13 Space heating and cooling

96/03084 Design goals and challenges for a photovoltalc-powered electrochromlc window coveringBenson, D. K. and Branz, H. M. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells,Dec. 1995, 39, (2), 203-211.As the technical issues of performance and durability of electrochromic(Eq windows near resolution, more attention is being focused upon theeconomics of 'smart' window fabrication, installation and operation. Aretrofit EC window covering that could be readily applied to existing win­dows could have several economical advantages, particularly if it werephotovoltaic (PV)-powered. Such a window covering could be producedon a flexible polymer substrate that would be adhered to the inside surfaceof a window. The authors describe the design options and challenges asso­ciated with this retrofit concept which are presently being studied at theNational Energy Laboratory, Colorado, USA.

96/03085 Development of engineering design data for newrefrigerants I: Pure fluids and azeotroplc mixturesHewitt, N. J. et al., Int. J. Energy Research, Feb. 1996,20, (2), 143-155.It is important to correlate thermodynamicdata for replacements for CFCsand HCFCs and present it in a form that will allow industry to designequipment from charts rather than complicated thermodynamic equations.The paper outlines the developmentof such equations for the more popularof these fluids. Sample pressure-enthalpy diagrams are then given for thepure fluids. In addition, since replacements for CFCs and HCFCs can beformedfrom both zeotropic and azeotropicmixtures of these fluids, the useof a typical mixing rule is discussed and initial results presented.

96/03086 1996 district energy buyers' guideDistr. Energy, Fourth Quarter, Supplement, 1995, 81, (2).

The guide provides a listing of companies offering district heating andcooling equipment in the USA.

96/03087 Energy-efficient renovation of high-rise housingGorgolewski, M. et al., Applied Energy, Apr. 1996, 53, (4), 363-382.The study aims to inform designers about a method for assessing the likelyenergy consequences of decisions open to them regarding refurbishmentoptions for high-rise housing in the UK. The TASo thermal simulationcomputer program was used to predict the effects of various improvementmeasures for a first-floor and a tenth-floor flat. The performances ofretrofittedthermal insulation, double glazing, ventilation control measures,and sunspaces were considered. A lifecycle costing method was used toindicate the energy and financial benefits of these improvement options.The results indicated that there was a difference of between 25% and 60%in the predicted heating loads of the first-floor and tenth-floor flats,depending on the improvements installed.

96/03088 European audit story in 56 office buildings - Con-clusions and recommendationsBluyssen, P. et al., Int. Conf an Healthy Buildings in Mild Climate,Health Buildings '95, Milan, Sep. 1995, 1995, 3, 1287-1292.Reports on an audit carried out in 56 office buildings in nine EuropeanCountries during 1993-1994.

96/03089 Evaluating exhaust gas systems with regard to iceformationLanger, U. Heiz. Luft. Haustech., Nov. 1995, 46, (11), 562-567. (InGerman)The paper discusses how the inner wall of surfaces in contact with exhaustgas in moisture-insensitive exhaust gas systems must remain above freez­ing to prevent ice formation.

96/03090 Future trends in balancing heating and coolingsystemsLowe, M. and Bradshaw, J. Bldg. Servo ClBSE J., Jan. 1996, 18, (1),35-36.The articles discusses how automatic balancing valves could herald arevolution in the way pumped systems are designed and installed.

96/03091 Future trends in the commissioning of heating andcooling systemsLowe, M. National Con]. Papers, Eastbourne, Oct. 1995, ClBSE, 1995,2,293-301.The paper gives the future trends in the commissioning of heating andcooling systems used in buildings. Discusses the current commissioningmethods and valves used, including the benefits of installing automaticbalancing valves.

