116
ED 361 333 AUTHOR TITLE INSTITUTION SPONS AGENCY PUB DATE CONTRACT NOTE PUB TYPE DOCUMENT RESUME SP 034 757 Shulman, Judith H., Ed.; Mesa-Bains, Amalia, Ed. Diversity in the Classroom: A Casebook for Teachers and Teacher Educators. Far West Lab. for Educational Research and Development, San Francisco, Calif.; Research for Better Schools, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa. Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED), Washington, DC. 93 RP91002004; RP91002006 231p.; For other casebooks, see ED 291 153 and ED 296 998. Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (For Teacher) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Case Studies; Community Influence; *Discussion (Teaching Technique); Elementary School Students; Elementary School Teachers; Elementary Secondary Education; Faculty Development; *Inner City; Iliservice Teacher Education; Non English Speaking; Parent Influence; Preservice Teacher Education; *Problem Solving; Questioning Techniques; Secondary School Students; Secondary School Teachers; Teacher Student Relationship; *Teaching Experience; Teaching Methods; Urban Education IDENTIFIERS Case Approach (Writing); Case Method (Teaching Technique); *Diversity (Student); *Teacher Writing ABSTRACT Interest in case-based teaching is growing in both teacher preparation and inservice training programs. This volume present:, 13 cases, set in inner-city schools in San Francisco and Los Angeles (California) and Phoenix (Arizona). The student population in these areas is enormously diverse, encompassing an array of races, cultures, and languages. The cases, written by veteran teachers, describe some of the most problematic experiences of their careers. Some writers look back to novice days and discuss how a situation was handled, and reflect on what might be done differently now; others tell about current problems with unresolved dilemmas. The commentaries that follow each case are intended to broaden case analysis offering differing interpretations, raising critical questions, and exploring issues that are either overt or suggested by nuances in the narrative. The cases are organized into four categories: (1) "Teaching New Concepts and Skills"; (2) "Integrating Non-English Speakers into the Classroom"; (3) "Interactions with Students"; and (4) "The Influence of Parents and Community." An annotated bibliography and guidelines for writing a case are appended. (LL) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ***********************************************************************

93 998. - ERIC · PREFACE. This volume is the third in a series of casebooks devel- oped at the Far West Laboratory (FWL). These casebooks are part of a nationwide effort to capture

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    1

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • ED 361 333

    AUTHORTITLE

    INSTITUTION

    SPONS AGENCY

    PUB DATECONTRACTNOTE

    PUB TYPE

    DOCUMENT RESUME

    SP 034 757

    Shulman, Judith H., Ed.; Mesa-Bains, Amalia, Ed.Diversity in the Classroom: A Casebook for Teachersand Teacher Educators.Far West Lab. for Educational Research andDevelopment, San Francisco, Calif.; Research forBetter Schools, Inc., Philadelphia, Pa.Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ED),Washington, DC.93

    RP91002004; RP91002006231p.; For other casebooks, see ED 291 153 and ED 296998.

    Guides Classroom Use Teaching Guides (ForTeacher) (052)

    EDRS PRICE MF01/PC10 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Case Studies; Community Influence; *Discussion

    (Teaching Technique); Elementary School Students;Elementary School Teachers; Elementary SecondaryEducation; Faculty Development; *Inner City;Iliservice Teacher Education; Non English Speaking;Parent Influence; Preservice Teacher Education;*Problem Solving; Questioning Techniques; SecondarySchool Students; Secondary School Teachers; TeacherStudent Relationship; *Teaching Experience; TeachingMethods; Urban Education

    IDENTIFIERS Case Approach (Writing); Case Method (TeachingTechnique); *Diversity (Student); *Teacher Writing

    ABSTRACT

    Interest in case-based teaching is growing in bothteacher preparation and inservice training programs. This volumepresent:, 13 cases, set in inner-city schools in San Francisco and LosAngeles (California) and Phoenix (Arizona). The student population inthese areas is enormously diverse, encompassing an array of races,cultures, and languages. The cases, written by veteran teachers,describe some of the most problematic experiences of their careers.Some writers look back to novice days and discuss how a situation washandled, and reflect on what might be done differently now; otherstell about current problems with unresolved dilemmas. Thecommentaries that follow each case are intended to broaden caseanalysis offering differing interpretations, raising criticalquestions, and exploring issues that are either overt or suggested bynuances in the narrative. The cases are organized into fourcategories: (1) "Teaching New Concepts and Skills"; (2) "IntegratingNon-English Speakers into the Classroom"; (3) "Interactions withStudents"; and (4) "The Influence of Parents and Community." Anannotated bibliography and guidelines for writing a case areappended. (LL)

    ***********************************************************************

    Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be madefrom the original document.

    ***********************************************************************

  • Nile

    44/1

    1IN

    TH

    EC

    LA

    SSR

    OO

    M

    A C

    aseb

    ook

    for

    Tea

    cher

    s an

    d T

    each

    erE

    duca

    tors

    U S

    DE

    PA

    RT

    ME

    NT

    OF

    ED

    UC

    AT

    ION

    'IPI I

    IL, a

    hnna

    ran

    d ,m

    orce

    eem

    en.

    fA

    Td/

    AIA

    L fff

    SO

    uRC

    FS

    INF

    OR

    MA

    TIO

    NC

    I NP

    ,F R

    h:I

    'Pe

    omen

    , eas

    ,epo

    dure

    d a%

    ,re

    oeve

    duu

    ,se

    orga

    ngah

    onna

    ,ny

    V.n

    reea

    rges

    na.

    , tut

    e m

    ade

    It!M

    OM

    .,

    ., 0,

    0tS

    sta

    led

    ens

    dor u

    men

    , It,

    .ew

    esee

    tC

    .,.,

    Edi

    ted

    byJu

    dith

    H. S

    hulm

    an &

    Am

    alia

    Mes

    a-B

    ains

    illIL

    AB

    OR

    AT

    OR

    YFa

    rWes

    t

    A C

    olla

    bora

    tive

    Publ

    icat

    ion

    of

    R3S

    am%

    .R

    esea

    rch

    for

    Lam

    ence

    Bet

    ter

    Scl

    vols

    Erlb

    aum

    Ass

    oc.

    BE

    ST C

    OPY

    ifitr

    .f.,

    uLS

    T C

    OP

    Y A

    VA

    ILA

    BLE

    444.

    ck4k

    S.44

  • DIV

    ER

    SIT

    Y I

    N T

    HE

    CL

    ASS

    RO

    OM

    :A

    CA

    SEB

    OO

    KFO

    R T

    EA

    CH

    ER

    S A

    ND

    TE

    AC

    HE

    R E

    DU

    CA

    TO

    RS

    Edi

    ted

    byJu

    dith

    H. S

    hulm

    anan

    dA

    mal

    ia M

    esa-

    Bai

    ns

    ofT

    he F

    ar W

    est

    Lab

    orat

    ory

    for

    Edu

    catio

    nal

    Res

    earc

    h an

    d D

    evel

    opm

    ent

    Publ

    ishe

    d co

    llabo

    rativ

    ely

    by R

    esea

    rch

    for

    Bet

    ter

    Scho

    ols

    and

    Law

    renc

    e E

    rlba

    wn

    Ass

    ocia

    tes

  • DIV

    ER

    SIT

    Y I

    N T

    HE

    CL

    ASS

    RO

    OM

    :A

    CA

    SEB

    OO

    KFO

    R T

    EA

    CH

    ER

    S A

    ND

    TE

    AC

    HE

    R E

    DU

    CA

    TO

    RS

    Jose

    phin

    e A

    rce

    Lin

    da D

    myt

    riw

    Judy

    Dru

    mm

    ond

    Aud

    rey

    Fiel

    ding

    Gil

    Gui

    llerm

    o

    Cam

    e B

    arne

    ttL

    arry

    Cub

    anK

    aren

    Des

    ser

    Dia

    ne G

    arfi

    eld

    Bet

    tye

    Hay

    sber

    tC

    hars

    tine

    Hir

    oshi

    ma

    Bev

    erly

    Jim

    inez

    Alic

    e K

    awaz

    oe

    Edi

    tors

    :

    Judi

    th H

    . Shu

    lman

    and

    Am

    alia

    Mes

    a-B

    ains

    Far

    Wes

    t Lab

    orat

    ory

    Cas

    e W

    rite

    rs:

    Bet

    te M

    ohr

    Lor

    i Mur

    akam

    iPe

    g Fo

    ley

    Rey

    nold

    sL

    illy

    Siu

    Ter

    rie

    St. M

    iche

    l

    Com

    men

    tato

    rs:

    Glo

    ria

    Lad

    son-

    Bill

    ings

    Joel

    Litt

    auer

    Mor

    gan

    Mar

    chba

    nks

    Am

    alia

    Mes

    a-B

    ains

    Loi

    s M

    eyer

    Lor

    i Mur

    akam

    iSh

    aron

    Nel

    son-

    Bar

    ber

    Am

    ado

    Padi

    lla

    Ann

    a Y

    amag

    uchi

    Lyn

    ne Z

    olli

    Ric

    hard

    Pip

    erM

    ichi

    Pri

    ngle

    Hea

    ther

    Ram

    irez

    Peg

    Fole

    y R

    eyno

    lds

    Lill

    y Si

    uJo

    an T

    ibbe

    tsA

    nna

    Yam

    aguc

    hiL

    ynne

    Zol

    li

    Publ

    ishe

    d co

    llabo

    rativ

    ely

    by R

    esea

    rch

    for

    Bet

    ter

    Scho

    ols

    and

    Law

    renc

    e E

    rlba

    um A

    ssoc

    iate

    s

  • Wor

    k on

    this

    pub

    licat

    ion

    was

    sup

    port

    ed in

    par

    t by

    the

    U.S

    . Dep

    artm

    ent o

    f E

    duca

    tion,

    Off

    ice

    of E

    duca

    tiona

    lR

    esea

    rch

    and

    Impr

    ovem

    ent,

    cont

    ract

    num

    ber

    RP9

    1002

    006

    and

    RP9

    1002

    004.

    Its

    cont

    ents

    do

    not n

    eces

    sari

    ly r

    efle

    ct th

    e vi

    ews

    of th

    eD

    epar

    tmen

    t of

    Edu

    catio

    n.

    Thi

    s is

    a p

    re-p

    ublic

    atio

    n co

    py. ©

    Cop

    yrig

    ht, 1

    993

    by R

    esea

    rch

    for

    Bet

    ter

    Scho

    ols

    and

    Law

    renc

    e E

    rlba

    um A

    ssoc

    iate

    s. A

    llri

    ghts

    res

    erve

    d.

