92193225 NREGA Report

National RuralEmployment Guarantee

Act (NREGA)

Some Reports from the Field

Ministry of Rural DevelopmentDepartment of Rural Development

Government of IndiaNew Delhi

C O N T E N T S

Message i

Common Minimum Programme of the UPA Government ii

1. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 1-15

2. Outcomes 16-22

3. Supplementing Income 23-26

4. Arresting Migration 27-29

5. Creating Community Assets 30-40

Annexures 42-49

Districts Under NREGA Phase I & IINREGA Implementation Status Report for the financial year 2007-08

(Till 12th Oct, 2007)

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“The UPA government will immediately enact a National Employment Guarantee Act. This will providelegal guarantee of at least 100 days of employment to begin with on asset-creating public worksprogrammes every year at minimum wages for at least one-able bodied person in every rural, urbanpoor and lower middle class house-hold.”

“The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) aims at enhancing the livelihood security ofpeople in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage-employment in a financial year to a ruralhousehold whose members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.”

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In a rural agrarian labour surplus economy,sections of rural population depend on thewages they earn through unskilled, casual,manual labour. They are vulnerable to thepossibility of sinking from transient to chronicpoverty in the event of inadequate labourdemand or in the face of unpredictable crisesthat may be general in nature, like naturaldisasters or personal, like ill-health, all ofwhich adversely impact their employmentopportunities.

In a context of poverty and unemployment, workfare programmes have been important programmeinterventions in developed as well as developing countries for many years. These programmes typicallyprovide unskilled manual workers with short-term employment on public works such as irrigationinfrastructure, afforestation, soil conservation and road construction.

The rationale for workfare programmes rests on some basic considerations. The programmes provideincome transfers to poor households during critical times and therefore enable consumption smoothingspecially during slack agricultural seasons or years. In countries with high unemployment rates,transfer benefits from workfare programmes can prevent poverty from worsening, especially duringlean periods. Durable assets that these programmes may create have the potential to generate asecond-round of employment benefits as necessary infrastructure is developed.

The need to evolve a mechanism to supplement existing livelihood sources in rural areas was recognizedearly during Development Planning in India. The Government implemented workfare programmes thatoffered wage employment on public works on minimum wages. The wage employment programmes

2 National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

Significant Increase in Persondays Generated

� Persondays Generated, NREGA: 90.5 crores in 200districts in less than one full working season

� Persondays Generated, SGRY: 82.18 crores in 586districts in 2005-2006.

� The first objective of augmenting employmentgeneration through NREGA as compared to earlier wageemployment programmes met

started as pilot projects in the form of Rural Manpower (RMP) [1960-61], Crash Scheme for Ruralemployment (CRSE) [1971-72], Pilot Intensive Rural Employment Programme (PIREP) [1972], SmallFarmers Development Agency (SFDA), Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labour Scheme (MFAL) to thepoorest of the poor. These experiments were translated into a full-fledged wage-employment programmein 1977 in the form of Food for Work Programme (FWP). In the 1980’s this programme was furtherstreamlined into the National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) and Rural Landless EmploymentGuarantee Programme (RLEGP). Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY1993-94) Employment Assurance Scheme(EAS), Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS). The Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) was merged with JGSYfrom 1999-2000 and was made a rural infrastructure programme. The programme was merged with theSampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana from 2001-02, Sampoorna Grameen Rozgaar Yojana (SGRY, 2001)and National Food for Work (NFFWP, 2005) These wage-employment programmes implemented by StateGovernments with Central assistance were self-targeting, and the objective was to provide enhancedlivelihood security, specially of those dependent on casual manual labour. At the State Level, the Govt.of Maharashtra formulated the Maharashtra Employment Guarantee Scheme and Maharashtra EmploymentGuarantee Act,1977 to provide wage- employment to those who demanded it.

Giving a statutory framework to wage-employment programmes—Based on theexperience of these programmes, the NationalRural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) wasenacted to reinforce the commitment towardslivelihood security in rural areas. The Act wasnotified on 7th September, 2005. Thesignificance of NREGA lies in the fact that itcreates a right- based framework for wageemployment programmes and makes theGovernment legally accountable for providing employment to those who ask for it. In this way, thelegislation goes beyond providing a social safety net towards guaranteeing the right to employment.

The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) aims at enhancing the livelihood security ofpeople in rural areas by guaranteeing hundred days of wage-employment in a financial year to a ruralhousehold whose members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The objective of the Act is tocreate durable assets and strengthen the livelihood resource base of the rural poor. The choice ofworks suggested in the Act addresses causes of chronic poverty like drought, deforestation and soilerosion, so that the process of employment generation is maintained on a sustainable basis

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The Act is applicable to areas notified by the Central Government and will cover the whole countrywithin five years. In its first phase, it was notified in 200 districts across the country. In the secondphase the Act has been notified in the financial year 2007-8 in an additional 130 districts, bringingthe total of number of districts covered by NREGA to 330. In these districts, pre-existing wage-employment programmes, the National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) and the Sampoorna GrameenRozgar Yojana (SGRY) were merged with NREGA.

The remaining 266 districts have been notified on 28th September, 2007 where NREGA will come intoforce w.e.f. 1st April, 2008. Thus fulfilling the statuary commitment of the present government.

The salient features of the Act are summarized below:

a) Adult members of a rural household may apply for employment if they are willing to do unskilledmanual work.

b) Such a household will have to apply for registration to the local Gram Panchayat in writing ororally.

c) The Gram Panchayat, after due verification, will issue a Job Card to the household as a whole. TheJob Card will bear the photograph of all adult members of the household willing to work underNREGA. The Job Card with photograph is free of cost.

d) A Job Card-holding household may submit a written application for employment to the GramPanchayat, stating the time and duration when work is sought. The minimum days of employmenthave to be fifteen.

e) The Gram Panchayat will issue a dated receipt of the written application for employment, againstwhich the fifteen-day guarantee to provide employment operates.

f) Employment will be given within 15 days of application for work by an employment seeker.

g) If employment is not provided within 15 days, daily unemployment allowance in cash has to bepaid. Liability of payment of Unemployment Allowance is on the States.

h) At least one-third of persons to whom work is allotted have to be women.

i) Wages are to be paid according to minimum wages as prescribed under the Minimum Wages Act1948 for agricultural labourers in the State, unless the Centre notifies a wage rate which will notbe less than Rs 60 per day.

j) Disbursement of wages has to be done on a weekly basis and not beyond a fortnight.

k) Panchayat Raj Institutions [PRIs] have a principal role in planning and implementation.


l) Each district has to prepare a shelf of “Projects.” The instrument for providing employment are to

be works selected from the list of permissible works. Permissible works are as follows:

� Water Conservation

� Drought Proofing (including plantation and afforestation)

� Flood Protection

� Land Development

� Minor Irrigation, horticulture and land development on lands of SC/ST/ -BPL/IAY and LandReform beneficiaries

� Rural connectivity

The shelf of projects has to be prepared on the basis of priority assigned by the Gram Sabha. At least50% of works have to be allotted to Gram Panchayats for execution. A 60:40 ratio of wages and

materials has to be maintained. Contractors and use of labour-displacing machinery is prohibited.

m) Work should ordinarily be provided within a 5 km radius of the village or else extra

wages of 10% are payable.

n) Work-site facilities such as crèche, drinking water, shade have to be provided.

o) Social Audit has to be done by the Gram Sabha.

p) Grievance redressal mechanisms have to be put in place for ensuring a responsive implementation

process.

q) All accounts and records relating to the Scheme are to be made available to any person desirous of

obtaining a copy of such records on demand and after paying a specified fee.

Paradigm Shift in NREGA

NREGA marks a paradigm shift from the previous Wage Employment Programmes (WEPs). NREGA provides a statutoryguarantee of wage employment and is not just a programme. The most important shift is providing a statutory base towage seekers’ application for employment. Employment is dependent upon the worker exercising the choice to applyfor registration and obtain a Job Card and then to exercise a choice to seek employment through a written applicationfor the time and duration that the worker wants. The Legal Guarantee has to be fulfilled within the time limitprescribed and this mandate is underpinned by the provision of the Unemployment Allowance. The Act is thus designedto offer an incentive structure to the States for providing employment as ninety percent of the cost for employmentprovided is borne by the Centre, and there is a concomitant disincentive for not providing employment if demanded asthe States then bear the double indemnity of unemployment and the cost of the Unemployment Allowance. Earlierwage-employment programmes were allocation-based. NREGA is not supply driven but demand driven. Resource transferunder NREGA is based on the demand for employment and this provides another critical incentive to States to leveragethe Act to meet the employment needs of the poor. The public delivery system has been made accountable as itenvisages an Annual Report on the outcomes of NREGA to be presented by the Central Government to the Parliament

and to the Legislature by the state government.

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The Central Government bears the costs on the following items

� The entire cost of wages of unskilled manual workers.

� Seventy five percent of the cost of material of wages of skilled and semi-skilled workers.

� Administrative expenses as may be determined by the central government, whichwill include inter alia, the salary and the allowances of the Programme Officer and hissupporting staff and work-site facilities.

� Expenses of the National Employment Guarantee Council.

The state governments bear the costs on the following items:

� Twenty five percent of the cost of material and wages of skilled and semi-skilled workers.

� Unemployment Allowance payable in case the state government cannot provide wage-employment on time.

� Administrative expenses of the State Employment Guarantee Council.

The key Initiatives in process so that NREGA may optimally realise its full potential are brieflyhighlighted here:

i) Enabling Articulation of Demand for Employment.Since NREGA is a Rights-based programme, articulation of demand by the rural poor is the basicpremise of its operation. The demand process of NREGA distinguishes it from other wage-employmentprogrammes and also constitutes its biggest challenge, especially if wage seekers are not literate andnot organised. Generating awareness among local rural communities through Information, Educationand Communication (IEC) becomes critical for enabling the rural poor to articulate demand. Stateshave forged a variety of methods for communication and social mobilisation that include preparationof communication material on NREGA processes in simple local language, one day orientations ofSarpanchs/ Ward Members, convening Gram Sabhas, using district teams for village level interactions,local vernacular newspapers, TV and radio spots, pamphlets and brochures and local cultural forms.Innovative methods like Information counters on local market days, Village Information Walls, fixinga Rozgar Day in the week and establishing a Helpline have also been used.

ii) Planning for Works and the Quality of Assets CreatedThe Act guarantees providing employment within fifteen days of demand and the instrument forproviding employment is unskilled manual work selected from the list of permissible works. This legalguarantee has implication for the way in which works have to be planned. A Labour Budget has beenstipulated under the Act as an instrument to facilitate advance planning, whereby districts estimatetheir labour demand for the ensuing financial year by December end. Districts prepare shelves ofprojects to keep a list of works ready to meet employment demand.

