> M!s" ?ere in"eres"ed in )r!i" r!$"radin ?i"# Arica ?i"#!u" "#e res)!nsibili"y and e6)ense ! ad$inis"ra"i!n> T#is ?as "#e c!nce)" !

in!r$al e$)ire> T#e )r!s)ec"s ! )r!i" ?i"#!u" res)!nsibili"y ?ere seri!usly di$inis#ed2 i n!"re$!ved2 by "#e "rend "!?ards )r!"ec"i!nis$ in in"erna"i!nal "rade and "#e c#allene "! ree "rade)!sed by "#e ac"ivi"ies ! Le!)!ld II in "#e C!n! Basin a"er /3,+> I" beca$e clear "#a" "#e !nly ?ay"! ensure )r!i"able "rade ?i"# any )ar" ! Arica ?as "! anne6 i" and c!n"r!l i"s "rade> In "#e ne6" "enyears a c#ain ! even"s ?as se" in $!"i!n ?#ic# s"i$ula"ed a ra)id scra$ble !r Arican "erri"!ry8 "#ec!nce)" ! !r$al e$)ire resul"in r!$ !r$al clai$s bein )r!)!sed and rec!nised by !"#er)!?ers> T#is c#ain ! even"s2 "#e accelera"!rs ! "#e scra$ble !r Arica2 included8 De Braas"rea"y ?i"# Ma7!7! 1sined in /33& bu" n!" ra"iied by "#e 9renc# G!vern$en" un"il /33%5 "#e Bri"is#!ccu)a"i!n ! Ey)" in /33% Bis$arc7s anne6a"i!n ! ; Arican c!l!nies in /33;43 Ans?ers !n"#ese lines ?ill deserve a $ar7 in !ne ! "#e "?! "!) Bands 1/34%& !r %/4% Candida"es ?#! d! n!"

unders"and "#e "?! "er$s ?ill n!" e" bey!nd Band , and "#!se ?#! unders"and "#e c!nce)"s bu"$a7e n! $en"i!n ! "#e accelera"!rs are unli7ely "! e" bey!nd Band + 134/&5>


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3 Analyse "#e $ain ea"ures ! )!s"4)aciica"i!n )ri$ary resis"ance ?i"# reerence "! "#eNdebele4S#!na Risin and "#e MaiMai Risin> C!$)are and c!n"ras" "#e resul"s ! "#ese "?!risins>

Main ea"ures included8

"#ey ?ere ar$ed rebelli!ns ?#ic# ?ere essen"ially s"ill "radi"i!nal in c#arac"er2 and !?ed li""le !r

n!"#in "! leaders#i) by $e$bers ! a es"ern4 educa"ed eli"e "#ey ?ere )r!"es"s aains" rievances "#a" e$ered a"er a )eri!d ! c!l!nial rule

in s!$e res)ec"s2 in c!n"ras" "! ini"ial )ri$ary resis"ance2 "#ey ?ere !r?ard l!!7in e>> "#ey ?ere$ass $!ve$en"s ?#ic# brided e"#nic divides and ?ere !"en led !r inluenced by s)iri" $ediu$sand.!r rev!lu"i!nary iures> Candida"es s#!uld iden"iy and illus"ra"e "#ese ea"ures ?i"# reerence"! "#e "?! risins na$ed in "#e "i"le>

Resul"s Candida"es are re(uired "! c!$)are and c!n"ras" "#e resul"s ! "#e "?! risins and "#is ?ill be$!s" eec"ively d!ne by analyin si$ilari"ies and dierences2 )!in" by )!in"> 9!r e6a$)le2 in b!"#risins "#e Aricans ?ere deea"ed ?i"# #eavy l!ss ! lie and ?i"#!u" ac#ievin "#eir $ain !bec"ive !drivin !u" "#e c!l!nial )!?er> In b!"# risins "#e s)iri" $ediu$s ?ere discredi"ed and Aricans "urnedas never be!re "! C#ris"ian $issi!naries "! lis"en "! "#eir relii!us $essae and "! ac(uire "#e s7ills