  • FOR

    EW

    OR

    D

    Far

    Wes

    t Lab

    orat

    ory

    for

    Edu

    catio

    nal R

    esea

    rch

    and

    Dev

    elop

    men

    t (FW

    L)

    is a

    non

    -pro

    fit a

    genc

    y de

    dica

    ted

    toim

    prov

    ing

    the

    qual

    ity o

    f ed

    ucat

    ion

    by h

    elpi

    ng p

    olic

    y-m

    aker

    s an

    d pr

    actit

    ione

    rs a

    pply

    the

    best

    ava

    ilabl

    ekn

    owle

    dge

    from

    res

    earc

    h, d

    evel

    opm

    ent,

    and

    prac

    tice.

    Afe

    dera

    lly d

    esig

    nate

    d re

    gion

    al la

    bora

    tory

    fun

    ded

    in p

    art

    by th

    e U

    .S. D

    epar

    tmen

    t of

    Edu

    catio

    n, F

    WL

    add

    ress

    esa

    broa

    d ra

    nge

    of e

    duca

    tiona

    l pri

    oriti

    es, i

    nclu

    ding

    issu

    es o

    fea

    rly

    child

    hood

    , stu

    dent

    s at

    ris

    k, a

    sses

    smen

    t zm

    dat

    :co

    unta

    bilit

    y, e

    duca

    tiona

    l tec

    hnol

    ogy,

    and

    pro

    fess

    iona

    lde

    velo

    pmen

    t.

    Thi

    s vo

    lum

    e pi

    ns T

    he M

    ento

    r T

    each

    er C

    aseb

    ook

    and

    The

    Inte

    rn T

    each

    er C

    aseb

    ook

    as th

    e la

    test

    in V

    ie p

    ione

    erin

    gse

    ries

    of

    teac

    her-

    wri

    tten

    case

    book

    s be

    ing

    deve

    lope

    d by

    our

    Inst

    itute

    for

    Cas

    e D

    evel

    opm

    ent.

    Oth

    er p

    ublic

    atio

    nsfo

    cus

    on a

    dmin

    istr

    ator

    s, m

    iddl

    e sc

    hool

    s, a

    nd m

    athe

    mat

    -ic

    s te

    achi

    ng. A

    ll ar

    e ai

    med

    at h

    elpi

    ng b

    ;rid

    ge th

    ega

    pbe

    twee

    n th

    eory

    and

    pra

    ctic

    e in

    pre

    pari

    ng p

    ract

    ition

    ers

    for

    a w

    ork

    envi

    ronm

    ent w

    here

    ther

    ear

    e fe

    w c

    lear

    rig

    htor

    wro

    ng c

    ours

    es o

    f ac

    tion.

    By

    focu

    sing

    on

    the

    enor

    mou

    sne

    w d

    iver

    sity

    in to

    day'

    scl

    assr

    oom

    s, th

    is b

    ook

    aim

    s to

    hel

    p te

    ache

    rs f

    ind

    answ

    ers

    to c

    halle

    nges

    they

    fac

    e as

    they

    str

    uggl

    e i:o

    mee

    t the

    nee

    dsof

    all

    stud

    ents

    .

    Dea

    n N

    afzi

    ger

    Exe

    cutiv

    e D

    irec

    tor

    Far

    Wes

    t Lab

    orat

    ory

    1

    ft

    1

  • PRE

    FAC

    E

    Thi

    s vo

    lum

    e is

    the

    thir

    d in

    a s

    erie

    s of

    cas

    eboo

    ks d

    evel

    -op

    ed a

    t the

    Far

    Wes

    t Lab

    orat

    ory

    (FW

    L).

    The

    seca

    sebo

    oks

    are

    part

    of

    a na

    tionw

    ide

    effo

    rt to

    cap

    ture

    and

    use

    prac

    titio

    ner

    know

    ledg

    e to

    bet

    ter

    prep

    are

    teac

    hers

    for

    the

    real

    ity o

    f to

    day'

    s cl

    assr

    oom

    s.

    Unl

    ike

    busi

    ness

    , law

    , and

    med

    icin

    e, e

    duca

    tion

    has

    mad

    elit

    tle f

    orm

    al u

    se o

    f ca

    ses

    as p

    rofe

    ssio

    nal t

    rain

    ing

    tool

    s.B

    ut in

    tere

    st in

    cas

    e-ba

    sed

    teac

    hing

    is n

    ow g

    row

    ing

    inbo

    th te

    ache

    r pr

    epar

    atio

    n an

    d in

    serv

    ice

    trai

    ning

    pro

    -gr

    ams.

    The

    198

    0s r

    efor

    m m

    ovem

    ent i

    s la

    rgel

    y re

    spon

    -si

    ble.

    In

    the

    effo

    rt to

    impr

    ove

    scho

    ols,

    it's

    bec

    ome

    clea

    rth

    at te

    ache

    rs a

    re w

    oefu

    lly u

    npre

    pare

    d fo

    r th

    e hu

    ge a

    rray

    of c

    halle

    nges

    pre

    sent

    ed b

    y a

    stud

    ent p

    opul

    atio

    n va

    stly

    diff

    eren

    t fro

    m th

    at o

    f ev

    en a

    dec

    ade

    ago.

    Nov

    ices

    fin

    dth

    e gr

    itty,

    rea

    l-lif

    e cl

    assr

    oom

    to b

    e lig

    ht y

    ears

    fro

    m th

    eid

    eal t

    hey

    had

    imag

    ined

    as

    stud

    ents

    . Spo

    tligh

    ting

    this

    gap

    betw

    een

    theo

    ry a

    nd p

    ract

    ice,

    the

    1986

    Car

    negi

    ere

    port

    , A N

    atio

    n Pr

    epar

    ed: T

    each

    ers

    for

    the

    21st

    Cen

    tury

    ,re

    com

    men

    ded

    that

    teac

    her

    trai

    ning

    inst

    itutio

    ns u

    se"c

    ases

    illu

    stra

    ting

    a gr

    eat v

    arie

    ty o

    f te

    achi

    ng p

    robl

    ems"

    as "

    a m

    ajor

    foc

    us o

    f in

    stru

    ctio

    n."

    Wha

    t do

    we

    mea

    n by

    cas

    es?

    Cas

    es a

    re c

    andi

    d, d

    ram

    atic

    ,hi

    ghly

    rea

    dabl

    e ac

    coun

    ts o

    f te

    achi

    ng e

    vent

    s or

    ser

    ies

    ofev

    ents

    . The

    y sh

    ow a

    pro

    blem

    -bas

    ed s

    naps

    hot o

    f an

    on-

    the-

    job

    dile

    mm

    a. R

    ead

    alon

    e, th

    ey o

    ffer

    the

    vica

    riou

    sex

    peri

    ence

    of

    wal

    king

    in a

    noth

    er's

    sho

    es. B

    ut in

    gro

    updi

    scus

    sion

    , the

    y ar

    e es

    peci

    ally

    pow

    erfu

    l, al

    low

    ing

    diff

    erin

    g po

    ints

    of

    view

    to b

    e ai

    red

    and

    exam

    ined

    . For

    that

    rea

    son,

    cas

    es a

    re c

    onsc

    ious

    ly d

    esig

    ned

    to p

    rovo

    kedi

    scus

    sion

    that

    is e

    ngag

    ing,

    dem

    andi

    ng, i

    ntel

    lect

    ually

    exci

    ting,

    and

    stim

    ulat

    ing.

    Som

    e ca

    ses

    arc

    wri

    tten

    by r

    esea

    rche

    rs. B

    ut th

    ose

    we

    have

    pion

    eere

    d ov

    er th

    e pa

    st f

    ive

    year

    s at

    FW

    L a

    re w

    ritte

    n by

    teac

    hers

    them

    selv

    es. T

    hey

    are

    also

    cou

    pled

    with

    com

    -m

    enta

    ries

    wri

    tten

    by o

    ther

    teac

    hers

    , adm

    inis

    trat

    ors,

    or

    educ

    atio

    nal s

    chol

    ars

    who

    se d

    iffe

    rent

    , oft

    en c

    onfl

    ictin

    g,in

    terp

    reta

    tions

    of

    the

    narr

    ativ

    e pr

    ovid

    e ad

    ditio

    nal l

    ense

    sth

    roug

    h w

    hich

    to v

    iew

    the

    case

    .

    Bec

    ause

    they

    tell

    vivi

    d, m

    ovin

    g st

    orie

    s, c

    ases

    giv

    e lif

    ean

    d st

    ayin

    g po

    wer

    to c

    once

    pts.

    Tea

    cher

    edu

    cato

    rs,

    men

    tors

    and

    sta

    ff d

    evel

    oper

    s ar

    e us

    ing

    case

    s to

    trig

    ger

    disc

    ussi

    on a

    bout

    why

    a g

    iven

    str

    ateg

    y w

    orks

    or

    does

    n't.

    Beg

    inne

    rs le

    arn

    from

    exp

    erie

    nced

    teac

    hers

    how

    to c

    reat

    ele

    sson

    s an

    d en

    viro

    nmen

    ts th

    at p

    rom

    ote

    lear

    ning

    . The

    yle

    arn

    now

    to f

    ram

    e pr

    oble

    ms,

    inte

    rpre

    t com

    plex

    situ

    a-tio

    ns, a

    nd id

    entif

    y de

    cisi

    on p

    oint

    s an

    d po

    ssib

    le c

    onse

    -qu

    ence

    sth

    at is

    , the

    y le

    arn

    to th

    ink

    like

    teac

    hers

    . So

    vete

    rans

    dis

    cuss

    teac

    hing

    situ

    atio

    ns th

    at m

    irro

    r th

    eir

    own,

    in th

    e pr

    oces

    s re

    flec

    ting

    on th

    eir

    valu

    es, a

    ttitu

    des,

    and

    assu

    mpt

    ions

    and

    wre

    stlin

    g w

    ith th

    e di

    sequ

    ilibr

    ium

    this

    cre

    ates

    . As

    a re

    sult,

    they

    oft

    en c

    hang

    e th

    eir

    belie

    fsab

    out t

    each

    ing

    and

    lear

    ning

    and

    , thu

    s, a

    dopt

    ver

    ydi

    ffer

    ent w

    ays

    of w

    orki

    ng w

    ith s

    tude

    nts.

    FAR

    WE

    ST L

    AB

    OR

    AT

    OR

    Y'S

    APP

    RO

    AC

    H

    The

    FW

    L c

    ase

    wri

    ting

    proc

    ess

    mak

    es p

    ract

    ition

    ers

    them

    selv

    es th

    e su

    bjec

    ts, p

    rodu

    cers

    , and

    con

    sum

    ers

    ofac

    tion

    rese

    arch

    . We

    emph

    asiz

    e th

    is b

    ecau

    se te

    ache

    rsge

    nera

    lly h

    ave

    few

    mec

    hani

    sms

    to r

    ecor

    d an

    d pr

    eser

    veth

    eir

    accu

    mul

    ated

    kno

    wle

    dge.