The National Rural Employment Act


iii) Record of Work Done andPayment of WagesThe legal guarantee of the Act mandatesthat wages due to workers be paid withinfifteen days of work completion. Thisrequires that a fair record be maintainedfor the work done. Key factors involved inensuring this are ( a) proper maintenanceof muster rolls (b) timely measurementand record in the measurement books(c) realistic formulation and notificationof schedule of rates.

a) Maintenance of authentic muster rollsTo ensure authentic muster rolls are used, numbered muster rolls are to be issued for each sanctionedwork by Programme Officer and maintained on the work site by the executing agency. Muster rollsmust mention Job Card numbers of workers, days worked, quantum of work done, the amount paidand must have space for recording inspections. Muster rolls are to be read out on the work-siteduring measurement and wage payment to prevent bogus records. Entries in the muster roll has to becorrespondingly recorded in the Job Cards of the workers. Updating of muster roll data at the blocklevel computers in a 15 days cycle needs to be ensured. All muster rolls are to be made available forpublic scrutiny on the NREGA website.

b) Measurement and supervision of work doneRegular measurement and supervision of works has to be done by qualified technical personnel ontime. Measurement needs to be recorded in authenticated measurement books and measurementdetails need to be read out to workers.

c) Schedule of RatesThe Act stipulates that a worker working seven hours should normally earn an amount equal to thewage rate. The Act directs that task rates should be fixed so that this objective is fulfilled. TheSchedule of Rates needs to be reviewed on the basis of Work-Time-Motion-Studies and be madetransparent so that workers know the rates payable for a specific quantum of work.

iv) Vigilance and TransparencySince the Act seeks to establish a rights-based framework for wage employment, it places a strongemphasis on vigilance and transparency. Key strategies in this direction include:

a) MIS: A web-enabled MIS www.nrega.nic.in has been developed that seeks to place all informationin the public domain. It is a household level data base and has internal checks for ensuring consistencyand conformity to normative processes. All critical parameters get monitored in public the domain: a)workers’ entitlement data and documents such as registration, Job Cards, muster rolls (b) workselection and execution data including shelf of approved and sanctioned works, work estimates, works

Wages: 66.2%

(5842.36 Crore)

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under execution, measurement(c) employment demanded andprovided (d) Financial indicatorssuch as funds available, fundsused, and the disaggregatedstructure of fund utilisation toassess the amount paid aswages, materials andadministrative expenses. Sincethe MIS places all critical dataon the web and this data issoftware engineered, it hassignificant advantages in termsof transparency as it allows crossverification of records andgeneration of reports on anyparameter of the Act. The aimis to ensure connectivity at theblock level on priority andwherever possible, at the GramPanchayat level A GeographicInformation System is also beingplanned for NREGS.

Citizen can check online� Registration details

� Job card issued details

� Muster Roll issued

� Employment Details

� Works Status

� Work Completed and Assets created

� Technical Estimate

b) Monitoring and Evaluation: Field verification of NREGS processes is through external andinternal agencies and the feedback is shared with the States for follow up. National Level Monitorshave visited all Phase One NREGA districts. Independent concurrent studies have also been taken up.States are expected to ensure 100% verification at block, 10 % at district and 2% at the state level


especially of Work, Muster rolls, and Records. Settingup and training local vigilance and monitoringcommittees has also been emphasised for bringingin lateral transparency.

v) Public AccountabilityWhile placing data in the public domain, monitoringand evaluation create systems of accountability,the Act contains specific provisions for publicaccountability. Based on the statutory directives,a three-pronged strategy for public accountabilityhas been adopted:

a) Proactive Disclosure: Annual Reports on outcomes to the Parliament and the state legislature aremandated. Annual Report for the year 2005 -2006 has been tabled in Parliament.

In addition, the Minister for Rural Development has tabled a statement on NREGA in every session,since the passage of the Act.

b) Information upon Payment (RTI): Documents haveto be made available to the public on payment of aprescribed fee. This is stipulated in NREGA, Schedule I,Para 17, 18.

c) Social Audit: Section 17 of NREGA provides for socialaudit of all works in a Gram Panchayat by the Gram Sabhaand the Gram Panchayat has to provide records for social

Social Audit is a compulsory element in NREGA. Socialaudit processes can be divided into pre social auditprocesses, processes during social audit and follow-upprocesses after social audit.

Pre Social Audit Processes include:

� Planning and preparation of a social audit calendar Gram Panchayat wise.

� Wide communication of the intent and date of social audit to all key stakeholders: Governmentfunctionaries, PRIs, local community

� Constitution of Resource Groups - At the State, District, Block and Village levels with officials andnon-officials.

� Involvement of civil society in the social audit process.

� Preparation, printing and distribution of social audit kits

� Training of the Resource Groups in each level.

The Hindu 10.9.006

Rural Job scheme satisfactory : NGOS

ANANTAPUR( AP) The non-governmentalorganisations which have participated in the

social audit of NREGS in the district have feltthat the implementation of the scheme has been

by-and-large satisfactory. Magsaysay awardwinner Aruna Roy of Mazdoor Kisan Shakti

Sanghatan, working in Rajasthan, termed the

social audit of NREGS an extraordinary exercise.

NREGA Work Report, AID-India, April 30, 2007,Gosani Block of Gajapati District, Orissa

Prof. Dhanada Mishra of AID-Orissa reports the success

of street plays — jobs are being given to applicants. In

Gandahati Panchayat the NREGA works have started

at Adagawan,Gandahati, S.Laupur villages, which has

employed a large number of job seekers who applied.

The Street Theater made an impact on the villagers and

they started asking work at the panchayat office in

Gandahati Panchayat.

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Processes During Social Audit

� Village Social Auditors to inform the Gram Panchyat of their intent to do social audit.

� All records made available to village social auditors.

� Verification of records by cross checking with beneficiaries, and works ( if in progress) . Mandatoryverification of application and job cards issued, demand and allocation of employment within thegiven time, muster rolls, work estimates, sanctions and expenditures, measurement books andpayments, cross verification with jobcards. These verifications are made either through door todoor visits or through informal gram sabhas.

� Public Meeting (Gram Sabha) at the Gram Sabha where village social auditors read and discusstheir findings. Concerned beneficiaries can give evidence. Concerned functionaries will explain ifirregularities are noticed. Report of the social audit to be prepared and submitted to the GramPanchyat, Programme Officer and District Programme Coordinator.

Follow up processes on Social Audit

� District Programme Coordinators to discuss findings with Programme Officer and initiate remedialaction.

� Where there are serious prima facie matters of financial irregularities, further departmental enquiryto be initiated

� Findings of social audit with follow up action to be made public and will be placed on the website.

Prototype Works Manual for Sustainable Development

One of the major challenges for NREGA is to ensure that workers get just wages for work done.Everything hinges on the methodology used for measuring output within a 7 hour period. Traditionallythere are standard schedule of rates prepared by engineers using norms which are not pro-labour.

To address the issue of measurement of work and payment of wages, consultations were organizedwith Government of India officials and experts. Following these consultations, two organizationsSamaj Pragati Sahyog (SPS) and PRADAN were commissioned to develop two "works manuals" on thethemes of watersheds and integrated natural resource management respectively. The manual on INRMdeveloped by PRADAN explains in great details the potential for INRM activities to be integratedunder NREGA. Similarly, the manual on watersheds developed by Samaj Pragati Sahyog (SPS) outlineswith diagrams and detailed explanations the technical methods for watershed development. In essence,the manuals which have been developed in English and Hindi, de-mystify the whole process ofcalculation and provide a productivity norm which accounts for regional variations, geological strata,climatic conditions, gender and age differences in productivity.

As a follow up of the preparation of these manuals, training films are also being developed by SPS andPRADAN to help to train local bodies and NGOs in different parts of the country to de-mystifyengineering norms so that there is public awareness of how work is to be measured and wages are tobe paid.


THE HINDU, Thursday, May 11, 2006

Employment guarantee — signs of transformationNirmala Lakshman

A substantial social audit reveals that in the harsh terrain of Dungarpur, Rajasthan, where daily living poses a constantchallenge, employment on public works has risen to unprecedented levels over the last two months.

A quiet revolution appears to be taking place in many impoverished rural districts across the country. The NationalRural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), which came into force on February 2, is having a perceptible impact onthese districts. In Dungarpur in Rajasthan, one of the six districts in the State chosen for the first phase of the NREGAimplementation, a substantial social audit revealed that in this harsh terrain, where daily living poses a constantchallenge, employment on public works has risen to unprecedented levels over the last two months. About half of allfamilies in rural Dungarpur now have one household member employed under the NREGA.

The social audit, which took place at the end of April, involved around 600 participants from 11 States. The AsthaSansthan and Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) helped in the implementation of the social audit. The auditparticipants organised themselves into groups of padyatris, and in a ten-day march, these groups spread awarenessabout the NREGA and compiled reports on implementation of the NREGA across the district. They also verified theextent to which the entitlements promised by the legislation had reached the people.

The NREGA is the first step towards realising the right to work, which is included in the Constitution as one of theDirective Principles. It says, “The State shall in particular direct its policy towards securing ... that the citizens, menand women equally have the right to an adequate means of livelihood.” The NREGA essentially addresses urgent andimmediate issues of hunger and deprivation, since it is this lack of livelihood, lack of food security, and endemicpoverty that sends rural households into the downward spiral of destitution. In the context of acute distress anddeprivation in many parts of the country, the new law impels the state to take clear responsibility for providing a socialsafety net for every poor rural household. However, as economist and social activist Jean Dreze says, legislation alonewill not guarantee employment, continuous mobilisation is required. The law is being implemented in 200 of thepoorest districts in this initial phase and is expected to cover the entire country within five years. All rural householdsare eligible to register for work and the gram panchayat must issue a ̀ job card’ that will be valid for five years. The cardrecords the number of days worked, wages paid, unemployment benefits received and other particulars and is a tool toprevent corruption. The job must be within a five-kilometre distance of the applicant’s home. Beneficiaries are entitledto the statutory minimum wage applicable in each State and an unemployment allowance must be paid if employmentis not provided within 15 days of the receipt of the application for work. The employment guarantee is limited to 100days of work per household a year.

During the social audit exercise in Dungarpur district, the padyatris found that in almost every village, people wereaware of their entitlement to 100 days of work a year although many were not aware of the specific details of theentitlement. The marchers were given a village questionnaire, a worksite questionnaire, and a panchayat questionnaireto collect information. At the end of the march, a panel discussion was held with academics, senior bureaucrats fromother States as well as the Collector of Dungarpur, Manju Rajpal. Coordinated by social activist Aruna Roy of the MKSS,the panel raised a host of issues that reflected not only the challenges in making such a far-reaching piece of legislationa reality, but also the positive effects of having such a system in place.

While there will obviously be a great deal of variability in NREGA implementation across States and across regions, theDungarpur experience shows that despite some problems, there is a significant leap forward in employment, and thelocal administration is giving the issue highest priority, according to Jean Dreze. The social audit found that all thework was organised by gram sabhas, and the sense of legal entitlement shored up by the significant impact of the Rightto Information Act in Rajasthan has led to a culture of transparency and accountability in this district. For example,muster rolls were found at almost every worksite without any evidence of having been tampered with. Another positiveoutcome is that close to 80 per cent of the labourers in this area were women (as the men would typically migrate forwork), and therefore the NREGA is making an impact on the earning capacities of women as well, which will positivelyaffect gender equations in the community. Social activist Sowmya Sivakumar said that women’s work, which is undervalued,

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will now be assessed differently and lead to their empowerment. She also noted that there was a demand for somepayment in grain rather than cash by many women in the district.

The audit found that working women faced several problems. For instance, worksite facilities were almost non-existent.There was no medical or child care and in most cases mothers had to keep young infants in the open in the blisteringheat, or leave them at home, often in the care of older children or other family members. As Aruna Roy pointed out, thelack of crèche facilities (required by the new law) meant that many mothers could not feed their children for up toeight hours in a day and this in turn would adversely affect their children’s nutrition. Siddharth of the National LawSchool, Jodhpur, who along with Jean Dreze bicycled through several panchayats assessing the ground situation, saidthat some mothers who were breast feeding their children had to keep going back to their homes in the middle of theirwork day to feed their children, causing them great hardship.

