9/20/2000Information Organization and Retrieval Database Design: Object- Oriented Modeling, Logical Design and Normalization University of California,

9/20/2000 Information Organization and Retrieval

Database Design: Object-Oriented Modeling, Logical Design and Normalization

University of California, Berkeley

School of Information Management and Systems

SIMS 202: Information Organization and Retrieval


Review

• New Personal Database assignment

• Database Design Process

• Basics of ER Diagrams


DiveShop ER DiagramCustomer

No

ShipVia

Dest

Sites

BioSite

ShipVia

ShipWrck

BioLife DiveStok

DiveItem

DiveOrds

DiveCust

CustomerNo

ShipVia

OrderNo

OrderNo

ItemNo

ItemNo

DestinationName

Destination

SpeciesNo

Site No

Destinationno

Site No

Destinationno

SpeciesNo

Site No

1

1

1

1

1

1

1/n

1

1n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

1


Today

• Object Oriented Modeling and UML• Logical Database Design• Normalization

• (Most UML examples based on McFadden, “Modern Database Management”, 5th edition.


Object-Oriented Modeling

• Becoming increasingly important as– Object-Oriented and Object-Relational DBMS

continue to proliferate– Databases become more complex and have

more complex relationships than are easily captured in ER or EER diagrams


Object Benefits

• Encapsulate both data and behavior• Object-oriented modeling methods can be used for

both database design and process design– Real-World applications have more than just the data in

the database they also involve the processes, calculations, etc performed on that data to get real tasks done

– OOM can be used for more challenging and complex problems


Unified Modeling Language (UML)

• Combined three competing methods

• Can be used for graphically depicting– Software designs and interaction– Database– Processes

•


CLASS

• A class is a named description of a set of objects that share the same attributes, operations, relationships, and semantics. – An object is an instance of a class that encapsulates state

and behavior.• These objects can represent real-world things or conceptual

things.– An attribute is a named property of a class that describes

a range of values that instances of that class might hold.– An operation is a named specification of a service that

can be requested from any of a class's objects to affect behavior in some way or to return a value without affecting behavior


UML Relationships

• An relationship is a connection between or among model elements.

• The UML defines four basic kinds of relationships: – Association– Dependency– Generalization– Realization


UML Diagrams

• The UML defines nine types of diagrams: – activity diagram– class diagram

• Describes the data and some behavioral (operations) of a system

– collaboration diagram– component diagram– deployment diagram– object diagram– sequence diagram– statechart diagram– use case diagram


Class Diagrams

• A class diagram is a diagram that shows a set of classes, interfaces, and/or collaborations and the relationships among these elements.


UML Class Diagram

DIVEORDS

Order NoCustomer NoSale DateShipviaPaymentMethodCCNumberNo of PeopleDepart DateReturn DateDestinationVacation Cost

CalcTotalInvoice()CalcEquipment()

Class Name

List of Attributes

List of operations


Object Diagrams

307:DIVORDS

Order No = 307Customer No = 1480Sale Date = 9/1/99Ship Via = UPSPaymentMethod = VisaCCNumber = 12345 678 90CCExpDate = 1/1/01No of People = 2Depart Date = 11/8/00Return Date = 11/15/00Destination = FijiVacation Cost = 10000


Differences from Entities in ER

• Entities can be represented by Class diagrams

• But Classes of objects also have additional operations associated with them


Operations

• Three basic types for database– Constructor– Query– Update


Associations• An association is a relationship that describes a set of

links between or among objects.• An association can have a name that describes the nature

of this relationship. You can put a triangle next to this name to indicate the direction in which the name should be read.

• An association contains an ordered list of association ends. – An association with exactly two association ends is called a

binary association– An association with more than two ends is called an n-ary

association.


Associations: Unary relationships

PersonIs-married-to

0..1

0..1

Employeemanages

*

0..1 manager


Associations: Binary Relationship

EmployeeParkingPlace

One-to-one

Is-assigned0..1 0..1

ProductLine

Product

One-to-many

contains1 *

Student Course

Many-to-many

Registers-for* *


Associations: Ternary Relationships

Vendor Warehouse* *Supplies

Part

*


Association Classes

Student CourseRegisters-for

* *

Registration________________TermGrade________________CheckEligibility()

Computer Account_________________

acctIDPassword

ServerSpace* 0..1

issues


Derived Attributes, Associations, and Roles

Student_________

namessn

dateOfBirth/age

Course Offering

____________term

sectiontime

location

Registers-for

* 1

Course ____________

crseCodecrseTitlecreditHrs

* *

Scheduled-for

{age = currentDate – dateOfBirth}

* *

/Takes

/participant

Derivedattribute

Derived role

Derived association


GeneralizationEmployee

____________empName

empNumberaddress

dateHired____________

printLabel()

Hourly Employee_______________

HourlyRate_______________computeWages()

Salaried Employee_______________

Annual Salstockoption

_______________Contributepension()

Consultant_______________contractNumber

billingRate_______________

computeFees()


Other Diagramming methods

• SOM (Semantic Object Model)