    Whe

    n a

    teac

    her

    retir

    es o

    rot

    herw

    ise

    leav

    es th

    e pr

    ofes

    sion

    , his

    or

    her

    unde

    rsta

    nd-

    ing,

    met

    hods

    , and

    mat

    eria

    lsw

    hich

    sho

    uld

    form

    ale

    gacy

    to th

    e pr

    ofes

    sion

    , the

    com

    mun

    ity, a

    nd th

    e sc

    hool

    are

    gene

    rally

    lost

    . Tod

    ay, h

    owev

    er, t

    here

    is a

    nex

    pand

    ing

    liter

    atur

    e on

    the

    prac

    titio

    ner

    expe

    rien

    ce. T

    heca

    sebo

    oks

    cont

    ribu

    te to

    it b

    y co

    mbi

    ning

    the

    grow

    ing

    body

    of

    rese

    arch

    abo

    ut te

    achi

    ng w

    ith s

    peci

    fic

    acco

    unts

    of c

    lass

    room

    dile

    mm

    as w

    ritte

    n by

    teac

    hers

    them

    selv

    es.

    But

    cas

    es a

    re n

    ot s

    impl

    y na

    rrat

    ive

    desc

    ript

    ions

    of

    even

    ts.

    To

    call

    som

    ethi

    ng a

    cas

    e is

    to m

    ake

    a th

    eore

    tical

    cla

    imth

    at it

    is a

    cas

    e of

    som

    ethi

    ng, o

    r an

    inst

    ance

    of

    a la

    rger

    clas

    s. F

    or e

    xam

    ple,

    an

    acco

    unt o

    f a

    teac

    her

    obse

    rvin

    g a

    colle

    ague

    teac

    h a

    less

    on a

    nd la

    ter

    enga

    ging

    that

    col

    -le

    ague

    in a

    n an

    alys

    is o

    f th

    e le

    sson

    is a

    cas

    e of

    coa

    chin

    g.

    1

  • 1 .;

    vi

    Cas

    es m

    ay a

    lso

    be e

    xem

    plar

    s of

    pri

    ncip

    les,

    des

    crib

    ing

    byth

    eir

    deta

    il a

    gene

    ral p

    atte

    rn o

    f pr

    actic

    e.

    All

    the

    narr

    ativ

    es in

    our

    cas

    eboo

    ks m

    eet t

    his

    crite

    rion

    .T

    hey

    are

    sele

    cted

    bec

    ause

    they

    rep

    rese

    nt a

    larg

    er c

    lass

    of

    expe

    rien

    ces.

    In

    our

    firs

    t vol

    ume,

    The

    Men

    tor

    Tea

    cher

    Cas

    eboo

    k, 2

    2 m

    ento

    r te

    ache

    rs f

    rom

    the

    Los

    Ang

    eles

    Uni

    fied

    Sch

    ool D

    istr

    ict (

    LA

    USD

    ) de

    scri

    be th

    e re

    war

    dsan

    d fr

    ustr

    atio

    ns o

    f pr

    ovid

    ing

    on-t

    he-j

    ob a

    ssis

    tanc

    e to

    begi

    nnin

    g te

    ache

    rs. A

    n ou

    tgro

    wth

    of

    our

    stud

    y of

    the

    Cal

    ifor

    nia

    Men

    tor

    Tea

    cher

    Pro

    gram

    's f

    irst

    yea

    r, it

    svi

    gnet

    tes

    desc

    ribe

    how

    the

    men

    tor-

    colle

    ague

    rel

    atio

    n-sh

    ip d

    evel

    ops

    and

    illus

    trat

    e th

    e co

    mpl

    exity

    of

    the

    new

    men

    tor

    role

    . In

    the

    seco

    nd c

    aseb

    ook

    (The

    Int

    ern

    Tea

    cher

    Cas

    eboo

    k) f

    irst

    -yea

    r te

    ache

    rsag

    ain

    in L

    AU

    SDde

    scri

    be in

    fra

    nk a

    nd m

    ovin

    g de

    tail

    the

    real

    ity s

    hock

    they

    exp

    erie

    nad

    duri

    ng th

    eir

    firs

    t few

    mon

    ths

    inst

    ruct

    -in

    g te

    enag

    ers

    in in

    ner-

    city

    sch

    ools

    . The

    ir s

    tori

    es f

    re-

    quen

    tly r

    evea

    l the

    ir in

    itial

    inab

    ility

    to u

    nder

    stan

    dyo

    ungs

    ters

    with

    bac

    kgro

    unds

    rad

    ical

    ly d

    iffe

    rent

    fro

    mth

    eir

    own.

    The

    y al

    so p

    ortr

    ay th

    e en

    orm

    ous

    chal

    leng

    e of

    sim

    ulta

    neou

    sly

    enco

    unte

    ring

    two

    new

    cul

    ture

    s: te

    achi

    ngan

    d po

    vert

    y.

    AB

    OU

    T T

    HIS

    CA

    SEB

    OO

    K

    The

    13

    case

    s in

    the

    page

    s th

    at f

    ollo

    w a

    re a

    gain

    set

    ind

    erse

    , inn

    er-c

    ity s

    ehoo

    ls. B

    ut th

    is ti

    me

    they

    are

    wri

    tten

    b) o

    utst

    andi

    ng v

    eter

    an te

    ache

    rs w

    ho d

    escr

    ibe

    som

    e of

    the

    inos

    t pro

    blem

    atic

    exp

    erie

    nces

    of

    thei

    r ca

    reer

    s. S

    ome

    look

    bac

    k to

    thei

    r no

    vice

    day

    s, d

    escr

    ibe

    how

    they

    hand

    led

    a si

    tuat

    ion,

    and

    a f

    lect

    on

    wha

    t the

    y m

    ight

    do

    diff

    eren

    tly n

    ow. O

    ther

    s te

    ll ab

    out C

    ul r

    ent p

    lobl

    ems

    and

    leav

    e us

    with

    unr

    esol

    ved

    dile

    mm

    as.

    The

    se c

    ases

    wer

    e de

    velo

    ped

    colla

    bora

    tivel

    y by

    a r

    e-se

    arch

    er f

    rom

    FW

    I.,

    ast

    aff

    deve

    lope

    r/re

    sear

    cher

    fro

    mth

    e Sa

    n Fr

    anci

    sco

    Uni

    fied

    Sch

    ool D

    istr

    ict (

    SFU

    SD),

    and

    11 te

    ache

    rs n

    omin

    ated

    by

    thei

    r pe

    ers

    as e

    xcel

    lent

    . The

    sete

    ache

    rs a

    ll w

    ork

    with

    eth

    nica

    lly a

    nd c

    ultu

    rally

    div

    erse

    youn

    gste

    rs: e

    ight

    at t

    he e

    lem

    enta

    ry le

    vel,

    one

    at a

    juni

    orhi

    gh, a

    nd tw

    o in

    hig

    h sc

    hool

    s. T

    heir

    ow

    n va

    ried

    eth

    nic

    back

    grou

    nds

    incl

    ude

    Japa

    nese

    -Am

    eric

    an, C

    hine

    se-

    Am

    eric

    an, L

    atin

    o, F

    ilipi

    no, a

    nd C

    auca

    sian

    . Eig

    ht te

    ach

    in S

    FUSD

    , tw

    o in

    the

    Phoe

    nix

    Uni

    fied

    Sch

    ool D

    istr

    ict,

    and

    one

    in L

    AU

    SD.

    The

    com

    men

    tari

    es th

    at f

    ollo

    w e

    ach

    case

    are

    inte

    nded

    tobr

    oade

    n ca

    se a

    naly

    sis

    rath

    er th

    an to

    ans

    wer

    unr

    esol

    ved

    ques

    tions

    . The

    y pu

    rpos

    ely

    offe

    r di

    ffer

    ing

    inte

    rpre

    tatio

    nsof

    the

    case

    , rai

    se c

    ritic

    al q

    uest

    ions

    , and

    exp

    lore

    issu

    esth

    at a

    re e

    ither

    ove

    rt o

    r su

    gges

    ted

    by n

    uanc

    es in

    the

    narr

    ativ

    e. S

    ome

    com

    men

    tato

    rs li

    nk th

    eir

    rem

    arks

    tosc

    hola

    rly

    artic

    les

    to b

    ridg

    e th

    e ga

    p be

    twee

    n th

    eory

    and

    prac

    tice.

    Oth

    ers

    wri

    te m

    ore

    subj

    ectiv

    e co

    mm

    ents

    or

    tell

    stor

    ies

    of th

    eir

    own.

    Lik

    e th

    e au

    thor

    s, th

    e co

    mm

    enta

    tors

    com

    e fr

    om b

    ackg

    roun

    ds th

    at a

    re e

    thni

    cally

    and

    pro

    fes-

    sion

    ally

    div

    erse

    . Thi

    s w

    as d

    elib

    erat

    e, s

    ince

    we

    wan

    ted

    pers

    pect

    ives

    that

    wou

    ld e

    nric

    h, n

    ot s

    impl

    ify,

    ana

    lysi

    san

    d un

    ders

    tand

    ing

    of a

    bout

    the

    issu

    es e

    mbe

    dded

    in th

    eC

    aSC

    S.

    Tr

    Ps F

    OR

    USI

    NG

    TH

    ESE

    CA

    SFS

    Thi

    s bo

    ok is

    for

    use

    in p

    rese

    rvic

    e an

    d in

    serv

    ice

    mul

    ticul

    tura

    l edu

    catio

    n co

    urse

    s. I

    t aim

    s to

    hel

    p ne

    w a

    ndex

    peri

    ence

    d te

    ache

    rs b

    ecom

    e m

    ore

    awar

    e of

    and

    und

    er-

    stan

    d th

    e et

    hnic

    , rac

    ial,

    and

    cultu

    ral e

    xpre

    ssio

    ns o

    f th

    edi

    vers

    e st

    uden

    ts in

    thei

    r cl

    assr

    oom

    s. A

    s yo

    u re

    ad th

    eca

    ses,

    we

    hope

    you

    will

    beg

    in to

    exa

    min

    e yo

    ur o

    wn

    perc

    eptio

    ns a

    nd a

    ttitu

    des,

    just

    as

    we

    have

    exa

    min

    edou

    rs d

    urin

    g th

    e pr

    oces

    s of

    cre

    atin

    g th

    is v

    olum

    e. W

    e al

    soho

    pe th

    at th

    e ca

    ses

    will

    pro

    mpt

    you

    to th

    ink

    abou

    tdi

    ffer

    ent w

    ays

    of te

    achi

    ng th

    at m

    ight

    ena

    ble

    you

    tobe

    tter

    rela

    te c

    lass

    room

    act

    iviti

    es to

    you

    r pa

    rtic

    ular

    stud

    ents

    and

    tailo

    r in

    stru

    ctio

    n to

    thei

    r ne

    eds.

    As

    stat

    ed a

    bove

    , cas

    es a

    re p

    ower

    ful d

    iscu

    ssio

    n ca

    taly

    sts.

    Goo

    d di

    scus

    sion

    can

    hel

    p pe

    ople

    dig

    into

    a c

    ase.

    Wha

    tdi

    d th

    is te

    ache

    r ac

    tual

    ly d

    o an

    d w

    hy?