and 7n!?lede "#ey )!ssessed> T#e S#!na did "#is "! a rea"er e6"en" "#an "#e Ndebele2 bu" "#e la""erared be""er "#an "#e !r$er in "#e )eace "er$s "#ey ne!"ia"ed ?i"# R#!des> T#eir leaders 1indunas5?ere rec!nised as salaried !icials and as re)resen"a"ives ! "#eir )e!)le> B!"# Bri"is# and Ger$an!vern$en"s ?ere alar$ed by "#e risins and "!!7 s"e)s "! reduce "#e ris7 ! a recurrence> T#eGer$ans did $!re in "#is res)ec" "#an "#e Bri"is#> T#ey a))!in"ed a ne? re!r$in G!vern!r2Rec#enber2 ?#! in"r!duced siniican" c#anes8 Aricans ?ere enc!uraed "! r!? cas# cr!)s2 and!rced lab!ur ?as banned> 0er#a)s "#e $!s" i$)!r"an" less!ns learned by Aricans ?as "#e i$)!r"ance! ac"in "!e"#er in u"ure i reed!$ ?as "! be ained and "#e !lly ! res!r"in "! ar$ed resis"anceaains" c!l!nial )!?ers ?i"# !ver?#el$in $ili"ary su)eri!ri"y>

9!r a $ar7 in !ne ! "#e "?! "!) bands ans?ers $us" 1a5 iden"iy accura"ely $!s" ! "#e $ain ea"ures! "#is "y)e ! resis"ance and illus"ra"e "#e$ r!$ !ne !r b!"# ! "#e "?! s)eciied and 1b5 iden"iysi$ilari"ies and dierences in "#e resul"s ! "#e "?! risins> Reerence "! "#e "?! risins s#!uld be

reas!nably balanced !r a $ar7 in Band ' 1/+4/,5 !r ab!ve> =se "#e Generic Mar7 Band descri)"i!ns"! dieren"ia"e be"?een Bands /2 % and '>

* 0arad!6ically "#e s)read ! c!l!nial rule in Arica #el)ed "#e s)read ! Isla$ ra"#er $!re "#an "#a" !C#ris"iani"y> H!? valid is "#is clai$J

Candida"es s#!uld be credi"ed !r res)!ndin "! "#e )resence ! "#e ?!rd )arad!6ically in "#e(u!"a"i!n ! "#e "i"le and e6)lainin i"s siniicance> T#e bes" candida"es $ay ?ell arue "#a" "#e clai$is n!" valid in every )ar" ! Arica> N!"e als! "#a" "#e (u!"a"i!n d!es n!"clai$ "#a" "#e s)read !C#ris"iani"y ?as n!" #el)ed by c!l!nial rule>

T#e $!s" ra)id s)read ! b!"# Isla$ and C#ris"iani"y ?as )r!bably in "#e %< years be!re /*/;> Incer"ain areas e>> Sierra Le!ne2 -!rubaland2 "#e Nier Del"a2 Buanda and Mala?i "#e s)read !

C#ris"iani"y ?as rea"er "#an "#a" ! Isla$> In eneral2 #!?ever2 "#e clai$ is valid and candida"ess#!uld be e6)ec"ed "! e6)lain ?#y "#is ?as "#e case> T#e e6)lana"i!n lies )ar"ly in "#e reluc"ance !"#e c!l!nial )!?ers2 es)ecially Bri"ain and 9rance2 "! all!? C#ris"ian $issi!naries "! ?!r7 in areas?#ere Isla$ ?as already ir$ly es"ablis#ed and in ?#ic# i" c!n"inued "! $a7e ur"#er ains> Icandida"es iden"iy areas ?#ere e6ce)"i!ns )r!ve "#e rule2 an e6)lana"i!n s#!uld aain be e6)ec"ed>T?! eneral )!in"s ?!r"# $en"i!nin are "#a"2 in $any )ar"s ! Arica2 Isla$ #ad been es"ablis#ed !rcen"uries be!re "#e arrival ! Eur!)ean rule and "#a" "#e s"abili"y br!u#" by c!l!nial rule crea"ed acli$a"e av!urable "! "#e s)read ! b!"# relii!ns> 9inally2 #!?ever2 !nce c!l!nial rule bean2 Isla$benei"ed r!$ #avin n! c!nnec"i!n ?i"# "#e i$)!si"i!n ! alien rule> 9!r a $ar7 in Band / !r % e6)ec"candida"es "! s#!? a?areness ! "#e c!$)le6i"ies ! "#e (ues"i!n and "! be able "! illus"ra"e ande6)lain "#ese>