The social audit revealed that there were problems with regard to the measurement of work as well as the wages paid.Many workers expressed the view that the quantum of work that was required from an individual worker was excessive.There was no consideration of variations in the soil or the conditions of lift and lead that have a bearing on individualwork output. Most people ended up being paid only between Rs.40 and 60 a day (as opposed to the Rajasthanminimum daily wage of Rs.73). Social activist Nikhil Dey of the MKSS said most tasks were too difficult to complete. Ina recent article in The Hindu , Mihir Shah says that with regard to measuring labour, “there appears to be a genuinedifficulty, a deep contradiction at the heart of NREG implementation.” The ̀ Schedule of Rates’ by which work done isvalued needs reform to “bring it in line with legal entitlements under the NREGA.” Shah also rightly points out thataverage rates do not give room for differences in soil, gender, age, and other factors that have a bearing on productivity.In Dungarpur, this aspect was also stressed by K. Raju, Principal Secretary Government of Andhra Pradesh, who saidthere was a need to quantify actual productivity in every district through work-time-motion studies, and for tasks tobe fixed according to soil conditions so that every worker can earn the minimum wage in seven hours. Interestingly, itis reported that Andhra Pradesh has recently revised the schedule of rates on such task-related norms.

Apart from this, there were other problems that the Dungarpur social audit revealed, such as the lack of adequateadministrative staff, which affected the NREGA implementation. An observer from Andhra Pradesh also reported thatthere was no work available in some villages and the people had to travel to neighbouring villages to find it. However,Jean Dreze says, “With the activation of the administrative machinery, employment is being generated on anunprecedented scale. This has never happened before, outside periods of severe drought (and) further employmentopportunities are likely to be created through ̀ multiplier effects’, as NREGA wages represent a big injection of purchasingpower in this district, where non-agricultural economic activities are few and far between.”

The NREGA also represents an opportunity for asset creation, according to academic and social activist Reetika Khera.Unless work was seen as being productive by the villagers themselves, it would not be useful. Creating water harvestingfacilities and making roads and bunds would enhance the economic productivity of the region. Reetika Khera pointsout, “the usefulness of works undertaken through the NREGA can be enhanced considerably if shelf of works are evolvedwith greater public participation.” Man Singh of the Wagad Mazdoor Kisan Sangathan stressed the primacy of waterharvesting projects and recommended that the work under NREGA should ultimately enhance all land and not justpublic land.

Raja Kutty, Director of the National Institute of Rural Development, said that while the social audit revealed manypositive trends, several administrative and policy issues remain that have to be squarely dealt with. In the context ofa fairly responsive and sensitive local government in Dungarpur, these issues could be raised and corrective measurescould be evolved because of continuous monitoring. As Nikhil Dey emphasised, the gram sabhas should monitor workunder NREGA every six months and take up the responsibility of examining records, checking muster rolls, looking atexpenditure, and assessing work site situations.

Whatever the problems, the experience of Dungarpur can be replicated across the country if there is a strong commitmentfrom various stakeholders involved in rural governance. The Dungarpur social audit clearly demonstrates that withpublic monitoring, transparency of administrative functioning, and an empowered population, not only is corruptionminimised, but development that transforms the lives of the poor is an attainable reality.


audit. Social Audit processes have been initiated by states, with support from the Ministry forcapacity building that include resource support for planning and training. A significant feature here isthe active role played by civil society organisations in facilitating social audit processes in partnershipwith State Governments as well as independently.

vi) Grievance RedressalEnforcement of the right to employment requires setting up an effective grievance redressal system.The Act vests the responsibility for grievance redressal with the Programme Officer. Efforts are on tostrengthen grievance redressal mechanisms at all levels

vii) Strengthening Management Support to NREGA

a) Central Employment Guarantee Council:

� At the State level: 4% of the total cost to be used administrative cost enabling resource support for:

� Deploying additional personnel critical to implementation, viz. the Gram Rozgar Sewak at the GPlevel and Programme Officer, engineers, IT and accounts personnel at the Block Level.

InfoChange News & Features, October 2006

Guarantee against hunger?

By Tanushree Sood

If effectively implemented, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act will go a long way towards ensuring foodsecurity and protecting rural households from hunger

Work is not just about earning a wage. It brings with it a way of living, a sense of security and dignity. The NationalRural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), which was passed by parliament on August 24, 2005, is an importantstep towards the realisation of the right to work in India.

The Act reinforces the duty of the State to provide employment to its citizens. The NREGA’s legal guarantee of 100days of work at the state minimum wage promises substantial relief to rural households. The Act will go a long waytowards ensuring food security and protecting rural households from hunger.

India has a history of employment-generation schemes starting from famine relief works, the Jawahar RozgarYojana, the Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana and more recently the National Food for Work Programme. But theseschemes were largely left to the discretion of the administrative machinery.

With the NREGA, work becomes a right. Such a guarantee of employment would, to some extent, act as a shield forthe rural poor and the landless, saving them from the exploitative rich agricultural class.

The NREGA and food security are significantly interlinked. The Act will give a necessary push to the purchasingpower of the rural poor. An additional income of approximately Rs 6,000 a year for each participating household isestimated to be sufficient to pull a large section of families above the poverty line.

Women usually are a major proportion of the workforce employed at NREGA work sites. The Act will provide someeconomic independence to women. Dungarpur district in Rajasthan is an example. Estimates suggest that about90% of the 1.60 lakh workers employed in April 2006 in this area were women. Reports from other states also showhigh rates of participation of women at the work sites. Various workers’ organisations are asking for part payment ofwages in kind. With such an amendment, the link between the Act and food security will be enhanced.

In rural areas, the poor are often compelled to work under hazardous conditions of drudgery and physical strain. TheNREGA includes an element of basic facilities and dignity. Payment of wages within 15 days after completion ofwork, provision of drinking water and shaded areas at worksites are small steps to make the work less tiring. Thedemand for functional crèches at the work sites is also becoming stronger.

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� At the level of the Ministry:

� Central Employment Guarantee Council (CEGC) has been set up and has met twice. CEGC membersare actively involved in field visits, social audit along with the State Government/District officials

� Executive Committee has been set up.

� The Technical Secretariat is being set up to infuse multi-disciplinary professional expertise fortechnical resource support.

� Design, Information and National Data System, Social audit, Monitoring and Evaluation.

b) Deployment of additional dedicated personnel for NREGA:Learning from the implementation of earlier wage employment programmes, the Central Government hasinitiated steps to support the management and implementation of NREGS. Under the Act, the CentralGovernment may provide assistance for administrative expenses up to a limit as fixed by the Centre. TheMinistry has permitted 4% of the total cost to be made as administrative cost, enabling resourcesupport for deploying additional personnel critical to implementation, viz. the Gram Rozgar Sewak atthe GP level and Programme Officer, engineers, IT and accounts personnel at the Block Level.

The Act is likely to make a dent in migration. Migration for work, both within and between states, is common in the

countryside and the cities. When work is made available in the villages, many rural families are likely to stay back

instead of going to the cities in the slack season. Noted activist Aruna Roy spoke about this aspect at a recent social

audit in Dungarpur district.

Another impact of the Act is a possible increase in the bargaining power of migrant labourers in states like Gujarat and

Maharashtra. With the option of going back home, the workers will be able to ask for higher wages. However, migration

will decrease only if work opportunities under the NREGA are relatively predictable – as they would be if the principle

of ‘demand-driven employment’ actually works. Only if the workers are confident that work will be available, are they

likely to reconsider migration.

The Act gives power and responsibility to the panchayat institutions. The gram sabha and the gram panchayat are two

key implementing agencies in the Act. The Act authorises the gram sabha to recommend works to be taken up, to

monitor and supervise these works, and to conduct social audits of the implementation. The panchayats are responsible

for planning the works, executing 50% of the works, registering households and issuing job cards.

The NREGA is not just about creating employment, but also about developing the social infrastructure. The assets

created under the Act will be a step towards growth through higher investment in rural infrastructure. The potential for

labour-intensive public works in the field of environmental protection is massive; this includes areas such as watershed

development, land regeneration, prevention of soil erosion, restoration of tanks, protection of forests and related

activities.

Expenditure on the NREGA’s schemes will yield dividends not only in terms of economic activity in the present but also

by improving the conditions of production in rural areas in the future. Needless to say, the implementation of the

NREGA is critical. A strategy of spreading awareness and continuous pressure by workers’ organisations, community-

based organisations and NGOs, is important. The NREGA will then be an effective instrument for reducing poverty and

achieving food security.

(Tanushree Sood is a Research Associate with the Office of the Commissioners to the Supreme Court. The views in this

article are her own and not of the Office of the Commissioners or of the Right to Food Campaign.)


c) Training:Another issue critical tostrengthening administrativesystems pertains to training ofdifferent stakeholders. Therequirements of training areconsiderable at all levels and includefunctionaries, PRIs, and the localvigilance committees.

viii) Financial ManagementUnder NREGA, financial resourcesare released on the basis of demandfor employment received in adistrict.

A non-lapsable Central Employment Guarantee Fund has been set up to ensure availability of funds tomatch working season demands.

Labour Budgets are being prepared by Districts to project annual fund requirements based on estimationof labour demand and works proposed to meet it. Fund releases based on appraisal of both financialand physical indicators of outcomes as:

� person days generated

� wage material ratio

� average work cost and wage paid

a) Empowering workers:NREGA is a rights-based statute and its effectiveness lies eventually in the extent to which wageseekers can exercise their choice and assert their rights to claim entitlements under the Act. While thestate is expected to play a pro-active role in communicating information and facilitating access tothe employment opportunities under NREGA, in the long run, workers capacity to demand andnegotiate employment is critical if the Act has to be an instrument in the hands of the worker forenhancing his/her levels of employment and earnings. The issues involved in empowering workers arein the range of enhancement of knowledge levels, development of literacy skills and organizingworkers. Enhancing social security levels of workers also needs to be considered. Opening savingsaccounts of workers in banks and post offices that have been initiated need to be supported on alarger scale so that thrift and small savings can be encouraged among workers engaged in casuallabour. Including NREGA workers under the cover of various life and health insurance schemes will alsoraise their security thresholds.

PRIfunctionaries

Administrative &Technical officials

Trained Number

VMCmembers

Training of Stakeholders

200000

180000

160000

140000

120000

100000

80000

60000

40000

20000

0

15

b) Linkages with other Development Programmes:Empowerment of workers and creation of durable assets depend, in terms of their strategies, to agreat extent on the linkages between NREGA and other development programmes. Linkages withhuman development programmes such as the National Rural Health Mission and the National LiteracyMission are needed to ensure basic human entitlements to workers that in turn will enhance theircapacity to negotiate their rights under the Act. Linkages with other livelihood and infrastructureinitiatives need to be considered for sustainable employment. The thrust of NREGA is on strengtheningthe natural resource base of livelihood. The full potential of the kind of work permissible under NREGAcan be tapped if planning for these works is coordinated with other development projects, forexample watershed management, agricultural programmes, horticultural projects. Initiatives for naturalresource management also need to be dovetailed with income generation projects to enable workersto move from wage employment to self-sustaining employment.


2

Employment Demanded 2.12 Crore Households

Employment Provided 2.10 Crore Households

Persondays Generated 90.5 Crore

SC 22.95 [25.35%]

ST 32.98 [36.44%]

Women 36.79 [40.65%]

Others 34.56 [38.18%]

Works Taken Up 8.35 Lakhs

Use of Financial Resources Rs. 8823.35 Crore(73% of Available Funds)

Demand for Employment Met

Employment Demanded: 2.12 crore HHs

Employment Provided:2.10 crore HHs3500000

3000000

2500000

2000000

1500000

1000000

500000

0

Employment Demanded (Mar, 2007) Employment Provided (Mar, 2007)

AP

Ar.