    With

    wha

    t res

    ult?

    Wha

    t alte

    rnat

    ive

    stra

    tegi

    es m

    ight

    hav

    e be

    en tr

    ied?

    At

    wha

    t ris

    k? D

    id th

    e cu

    ltura

    l per

    cept

    ions

    of

    the

    teac

    her

    orst

    uden

    ts in

    flue

    nce

    the

    situ

    atio

    n? H

    ow d

    o yo

    u kn

    ow?

    Wha

    t wer

    e st

    uden

    ts th

    inki

    ng a

    nd f

    eelin

    g? H

    ow d

    id th

    ey

  • try

    to c

    omm

    unic

    ate

    this

    to th

    e te

    ache

    r? D

    oes

    this

    teac

    her's

    sto

    ry p

    aral

    lel e

    xper

    ienc

    es o

    f yo

    ur o

    wn?

    Has

    this

    ses

    sion

    led

    you

    to th

    ink

    of d

    iffe

    rent

    way

    s of

    han

    -dl

    ing

    thes

    e di

    lem

    mas

    ?

    An

    Inst

    ruct

    or's

    Gui

    de is

    bei

    ng p

    repa

    red

    to a

    ccom

    pany

    this

    cas

    eboo

    k. I

    t inc

    lude

    s qu

    estio

    ns s

    peci

    fic

    to e

    ach

    case

    alon

    g w

    ith a

    dditi

    onal

    bac

    kgro

    und.

    Dis

    cuss

    ions

    spr

    ung

    from

    suc

    h qu

    estio

    ns c

    an h

    elp

    peop

    le to

    : 1)

    spot

    issu

    esan

    d fr

    ame

    prob

    lem

    s in

    am

    bigu

    ous

    situ

    atio

    ns, 2

    ) in

    terp

    ret

    situ

    atio

    ns f

    rom

    dif

    fere

    nt p

    ersp

    ectiv

    es, 3

    ) id

    entif

    y cr

    ucia

    lde

    cisi

    on p

    oint

    s an

    d po

    ssib

    ilitie

    s fo

    r ac

    tion,

    4)

    reco

    gniz

    eth

    e po

    ssib

    le c

    onse

    quen

    ces

    of d

    iffe

    rent

    act

    ions

    , and

    5) id

    entif

    y an

    d/or

    test

    teac

    hing

    pri

    ncip

    les

    in r

    eal c

    lass

    -ro

    om s

    ituat

    ions

    .

    The

    com

    men

    tari

    es a

    dd in

    form

    atio

    n an

    d in

    sigh

    ts p

    artic

    i-pa

    nts

    mig

    ht o

    ther

    wis

    e no

    t hav

    e. T

    hose

    in th

    is b

    ook

    are

    part

    icul

    arly

    use

    ful w

    hen

    the

    disc

    ussi

    on g

    roup

    doe

    sn't

    incl

    ude

    a re

    al c

    ultu

    ral m

    ix. T

    he c

    omm

    enta

    tors

    then

    func

    tion

    as c

    ultu

    ral i

    nfor

    man

    ts, p

    rovi

    ding

    bac

    kgro

    un I

    esse

    ntia

    l to

    mea

    ning

    ful d

    iscu

    ssio

    n, w

    heth

    er a

    bout

    real

    ities

    of

    life

    in u

    rban

    hou

    sing

    pro

    ject

    s or

    the

    mar

    gina

    lizat

    ion

    of m

    inor

    ity te

    ache

    rs. D

    epen

    ding

    on

    the

    situ

    atio

    n an

    d gr

    oup

    goal

    s, c

    omm

    enta

    ries

    may

    be

    read

    with

    the

    case

    or

    intr

    oduc

    ed a

    fter

    an

    initi

    al d

    iscu

    ssio

    n as

    the

    basi

    s fo

    r se

    cond

    -sta

    ge a

    naly

    sis.

    AC

    KN

    OW

    LED

    GM

    EN

    TS

    We

    wou

    ld f

    irst

    like

    lo th

    ank

    the

    case

    wri

    ters

    for

    taki

    ngtim

    e ou

    t of

    thei

    r bu

    sy s

    ched

    ules

    to w

    rite

    suc

    h in

    tere

    stin

    gan

    d ca

    ndid

    acc

    ount

    s. T

    hese

    teac

    hers

    had

    the

    cour

    age

    tobo

    th q

    uest

    ion

    thei

    r be

    liefs

    and

    doc

    umen

    t the

    ir p

    erce

    p-tio

    ns th

    roug

    h m

    ultip

    le d

    raft

    s of

    thei

    r ca

    ses.

    Tha

    nks

    toth

    e co

    mm

    enta

    tors

    who

    str

    etch

    ed o

    ur th

    inki

    ng b

    y pr

    ovid

    -in

    g th

    eir

    pers

    pect

    ives

    to e

    ach

    case

    . Tha

    nks

    also

    to D

    onB

    arfi

    eld

    and

    Cam

    e B

    arne

    tt of

    Far

    Wes

    t Lab

    orat

    ory,

    and

    Lin

    da D

    avis

    , Dep

    uty

    Supe

    rint

    ende

    nt f

    or I

    nstr

    uctio

    n at

    the

    San

    Fran

    cisc

    o U

    nifi

    ed S

    choo

    l Dis

    tric

    t and

    mem

    ber

    ofFW

    L's

    Boa

    rd o

    f D

    in ,:

    tors

    , who

    sup

    port

    ed a

    nd g

    uide

    dth

    is p

    roje

    ct f

    rom

    its

    ince

    ptio

    n. W

    e ar

    e al

    so in

    debt

    ed to

    ic

    our

    advi

    sors

    Sha

    ron

    Nel

    son-

    Bar

    ber,

    Am

    ado

    Padi

    lla, a

    ndL

    ee S

    hulm

    an o

    f St

    anfo

    rd U

    nive

    rsity

    , and

    Glo

    ria

    Lad

    son-

    Bill

    ings

    of

    the

    Uni

    vers

    ity o

    f W

    isco

    nsin

    , who

    wro

    teco

    mm

    enta

    ries

    , pro

    vide

    d w

    ise

    insi

    ghts

    , and

    ask

    eddi

    ffic

    ult q

    uest

    ions

    .

    Seve

    ral o

    ther

    indi

    vidu

    als

    mad

    e va

    luab

    le c

    ontr

    ibut

    ions

    :Ju

    dith

    Kle

    infe

    ld, U

    nive

    rsity

    of

    Ala

    ska,

    Fai

    rban

    ks, a

    ndW

    illia

    m M

    cDia

    rmid

    , Mic

    higa

    n St

    ate

    Uni

    vers

    ity, g

    ave

    usin

    put o

    n dr

    afts

    ; Joa

    n M

    cRob

    bie,

    our

    tale

    nted

    edi

    tor

    and

    num

    ber

    one

    supp

    orte

    r, h

    elpe

    d us

    thro

    ugh

    seve

    ral

    revi

    sion

    s; L

    eslie

    Cre

    nna

    help

    ed d

    evel

    op th

    e an

    nota

    ted

    bibl

    iogr

    aphy

    ; and

    Ros

    emar

    y D

    e L

    a T

    orre

    pat

    ient

    ly ty

    ped

    and

    revi

    sed

    mul

    tiple

    dra

    fts

    and

    desi

    gned

    the

    book

    'sin

    itial

    ver

    sion

    , and

    Fre

    drik

    a B

    aer

    prov

    ided

    des

    ktop

    publ

    ishi

    ng.

    Judi

    th H

    . Shu

    lman

    Arn

    alia

    Mes

    a-B

    ains

    vii

  • TA

    BL

    E O

    F C

    ON

    TE

    NT

    S

    FO

    RE

    WO

    RD

    iii

    PR

    EF

    AC

    EV

    INT

    RO

    DU

    CT

    ION

    1

    CH

    AP

    TE

    R 1

    : TE

    AC

    HIN

    G N

    EW

    CO

    NC

    EP

    TS

    AN

    D S

    KIL

    LS5

    Cas

    e 1-

    A C

    ase

    of G

    anas

    7C

    omm

    enta

    ries

    : Edu

    catio

    nal S

    chol

    arT

    each

    erSc

    hool

    Dis

    tric

    t Off

    icia

    l

    Cas

    e 2-

    Mom

    ents

    of

    Tru

    th: T

    each

    ing

    Pygm

    alio

    n13

    Com

    men

    tari

    es: E

    duca

    tiona

    l Sch

    olar

    Tea

    cher

    Cas

    e 3-

    Atte

    mpt

    ing

    to T

    each

    Sel

    f-E

    stee

    m23

    Com

    men

    tari

    es: T

    each

    erE

    duca

    tiona

    l Sch

    olar

    /Sta

    ffD

    evel

    oper

    CH

    AP

    TE

    R2:

    INT

    EG

    RA

    TIN

    G N

    ON

    -EN

    GLI

    SH

    SP

    EA

    KE

    RS

    INT

    O T

    HE

    CLA

    SS

    RO

    OM

    27

    Cas

    e 4-

    The

    n &

    Now

    : Ins

    ight

    s G

    aine

    d fo

    rH

    elpi

    ng C

    hild

    ren

    Lea

    rn E

    nglis

    h29

    Com

    men

    tari

    es: S

    choo

    l Dis

    tric

    t Off

    icia

    lE

    duca

    tiona

    l Sch

    olar

    Cas

    e 5-

    Plea

    se, N

    oi A

    noth

    er E

    SL S

    tude

    nt37

    Com

    men

    tary

    : Sch

    ool D

    istr

    ict O

    ffic

    ial

    CH

    AP

    TE

    R3:

    INT

    ER

    AC

    TIO

    NS

    WIT

    H S

    TU

    DE

    NT

    S43

    Cas

    e 6-

    Figh

    ting

    for

    Lif

    e in

    Thi

    rd P

    erio

    d45

    Com

    men

    tari

    es: E

    duca

    tion

    Scho

    lar

    Tea

    cher

    Inte

    rn T

    each

    ers

    Cas

    e 7-

    Dra

    ined

    by

    One

    Tro

    uble

    d C

    hild

    :D

    id I

    Hel

    p?55

    Com

    men

    tari

    es: E

    duca

    tiona

    l Sch

    olar

    Tea

    cher

    Staf

    f D

    evel

    oper

    Cas

    e 8-

    Dar

    ius:

    I H

    ope

    He

    Mak

    es I

    t!61

    Com

    men

    tari

    es: E

    duca

    tiona

    l Sch

    olar

    Tea

    cher

    s

    Cas

    e 9-

    A T

    rip

    to H

    ell

    65C

    omm

    enta

    ries

    : Edu

    catio

    nal S

    chol

    arE

    duca

    tiona

    l Sch

    olar

    Tea

    cher

    Cas

    e 10

    -Fro

    m "