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/& C!$)are and c!n"ras" "#e Bri"is# sys"e$ ! Indirec" Rule and "#e 9renc# sys"e$ ! Ass!cia"i!n as)rac"ised in es" Arica>

Many candida"es $ay be "!! ready "! clai$ "#a" "#e "?! sys"e$s ?ere "#e sa$e !r si$ilar> Generals"a"e$en"s ! "#is 7ind ?ill deserve very li""le credi"> T#e dierences be"?een "#e "?! sys"e$s are $!renu$er!us and $!re i$)!r"an" "#an "#e si$ilari"ies> T#e (ues"i!n is $ade $!re diicul" by "#e ac" "#a"nei"#er sys"e$ ?as "#e sa$e in all "#e es" Arican "erri"!ries ! "#e "?! )!?ers> Bey!nd "#e ac" "#a"

in b!"# sys"e$s Bri"ain and 9rance $ade s!$e use ! Arican )ers!nnel in ad$inis"erin "#eir c!l!niesand "#a" in all cases "#ere ?as a Bri"is# !r 9renc# !icial in a #i#er2 su)ervis!ry )!si"i!n2 "#ere are e?!"#er eneral c!$)aris!ns "#a" can be saely $ade>

I" is easier "! iden"iy c!n"ras"s> T#e Bri"is# )reerred "! use "radi"i!nal c#ies ?#en "#ese ?ereavailable2 ra"#er "#an $e$bers ! "#e educa"ed eli"e> Luards c!n"e$)"u!us descri)"i!n ! "#e la""er as"r!usered blac7s relec"s "#is )reerence> T#e 9renc#2 in c!n"ras"2 used "radi"i!nal rulers !nly in "#e las"res!r" and2 even "#en2 in )!si"i!ns l!? d!?n "#e #ierarc#y> T#ey als! $ade i" clear "#a" "radi"i!nalrulers2 ?#en used2 e6ercised "#eir )!?ers !nly as a))!in"ees ! "#e 9renc# au"#!ri"ies and n!" byvir"ue ! "#eir r!le in "radi"i!nal s!cie"y> In "erri"!ries ?#ere "radi"i!nal c#ies e6is"ed "#e Bri"is# used"#e$ and "#e ins"i"u"i!nal ra$e?!r7 ?i"#in ?#ic# "#ey ?!r7ed> #ere "#ey did n!" e6is" "#e Bri"is# "ried"! crea"e !r inven" "#e$ as in "#e case ! ?arran" c#ies in Ib!land> In "#is si"ua"i!n i" c!uld bearued "#a" "#e "?! sys"e$s beca$e si$ilar>

Candida"es ?#! are n!" a?are ! "#e basic dierences be"?een "#e "?! sys"e$s ?ill #ardly deserve "!reac# Band + 134/&5> Candida"es ?#!se ans?ers c!n"ain $!re c!n"ras"s "#an c!$)aris!ns2 as in "#en!"es ab!ve2 and als! are clearly a?are "#a" nei"#er Indirec" Rule n!r Ass!cia"i!n ?ere $!n!l"#icsys"e$s "#a" e6is"ed "#r!u#!u" 9renc# and Bri"is# es" Arica ?ill deserve a $ar7 in ei"#er Band / !rBand %>