P

Assam

Bih

ar

Chhattis

garh

Guja

rat

HP

J&

K

Kara

nata

ka

Kera

la

MP

Mahara

shtr

a

Manip

ur

Miz

ora

m

Nagala

nd

Orissa

Punja

b

Raja

sth

an

Sik

kim TN

Tripura

UP

WB

Uttara

nchal

Hary

ana

Jhark

hand

Meghala

ya

17

Sultanpura is a drought prone district in Andhra Pradesh with very few employment opportunities.When NREGA was first announced in the village, people took time to be convinced of it.

Applications were made in large numbers. Job Cards were made. The Self Help Groups (SHGs) werealso involved. 1300 people were included in the SHG in the area. They were actively involved inseveral developmental programmes in the village. After receiving Job Cards, applications were givenfor work.

In the Gram Sabha people put forth their demand for work. All the demands were submitted to thePanchyat Secretary, who in turn sent it to the Block Office for approval. The Block Office approvedthe works.

One of the works approved was constraction of a checkdam to improve irrigation. The work wasdivided into groups. Each group did a different kind of work. A first aid kit was available at theworksite. There was creche facility for children. Muster Rolls were maintained.

Yashoda, a labourer at the worksite was happy. Earlier she used to get Rs. 50. Now she gets Rs. 100.Even the physically handicapped were getting work. People were able to send their children to school.

On Saturdays measurements are done to ascertain the amount of work. Demand drafts are sent to theSultanpur post office and depodsited in the accounts of the workers who can withdraw the cash whenneeded. The people in Sultanpur now enthusiastically participate in NREGA and consider it as theirprogramme.

People have gathered to get their weekly wages in front of the Gram Panchyat office. They have beenworking on a roads project in their village that has been initiated under NREGA.

Initial Positive Trends

Field Reports yield nascent evidence of :

a) Increase in Women workforce participation as compared to earlier Wage Employment Programme

b) Impact on land productivity: (Second crop on SC/ST farms in Chattisgarh, MP, Rajasthan)

c) Increase in the workforce’s awareness of minimum wages and task rates and increasingly confident articulationof it (MP, Chattisgarh, TN, Karnataka, Maharashtra)

d) Wage earnings of workforce in wage employment programme increasing (AP,TN, Maharashtra, Chattisgarh, Jharkhand)

e) Wage negotiation capacity developing vis a vis private employment (Rajasthan, TN, Haryana)

f) Financial Inclusion: Savings accounts of wage earners in Banks/Post Offices in some States: AP (more than 20.00lakh Post Office Accounts), Karnataka (entire Gulbarga NREG workforce with Bank Accounts) , Jharkhand,TN

g) Insurance of wage earners in some districts: Pakur, Gumla, Ranchi (Jharkhand)

h) Developing Literacy skills among wage earners (Karnataka, Raichur)

i) Distress Migration somewhat stemmed: Rajasthan, AP, Chattisgarh


At the Gram Panchyat office, a board displays their entitlements. Before the launch of the projectthere was mass mobilization carried out in each village by the district administration and the electedrepresentatives. A Job Card was made for every family. But they were also told that mere possession ofa Job Card does not entitle them to getting a job. They must also apply for a job. Once they applythey are given jobs of constructing water harvesting structures, rural link roads etc. near their homes.

At the worksite, muster rolls are maintained according to Job Cards. It is difficult to forge these musterrolls. If Kaluram, who has done the work, sees that his name is not there on the card, he will raise hisvoice. But this is not enough. There are vigilance and monitoring groups who keep a tab on the musterrolls and they visit sites to cross check with the attendance and names. Sometimes people leave afterhalf day’s work. This creates a problem then the person’s wage is also deducted and he/she looses outone day of work. But this does not happen frequently. A mate is appointed by the GP for each projectsite who checks and re-checks the muster rolls. It is very difficult for the mate to favour his peoplebecause there are others who keep a watch and would immediately raise his/her voice.

The most important work here is constructing water harvesting structures. During the rainy season, 90%of the water is wasted. Water harvesting structures would help conserve this water and also recharge thewater table. This in turn, would help irrigation and supply of water through hand pumps. This indirectlystrengthens livelihood, as people will be engaged in sustainable agriculture in the future.

Social Audit is an integral part of NREGA. It is carried on from time to time.

Manju Rajpal, District Collector, Dungarpur stresses the importance of Social Audit.Mahesh Garg, who is a reporter working in a local newspaper, also sees the role of Social Audit inchecking corruption. Tarachand Bhogra, Zila Parishad representative mentioned that the recentlycompleted Social Audit process in Dungarpur found that 85-90% of the money is reaching the poor.All political parties have come together on NREGA. The local BJP leader of the area says very categoricallythat there is no party politics involved in this. Shankar Yadav, the leader of the Congress party alsosays that the best thing about the scheme is that people’s applications for jobs gives them jobs. 95%of the scheme is successful. Rs. 95 crore was spent out of which 87% is on labour. Prem Kumar Patdar,an official from the Block, says that everyone has benefited, directly or indirectly. Migration and allits negative social impacts has reduced to a large extent. Suresh Falojia, another official at the Block

Level also says that once people receive money they feel confident.

1 2 3 4

Person-days generated SGRY in 586 districts Average Person-days per NREGA in 200 districts(2005-06) year in 586 distts: (2006-07)

(SGRY+ NFFWP) (2001-06)

Total 82.18 83.3 90.5

Average per District 0.14 0.142 0.45

Significant Increase in Person-days Generated Person-days in crores

19

Punj Lal Parmar, local MLA, says, that happiness is visible on people’s face. NREGA has stirred up a lot

of enthusiasm among people. In the sensitization camp they participated in large numbers andlistened with great interest. Right to Information (RTI) is linked with NREGA to give transparency tothe implementation process. There are large boards at the Gram Panchyat office displaying the clauses

of the Act and its entitlements. It also says that if within 15 days people are not given work then theywill be entitled to Unemployment Allowance.

Sian Muluk is an agro-based area near Bolpur Sub-Divisional town with 12,520 inhabitants. This GramPanchayat has been implementing rural developmental programmes as well as schemes in a decentralized

manner with active participation of rural people. The Panchyati Raj Institution and members of the

PRI’s have been immensely involved in all developmental activities. This Gram Panchayat has beenimplementing schemes under NREGA 2005 (WBREGS 2006) since the day the programme was launched

in 18 Gram Sansads covering all areas of the GP.

Sian Muluk has registered 4193 families out of 4207. Since the launch of the programme, this Gram

Panchayat has taken up 48 projects. Most of the projects have been taken up with the aim of

increasing water sources and green cover. More than 3100 Job Card holders have benefited underNREGA 2005 (WBREGS 2006). Most of them have got 100 days of work in the last financial year.

The Gram Panchayat has already re-excavated 25 tanks/ponds which is a huge water resource forincreased agricultural activities. It has developed a good road network under the Rural Connectivity

Scheme. Strip plantation has been done by the side of these roads.

The Gram Panchayat has been able to generate 185000 nos. of man-days till date with cumulative

expenditure of Rs. 1,42,00,000 keeping a good track of record of each and every rupee.

Major share of SC/ST HHs in employment generation

ST & SC share: 61.80%

ST: 32.98 Crores [36.44%] SC: 22.95 Crores [25.35%]

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

A.P

Ar.

P

Assa

m

Bih

ar

Gu

jara

t

Ha

rya

na

H.P

J&

K

Ka

rna

taka

Ke

rala

M.P

Ma

ha

rash

tra

Ma

nip

ur

Me

gh

ala

ya

Miz

ora

m

Na

ga

lan

d

Orissa

Pu

nja

b

Ra

jasth

an

Sik

kim

Ta

mil

na

du

Trip

ura

U.P

W.

Be

ng

al

Ch

ha

ttis

ga

rh

Jh

ark

ha

nd

Utta

ran

ch

al

STsSCs


THE HINDU , Thursday, Nov 02, 2006

“SHGs, women key to NREGA success’’

Special Correspondent

NEW DELHI: United Progressive Alliance (UPA) chairperson Sonia Gandhi on Wednesday sought women’s participationin the social auditing of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme to make it more effective.

Delivering the valedictory address at a workshop of State Secretaries and Programme Coordinators of the NationalRural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) Districts, organised by the Union Rural Development Ministry here onWednesday, Ms. Gandhi said monitoring should be an integral part of the scheme and suggested that women andself-help groups could play an in important role in making it a success.

Assuring that there would be no dearth of money in implementation of the scheme, Ms. Gandhi said if the money wasspent judiciously it could change the face and lives of rural India. However, this could be done only through a socialaudit, she added.

Spelling out the priorities of the UPA Government as enlisted in the National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP),she said high on the list was bridging the gap between the rich and the poor as also removal of disparities betweenthe rural and urban regions.

She said the Government was committed to the implementation of the policies for the uplift of the poor and the backward.

“My land did not even give me a Rs. 2 in return, but after associating with NREGA, I hope to get at

least Rs. 10,000 from the same land,” these are the words of Premvati Gond a gond tribal woman ofvillage Amanala in District Mandla in Madhya Pradesh. With NREGA assistance Premwati got a pond

constructed in her field which did not have any source of irrigation water. This not only provided thefamily employment but she was able to grow brinjal and chillies.

The main population of Sidhi is distributed within four blocks. Mainly comprising of Scheduled Tribe

families. These families have fairly large land holdings but due to lack of irrigation they cannotproduce enough food even to last out one season. The Panchayats in the area decided to support the

digging and repair of wells on lands of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribes. In order to ensure thatfamilies had a stake in developing the asset, 5% of the total cost of the work was taken as acontribution in the form of labour.

In Sidhi district 2400 new wells are being dug under NREGA and 1753 old wells are being repaired.

54,11,000 persondays of employment have been generated so far at a cost of Rs. 32.46 crores.

Pandhana is another tribal habitat in the Khandwa district of Madhya Pradesh, where large scale waterre-charge structures, such as ponds, wells and check dams were taken up under NREGA.

In Keshpala village, in Ghantmal Gram Panchayat, Kalahandi District, Orissa, a low-lying irrigationfacility was available, but it was not very useful as it had a high surface run-off. The villagers asked if

they could construct a sluice, build bathing ghats and also strengthen the embankment. This projectis now providing irrigation to 70 hectares of land belonging to 100 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled

Tribe families. The cost of the project was Rs. 10,00,000

21

Employment provided to women (% age of total employment provided) upto MAR-2007

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

AP

Ar.

P

Assam

Bih

ar

Chhattis

garh

Guja

rat

H.P

J&

K

Karn

ata

ka

Kera

la

MP

Mahara

shtr

a

Manip

ur

Miz

ora

m

Nagala

nd

Orissa

Punja

b

Raja

sth

an

Sik

kim TN

Tripura

UP

WB

Uttara

nchal

Hary

ana

Jhark

hand

Ms. Gandhi said the National Rural Health Mission, Bharat Nirman, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Prarambhik ShikshaKosh, Mid Day Meal scheme and now the NREG Scheme were some policies aimed at bridging the divide betweenthe privileged and the under-privileged. According to her, enactment of the Right to Information Act was anotherimportant step in this direction.

Extension of schemeExpressing satisfaction over the implementation of the rural development schemes, Ms. Gandhi, however, saidsome States needed to put in more effort. Here, the district programme coordinators could play a major role, sheadded.

Earlier, inaugurating the workshop, Union Rural Development Minister Raghuvansh Prasad Singh said the NREGAwould be extended to more districts in the second phase of its implementation. He said that his Ministry hadapproached the Planning Commission for selection of districts for extension of the scheme.