    Out

    side

    r" to

    Act

    ive

    Lea

    rner

    :St

    rugg

    les

    in a

    New

    com

    er S

    choo

    l75

    Com

    men

    tari

    es: E

    duca

    tiona

    l Sch

    olar

    Staf

    f D

    evel

    oper

    CH

    AP

    TE

    R4:

    TH

    E IN

    FLU

    EN

    CE

    OF

    PA

    RE

    NT

    SA

    ND

    CO

    MM

    UN

    ITY

    83

    Cas

    e 11

    -My

    "Goo

    d Y

    ear"

    Exp

    lode

    s:A

    Con

    fron

    tatio

    n W

    ith P

    aren

    ts85

    Com

    men

    tari

    es: E

    duca

    tiona

    l Sch

    olar

    Tea

    cher

    Edu

    catio

    nal S

    chol

    arSc

    hool

    Dis

    tric

    t Off

    icia

    lC

    onsu

    lting

    Pri

    ncip

    al

    Cas

    e 12

    -Ope

    ning

    Pan

    dora

    's B

    ox: T

    he M

    yste

    ryB

    ehin

    d an

    "Id

    eal S

    tude

    nt"

    93C

    omm

    enta

    ries

    : Tea

    cher

    Edu

    catio

    nal S

    chol

    arSc

    hool

    Dis

    tric

    t Off

    icia

    l

    Cas

    e 13

    -Hom

    e V

    isits

    103

    Com

    men

    tari

    es: T

    each

    erE

    duca

    tiona

    l Sch

    olar

    AN

    NO

    TA

    TE

    D B

    IBLI

    OG

    RA

    PH

    Y10

    9

    AP

    PE

    ND

    IX: G

    UID

    ELI

    NE

    S F

    OR

    WR

    ITIN

    G A

    CA

    SE

    115

  • INT

    RO

    DU

    CT

    ION

    The

    Con

    text

    of C

    ultu

    ral

    Div

    ersi

    ty

    Am

    alia

    Mes

    a-B

    ains

    Tod

    ay's

    sta

    rtlin

    g cl

    assr

    oom

    div

    ersi

    ty r

    efle

    cts

    a m

    ajor

    U.S

    . dem

    ogra

    phic

    shi

    ft. T

    he g

    reat

    est w

    ave

    of im

    mig

    ra-

    tion

    sinc

    e th

    e tu

    rn o

    f th

    e ce

    ntur

    y, c

    ombi

    ned

    with

    esc

    alat

    -in

    g bi

    rth

    rate

    s, is

    cre

    atin

    g a

    soci

    ety

    with

    no

    dist

    inct

    maj

    ority

    one

    char

    acte

    rize

    d by

    mul

    ticul

    tura

    l enc

    lave

    s in

    man

    y ci

    ties

    and

    rura

    l are

    as. T

    he s

    tude

    nt p

    opul

    atio

    n in

    thes

    e ar

    eas

    is e

    norm

    ousl

    y m

    ixed

    , enc

    ompa

    ssin

    g an

    arr

    ayof

    rac

    es, c

    ultu

    res,

    and

    lang

    uage

    s ne

    ver

    befo

    re s

    een

    insi

    ngle

    sch

    ools

    or

    clas

    sroo

    ms.

    Tea

    cher

    s fa

    ce m

    ultip

    le a

    ndco

    mpl

    ex is

    sues

    that

    cha

    lleng

    e m

    any

    of th

    eir

    educ

    atio

    nal

    prac

    tices

    and

    ass

    umpt

    ions

    . For

    exa

    mpl

    e, m

    ajor

    ity-

    min

    ority

    rel

    atio

    ns, l

    ong

    a fo

    cus

    of c

    once

    rn in

    urb

    ancl

    assr

    oom

    s, a

    re a

    t ver

    y le

    ast r

    econ

    figu

    red

    and

    may

    , in

    fact

    , be

    moo

    t. In

    man

    y sc

    hool

    s th

    ere

    is n

    o lo

    nger

    am

    ajor

    ity g

    roup

    ; in

    othe

    rs, t

    he tr

    aditi

    onal

    whi

    te d

    omi-

    nant

    , bla

    ck m

    inor

    ity n

    atur

    e of

    the

    raci

    al c

    ompo

    sitio

    nm

    ay in

    stea

    d be

    Lat

    ino-

    blac

    k or

    Chi

    nese

    -Lat

    ino.

    Tea

    cher

    s m

    ust u

    nder

    stan

    d st

    uden

    ts' h

    ome

    lives

    , too

    . The

    hard

    ship

    s fa

    ced

    by y

    oung

    ster

    s in

    urb

    an h

    ousi

    ngpr

    ojec

    ts, f

    or e

    xam

    ple,

    or

    the

    stru

    ggle

    s be

    twee

    n ge

    nera

    -tio

    ns in

    oth

    erw

    ise

    stro

    ng im

    mig

    rant

    fam

    ilies

    pro

    foun

    dly

    infl

    uenc

    e a

    stud

    ent's

    mot

    ivat

    ion

    and

    abili

    ty to

    suc

    ceed

    insc

    hool

    . Mor

    eove

    r, th

    e cu

    ltura

    l nor

    ms

    stud

    ents

    bri

    ngfr

    om h

    ome

    add

    new

    sub

    tletie

    s to

    suc

    h is

    sues

    as

    thos

    est

    emm

    ing

    from

    cla

    ss a

    nd g

    ende

    r.

    The

    cas

    es in

    this

    boo

    k ar

    e se

    t in

    San

    Fran

    cisc

    o, L

    osA

    ngel

    es, a

    nd P

    hoen

    ix, t

    hree

    of

    the

    natio

    n's

    mos

    t div

    erse

    citie

    s. T

    he te

    ache

    r-au

    thor

    s te

    ll of

    cla

    ssro

    om d

    ilem

    mas

    so

    com

    plex

    that

    eve

    n ch

    oosi

    ng te

    rms

    to d

    escr

    ibe

    them

    isdi

    ffic

    ult.

    Wor

    ds li

    ke m

    ultic

    ultu

    ral,

    whi

    le u

    sefu

    l, do

    n't

    conv

    ey c

    erta

    in d

    eepe

    r re

    aliti

    es o

    f ra

    ce a

    nd c

    lass

    or

    criti

    cal d

    istin

    ctio

    ns a

    mon

    g et

    hnic

    ity, n

    atio

    nalit

    y, c

    ultu

    re,

    and

    citiz

    ensh

    ip. M

    oreo

    ver,

    the

    atte

    mpt

    to s

    peak

    can

    didl

    yca

    n ru

    n he

    adlo

    ng in

    to a

    ccus

    atio

    ns o

    f st

    ereo

    typi

    ng. W

    hen

    we

    pilo

    ted

    this

    cas

    eboo

    k w

    ith g

    roup

    s of

    teac

    hers

    , we

    real

    ized

    that

    som

    e of

    its

    case

    3, p

    artic

    ular

    ly th

    ose

    deal

    ing

    with

    bia

    s, r

    ace,

    and

    cla

    ss, g

    ener

    .i.ed

    hea

    ted

    inte

    rcha

    nge

    and

    ran

    the

    risk

    of

    pola

    rizi

    ng o

    pini

    ons

    and

    crea

    ting

    defe

    nsiv

    e as

    sum

    ptio

    ns.

    The

    se to

    pics

    can

    be

    talk

    ed a

    bout

    with

    can

    dor

    and

    civi

    lity,

    how

    ever

    . And

    can

    did

    disc

    ussi

    on is

    vita

    l, si

    nce

    race

    , cul

    tura

    l beh

    avio

    rs, a

    nd s

    ocio

    econ

    omic

    cir

    cum

    -st

    ance

    hav

    e im

    port

    ant i

    mpl

    icat

    ions

    for

    cla

    ssro

    ompr

    actic

    es. B

    y ex

    amin

    ing

    such

    issu

    es w

    e be

    gin

    tose

    e th

    ene

    ed f

    or a

    gre

    ater

    var

    iety

    of

    teac

    hing

    sty

    les,

    dis

    trib

    utio

    nof

    opp

    ortu

    nitie

    s, a

    nd e

    duca

    tiona

    l acc

    ess

    for

    all s

    tude

    nts.

    GR

    OW

    ING

    SO

    CIO

    EC

    ON

    OM

    IC C

    ON

    CE

    RN

    S

    One

    of

    the

    mos

    t ala

    rmin

    g st

    atis

    tics

    abou

    t Am

    eric

    a's

    chan

    ging

    dem

    ogra

    phic

    s is

    that

    the

    poor

    est 2

    0 pe

    rcen

    t of

    the

    popu

    latio

    n is

    abl

    e to

    ear

    n an

    d us

    e on

    ly 4

    .5 p

    erce

    nt o

    fth

    e na

    tion'

    s w

    ealth

    . The

    gro

    win

    g ga

    p be

    twee

    n th

    e ha

    ves

    and

    have

    not

    s ha

    s cr

    eate

    d a

    true

    und

    ercl

    ass.

    Thi

    sgr

    oup'

    s st

    rugg

    les

    for

    soci

    al a

    nd e

    cono

    mic

    sur

    viva

    lun

    derl

    ie m

    any

    of th

    e ca

    ses

    in th

    is b

    ook.

    Tha

    t sur

    viva

    l is

    linke

    d to

    how

    stu

    dent

    s fa

    re in

    sch

    ool,

    and

    that

    , in

    turn

    ,is

    infl

    uenc

    ed b

    oth

    by te

    ache

    r pe

    rcep

    tions

    and

    stu

    dent

    s'ow

    n ex

    pect

    atio

    ns.

    For

    exam

    ple,

    man

    y te

    ache

    rs a

    re in

    flue

    nced

    by

    unco

    n-sc

    ious

    not

    ions

    abo

    ut b

    lack

    stu

    dent

    s. T

    hese

    ste

    m in

    par

    tfr

    om m

    edia

    cov

    erag

    e th

    at te

    nds

    to e

    mph

    asiz

    e cr

    ime

    and

    viol

    ence

    in th

    e bl

    ack

    com

    mun

    ity. T

    houg

    h ev

    ents

    rep

    ort-

    ed a

    re r

    eal,

    the

    prep

    onde

    ranc

    e of

    neg

    ativ

    e ne

    ws

    stor

    ies

    ofte

    n di

    stor

    ts th

    e pu

    blic

    imag

    e of

    Afr

    ican

    - A

    mer

    ican

    s.St

    uden

    ts in

    low

    inco

    me

    com

    mun

    ities

    , mea

    nwhi

    le,

    part

    icul

    arly

    thos

    e liv

    ing

    in h

    ousi

    ng p

    roje

    cts,

    are

    con

    di-

    tione

    d by

    thei

    r lim

    ited

    oppo

    rtun

    ities

    and

    day

    -to-

    day

    hard

    ship

    s to

    exp

    ect l

    ittle

    ben

    efit

    from

    edu

    catio

    n.

    Thi

    s po

    wer

    ful i

    nter

    pene

    trat

    ion

    of r

    ace

    and

    clas

    s ha

    scr

    eate

    d am

    ong

    som

    e a

    sens

    e of

    dis

    enfr

    anch

    isem

    ent.