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N!ve$ber %&&'

GCE AS AND A LEEL

0a)er < 1T#e His"!ry ! "#e =SA2 c>/3;&4/*+35

S-LLAB=S.COM0ONENT8 *+*,.&e> de$!ns"ra"in "#eir u"ili"y in "es"in "#e#y)!"#esis2 by in"er)re"in "#e$ in "#eir #is"!rical c!n"e6" i>e> n!" si$)ly acce)"in "#e$ a" ace value2!r e6a$)le2 #!? "y)ical ! !)ini!n in Ge!ria ?as "#is c!nven"i!n in !ne c!un"y in s!urce A> T#edecisi!n !r Ge!ria "! secede ?as !nly carried narr!?ly OR2 c!uld n!" Buc#anans s"ance in A bein"er)re"ed as "ryin "! cal$ and $!dera"e )assi!ns2 n!" si$)ly indecisi!n> He al!ne ives s!$esense ! a?areness ! "#e s#eer #!rr!r ! civil ?ar in #u$an "er$s>

H!? relevan" "! Cri""endens )!si"i!n in C is "#e ac" "#a" #e ?as Sena"!r !r Ken"uc7y2 a b!rder s"a"e?#ere i#"in ?!uld "a7e )lace> Siniican"ly2 "#e Ken"uc7y leisla"ure v!"ed !r neu"rali"y in "#ec!nlic"> 1/;4/+5

*evels @ By interpretingevaluating s!urces in context, inds evidence "! challenge A:% support thehypothesis

T#ese ans?ers 7n!? "#a" "es"in "#e #y)!"#esis inv!lves a""e$)"in b!"# "! c!nir$ and disc!nir$"#e #y)!"#esis2 and are ca)able ! usin evidence "! d! "#is 1i>e> b!"# c!nir$a"i!n and disc!nir$a"i!nare d!ne a" "#is level5>

9!r e6a$)le2 Level ; )lus All s!urces "a7e )lace in an #is"!rical c!n"e6" ?#ic# s#!uld be br!u#" !u"by "#e res)!nses "! evalua"e "#e e6"en" "! ?#ic# evidence c!nir$s !r disc!nir$s "#e #y)!"#esis2 !r

e6a$)le2 i" c!uld be arued "#a" all ac"!rs $en"i!ned in "#e #y)!"#esis did n!" cause "#e Civil ar2bu" "#a" "#is ?as an inevi"able c!nlic" !r br!u#" ab!u" by ac"!rs n!" $en"i!ned> 1/,4%/5


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A.AS LEEL EXAMINATIONS : NOEMBER %&&' *+*, e> n!" us" ?#y s!$e evidence is be""er2 bu" als! ?#y !"#erevidence is ?!rse>

9!r 1b52 include all Level < ans?ers ?#ic# use "#e evidence "! $!diy "#e #y)!"#esis 1ra"#er "#ansi$)ly see7in "! su))!r".c!n"radic"5 in !rder "! i$)r!ve i"2 !r e6a$)le $any ac"!rs !"#er "#an "#!ses"a"ed in "#e #y)!"#esis ?ere )resen" and eneralisa"i!ns as "! "#e cause ! "#e ?ar are i$)!ssible> 1%%4%

ues"i!n %

-ow inluential a actor was the doctrine o >aniest %estiny in the huge territorial expansion o the?nited States in the 45+7sK