This was being done following a demand from several States. So far, 1.36 crore people have been provided employment,of the 1.40 crore people who sought employment under the NREGA.

The Minister said 3,663 mandays of work had been provided under the programme, adding that 50 per cent of thefunds allocated for the current year have already been released.

Participation of Women in the Work Force

ACT: At least 1/3rd of the beneficiariesshall be women who have registered and

requested for work under the Scheme

Significant Share of Women in Work Force


NREG

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2866

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23

Maharani Pradhan belongs to Kharulchap village ofSundargarh District in Orissa. “My husband is dead. Iused to beg for survival. Now that I have gotemployment for two and a half months, I have stoppedbegging and can now live with dignity.”

Sukumari Bag lives in Bagabandha village of SundargarhDistrict. She states, “My husband lost his leg in an accidentand is therefore not in a position to work. The villagerstold me about NREGA. I have worked for 80 days and weare now able to educate our children.”

Umesh Chandra Bag is a resident of Bagabandha villageof Sundargarh District in Orissa. His father died whenhe was studying, leaving him to support his two youngerbrothers who were very young and in school. “Whenmy father died I had no money. Our Sarpanch told me about NREGA. As the head of my family, Iregistered myself for work. I have been working for 20 days. Since I get paid Rs. 100 per day, I amable to save Rs. 50 per day. I am hoping to study further or do some kind of business.”

Satyanand Kishan and Radha Kishan are from Village Telko Bud of Sundargarh. For them wage work hashelped them afford education to their children. “We have completed 80 days of work and are happy. Ithas become easier for us to send our children to school. Our older daughter has done her matriculationexamination and our younger daughter will appear for her matriculation exam this year. Our son isgoing to college. Now we need more work to give our children better education.” Madhu Kishan, theirson said, “I am very grateful to my parents for doing manual work so that I could finish myeducation. I am studying in Class 12 at the Panchayat College in Banakusa because of their hardwork.” Sita Kishan the daughter said, “Because of my parents work on NREGS sites, I was able to learnstitching and my brother and sister are both studying.”

3

My husband is a bus-standcooly and he can’t earn Rs. 50/-per day. In my area there is noregular agriculture and as awomen, I was also not able toearn anything. Now underNREGS, Every week myself

and my husband both of usgetting average weekly pay-ment of Rs. 960/- (480 + 480).Now we are having our own account at CanaraBank Batlagundu which was our life time dream.Every weekend we are getting the paymentthrough the bank and we are satisfied.

Socio Economic Improvement underNREGA

Tmt. K. Minnalkodi,W/o, Kannan,

Kattakamanpatti,Batlagundu

Panchayat Union


K. Minnalkodi lives in the Batlagundu Panchayat Union area, Dindigul District. She and her husbandhave been working on deepening and desiltation of the supply channel from Vairavan Dam to BurmaDr. Thottam. She said, “My husband is a bus-stand coolie and he is not able to earn more than Rs. 50per day. In this area there is very little agriculture and as a woman I am not able to get anyemployment. Now under NREGA, my husband and I go regularly to work and we have been able toearn Rs. 480 each per week. Now we have our own bank account with the Canara Bank in Batlagunduand our wages are paid through the bank.”

The Teliabhasa Biria Bundh in Ayodhya, Baghmundi in Purulia district, West Bengal, is currently beingexcavated at an estimated cost of Rs. 501,049. Approximately 6800 person days of employment hasbeen generated and 303 households have been provided 70 days each of employment. The labourersfound it difficult to get work locally and survived on the sale of fire-wood from which they earnedapproximately Rs.15 -20 per day. Through NREGA work, they have been able to earn nearly Rs. 65-70 perday based on the quantum of work done. Irrigation facilities will now be available on 15 acres of land.

Dhan Kaur, mother of two sons and a resident of village Ajjowal, belonging to the Sikligar Tribe, is abeneficiary under NREGA. Her husband, Kartar Singh was a labourer and used to move from one villageto another to repair iron buckets and pans etc. He had to travel even to Himachal Pradesh in searchof work. Money was not sufficient to make both ends meet. So he engaged his elder son, PawanKumar, in his profession. Pawan Kumar was married to Sunita, thus a new member joined their family.They had a son, Raj, who is now one and half years of age. With the expanding family, their meagerincome was insufficient. In the meantime, the government of India selected Hoshiarpur district to becovered under NREGA. Dhan Kaur got her name registered and a Job Card was issued to her family. Shestarted work right in her village. With themoney she earned from NREGA work, shegot her daughter-in-law, Sunita, admittedto a Red Cross Society’s craft centre in villageAjjowal to learn tailoring. She purchased asewing machine with her savings so thatSunita could start taking sewing orders. Atpresent, Sunita earns about Rs.40 daily bystitching clothes. When we spoke to her,she said that with her earnings she wouldprovide a good education to her son Raj.

With NREGA help, Dhan Kaur improved her lifestyle and also gained self-confidence and economicindependence.

25

In Mallanampatty Village Panchayat ofBatlagundu Block, Deepening and reno-vation of Odaikulam tank and desiltingof supply channel work taken up at anest. cost of Rs.5.00 lakhs and the workis under progress. 30% of the totalhouseholds have been registered andjobs card is issued to them on the spot.The scheme is being implemented with

the participation and full involvement of the public withoutany interference of middleman or contractor. InMallanampatti village of Batlagundu Block the people usedto go to harvest the flowers from 6.00 A.M. to 8.00 A.M.and after then they started working in the tank desiltationunder NREGS. In this way they are able to get additionalwage employment from TNREG scheme.

Surkhi, a homemaker, lives in village Ajjowal of Block Hoshiarpur-1. She has four daughters and twosons. She belongs to a poor family. Her husband Harbans Singh used to sell ordinary articles of dailyuse by cycling from one village to another. He was the only earning member of the family. Unfortunately,he met with an accident which fractured his right forearm got fractured rendering him unable to carryon his work. Under these circumstances, Surkhi took courage and started doing work in her village as alabourer and started earning Rs. 50 from the contractors. With the introduction of NREGA in HoshiarpurDistrict, she got herself registered and is now employed in her own village. With her savings she was able topurchase a rehri (push cart) for her husband on which he sells eatables in the village. Thus NREGA helpedthe family to stand again on their feet.

Kavali Ishwaramma is 35. “We used to go asconstruction labour to the Ramoji Film Citynear Hyderabad. We worked there for 2 years.We used to come to the village every month tocollect our rations. That is how we heard aboutEGS. We left our two daughters with theirgrandfather in the village Now that EGS workis available in the village, we won’t leave thevillage for work.” Ishwaramma worked for 44and a half days on bunding, pitting, plantationand watering work and got paid Rs. 120 perday. She worked alone as her husband is ajeetam (bonded labour on an annual contract).“My husband is a jeetam with a local farmer.He is paid Rs. 8000 per year. He has been ajeetam from February 2006. Our daughter got married and we needed money so we borrowed Rs.20,000. We have to pay an interest of Rs. 3 on Rs. 100 per month. He will have to work for severalyears to repay the loan. Last year before the EGS work started, 20 people became jeetam in the village.Now 10 people have got released because their families earned good wages from EGS work.”

Indiramma is 30. Her husband has been a jeetam for 4 years. She worked on EGS projects for 133 daysand earned Rs. 13,962. “We took a loan of Rs. 20,000 four years back to construct a house. Myhusband used to get paid Rs. 6000 per year for the first 2 years and then this was increased to Rs.7000. The interest on this money was Rs. 3 on Rs. 100 per month. I also worked for the same landlordand was paid Rs. 20 per day. With my EGS earnings, I have been able to pay back the landlord and nowmy husband is a free man.”

Pole Satish is about 22 years of age and was studying in class 10. When asked if he had ever workedbefore he said, “I can’t remember how old I was, maybe 7 or 8 years, when my father took a loan andI was put to work as a jeetam. I don’t know how much money my parents took, but I was paidRs. 2000 per year. I used to go to night school after work. It took me 6 years to repay the loan. My

E MallanampattyFlower Harvesting(Time 6.00 A.M. to

8.00 A.M.)


main job was grazing cattle, looking after them, cleaning the compound and bringing fodder. This ismy first job as an adult working on an EGS projects.

Wages Earned by Labourers Account for 66% of Total Expenditure

120.0

100.0

80.0

60.0

40.0

20.0

0.0

%age

ofW

age,M

ate

rial&

Contigency

AP

Ar.

P

Assam

Bih

ar

Guja

rat

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ana

HP

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K

Karn

ata

ka

Kera

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MP

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shtr

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ur

Meghala

ya

Miz

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m

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Orissa

Punja

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sth

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kim

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ilnadu

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engal

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garh

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hand

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Wage Material Contigency

27

4

In the Batlagundu Panchayat Union area of Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, people migrated to Tiruchurand Allepey in Kerala for work in the brick kilns and tile manufacturing units. Vijaya said, “Thishampered our children’s education. But now NREGA work gives us an opportunity to stay in our villageand our children are going to school regularly.”

In Khill Panchyat, district Dungarpur, land is barren,people have very little opportunity to work. Shankar,one of the villagers wants to migrate but responsibilitytowards his family stops him from doing so as there isno one to look after his wife and little child. There areothers in the village who are also forced to earn.

NREGA is the one thing which people like Shankar andothers like him want. It would give them an opportunityto earn while staying in their own village.

When they heard about it, they and many others went to the GP office on the scheduled day to getmore information about the scheme. People came in large numbers to the Sarpanch. The Sarpanchdistributed application forms. Theyfilled the application form. TheSarpanch did the paperwork and sentthe papers to the Block Office.

1228 people in 9 revenue villages havebeen issued Job Cards and applied forjobs.

They have been employed in buildingcheck dams to prevent soil erosion. Thework is very useful for their village.

Shankar is happy. He does not haveto migrate. He can go back homeat 5 pm.

Hindu, July 13,2006

Savita Lahur, an Adivasi of Badli village (Udaipur),

asked if she would still migrate to Gujarat if work

at even Rs.40 a day were available in Badli itself

said: “Yahan 40 mile to Gujarat jaane ka kya kaam

hai? Bimaar ho jaate hain — phir kya karen?

(If I can get Rs.40 here, then why would I go to

Gujarat? If one falls ill there, what would one do?)”


Talari Yadamma, 45 years, has worked30 days on EGS works and received Rs.120 per day. She worked with herdaughter. The main tasks she wasinvolved with were bunding, pitting andwatering of plants. She said that sheneeded more work, “EGS work is goodbecause it is continuous. We need morework. When I worked in agriculture I usedto be out of the village for a month at atime. We traveled almost 100 kms. insearch of work. We had to spend Ugadioutside the village and got paid only Rs.30 per person per day. Groups of 15persons went with the labour contractor in a lorry to far off villages. We went twice last year. Nowthat we have got work in our own village, why should we go out in search of work? After EGS workstarted, we have stopped going out to work.”

Pole Poshamma, 35 years—“I learnt about the EGS because there was a meeting in the villagewhere the Minister, MLA (Member of the Legislative Assembly) and MPDO (Mandal Parishad DevelopmentOfficer) came. They told us about EGS. I worked with my husband for 137 days and earned Rs. 16,307each. My two children are going to school.” Her main work was bunding, pitting, plantation andwatering of plants. Before EGS work started, she and her husband and children would migrate. “Wewent for work to other villages and stayed there through the agricultural season which is more thanhalf the year. We could come home only for functions or festivals and that also only for a few days. Wewent beyond Sagar and took our children with us. As a result, one child could not get any education.But now the second child is in school. Because of EGS even local farmers have raised wages from Rs.20 to Rs. 30 per day. With theEGS money we have been able torepay our debts. We had borrowedRs. 30,000 for our daughter’smarriage.”