    Sinc

    e sc

    hool

    s pe

    rpet

    uate

    the

    myt

    h of

    a c

    lass

    less

    soc

    iety

    ,st

    uden

    ts' s

    ocio

    econ

    omic

    cla

    ss is

    rar

    ely

    ackn

    owle

    dged

    as

    a fa

    ctor

    in e

    duca

    tiona

    l ach

    ieve

    men

    t.

    1

  • 2

    NE

    ED

    S O

    F IM

    MIG

    RA

    NT

    CH

    ILD

    RE

    N

    Oth

    er d

    ilem

    mas

    thes

    e ca

    ses

    depi

    ct a

    re r

    oote

    d in

    the

    prob

    lem

    s fa

    ced

    by n

    ewly

    arr

    ived

    imm

    igra

    nt f

    amili

    es.

    For

    Lat

    inos

    with

    his

    tori

    c tie

    s to

    the

    Sout

    hwes

    tern

    Ter

    rito

    ry a

    nd M

    exic

    o, im

    mig

    ratio

    n an

    d in

    tern

    al c

    olon

    i-za

    tion

    are

    key

    aspe

    cts

    of c

    omm

    unity

    anc

    estr

    y an

    dcu

    rren

    t rea

    lity.

    Man

    y of

    our

    Mex

    ican

    and

    Cen

    tral

    Am

    eric

    an c

    hild

    ren

    are

    com

    ing

    from

    are

    as s

    o ru

    ral o

    r so

    torn

    by

    civi

    l str

    ife

    that

    no

    cons

    iste

    nt, o

    ngoi

    ng e

    duca

    tion

    has

    been

    pro

    vide

    d in

    ove

    r a

    gene

    ratio

    n. T

    his

    educ

    atio

    nal

    defi

    cit i

    s co

    uple

    d w

    ith e

    xtre

    me

    econ

    omic

    dep

    riva

    tion,

    affe

    ctin

    g he

    alth

    and

    wel

    l-be

    ing.

    Iro

    nkal

    ly, e

    ven

    the

    jour

    ney

    of e

    scap

    e an

    d m

    igra

    tion

    to a

    bet

    ter

    life

    brin

    gsm

    ore

    diff

    icul

    ties

    for

    man

    y st

    uden

    ts. S

    epar

    atio

    n, c

    ultu

    resh

    ock,

    loss

    , exp

    osur

    e to

    vio

    lenc

    e, a

    nd li

    mite

    d E

    nglis

    hpr

    ofic

    ienc

    y of

    ten

    com

    bine

    to c

    reat

    e a

    kind

    of

    post

    -tr

    aum

    atic

    str

    ess

    synd

    rom

    e. S

    ome

    child

    ren

    exhi

    bit a

    lack

    of in

    tere

    st o

    r lo

    w a

    ffec

    t as

    a re

    sult

    of o

    verw

    helm

    ing

    circ

    umst

    ance

    s.

    Cle

    arly

    , man

    y of

    our

    inco

    min

    g st

    uden

    ts a

    re n

    ot s

    choo

    l-re

    ady.

    Eve

    n A

    sian

    stu

    dent

    s, s

    o-ca

    lled

    mod

    el m

    inor

    ities

    ,m

    ay s

    trug

    gle

    agai

    nst b

    arri

    ers

    to le

    arni

    ng. I

    nher

    ent i

    nC

    hine

    se, J

    apan

    ese,

    Kor

    ean,

    and

    Ind

    ochi

    nese

    com

    mun

    i-tie

    s ar

    e in

    terc

    ultu

    ral c

    onfl

    icts

    ste

    mm

    ing

    from

    the

    colo

    -ni

    al e

    xper

    ienc

    e an

    d pa

    st te

    rrito

    rial

    agg

    ress

    ions

    . Lar

    genu

    mbe

    rs o

    f C

    hine

    se im

    mig

    rant

    s ha

    ve c

    ome

    from

    are

    asw

    ith s

    tron

    g, lo

    ng s

    tand

    ing

    educ

    atio

    nal s

    yste

    ms.

    Oft

    enth

    e ed

    ucat

    iona

    l and

    pro

    fess

    iona

    l acc

    ompl

    ishm

    ents

    of

    thei

    r fa

    mily

    mem

    bers

    con

    trib

    ute

    to o

    verl

    y hi

    gh a

    chie

    ve-

    men

    t exp

    ecta

    tions

    , cau

    sing

    pre

    ssur

    es th

    at a

    ffec

    t the

    sech

    ildre

    n's

    emot

    iona

    l wel

    l-be

    ing.

    Tho

    ugh

    esta

    blis

    hed

    econ

    omic

    impr

    ovem

    ent n

    etw

    orks

    oft

    en m

    ake

    the

    Asi

    anso

    cio-

    econ

    omic

    situ

    atio

    n di

    ffer

    ent f

    rom

    that

    of

    man

    yL

    atin

    Am

    eric

    ans,

    man

    y In

    doch

    ines

    e st

    uden

    ts e

    nter

    ing

    our

    scho

    ols

    are

    also

    bes

    et b

    y po

    st-t

    raum

    atic

    str

    ess,

    limite

    d E

    nglis

    h pr

    ofic

    ienc

    y, a

    nd c

    ultu

    re s

    hock

    .

    SCH

    OO

    L D

    IST

    RIC

    T R

    EA

    LIT

    IES:

    CO

    UR

    T O

    RD

    ER

    S A

    ND

    STA

    TE

    MA

    ND

    AT

    ES

    All

    thre

    e sc

    hool

    dis

    tric

    ts p

    artic

    ipat

    ing

    in th

    ese

    case

    sL

    os A

    ngel

    es, P

    hoen

    ix, a

    nd S

    an F

    ranc

    isco

    stru

    ggle

    tom

    eet t

    he n

    eeds

    of

    grow

    ing

    mul

    tilin

    gual

    pop

    ulat

    ions

    whi

    le m

    aint

    aini

    ng b

    road

    -bas

    ed c

    omm

    itmen

    ts to

    inte

    -gr

    atin

    g sc

    hool

    s an

    d cl

    assr

    oom

    s. T

    he S

    an F

    ranc

    isco

    Uni

    fied

    Sch

    ool D

    istr

    ict (

    SFU

    SD)

    face

    s th

    e di

    lem

    ma

    ofac

    com

    mod

    atin

    g tw

    o co

    urt o

    rder

    s, o

    ne r

    equi

    ring

    spe

    cial

    lang

    uage

    sup

    port

    , the

    oth

    er d

    eseg

    rega

    tion.

    The

    ser

    vice

    s an

    d ap

    proa

    ches

    that

    the

    cour

    ts h

    ave

    man

    date

    d fo

    r SF

    USD

    mus

    t be

    care

    fully

    orc

    hest

    rate

    dso

    that

    sel

    f-co

    ntai

    ned

    bilin

    gual

    cla

    sses

    do

    not c

    ontr

    adic

    tsc

    hool

    wid

    e ef

    fort

    s at

    inte

    grat

    ion.

    Con

    sequ

    ently

    , man

    ysc

    hool

    s ha

    ve s

    ough

    t to

    inte

    grat

    e sp

    ecia

    l lan

    guag

    esu

    ppor

    t act

    iviti

    es f

    or p

    ortio

    ns o

    f th

    e da

    y. B

    esid

    esla

    ngua

    ge a

    nd d

    eseg

    rega

    tion

    dem

    ands

    , the

    dis

    tric

    t mus

    tof

    fer

    prog

    ram

    s ad

    dres

    sing

    the

    need

    s of

    gif

    ted

    and

    tale

    nted

    , spe

    cial

    edu

    catio

    n, a

    nd b

    elow

    -gra

    de-l

    evel

    stud

    ents

    .

    Thi

    s co

    mpl

    icat

    ed s

    yste

    m o

    f re

    sour

    ces

    and

    man

    date

    s is

    but o

    ne f

    acto

    r ur

    ban

    teac

    hers

    mus

    t man

    age

    as th

    ey tr

    y to

    prov

    ide

    appr

    opri

    ate

    and

    mea

    ning

    ful c

    lass

    room

    lear

    ning

    expe

    rien

    ces

    for

    all s

    tude

    nts.

    TE

    AC

    HE

    RS'

    NE

    ED

    FO

    R M

    UL

    TIC

    UL

    TU

    RA

    L E

    DU

    CA

    TIO

    N

    Mor

    e fu

    ndam

    enta

    lly, m

    any

    teac

    hers

    hav

    e ha

    d no

    sust

    aine

    d co

    ntac

    t with

    indi

    vidu

    als

    of a

    noth

    er r

    ace

    prio

    rto

    ent

    erin

    g th

    e in

    ner-

    city

    cla

    ssro

    om. N

    ot o

    nly

    do th

    eyla

    ck f

    amili

    arity

    ; mos

    t are

    fea

    rful

    of

    conf

    ront

    ing

    the

    issu

    eof

    rac

    e at

    all.

    In

    colle

    ge th

    ey h

    ad b

    een

    taug

    ht th

    at"b

    lack

    s w

    ere

    real

    ly th

    e sa

    me

    as w

    hite

    peo

    ple,

    exc

    ept

    perh

    aps

    they

    wer

    e cu

    ltura

    lly d

    epri

    ved.

    "

    Such

    teac

    hers

    cle

    arly

    nee

    d in

    set v

    ice

    prog

    ram

    s in

    mul

    ticul

    tura

    l edu

    catio

    n. A

    num

    ber

    of d

    istr

    icts

    prr

    vid

    esu

    ch p

    rogr

    ams

    base

    d on

    a tr

    aditi

    onal

    mod

    elte

    ache

    rsle

    arn

    inst

    ruct

    iona

    l str

    ateg

    ies

    that

    acc

    omm

    odat

    e an

    d ta

    ke

    0 r)

    r

  • adva

    ntag

    e of

    dif

    fere

    nces

    in v

    alue

    s, e

    xper

    ienc

    es, a

    ndbe

    liefs

    . But

    exp

    erie

    nce

    at S

    FUSD

    sug

    gest

    s th

    at th

    is is

    not

    enou

    gh; t

    he r

    elat

    ions

    hip

    betw

    een

    teac

    her

    and

    stud

    ent

    invo

    lves

    not

    just

    inst

    ruct

    ion

    but i

    nter

    actio

    n. W

    hen

    inte

    ract

    ion

    fails

    bec

    ause

    of

    teac

    her

    mis

    perc

    eptio

    ns o

    fst

    uden

    t beh

    avio

    r, in

    stru

    ctio

    nal f

    ailu

    re o

    ften

    fol

    low

    s.

    So th

    e di

    stri

    ct h

    as c

    reat

    ed a

    n "i

    nter

    actio

    nal"

    sta

    ff d

    evel

    -op

    men

    t pro

    gram

    . Not

    onl

    y a

    new

    mod

    el, i

    t in

    fact

    intr

    oduc

    es a

    new

    par

    adig

    m f

    or m

    ultic

    ultu

    ral p

    rogr

    ams.