G!!d ans?ers s#!uld !cus clearly !n "#e reas!ns !r Manies" Des"iny2 and a narra"ive acc!un"2#!?ever s7ilul ?ill $eri" /, a" bes"> T#e basic "ene"s !2 and bac7r!und "! "#e d!c"rine2 needs)ellin !u" "#a" 0r!vidence #ad in"ended "#e =ni"ed S"a"es "! c!n"r!l "#e N!r"# A$erican land$ass 1includin Canada5> #ereas Bri"ain ?as )!?erul en!u# "! de"er aressi!n2 "#e Me6icans"a"e and "#e Na"ive A$erican "ribes and na"i!ns ?ere "!! ?ea7 "! resis" A$erican incursi!ns>Be""er candida"es ?ill dra? a""en"i!n "! "#e r!le ! be""er c!$$unica"i!ns in "#e !r$ ! railr!ads2and "#e lure ! c#ea) and li$i"less land in "#e es" )r!vided a $eans !r ne? and u"ure i$$iran"s"! be""er "#e$selves> One ?!uld #!)e !r discussi!n ! ?#e"#er "#e idealis"ic ele$en" ! "#e d!c"rine?as $erely a cl!a7 !r less l!"y $!"ives ! reed2 racis$ and e6)l!i"a"i!n c!u)led ?i"# aressivena"i!nalis" e6)ansi!n> Hi# (uali"y ans?ers ?ill sc!re 1%/4%< $ar7s5> T#ese ?ill be c!nsis"en"lyanaly"ical2 ?ell s"ruc"ured and #ave !!d (uali"y su))!r"in $a"erial> G!!d ans?ers 1/34%&5 ?ill be$!s"ly analy"ical2 $!s"ly relevan" bu" ?i"# s!$e unevenness in (uali"y ! aru$en" and $a"erial>Basic )ass ans?ers 1//4/'5 ?ill be $!s"ly narra"ive in s"yle2 ?i"# variable relevance and )a"c#y(uali"y ! ac"ual $a"erial>

ues"i!n '

Assess the respective strengths and wea(nesses o 2residential and #ongressional Reconstructionpolicies!

A !!d s"ruc"ure is "#e 7ey ac"!r #ere> T#ere ?ere "?! 0residen"ial Rec!ns"ruc"i!n )lans2 "#a" !Linc!ln and "#a" ! !#ns!n2 bu" Linc!lns )lan ?as an as)ira"i!n !nly2 cu" s#!r" by #is $urder>C!nressi!nal Rec!ns"ruc"i!n ?as "#e $uc# $!re radical and aressive )!licy av!ured by "#eRe)ublican leaders in C!nress> Had Linc!ln lived #is rea" )res"ie $i#" #ave !rced d!?n

C!nress> He rearded Rec!ns"ruc"i!n as an e6ecu"ive n!" leisla"ive unc"i!n and #is e$)#asis ?as!n $anani$i"y "!?ards "#e !r$er rebels2 ?i"# !nly /& ! "#e elec"!ra"es ! s"a"es bein re(uired "!"a7e an !a"# ! l!yal"y "! "#e =ni!n and acce)" "#e ab!li"i!n ! slavery be!re benei"in r!$ ana$nes"y and #avin "#e ri#"s "! !r$ a s"a"e !vern$en"> T#e ade4Davis Bill 1?#ic# suered a ve"!by Linc!ln5 ?as $uc# #ars#er2 and !n #is dea"# "#ere ?as deadl!c7> In essence2 !#ns!ns )lans?ere "!! sy$)a"#e"ic "! rebels !nce "!! indieren" "! "#e )li#" ! reed$en #is )ers!nali"y andbac7r!und als! $ade clas#es ?i"# C!nress inevi"able> On "#e !"#er #and "#e $uc# #ars#erC!nressi!nal )lans ?ere "!! #ars# !n "#e rebels and "!! indieren" "! "#e )!si"i!n ! "#e )!!r ?#i"e$a!ri"y ! "#e S!u"#> !#ns!ns )!licy ailed because #is ener!si"y ?as "rea"ed as ?ea7ness by "#eunre)en"an" s!u"#ern leaders> H!?ever2 "#e Radicals2 a" irs" a $in!ri"y in C!nress2 ?ere ac"ua"ed bya c!$bina"i!n ! idealis$2 )!li"ical e6)ediency and #a"red ! "#e )lan"ers ! "#e S!u"#> T#e s"ren"# !"#e c!nressi!nal )!si"i!n ?as a de"er$ina"i!n "! address "#e need "! i$)r!ve "#e lie ! "#e reed$en2 i"s ?ea7ness a ailure "! address "#e (ues"i!n ! land re!r$> Hi# (uali"y ans?ers 1%/4%G!!d ans?ers 1/34%&5 ?ill be $!s"ly analy"ical2 and $!s"ly relevan" ?i"# !!d $a"erial bu" ?i"# s!$eunevenness> Bare )ass ans?ers 1//4/'5 ?ill be $!s"ly descri)"ive and ?#ile "#e narra"ive ?ill beade(ua"e2 relevance ?ill be variable>