K. Jangai, 65 years, said, “Myson and I worked for 119 days onbunding, pitting and plantingwork. I worked as a rickshaw pullerin Hyderabad for 20 years. I usedto earn Rs. 200 per day but Ispent Rs. 50 every day as well.

Solution for MigrationEmployment opportunities were available only to the skilledlabourers in the coconut fields in our areas. Unskilled labourersnormally used to go to Madurai and Tanjavur districts to getemployment. But now we are all engaged in TNREG schemeworks and able to save at least Rs. 1000/- per month.

Thiru R. ChinnasamyS/o, Raman, KattakamanpattiBatlagundu Panchayat Union

Job Card No. : 26/1Deepening and Desilting of Supply Channel from

Vairavan Dam to Burma Dr. Thottam Est. Amount :Rs. 3.00 lakhs

29

Now that EGS work has come to the village, I have stopped going to Hyderabad and prefer to stay inthe village even though I earn a little less. This way I can look after my son. There are 15-20 peoplefrom our village who worked as rickshaw pullers in Hyderabad. When I was working in Hyderabad, Iused to come back to the village every 10 days for two-three days. On EGS work I can come homeevery evening. When I worked in Hyderabad, I did not know what was happening at home and they didnot know how I was. Now with EGS work, I can look after my family. I have 6 daughters and 1 son andlast year I married off a daughter and I was able to pay for her wedding expenses from the EGS wagesI earned. If I don’t get EGS work, I will have to go back to working as a rickshaw puller in Hyderabadand I don’t want to do that.”

K. Sujatha is 30 and earned Rs. 11,057 as EGS wages. She worked for 102 and a half days doingbunding, pitting, plantation and watering work. Both she and her husband worked. They have a 5-year-old son and a daughter of 2. “Earlier I worked in the cotton fields in the village and earned Rs.20-30 per day. My husband worked as a hamali (casual labourer) in a rice mill near Hyderabad. AfterEGS work was started in our village, my husband stopped going to Hyderabad. There are 20-25 familieswhere the husbands would go to work in the rice mills, which are 60 kms. away from the village. Nowall of them have stopped working in the rice mills in Hyderabad.”

In the Dindigul District of Tamil Nadu,NREGA works have stemmed migration frommany villages. According to Thiru R.Chinnasamy, “Employment opportunitieswere available only to skilled labourers inthe coconut fields in our area. Unskilledlabourers normally used to go to Maduraiand Thanjavur districts to get employment.But now we are all engaged in EGS worksand able to save at least Rs. 1000 permonth.” S. Selvaraj from Gudalur Panchayat,Dindigul District said, “Due tounemployment and drought conditions wehad to migrate to Coimbatore District insearch of employment. We had to stay therefor one year. Now that NREGS has started we have returned to our native village and sought employmentlocally. We got wage employment for 20 days and received Rs. 1600. I am happy that work is availablein my own village.” K. Lakshmi’s family migrated every year to Erode District in search of employment.“This year we have not migrated as employment is available in our area. We are working in thedesilitation of the Nalligoundan Kulam and get a regular wage of Rs. 80 per day.” Villages like Gudalurand Karungal are notorious for seasonal migration. Every year 40 - 50 families migrate. This year,because of NREGS, no seasonal migration has taken place.

Guarantee for EducationEvery month from January to August we had the habit ofmigrating to Tiruchur, Alapula in Kerala state for working inthe brick kilns and tiles manufacturing companies. Thishampered our children’s education. But now TNREG schemeworks give us an opportunity to stay in our native villageand our children are going to the school regularly.

Deepening and Desilting of Supply Channel FromVairavan Dam to Burma Dr. Thottam Est. Amount

: Rs. 3.00 lakhsTmt. Vijaya

W/o, Mohan, Kattakamanpatti,Batlagundu Panchayat Union

Job Card No. : 120/1


21%

11%

4%

10%

54%

Priority to Water Conservation(All figures in percent)

Water Conservation

Provision of Irrigation Facilityto Land Owned by SC/ST

Rural Connectivity

Land Development

Any other activitiy

5

Rajasthan

District Udaipur

Panchayat Samiti JharolAbout 12 km. away from the headquarters of the Panchayat Samiti office in Jadhol in Barbali GP nearKirat valley, a project for constructing water harvesting structures and plantation of trees wassanctioned for Rs. 4.98 lakhs. With this money, small check dams were constructed on the rivulets onthe slope of the land. This is expected to stop soil erosion and also conserve water by slowing downits flow on the slope of the terrain.

31

Panchayat Samiti GirvaThe District Collector of Udaipur in Panchayat Samiti Girva under Gram Panchyat Gureli has sanctioneda project worth Rs. 7.32 crores for construction of water harvesting structures. Under this project,stones are used to make check dams. The work is in the final stages. Thirty families have gotemployment for almost 40 days each. Once this project is completed, it is expected that the watertable will rise in this area, thus helping agriculture. A total 5575 person days of work is expected to becreated in this project.

Gram Panchyat MakdadevSalona Village is situated in Gram Panchyat Makdadev in Panchayat Samiti Jharol. It is 40 km. fromUdaipur city. The terrain is hilly and agriculture is the main source of livelihood. Much of theagricultural land in the area is around the canals.

Under NREGA, a project for reinforcing the canals and water harvesting structures was sanctioned in March2006. The total amount sanctioned for the project was Rs. 11 lakhs. The work began on 2 may 2006.

Upstream, a loose stone check dam would be constructed which would reduce the speed of waterflowing down. Two water harvesting structures in the form of tanks would be built.

As a result, 15 hectares of land would come under irrigation, benefitting 37 families. It is expectedthat production of crops would also increase by 15%. The total volume of the tanks would be 5400cubic meters. These will help in recharge the 8 wells around the canal. The strengthened walls of thecanal would stop soil erosion.

Gram Panchyat BamboraA project for construction of water harvesting structures was inaugurated by the District Collector ofUdaipur on February 2006. The total amount sanctioned was Rs. 4.59 lakhs. This project will giveemployment to 30 families and will create 3698 person days of employment.

Water Conservation Works

Flood Control and Protection3.3%

Drought Proofing

14.6%

Micro Irrigation

Works 5.3%

Provision of

Irrigation

Facility to Land

Owned by

SC/ST by

15.2%

Water Conservation

and Water Harvesting

50.3%

Renovation of TraditionalWater Bodies 11.3%


As a result of this project, ground water would rise leading to an increase in crop production and aconsiderable rise in the level of income of the farmers.

In Lodwa, Village in the Dungarpur District of Rajasthan, a group of villagers were busy building a checkdam. They say that seasonal migration has gone down due to proper implementation of the NREGA andthey are able to eat two decent meals every day. In Dungarpur District, the EGS projects revolve aroundwater harvesting, conservation, afforestation, flood control and drought proofing. Around 11,000 waterconservation-related structures have been built in the past 11 months. In one year, Rs. 95 crores have beenspent. Of this, Rs. 87 crores have gone towards the payment of wages.

West Bengal

District MurshidabadA project on re-excavation of a canal from Goghata More to Chandpur South Primary School wasexecuted by the Chandpur Gram Panchayat under the Nowda Development Block in MurshidabadDistrict during December 2006 under NREGA. It was included in the Annual Action Plan of 2006-07 ofChandpur GP. The vetted estimate of the scheme was Rs. 2,06,750 lakhs. Work was started on 17December 2006 based on demands from labourers seeking jobs. It was completed on 24 December2006. The work was totally labour-oriented and the total expenditure incurred as labour wage paymentwas Rs. 2,04,386 lakhs. A total of 2938 person days were generated through this work. Members of219 local households were provided work and out of them, 42 were from scheduled castes. The saidcanal flows alongside the black-topped road between Chandpur and Patikabari. The re-excavation workwill not only act as a deep drainage channel during the monsoons but can also be used for a cluster ofjute-retting tanks along the main road. The absence of such tanks, especially within the vicinity ofthe rich jute-growing fields, made the production costs of jute very high and a loss-making activitysince the raw jute had to be transported from far off fields at great costs. Therefore, the excavation ofthis canal, which was roughly 1.1 km. solved not only the water-logging problem on the main roadbut has also solved the absence of jute-retting tanks by the side of jute-growing fields. This fulfilleda long-cherished demand of the farmers.

District BirbhumSian Muluk Gram Panchayat has 4207 families of whom4193 families have been registered under the NREGS-West Bengal Most of the population comprises ofScheduled Tribes. Forty-eight projects were started inthis area, mostly for regeneration of natural resourcebases. More than 3100 Job Card holders have beenprovided work for 100 days. 185,000 persondays ofemployment has been generated at the cost ofRs. 1,42,00,000.

The Gram Panchayat selected projects that wouldimprove agricultural productivity. Twenty-five tanks and Re-excavation of Hazrapukur

33

ponds owned by the government were re-excavated. Now 300 Self Help Groups (SHGs) have taken upagricultural work to improve their incomes in and around the area. Rural roads have been constructedand plantations developed.

A pond, with a water storage area of 50 bighas has been re-excavated and will now be able to irrigate200 bighas of agricultural land. This project will directly benefit 240 families. The project has provided17,386 person days of employment at a cost of Rs. 11, 82,282.

The Hazrapukar tank is also being excavated. It has an area of 10 bighas and will provide irrigation to50 bighas of land for vegetable cultivation throughout the year. Fifty families will benefit directlyfrom agriculture and pisciculture activities. The project has provided 3709 person days of employmentat a cost of Rs. 2, 70,024.

The embankment of River Ajay was weak, making many villages such as Mohuli, Dhyanasada andGitagram extremely vulnerable during the floods. The villagers decided to strengthen the embankmentover an area of 2.50 kilometers. They planted saplings on the embankment to strengthen it further.Six thousand nine hundred and fourty four person days of employment was provided at a cost ofRs. 4,72,158.

The Muluk Dead canal was re-excavated covering an area of 4 kms. The idea was to provide irrigationfacilities to 200 acres of land belonging to small and marginal farmers so that they could increasetheir vegetable cultivation and provide green cover. The 250 Scheduled Tribe families also wanted tostart pisciculture. They have planted coconut, mango, citrus and amla trees. 22,600 persondays ofemployment has been provided on this project at the cost of Rs. 15, 43,192.

Punjab

District HoshiarpurBasei is a village in Hoshiarpur-1 Block. There was no sewage disposal system in the village. Thesewage used to flow down the village streets and collect on the main link road. The Gram Panchayatdecided to dig a pond to use the mud to level the adjacent land, which was becoming a breedingground for mosquitoes. At a cost of Rs. 2,60,000, 79 people, of which 34 were male and 45 werefemale were employed. Almost 50 per cent belonged to the Scheduled Castes. They dug a pond andleveled the nearby ground and converted it into a park which is now being used for village functions.Trees have been planted on the periphery of the park. The Panchayat is now planning to constructshops on the periphery of the park so that the rent from the shops becomes a regular source ofincome for villagers.

Bagole Kalan is a small village of Tanda Block and has a population of 500 people. The major problemin the village was the condition of the main phirney, which was in a state of bad repair. It was full ofpot holes and during the rainy season, was a nuisance for the villagers. With a grant of Rs. 50,000from the NREGS, the residents decided to repair the phirneys and fill up the pot holes.