    In it

    s se

    ssio

    ns, t

    each

    ers

    disc

    uss

    race

    and

    cla

    ss is

    sues

    open

    ly, r

    efle

    ct o

    n pr

    evio

    usly

    hel

    d vi

    ews

    abou

    t dif

    fere

    ntcu

    lture

    s, a

    nd c

    onfr

    ont t

    heir

    ow

    n pr

    ejud

    ices

    and

    ste

    reo-

    type

    s. E

    xam

    inin

    g th

    eir

    own

    perc

    eptio

    ns h

    as a

    llow

    edte

    ache

    rs to

    beg

    in tr

    uly

    abso

    rbin

    g an

    d us

    ing

    cultu

    ral

    info

    rmat

    ion

    abou

    t the

    ir s

    tude

    nts'

    lear

    ning

    sty

    les.

    Bec

    ause

    of

    dese

    greg

    atio

    n m

    anda

    tes,

    the

    emph

    asis

    inSF

    USD

    's tr

    aini

    ng is

    on

    cultu

    ral d

    iver

    sity

    , pri

    mar

    ily in

    curr

    icul

    um a

    reas

    suc

    h as

    soc

    ial s

    tudi

    es/h

    isto

    ry a

    ndla

    ngua

    ge a

    rts.

    The

    pro

    gram

    pre

    sent

    s a

    gene

    ral o

    verv

    iew

    of c

    ultu

    ral l

    earn

    ing

    styl

    es a

    nd s

    trat

    egie

    s th

    at s

    uppo

    rtth

    em.

    As

    impl

    emen

    tatio

    n ha

    s ev

    olve

    d, th

    e tr

    aini

    ng h

    as b

    ecom

    em

    ore

    site

    -bas

    ed a

    nd m

    ore

    rele

    vant

    to s

    peci

    fic

    scho

    olse

    tting

    s an

    d pa

    rtic

    ular

    stu

    dent

    pop

    ulat

    ions

    . Tea

    cher

    sha

    ve g

    aine

    d an

    aw

    aren

    ess

    of h

    ow te

    ache

    r ex

    pect

    atio

    nsin

    flue

    nce

    stud

    ent a

    chie

    vem

    ent,

    and

    they

    are

    lear

    ning

    stra

    tegi

    es f

    or c

    oope

    rativ

    e le

    arni

    ng a

    nd c

    onfl

    ict r

    esol

    u-tio

    n. N

    ow th

    ey w

    ant h

    elp

    in a

    dapt

    ing

    wha

    t the

    y le

    arn

    toth

    eir

    indi

    vidu

    al c

    lass

    room

    rea

    litie

    s. R

    athe

    r th

    an d

    ealin

    gon

    ly in

    gen

    eral

    ities

    , e.g

    ., ta

    lkin

    g of

    bla

    cks,

    Lat

    inos

    ,A

    sian

    s, o

    r lim

    ited

    Eng

    lish

    spea

    kers

    in te

    rms

    of b

    road

    cultu

    ral k

    now

    ledg

    e or

    set

    s of

    cha

    ract

    eris

    tics,

    teac

    hers

    need

    spe

    cifi

    c cl

    assr

    oom

    sce

    nari

    os th

    at th

    ey c

    an a

    naly

    zean

    d us

    e as

    the

    basi

    s fo

    r pr

    oble

    m s

    olvi

    ng. O

    ther

    wis

    e, th

    ele

    arni

    ng th

    at ta

    kes

    plac

    ew

    heth

    er it

    be

    in c

    ultu

    ral

    unde

    rsta

    ndin

    g, h

    uman

    rel

    atio

    ns, o

    r an

    ti-ra

    cism

    isdi

    sem

    bodi

    ed a

    nd e

    asily

    for

    gotte

    n.

    t")

    How

    CA

    SES

    CA

    N H

    EL

    P

    Cas

    e-ba

    sed

    teac

    hing

    can

    hel

    p. C

    ases

    pro

    vide

    a br

    idge

    betw

    een

    the

    gene

    ral t

    opic

    and

    spe

    cifi

    c pr

    actic

    es. W

    ithin

    a m

    ultic

    ultu

    ral p

    rogr

    am, t

    he c

    ase

    appr

    oach

    can

    ser

    ve a

    sa

    dist

    anci

    ng m

    echa

    nism

    , allo

    win

    g m

    ajor

    ity a

    nd m

    inor

    ityte

    ache

    rs to

    talk

    toge

    ther

    abo

    ut is

    sues

    ord

    inar

    ily to

    odi

    ffic

    ult t

    o di

    scus

    s op

    enly

    . Our

    exp

    erie

    nce

    usin

    gca

    sem

    etho

    ds in

    men

    tor

    trai

    ning

    sho

    wed

    us

    how

    eff

    ectiv

    eth

    is a

    ppro

    ach

    can

    be.

    Cas

    es p

    rom

    pt r

    efle

    ctio

    n an

    d pe

    rson

    al in

    volv

    emen

    t. T

    hey

    allo

    w te

    ache

    rs li

    ke th

    ose

    in S

    FUSD

    to e

    xam

    ine

    larg

    e-sc

    ale

    prob

    lem

    s cl

    ose

    up. C

    ases

    intr

    oduc

    eus

    to a

    par

    ticu-

    lar

    stud

    ent a

    nd te

    ache

    r, b

    ring

    ing

    the

    wor

    ld o

    f one

    clas

    sroo

    m to

    life

    in a

    ll its

    com

    plex

    ity. P

    robl

    ems

    unde

    rdi

    scus

    sion

    are

    no

    long

    er th

    ose

    of, s

    ay, p

    oor

    blac

    kch

    ildre

    n, b

    ut o

    f E

    ric,

    a v

    ery

    mem

    orab

    le, v

    ery

    real

    littl

    ebo

    y w

    ith f

    eelin

    gs, t

    alen

    ts, a

    nd f

    amily

    mem

    bers

    . His

    need

    s m

    ay o

    r m

    ay n

    ot b

    e "t

    ypic

    al,"

    but

    his

    teac

    her

    trie

    sto

    mee

    t the

    m in

    the

    best

    way

    she

    and

    her

    sch

    ool c

    an.

    Tho

    se r

    eadi

    ng a

    nd d

    iscu

    ssin

    g th

    e ca

    se u

    se th

    e si

    tuat

    ion

    as a

    veh

    icle

    for

    que

    stio

    ning

    thei

    r ow

    n in

    stru

    ctio

    nal

    prac

    tices

    , cla

    ssro

    om m

    anag

    emen

    t str

    ateg

    ies,

    and

    mul

    ticul

    tura

    l cur

    ricu

    lum

    and

    for

    ref

    lect

    ing

    on th

    eir o

    wn

    valu

    es, a

    ttitu

    des,

    and

    exp

    erie

    nce.

    Inf

    orm

    atio

    n in

    the

    case

    is s

    uppl

    emen

    ted

    by o

    ther

    cur

    ricu

    lum

    mat

    eria

    ls, e

    .g.,

    am

    odel

    that

    off

    ers

    spec

    ific

    ste

    ps f

    or h

    andl

    ing

    disr

    uptiv

    ecl

    assr

    oom

    beh

    avio

    r or

    trai

    ning

    in c

    oope

    rativ

    e le

    arni

    ngst

    rate

    gies

    . The

    cas

    e, in

    oth

    er w

    ords

    , fun

    ctio

    ns a

    s th

    e hu

    bof

    the

    staf

    f de

    velo

    pmen

    t whe

    el.

    The

    fol

    low

    ing

    case

    s ar

    e pa

    rt o

    f a

    natio

    nwid

    eca

    sede

    velo

    pmen

    t mom

    entu

    m. L

    ike

    all g

    ood

    stor

    ies,

    they

    don'

    t nec

    essa

    rily

    end

    nea

    tly w

    ith s

    ucce

    ss a

    nd r

    esol

    utio

    n.In

    stea

    d, th

    e te

    ache

    r is

    oft

    en le

    ft p

    uzzl

    ed, w

    onde

    ring

    ifhi

    s or

    her

    inte

    rven

    tions

    cou

    ld h

    ave

    been

    bet

    ter o

    r m

    ore

    thou

    ghtf

    ul. B

    y pr

    ompt

    ing

    ques

    tioni

    ng a

    nd r

    efle

    ctio

    nan

    d en

    ablin

    g di

    ffer

    ing

    poin

    ts o

    f vi

    ew to

    be

    expr

    esse

    dan

    d ex

    plor

    ed, t

    hey

    can

    trul

    y be

    cat

    alys

    ts f

    or te

    ache

    rch

    ange

    .

    c1

    3

  • CH

    APT

    ER

    1

    Tea

    chin

    g N

    ewC

    once

    pts

    and

    Skill

    s

    Intr

    oduc

    ing

    new

    idea

    s an

    d su

    ppor

    ting

    lear

    ners

    in n

    ewcu

    rric

    ulum

    are

    as is

    dif

    ficu

    lt un

    der

    any

    circ

    umst

    ance

    s.B

    ut w

    hen

    teac

    hers

    are

    unf

    amili

    ar w

    ith th

    e cu

    ltura

    llydi

    vers

    e ba

    ckgr

    ound

    s of

    thei

    r st

    uden

    ts, t

    heir

    fru

    stra

    tion

    ishe

    ight

    ened

    by

    unce

    rtai

    nty

    abou

    t suc

    ceed

    ing

    at b

    asic

    com

    mun

    icat

    ion.

    Tea

    cher

    -stu

    dent

    inte

    ract

    ion

    figu

    res

    prof

    ound

    ly in

    to th

    e te

    achi

    ng o

    f ne

    w c

    once

    pts

    and

    skill

    s.T

    he th

    ree

    case

    s in

    this

    sec

    tion

    draw

    our

    atte

    ntio

    n to

    how

    cultu

    ral r

    ealit

    ies

    affe

    ct th

    at in

    tera

    ctio

    n. T

    hey

    depi

    ct th

    ree

    diff

    eren

    t lea

    rnin

    g si

    tuat

    ions

    and

    cul

    tura

    l con

    text

    s.

    In A

    Cas

    e of

    Gan

    as, t

    he s

    tory

    of

    Am

    paro

    conv

    eys

    ate

    ache

    r's s

    ense

    of

    failu

    re w

    hile

    par

    adox

    ical

    ly r

    evea

    ling

    the

    stud

    ent's

    new

    und

    erst

    andi

    ng o

    f he

    r ow

    n le

    arni

    ng.

    The

    bac

    kdro

    p fo

    r th

    is m

    ovin

    g st

    uden

    t-te

    ache

    r re

    latio

    n-sh

    ip is

    the

    stud

    ent's

    cul

    tura

    l his

    tory

    , com

    mun

    ity e

    xper

    i-en

    ces,

    and

    fam

    ily v

    alue

    s. T

    he c

    omm

    enta

    ries

    allo

    w u

    s to

    view

    the

    sam

    e na

    rrat

    ive

    from

    sev

    eral

    per

    spec

    tives

    and

    toch

    alle

    nge

    the

    teac

    her's

    per

    cept

    ion

    of h

    er in

    effe

    ctiv

    enes

    s.