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A.AS LEEL EXAMINATIONS : NOEMBER %&&' *+*,

ues"i!n +

&he revolt o small town and rural America against the cities0! %iscuss this assessment o the

47s!

T#e /*%&s e6#ibi"ed "?! (ui"e c!n"radic"!ry "endencies> 9irs"2 "#e "ec#n!l!ical advances in $!"!rcars2 )lanes2 elec"rical indus"ries "#en "#e a ae and a ne? sc#!!l ! A$erican ?ri"ers and an era! s!cial and se6ual e$anci)a"i!n> H!?ever2 si$ul"ane!usly "#ere ?as a s#ar) reac"i!n aains"in"erna"i!nalis$2 ils!nian earnes"ness and idealis$> T#is $anies"ed i"sel in "#e Re)ublicanascendancy a" all levels ! !vern$en" e6ce)" !r s!$e lare ci"ies> Als! "#e Ku Klu6 Klan ?as revived?i"# a s)a"e ! lync#ins ?#ic# ?en" un)unis#ed> 0r!#ibi"i!n ?as v!"ed in by suburban2 rural ands$all "!?n v!"ers2 and "#ere ?as a revival ! na"ivis$> Clearly "#ere is $!re "#an "#e (u!"e i$)lies in/*%&s2 and a" bes" i" e$b!dies a )ar"ial "ru"# !nly>


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A.AS LEEL EXAMINATIONS : NOEMBER %&&' *+*, T#e bes" ans?ers ?ill "ry "! ascer"ain?#a" )rinci)les underlay =S !rein )!licy> Ter$inal and c!$$ence$en" da"es s#!uld be !bserved2and relevance $ay be a )r!ble$ as "#e ans?er is c!nined "! rela"i!ns ?i"# Eur!)e2 #ence

a)anese ac"i!ns and =S reac"i!ns are NOT relevan"> In /*%& "#e =S Sena"e reec"ed "#eersailles Trea"y and #ence "#e Leaue ! Na"i!ns and "#is $ar7ed "#e s"ar" ! a "?elve year )eri!d! is!la"i!nis$> In /*%/ "#e =S $ade a se)ara"e )eace ?i"# Ger$any> H!?ever2 "#!u# "#e =S ?asis!la"i!nis" i" ?as n!" uninv!lved2 and ?as sur)risinly ac"ive in ?!rld aairs2 bein an !bserver a""#e Leaue2 !n Leaue c!$$i""ees i" "!!7 "#e ini"ia"ive in "#e as#in"!n C!nerence leadin "! a9ive 0!?er Naval Trea"y 1includin a)an5 : i" #ad2 #!?ever2 n! en!rce$en" $ac#inery2 "#e !nlysanc"i!n bein $!ral res"rain"> In /*%3 "#e =S "!!7 "#e lead in "#e Kell!4Briand 0ac" ren!uncin?ar and sined by si6"y4"?! c!un"ries> I" "!! #ad n! $eans ! en!rce$en" and #as been describedas a $!nu$en" "! illusi!n> G!!d ans?ers s#!uld als! deal ?i"# "#e s"rane "rea"$en" ! Allied arDeb"s and Re)ara"i!ns2 ?#ic# #ad a s"r!nly nea"ive i$)ac" !n =S )ublic !)ini!n> /*'' $ar7ed asea c#ane2 ?i"# a ne? 0residen" and Hi"lers accessi!n "! )!?er in Ger$any> 9r!$ /*'' "! /*'*9DRs )!licy ?as dic"a"ed by )ublic !)ini!n in "#e =S ?#ic# ?as increasinly )aciis"> I" ?as !nlya"er "#e dra$a"ic Ger$an success ! /*;& and #is re4elec"i!n !r an un)receden"ed "#ird "er$ "#a"