96/03092 HCFC22·based vapour absorption refrigerationsystem: Part 1. Parametric studiesFatouh, M. and Murthy, S. S. Int. J. of Energy Research, Apr. 1996,20,(4), 297-312.Influence of operating temperatures at generator, absorber, condenser andevaporatoron the performance of a single-stagevapour absorption refriger­ation systems working with HCFC22-DMA, HCFC22-DMF andHCFC22-DMETEG pairs as working fluids is studied by performing ther­modynamic analysis

214 Fuel and Energy Abstracts May 1996

96/03093 Heat rejection alternatives for thermoelectricrefrigeratorsSofrata, H. Energy Convel's. Mgmt., Mar. 1996, 37, (3), 269-280.The main objective of this work is to enhance the performance of thermo­electric refrigerators by developing an effective heat rejection method forthe hot side of thermoelectricmodules. Single fan, double fan and naturalchimney draft heat rejection alternatives have been tested. The minimumtemperature reached is _3°C. The temperature difference between the hotside and the cold side is 26°C for natural cooling, 22°C for the single fanand 14°C for the two fan systems. It has been concluded that, if a longchimney was used, the performance of the refrigerator may be improved,and the fan current is used for cooling instead of wasting its power for heatrejection fans.

96/03094 HERS and BERS: Rating the thermal performanceof housesWillrath, H. Solar Progress, Nov-Dec, 1995, 16, (4), 19-20.The author discusses the use of energy efficiency in building designs inAustralia.

96/03095 The history menTierney, R. Heat. Air Condit., Jan. 1996, 16-19.Discusses refurbishing historic buildings, based on three major restorationprojects carried out in Liverpool.

96/03096 Houses of strawWeiss, J. and Stone, L. Solar Today, Jan-Feb. 1996, 10, (1), 22-25.Describes the construction of a house with straw bales for energy effi­ciency and comfort in the USA.

96/03097 How the choice of heat meter park influences theeconomy of district heat utilitiesLingg, H. Euroheat & Power, Fern. International, Dec. 1995, 24, (12),694-701. (In German)Discusses the economics of district heating.

96/03098 Industrial space heatingHeat. Vellt. Rev., Nov. 1995, 36, (1), 20-28.

Three short articles discuss industrial space heating.

96/03099 Inner tubesRidout, G. et aI., Building, Dec. 1995, 41-59.Four short articles covering the common theme of building services.

96/03100 Leisure and entertainmentAshley, S. Bldg. Servo CIBSE 1., Dec. 1995, 17, (12), 21-27.Three short articles dealing with building services provision for leisure ndentertainment buildings.

96/03101 Manufacture and cost of vacuum glazingGarrison, J. D. and Collins, R. E. Solar Energy, Sep. 1995, 55, (3),151-161.The vacuum glazing project at the University of Sydney, Australia, hasprogressed to the point where the main features of the vacuum glazingdesign are determined well. Over 500 glazings with areas up to one squaremeter have been formed. The stresses to which these glazings are or maybe exposed have been studied extensively. The durability of the glazingstructure and the internal vacuum has been demonstrated.

96/03102 On the ground temperature below buildingsMihalakakou, G. et al., Solar Energy, Nov. 1995, 55, (5), 355-362.The paper presents a transient, numerical model for the prediction of theground temperature at various depths below buildings. The proposedmodel was developed by calculating the heat flow to the ground from abuilding, which depends on the complicated three-dimensional thermalprocess in the ground.

96/03103 Optimal supervlsory control of an absorptionchiller systemKoeppel, E. A. et al., Int. J. HVACandR Res., Oct. 1995, 1, (4), 325-342.The paper discusses a methodology for determining the optimal control ofan HVAC system.

96/03104 Optimization of a two-stage combined refrigerationsystemChen, J. and Wu, C. Energy Converso Mgmt., Mar. 1996, 37, (3),353-358.The optimal performance of a two-stage refrigeration system affected bythe irreversibility of finite-rate heat transfer is analyzed by using anendoreversible combined cycle model with continuous flow. It is proventhat the optimal coefficient of performance is a monotonica!ly decreasingfunction of the specific cooling rate for a two-stage endoreversible com­bined refrigeration system. The optimal temperaturesof the working fluidin the isothermalprocessesof a cycle are determined. The optimal distribu­tion of the heat transfer areas are also discussed. The results obtained canprovidea tool for practisingengineers for designing two-stage refrigerationsystems.