Tamil Nadu

Districts Nagapattinam and DindigulIn Paravai Village of South Poigainallur Village Panchayat, Nagapattinam District of Tamil Nadu, a newtank was dug on a 10-acre piece of land. Ninety-eight households worked on the construction sitewhich would provide irrigation facilities as well as water to the local community and animals. Thestructure was built at a cost of Rs. 7.50 lakhs.

Similarly, work was initiated in the remote village of Nangoor in Sirkazi Block of Nagapattinam district.The Nangoor tank was desilted at a cost of Rs. 7 lakhs increasing the capacity of the tank so that waterfor irrigation is now available to local farmers. In addition, the Nangoor canal was also desilted at a costof Rs. 4 lakhs. As a result of this, more than 30 acres of agricultural land is being irrigated.

Semberi is a tiny hamlet of Sounderasolapuram Panchayat in Cuddalore District of Tamil Nadu. Thevillage is situated on the banks of the River Vellar. During 2005, there were unprecedented rains andthe bund was breached in several places, devastating almost 200 acres of land. The villagers wanted torepair the breaches and the Gram Panchayat allocated Rs. 8.76 lakhs for the project.

Dindigul District is one of the most backward districts of Tamil Nadu. There are no irrigation facilities inmore than 70% of the district. Approximately 65% of the population is made up of agriculturallabourers. Approximately 98,538 households registered themselves for work under TNREGS and 38,962households were given employment. Out of the 1618 works sanctioned, 1410 were for water recharging.In Chettiapatti village Panchayat with 9 habitations, the work of rejuvenating and increasing the storagecapacity of the Senkulam Tank is underway. A total of 219 households are engaged in the work.

In Maanampatty Village Panchayat of Batiagundu Block, Dindigul District, deepening and renovationof the Odaikulam tank and the desilting of the supply chain is underway at a cost of Rs. 5 lakhs. Thirtyper cent of households are registered for work and the work is being done without a middleman orcontractor. The villagers harvest flowers for the market between 6.00 am to 8.00 am and then comefor the desiltation work. They are able to augment their earnings in this way.

Madhya Pradesh

District SidhiSidhi District, situated in the north-east corner of the state of Madhya Pradesh, is known for itsundulated terrain and dismally low agricultural productivity due to lack of irrigation facilities. Fourblocks of the district namely, Chitrangi, Deosar, Waidhan and Kusmi have a large tribal population.Despite having sizable land holdings these families are hardly able to produce enough to last for aseason. The NREGA provides for land development work including irrigation work to be taken up onSC/ST lands held in their individual capacities. This provision is very effectively used in Sidhi Districtto provide irrigation facilities to land holding SC/ST families.

Along with new irrigation wells, a large number of already existing wells were dug deeper or repaired.The fact that all these wells were dug on individual lands has ensured timely and qualitative completionof the work, because the individual on whose land it was dug in took an active interest in the work.

35

The technical estimates for the wells were prepared by the rural engineering services and were givenadministrative sanction by the Gram Panchayats themselves. To make sure that the individual beneficiaryfamilies have a stake in the assets, 5% of the total cost of the work was taken as contribution in theform of labor.

In Sidhi District, in the financial year of 2006-07, the number of new wells dug are 2400 and 2238 areunder construction. At the same time, 1753 wells have been repaired so far. Digging an irrigation wellis a highly labor-oriented activity which ensures creation of wage employment for many people. In

Renovation oftraditional water

bodies (desilitingof tanks/ponds,desiliting of old

canals, desilting ofold canals,desilting of

traditional openwell)

Waterconservation

and waterharvesting(digging ofnew tank/

ponds,checkdam)

Provision ofirrigation facilityon land owned byscheduled castes

and scheduledtribes beneficia-

ries of landreforms,

beneficiaries ofIndira Aawas

Yojana

Microirrigation

works(minor

irrigationcanals)

Drought-proofing

(afforestationand tree

plantation)

Flood control& protection(drainage inwater logged

areas,construction& embank-

ment)

Sates

S.N

o.

1 Andhra Pradesh 103021 15650 429 8413 39207 1 1

2 Arunachal Pradesh 3 8 0 0 0 225 3

3 Assam 1000 203 242 733 300 1703

4 Bihar 12949 3506 260 2499 1183 2248

5 Gujarat 3279 414 1986 130 470 257

6 Haryana 494 9 3 0 175 2 3 9

7 Himachal Pradesh 796 347 2 3 541 223 654

8 Jammu And Kashmir 216 9 3 208 124 7 2 571

9 Karnataka 6929 853 1200 614 1495 1100

1 0 Kerala 981 484 100 220 3 4 785

1 1 Madhya Pradesh 64086 3060 46794 3637 11227 961

1 2 Maharashtra 6216 5 7 0 2 1 2103 8 6

1 3 Manipur 423 7 0 158 283 7

1 4 Meghalaya 773 225 4 1 136 486 6 5

1 5 Mizoram 2 7 0 0 0 0 2 1

1 6 Nagaland 2 6 5 0 1 3 1 7 5

1 7 Orissa 4906 4860 11567 1537 1616 599

1 8 Punjab 0 296 0 0 1 5 5 4

1 9 Rajasthan 9602 3434 722 691 954 205

2 0 Sikkim 8 2 0 2 9 0 9 5

2 1 Tamil Nadu 1296 3337 0 1405 7 4 1

2 2 Tripura 1678 412 6 9 336 220 192

2 3 Uttar Pradesh 9182 11167 789 2855 4745 3506

2 4 West Bengal 6923 4578 772 2188 6832 3400

2 5 Chattisgarh 4503 2518 553 712 4346 178

2 6 Jharkhand 25126 4486 15130 576 422 137

2 7 Uttranchal 3282 328 9 317 1075 1012

Total 267760 60415 80894 28060 77580 17905

Water Conservation Works under the NREGA


Sidhi District, 54,11,000 person days have been generated so far. The total expenditure incurred onthe work is 32.46 crores.

While choosing beneficiaries, it was ensured that the beneficiaries’ family has a sizable land holdingand is in need of irrigation facilities. This has enabled those families to raise an extra crop which is aconsiderable addition to their agricultural income. With the number of wells already dug, about19,200 hectares of land will be irrigated.

Thus, the irrigation wells project in Sidhi district show how advance planning and good implementationhave the capacity to change the rural economy.

District Murshidabad, WestBengalAn NREGA scheme namely, “Plantation workalongside the village road at Rathtalapara”was taken up for execution by the ChandpurGram Panchayat during September 2006.This scheme was aimed at the protection ofroad flanks against rainwater-inducederosion as well as to improve the localatmospheric condition upset by air pollution.The vetted estimate of the scheme was Rs.1,99, 989 lakhs. The execution of thescheme started on 28 September 2006 andit is an on-going one. Presently, a watcherhas been appointed to look after the plantedtrees. Two hundred and thirty seven mangosaplings were planted by the side of thevillage road (approximately 2.9 km. inlength), from Rathtalapara to DomdamaKatakhal. Till date Rs.1.45 lakhs have beenspent and 1548 person days generated,providing work to 51 rural households. Itmust be mentioned that gabions of bambooto protect the mango saplings were alsomade by the registered labourers of NREGAin the GP office premises and then used atthe site. Four months after plantation, mostof the saplings were found to be growing ata normal rate. When the mango trees are

Number of Afforestation andtree plantation worksStatesS.No.

1 Andhra Pradesh 39207

2 Arunachal Pradesh 225

3 Assam 300

4 Bihar 1183

5 Gujarat 470

6 Haryana 23

7 Himachal Pradesh 223

8 Jammu And Kashmir 72

9 Karnataka 1495

10 Kerala 34

11 Madhya Pradesh 11227

12 Maharashtra 2103

13 Manipur 283

14 Meghalaya 486

15 Mizoram 0

16 Nagaland 17

17 Orissa 1616

18 Punjab 15

19 Rajasthan 954

20 Sikkim 0

21 Tamil Nadu 7

22 Tripura 220

23 Uttar Pradesh 4745

24 West Bengal 6832

25 Chhattisgarh 4346

26 Jharkhand 422

27 Uttranchal 1075

Total 77580

Afforestation and Tree PlantationWorks Under NREGA

* 0 denote non-reporting by concerned States

37

fully grown, they will not only add to the scenic beauty on the stretch of the road, but will alsoprovide shade to farmers who work in the scorching sun in the near-by fields.

District Udaipur, RajasthanOn a barren land of 50 hectares, a land improvement and plantation project has been taken up by thePanchayat Samiti Jharol situated in Gram Panchyat Makdadev. This work was suggested in a GramSabha meeting at Palyakheda and sanctioned under the Rajasthan Employment guarantee project on20.02.06. A total amount of Rs. 4.9 lakhs was sanctioned for the project.

Under this project the activities include: construction and repair of four walls around the land, diggingof trenches for water flow and digging of soil to make beds for saplings.

Work started in March 2006. In the beginning, trenches and beds for planting trees were prepared. InJune, cuttings of Ratanjot were planted along the walls. In July, other saplings were planted justbefore the monsoon.

Till date, 5380 person days were created and Rs. 3.4 lakhs was spent. About 11,096 saplings wereplanted. The trenches helped prevent soil erosion. The saplings, when they grew would be a source offirewood and could also be used for further plantation.

District Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh

Jatropha PlantationThe Sidhi District of Madhya Pradesh undertook jatropha plantation on a large scale under the NREGS.

While petrol and diesel prices are touching new highs, the jatropha carcus plant becomes a cheapsource of bio-fuel. It is a plant with high resistance against pests and can survive in most difficultsituations. With its ability to grow even on dry and hilly areas, it becomes a good choice for greencover. The seeds, which are rich in fuel content, sell at a good price in the ever growing market. Thesefeatures make jatropha an attractive choice for plantation.

The planning processbegan in December2005 with studies ontaking up jatrophaplantation under NREGS.The scheme emphasizessoil and waterconservation and sojatropha cultivation wasa natural choice. Thetask began with theidentification of thefallow unused revenueland. About 15,000


hectares of such land was identified. Eight thousand hectares of land were deployed for jatrophaplantation. The number of plants required was calculated. It was decided that the plants would begrown in nurseries run by self help groups (SHGs).

In January, 100 SHGs were formed and each group was given the responsibility of growing 25,000plants in nurseries on one hectare of land. The sites for nurseries were selected near a water source sothat water would be available for irrigation even in the month of June. The nurseries were completelymanaged by the concerned SHGs. By July, when the rains began, about 19,200,000 plants were readyfor plantation. The process of raising 19,000 plants generated 57,000 person days and the costincurred per plant was only Rs. 1.50.

With the onset of monsoon, a detailed time-bound programme was designed. The herculean task thatfaced the administration was the transportation of such a large number of plants to various sitesscattered all over the district marked for plantation.

The survival of any plantation largely depends on watering and protection against grazing animals.These two important determinants of survival were taken care of by digging cattle protection trenchesaround plantation sites and employing people for watering. These two activities ensured survival ofplants as well as generation of wage employment. Harmon was also sprayed on the plants to increaseproductivity.

Jatropha plants start yielding fruits from the third year of plantation. The average per plant is about3 to 4 kgs. This means that one hectare of plantation would yield about 8750 kg of seeds which wouldsell for about Rs. 43,750 (assuming a kg. of seeds sells for Rs. 5). The above calculations show thatthis has great potential to act as a permanent source of income for the landless poor of the area. Thestate government of Madhya Pradesh has come up with a policy according to which usufructury rightson jatropha plantations could be given to the self-help groups of landless poor in that area. Theprocess of giving such usufructury rights is ongoing. This would ensure a permanent source of incometo the landless poor for about 40 years to come.