9DR ad!)"ed a $uc# $!re )r!4Ally )!licy2 "#!u# s#!r" ! en"erin ?ar> G!!d ans?ers s#!uld "race"#e c!$)le6 s"e)s by ?#ic# "#e =SA in "#e "?! years s#i"ed r!$ s"ric" neu"rali"y "! an undeclarednaval ?ar ?i"# Ger$any in /*;/>

ues"i!n 3

Analyse the reasons or the dramatic change in social attitudes and liestyles that occurred inAmerica in the 4C7s!

T#ese ?ere cen"red $ainly2 "#!u# n!" en"irely2 !n universi"y and c!llee ca$)uses and $!s"ans?ers ?ill !cus !n "#is as)ec"2 !ne sus)ec"s> T#e $ani"ude s#!uld n!" be e6aera"ed> T#edecade "#a" s"ar"ed ?i"# 9K as 0residen" ended ?i"# Ric#ard Ni6!n> #ereas "#e /* All $ales"uden"s ?ere in )rinci)le eliible !r "#e dra"2 "#!u# "#e be""er c!nnec"ed !und ?ays !circu$ven"in "#is 1includin "#e las" "?! 0residen"s ! "#e =SV5> T#ere ?as als! a c!ncer"ed )r!"es"a" "#e s"ruc"ure2 e"#!s2 and r!le ! universi"ies in ?#ic# n!"#in ?as unc#allened> T#ey #ad r!?nin sie dra$a"ically 1=niversi"y ! Cali!rnia #avin !ver /&&2 &&& s"uden"s5> Inevi"ably "#ey ?ere$!re bureaucra"ic2 #ad cl!se lin7s ?i"# !vern$en" and c!$$erce2 and ?ere !ranised !n#ierarc#ical lines ?i"# $any !u"$!ded reula"i!ns in #alls ! residence> T#e se6ual rev!lu"i!n ?asn!" c!nined "! "#e =SA "#!u# i" see$ed ini"ially $!re c!nined "! Anl!4Sa6!n cul"ures> T#es"uden"s ! "#e /*+&s !n?ards ?ere baby b!!$ers2 b!u#" u) !n "#e $a6i$s ! Dr S)!c72 andrela"ively ree ! disci)linary and "radi"i!nal c!ns"rain"s> 0re4$ari"al se6 and c!#abi"a"i!n see$ed "!bec!$e $!re c!$$!n2 cer"ainly $!re in "#e !)en> L!n #air2 un7e$)" cl!"#es2 e6)eri$en"in ?i"#drus2 reec"i!n ! all $iddle class values2 and r!c7 $usic beca$e "#e n!r$> T#ese c#anes ?ere

n!" universal2 bu" ?ere larely c!nined "! "#e y!uner enera"i!n2 ?#! #ad never 7n!?n ?ar2une$)l!y$en" !r ec!n!$ic #ards#i) 1ca$)uses ?ere )red!$inan"ly $iddle class5> T#!u#anarc#is$ as a )#il!s!)#y #ad very li""le e6)lici" su))!r"2 i"s underlyin )re$ise : "#a" all e6"ernalres"rain"s ?ere unus"iied2 see$ed be#ind $uc# +&s be#avi!ur> Hi# class ans?ers 1%%4% T#e i$)ressi!n ?ill be "#a" ! a !!d s!lid ans?er> Bare )assans?ers ?ill be larely descri)"ive2 $a"erial $ay be basic2 and relevance $ay s"ray>

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9697_03_Nov_03_mark_scheme