    Mom

    ents

    of

    Tru

    th: T

    each

    ing

    Pygm

    alio

    n is

    set

    in a

    dyna

    mic

    Afr

    ican

    -Am

    eric

    an c

    omm

    unity

    . The

    teac

    her

    find

    s th

    at is

    sues

    of

    lang

    uage

    and

    soc

    ial s

    tatu

    s co

    nfus

    ean

    d cl

    oud

    her

    genu

    ine

    atte

    mpt

    s to

    intr

    oduc

    e a

    new

    appr

    oach

    to a

    n ol

    d cl

    assi

    c. W

    heth

    er s

    he m

    isse

    d an

    oppo

    rtun

    ity f

    or d

    eepe

    r st

    uden

    t eng

    agem

    ent

    a qu

    estio

    nde

    bate

    d in

    the

    com

    men

    tari

    es.

    Fina

    lly, i

    n A

    ttem

    ptin

    g to

    Tea

    ch S

    elf-

    Est

    eem

    , a te

    ache

    r'sid

    ealis

    tic e

    ffor

    ts to

    res

    olve

    pro

    blem

    s of

    pov

    erty

    and

    sel

    f-es

    teem

    fal

    l fla

    t. T

    his

    case

    allo

    ws

    us to

    ref

    lect

    on

    how

    wel

    l-m

    eani

    ng le

    sson

    s ca

    n go

    aw

    ry if

    they

    fai

    l to

    reco

    g-ni

    ze a

    nd a

    ccom

    mod

    ate

    stud

    ents

    ' dev

    elop

    men

    tal n

    eeds

    .

    5

  • Cas

    e 1

    A C

    ase

    of G

    ana&

    Whe

    n A

    mpa

    ro a

    sked

    me

    to h

    elp

    her

    wri

    te a

    boo

    k fo

    r th

    eY

    oung

    Aut

    hor's

    Con

    test

    , I b

    race

    d m

    ysel

    f. S

    he c

    ould

    n't

    spel

    l, ha

    d no

    idea

    of

    sent

    ence

    bou

    ndar

    ies,

    and

    did

    n't

    reco

    gniz

    ele

    t alo

    ne a

    bide

    by

    the

    rule

    s of

    sta

    ndar

    dus

    age.

    It w

    asn'

    t tha

    t she

    spe

    lled

    phon

    etic

    ally

    , bec

    ause

    she

    didn

    't; e

    ven

    phon

    etic

    spe

    lling

    fol

    low

    s pa

    ttern

    s of

    soun

    d. A

    mpa

    ro w

    rote

    in a

    gib

    beri

    sh a

    ll he

    r ow

    n.

    Am

    paro

    was

    n't d

    umb.

    She

    cou

    ld o

    rgan

    ize

    page

    s of

    idea

    sw

    ith a

    stou

    ndin

    g fl

    uenc

    y. H

    owev

    er, t

    he a

    bsen

    ce o

    fpa

    ragr

    aph

    inde

    ntat

    ions

    cou

    pled

    with

    gro

    ss s

    ynta

    ctic

    alre

    vers

    ions

    and

    om

    issi

    ons

    resu

    lted

    in w

    ritin

    g th

    at a

    p-pr

    oach

    ed in

    com

    preh

    ensi

    bilit

    y. A

    mpa

    ro w

    as a

    pro

    blem

    .Ju

    st r

    eadi

    ng w

    hat s

    he w

    rote

    took

    up

    too

    muc

    h tim

    e.

    On

    the

    othe

    r ha

    nd, A

    mpa

    ro w

    as g

    ifte

    d w

    ith id

    eas.

    She

    coul

    d an

    alyz

    e an

    d pu

    t tog

    ethe

    r co

    ncep

    ts. S

    he w

    asn'

    tlo

    quac

    ious

    , but

    whe

    n sh

    e ta

    lked

    she

    mad

    e se

    nse.

    I li

    ked

    Am

    paro

    and

    wan

    ted

    to h

    elp

    her

    out.

    I th

    ink

    she

    had

    apr

    oces

    sing

    pro

    blem

    , may

    be d

    ysle

    xia.

    Eng

    lish

    was

    n't h

    erfi

    rst l

    angu

    age,

    yet

    that

    did

    n't c

    ompl

    etel

    y ex

    plai

    n he

    rpl

    ight

    . She

    'd li

    ved

    in th

    e U

    . S. f

    or y

    ears

    . I th

    ink

    her

    read

    ing

    skill

    s w

    ere

    low

    , but

    so

    wer

    e m

    ost e

    very

    one

    else

    's. I

    n m

    y ju

    nior

    hig

    h, th

    e av

    erag

    e re

    adin

    g le

    vel w

    asfo

    urth

    gra

    de. T

    here

    wer

    e ga

    ps o

    f in

    form

    atio

    n re

    gard

    ing

    Am

    paro

    's p

    rior

    exp

    erie

    nce

    in s

    choo

    l. B

    y th

    e m

    iddl

    e of

    the

    seco

    nd s

    emes

    ter

    her

    cum

    ulat

    ive

    fold

    er s

    till h

    adn'

    tar

    rive

    d. S

    he h

    ad m

    isse

    d m

    y ow

    n sc

    reen

    ing

    beca

    use

    she

    ente

    red

    the

    clas

    sroo

    m a

    few

    wee

    ks in

    to th

    e ye

    ar.

    I'd h

    oped

    Am

    paro

    wou

    ld p

    air

    up w

    ith a

    noth

    er s

    tude

    ntto

    wri

    te h

    er b

    ook

    for

    the

    cont

    est,

    but s

    he w

    ante

    d to

    do

    her

    own.

    Whe

    n st

    uden

    ts p

    air

    up, t

    here

    are

    few

    er w

    orks

    to g

    rade

    , edi

    t, as

    sem

    ble,

    and

    bin

    d. W

    hile

    oth

    er s

    tude

    nts

    chos

    e to

    wor

    k on

    rom

    ance

    s, p

    oetr

    y, a

    nd a

    dven

    ture

    s, I

    sugg

    este

    d to

    Am

    paro

    that

    she

    dev

    elop

    an

    essa

    y sh

    e'd

    'At t

    heir

    req

    uest

    , the

    aut

    hors

    of

    indi

    vidu

    al c

    ases

    will

    rem

    ain

    anon

    ymou

    s. I

    n ad

    ditio

    n, p

    seud

    onym

    s ha

    ve b

    een

    used

    for

    all

    nam

    es a

    nd p

    lace

    s fo

    und

    with

    in th

    ena

    rrat

    ives

    .

    alre

    ady

    done

    into

    a lo

    nger

    pie

    ce. "

    Yes

    , Mis

    s,"

    she

    said

    ,"I

    wan

    t to

    do th

    at, b

    ut I

    don

    't kn

    ow h

    ow."

    In m

    any

    way

    s A

    mpa

    ro is

    typi

    cal o

    f a

    smal

    l gro

    up o

    fha

    rd-w

    orki

    ng ju

    nior

    hig

    h sc

    hool

    gir

    ls in

    Eas

    t Los

    Ang

    eles

    who

    hav

    en't

    had

    a lo

    t of

    acad

    emic

    suc

    cess

    . She

    has

    a ra

    ther

    tim

    id v

    ersi

    on o

    f ga

    nas,

    or

    a de

    sire

    to d

    o w

    ell,

    yet s

    he f

    eels

    she

    can

    't. A

    nd s

    he k

    now

    s th

    ere'

    s so

    met

    hing

    "wro

    ng"

    with

    the

    way

    her

    thou

    ghts

    com

    e ou

    t on

    pape

    r.It

    's a

    s if

    she

    has

    a w

    rite

    r's te

    mpe

    ram

    ent b

    ut s

    erio

    usly

    lack

    s sk

    ills.

    Mos

    tly, s

    he li

    kes

    to c

    aref

    ully

    cop

    ypo

    ems.

    Lik

    e m

    any

    stud

    ents

    who

    hav

    e be

    en th

    roug

    h "t

    oo m

    uch"

    inef

    fect

    ive

    rem

    edia

    tion,

    Am

    paro

    is tu

    rned

    off

    tom

    ean-

    ingl

    ess

    drill

    and

    exe

    rcis

    e.

    The

    ess

    ay A

    mpa

    ro d

    ecid

    ed to

    exp

    and

    was

    ori

    gina

    llytit

    led,

    "M

    y Fa

    mily

    and

    the

    One

    I H

    ope

    to H

    ave

    Som

    e-da

    y."

    In th

    e en

    d, w

    e ch

    ange

    d it

    to "

    My

    Fam

    ily a

    nd th

    eA

    mer

    ican

    Ide

    al: A

    n E

    thno

    grap

    hic

    Com

    posi

    tion.

    " In

    cla

    ssw

    e'd

    alre

    ady

    gone

    thro

    ugh

    som

    e ra

    ther

    tech

    nica

    lne

    wsp

    aper

    art

    icle

    s on

    fam

    ilies

    thro

    ugho

    ut th

    e U

    . S. A

    .an

    d ha

    d m

    any

    livel

    y cl

    ass

    disc

    ussi

    ons.

    We

    brok

    e th

    ew

    ords

    "et

    hnog

    raph

    ic"

    and

    "com

    posi

    tion"

    into

    pre

    fixe

    s,su

    ffix

    es, a

    nd r

    oots

    and

    beg

    an w

    ith a

    utob

    iogr

    aphi

    cal

    inci

    dent

    s. A

    mpa

    ro w

    as a

    ble

    to f

    orm

    ulat

    e ge

    nera

    lizat

    ions

    abou

    t fam

    ilies

    and

    com

    pare

    her

    ow

    n to

    oth

    ers

    in h

    erco

    mm

    unity

    and

    the

    coun

    try.

    Wri

    ting

    for

    her

    was

    like

    hang

    ing

    beau

    tiful

    fab

    rics

    on

    the

    mor

    e pl

    easa

    nt c

    ogni

    tive

    hook

    s of

    her

    min

    d. A

    lthou

    gh s

    he r

    efer

    red

    to th

    e ne

    gativ

    eas

    pect

    s of

    her

    com

    mun

    ity, s

    he p

    refe

    rred

    not

    to d

    wel

    l on

    thos

    e pr

    oble

    ms.

    The

    mos

    t str

    essf

    ul p

    art o

    f th

    is p

    roje

    ct f

    or m

    e w

    as d

    ealin

    gw

    ith a

    ll th

    e fr

    ustr

    atio

    ns s

    he h

    ad in

    pro

    duci

    ng a

    cle

    anfi

    nal d

    raft

    . I s

    impl

    y di

    dn't

    have

    tim

    e to