Thus jatropha cultivation has proved to be a very effective activity towards generating wage employmentand also in helping the economic growth of the area.

District Mahendragarh, HaryanaMahendragarh District in Haryana has five Blocks. During the 7th round of monitoring, the NLMvisited three Blocks and 13 villages of the District fro 24 to 28 July 2006. The NREGS scheme is beingimplemented in the District with good results. In the villages Hazmabagh Mukhota and Nimmi successachieved under NREGS through various programmes.

A percolation pond is being constructed under NREGS at the cost of Rs. 5,40,000/- in village HazmabaghMukota. The work started in June 2006 and completed in August 2006. The length of the pond is 135metre, the breadth is 110 metre and depth 9 feet. The waste water of 700 households in the villagewill be accumulated in the pond. The soil being sandy the water will percolate in the ground. This inturn will recharge the tube wells and the water can be used for irrigation purposes.

39

Plantation has been taken up in village Nimmi under NREGS. This involves sowing of 10,000 Jatropasaplings which is used as bio disel fuel. The cost of the project is Rs. 1,06,710/-. The plants will beused for extraction of oil only after 3 years. The land has been provided by the Gram Panchyat. This isa good innovative project and will increase the income of the Gram Panchyat on a regular basis. Jobcards were found to be with te workers and muster rolls were maintained properly.

District Murshidabad, West BengalA project under NREGA on “Improvement of roadby from Puja Mandap to play ground at Elam Nagar”was executed by the Chandpur Gram Panchayatunder the Nowda Development Block inMurshidabad district during September-October2006. It was included in the Annual Action Planof 2006-07 of Chandpur GP. The vetted estimateof the scheme was Rs. 2,48, 230 lakhs. The workbegan on 28 September 2006 and was completedon 14 October 2006 based on the demands oflabourers seeking jobs. Two hundred and fortyfour rural households were provided with workout of which 27 were those of scheduled castes.A total of 3530 person days were generatedthrough this work. The work in question was takenup in order to construct a link road from theJalangi River ferryghat (near the playground) toElam Nagar village. The height of the road wasvery low before the work began and was subjectedto severe water-logging in the rainy season. Thusthe very important link road to ferryghat(approximately 550 meters in length), which oftengot washed away by the river, remaineddisconnected during the moonsons. The upgradedroad not only solves the problem of disconnectionbut also acts as an earthen embankment to protectthe village from the floodwater during themonsoons.

A project under NREGA on “Improvement of roadfrom the house of Probhat Biswas at Kazipara to

Number of RuralConnectivity worksStatesS.No.

1 Andhra Pradesh 501

2 Arunachal Pradesh 66

3 Assam 8465

4 Bihar 26815

5 Gujarat 1704

6 Haryana 687

7 Himachal Pradesh 4856

8 Jammu And Kashmir 444

9 Karnataka 5103

10 Kerala 174

11 Madhya Pradesh 26807

12 Maharashtra 717

13 Manipur 365

14 Meghalaya 987

15 Mizoram 187

16 Nagaland 55

17 Orissa 22809

18 Punjab 832

19 Rajasthan 5777

20 Sikkim 23

21 Tamil Nadu 633

22 Tripura 1412

23 Uttar Pradesh 35034

24 West Bengal 14081

25 Chhattisgarh 8613

26 Jharkhand 12143

27 Uttranchal 759

Total 180049

Rural Connectivity workstaken up under NREGA


the house of Hakman SK ofPollagari Village” was executedby the Debipur Gram Panchayatin Jalangi Development BlockDistrict, Murshidabad duringDecember 2006. The road wasin a terrible condition causingimmense trouble to tvillagersespecially during themonsoons. The vettedestimate of the scheme wasRs.1, 65, 519 lakhs. The totalexpenditure incurred aspayment of wages to the labourers was Rs.1, 49, 056 lakhs. Approximately 1.12 km. of the length ofthe said village road was upgraded through earth-work which was mostly done by women. Twothousand one hundred and ninety two person days were generated and 305 rural families wereprovided work. Most of the labourers who were provided work under this scheme came from scheduledcaste households. Most labourers in this area are seasonal workers who got work only during thesowing and harvesting seasons. The rest of the time they go out of their villages in search ofagricultural work in other districts. Providing them labour work, for which there was a great demand,in their own villages under NREGA prevents such migration to some extent. The road has become anasset to the village since it has successfully linked the rest of the block.

District Uttar Dinajpur, West BengalNational Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme was launched effectively in Uttar Dinajpur District inthe middle of March 2006. We gave thrust mainly on Nursery and Excavation of pond during thatperiod. Interestingly the self help groups could be involved in this programme in some Gram Panchayatsand Bindole Gram Panchayat under Raiganj Block topped the list successfully.

Bindole is situated 30 km. north-west of Raiganj town. There is one pucca road connecting the placewith the district headquarter. There are 11 Self Help Groups in that area. The place is not wellconnected with roads and bridges to adjacent localities.

Initially,Rs. 28,05,202 was allotted to the Bindole Gram Panchayat as the first installment of NREGS.The Pradhan, Bindole took the initiative and involved the Self Help Groups to supervise the work thereunder the guidance of the Block and District administrations.

Twelve of earthen roads were constructed at Bindole which have created several persondays and apermanent asset in their area.

41


Andhra Pradesh

Adilabad

Anantapur

Chittoor

Cuddapah

Karimnagar

Khammam

Mahbubnagar

Medak

Nalgonda

Nizamabad

Rangareddi

Vizianagaram

Warangal

Arunachal Pradesh

Upper Subansiri

Assam

Bongaigaon

Dhemaji

Goalpara

Karbi Anglong

Kokrajhar

Lakhimpur

North Cachar Hills

Bihar

Araria

Auranagabad

Bhojpur

Darbhanga

Gaya

Jamui

Jahanabad

Kaimur (Bhabua)

Katihar

Kishanganj

Lakhisarai

Madhubani

Munger

Muzaffarpur

Nalanda

Nawada

Patna

Purnia

Rohtas

Samastipur

Sheohar

Supaul

Vaishali

Chattisgarh

Bastar

Bilaspur

Dantewada

Dhamtari

Jashpur

Kanker

Kawardha

Korea

Raigarh

Rajnandagon

Surguja

Gujarat

Banas Kantha

STATES DISTRICTSSTATES DISTRICTS

Contd...

43


Dang

Dohad

Narmada

Panch Mahals

Sabar Kantha

Haryana

Mahendragarh

Sirsa

Himachal Pradesh

Chamba

Sirmaur

Jammu & Kashmir

Doda

Kupwara

Poonch

Jharkhand

Bokaro

Chatra

Dhanbad

Dumka

Garhwa

Giridih

Godda

Gumla

Hazaribagh

Jamtara

Koderma

Latehar

Lohardaga

Pakur

Palamu

Ranchi

Sahebganj

Saraikela Kharsawan

Simdega

West Singhbhum

Karnataka

Bidar

Chitradurga

Davangere

Gulbarga

Raichur

Kerala

Palakkad

Wayanad

Madhya Pradesh

Balaghat

Barwani

Betul

Chhatarpur

Dhar

Dindori

East Nimar

Jhabua

Khargone

Mandla

Satna

Seoni

Shahdol

Sheopur

Shivpuri

Sidhi

Tikamgarh

Umaria

Contd...


Kandhamal

Kendujhar

Koraput

Malkangiri

Mayurbhanj

Nabarangapur

Nuapada

Rayagada

Sambalpur

Sonepur

Sundargarh

Punjab

Hoshiarpur

Rajasthan

Banswara

Dungarpur

Jhalawar

Karauli

Sirohi

Udaipur

Sikkim

North District

Tamil Nadu

Cuddalore

Dindigul

Nagapattinam

Sivagangai

Tiruvannamalai

Villupuram

Tripura

Dhalai


Contd...

Maharashtra

Ahmednagar

Amravati

Aurangabad

Bhandara

Chandrapur

Dhule

Gadchiroli

Gondia

Hingoli

Nanded

Nandurbar

Yavatmal

Manipur

Tamenglong

Meghalaya

South Garo Hills

West Garo Hills

Mizoram

Lawngtlai

Saiha

Nagaland

Mon

Orissa

Bolangir

Boudh

Deogarh

Dhenkanal

Gajapati

Ganjam

Jharsuguda

Kalahandi

45

STATES DISTRICTS STATES DISTRICTS

Uttar Pradesh

Azamgarh

Banda

Barabanki

Chandauli

Chitrakoot

Fatehpur

Gorakhpur

Hamirpur

Hardoi

Jalaun

Jaunpur

Kaushambi

Kheri

Kushi Nagar

Lalitpur

Mahoba

Mirzapur

Pratapgarh

Rae Bareli

Sitapur

Sonbhadra

Unnao

Uttranchal

Chamoli

Champawat

Tehri Garhwal

West Bengal

24 Parganas South

Bankura

Birbhum

Dinajpur Dakshin

Dinajpur Uttar

Jalpaiguri

Maldah

Medinipur West

Murshidabad

Purulia


Andhra Pradesh

Nellore

East Godavari

Srikakulam

Kurnool

Prakasam

Guntur

Arunachal Pradesh

Changlang

Lohit

Assam

Marigaon

Darrang

Nalbari

Barpeta

Hailakandi

Cachar

Bihar

Sheikhpura

Siwan

Khagaria

Madhepura

Saharsa

Sitamarhi

West Champaran

Banka

Bhagalpur

East Champaran

Begusarai

Gopalganj

Buxar

Saran

Arwal

Chhattisgarh

Korba

Janjgir - Champa

Mahasamund

Raipur

Gujarat

Valsad

Bharuch

Navsari

Haryana

Ambala

Mewat

Himachal Pradesh

Kangra

Mandi

J & K

Anantnag

Jammu

Jharkhand

Singhbhum East

Deoghar


Contd...

47

Karnataka

Bellary

Hassan

Chikmagalur

Belgaum

Shimoga

Kodagu

Kerala

Idukki

Kasargod

Madhya Pradesh

Chhindwara

Harda

Panna

Katni

Dewas

Guna

Rewa

Datia

Damoh

Rajgarh

Anuppur

Ashok Nagar

Burahanpur

Maharashtra

Thane

Wardha

Buldhana

Osmanabad

Akola

Washim

Manipur

Chandel

Churachandpur

Meghalaya

East Khasi Hills

Jaintia Hills

Ri Bhoi

Mizoram

Champhai

Lunglei

Nagaland

Kohima

Mokokchung

Tuensang

Wokha

Orissa

Bargarh

Anugul

Balasore

Bhadrak

Jajpur

Punjab

Nawanshahr

Jalandhar

Amritsar

Rajasthan

Tonk

Swai Madhopur

Chittorgarh

Barmer

Jalor

Jaisalmer


Contd...


Hooghly

Darjiling

Uttar Pradesh

Jhansi

Kanpur Dehat

Mau

Sultanpur

Ambedkar Nagar

Basti

Sant Kabir Nagar

Maharajganj

Siddharthnagar

Bahraich

Balrampur

Shrawasti

Gonda

Ballia

Budaun

Etah

Farrukhabad


Sikkim

East Sikkim

South Sikkim

Tripura

South Tripura

West Tripura

Tamil Nadu

Thanjavur

Thiruvarur

Tirunelveli

Karur

Uttarakhand

Udham Singh Nagar

Haridwar

West Bengal

Cooch Behar

Nadia

Barddhaman

Medinapur (East)

North 24 Parganas

The remaining 266 districts have been notified on 28th September, 2007 whereNREGA will come into force w.e.f. 1st April, 2008. Thus fulfilling the statuarycommitment of the present government.

49

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1.41

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