• Object Definition Language (ODL)– Not really diagramming – See Text chapter 3

• Access relationships display

• Hybrids


Application of SOM to Diveshop

DIVECUST

Address Street City StateProvince ZIPPostalCode CountryPhoneFirstContact

Name

DIVEORDS

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.N

1.1


DIVEORDS DIVEORDSid OrderNoSaleDate

SHIPVIA

DESTINATION

DIVEITEMPaymentMethodCCNumberCCExpDateNoOfPeopleDepartDateReturnDateVacationCost

DIVECUST


DiveShop ER DiagramCustomer

No

ShipVia

Dest

Sites

BioSite

ShipVia

ShipWrck

BioLife DiveStok

DiveItem

DiveOrds

DiveCust

CustomerNo

ShipVia

OrderNo

OrderNo

ItemNo

ItemNo

DestinationName

Destination

SpeciesNo

Site No

Destinationno

Site No

Destinationno

SpeciesNo

Site No

1

1

1

1

1

1

1/n

1

1n

n

n

n

n

n

n

n

1


Entities

• Customer• Dive Order• Line item• Shipping information• Dive Equipment

Stock/Inventory• Dive Locations

• Dive Sites• Sea Life• Shipwrecks


Logical Design: Mapping to a Relational Model

• Each entity in the ER Diagram becomes a relation.• A properly normalized ER diagram will indicate

where intersection relations for many-to-many mappings are needed.

• Relationships are indicated by common columns (or domains) in tables that are related.

• We will examine the tables for the Diveshop derived from the ER diagram


Customer = DIVECUSTCustomer NoName Street City State/Prov Zip/Postal CodeCountry Phone First Contact

1480 Louis Jazdzewski2501 O'ConnorNew OrleansLA 60332 U.S.A. (902) 555-88881/29/951481 Barbara Wright6344 W. FreewaySan FranciscoCA 95031 U.S.A. (415) 555-43212/2/931909 Stephen Bredenburg559 N.E. 167 PlaceIndianapolisIN 46241 U.S.A. (317) 555-36441/5/931913 Phillip Davoust123 First StreetBerkeley CA 94704 U.S.A. (415) 555-91843/9/981969 David Burgett320 Montgomery StreetSeattle WA 98105 U.S.A. (206) 555-75803/12/992001 Mary Rioux1701 Gateway Blvd. #385Pueblo CO 81002 U.S.A. (719) 555-20103/15/972306 Kim Lopez 14134 Nottingham LaneHonolulu HI 96826 U.S.A. (808) 555-50501/29/992589 Hiram Marley7233 Mill Run DriveSan FranciscoCA 94123 U.S.A. (415) 555-64302/18/993154 Tanya Kulesa505 S. Flower, Mail Stop 48943New York NY 10032 U.S.A. (212) 555-67501/30/993333 Charles Sekaron110 East Park Avenue, Box 8Miller SD 57362 U.S.A. (613) 555-43333/16/983684 Lowell Lutz915 E. FeslerDallas TX 75043 U.S.A. (214) 555-27222/15/994158 Keith Lucas56 South EuclidChicago IL 60542 U.S.A. (312) 555-43103/17/984175 Karen Ng 2134 Elmhill PikeKlamath FallsOR 97603 U.S.A. (503) 555-47003/20/995510 Ken Soule 58 Sansome StreetAurora CO 89022 U.S.A. (303) 555-66952/5/99


Dive Order = DIVEORDSOrder No Customer NoSale Date Ship Via PaymentMethodCcNumber CcExpDateNo Of PeopleDepart DateReturn DateDestinationVacationCost

307 1480 9/1/99 UPS Visa 12345 678 90 1/1/01 2 11/8/00 11/15/00 Fiji 10000310 1481 9/1/99 FedEx Check 1 4/4/00 4/18/00 Santa Barbara 6000313 1909 9/1/99 Walk In Visa 456456456 9/11/00 4 6/27/00 7/11/00 Cozumel 8000314 1913 9/1/99 FedEx Check 3 2/7/00 2/14/00 Monterey 6000317 1969 9/1/99 FedEx AmEx 432432432 12/31/02 4 5/9/00 5/16/00 Fiji 20000320 2001 9/1/99 Walk In Cash 1 10/10/00 10/17/00 Santa Barbara 3000321 2306 9/1/99 Emery Master Card1112223334 8/12/00 1 3/15/00 4/12/00 New Jersey 8000325 2589 9/1/99 Emery AmEx 332332332 12/10/99 1 3/15/00 4/12/00 New Jersey 8000326 3333 9/1/99 FedEx Money Order 2 2/10/00 2/17/00 Monterey 4000327 3684 9/1/99 DHL Master Card122122321 11/9/99 4 3/10/00 3/23/00 Florida 24000329 4158 9/1/99 Walk In Cash 1 5/4/00 5/15/00 Cozumel 1571330 4175 9/1/99 FedEx Check 2 7/3/00 7/10/00 Florida 6000331 5510 9/1/99 FedEx Money Order 6 6/20/00 6/30/00 Santa Barbara 36000333 5926 9/1/99 DHL Discover 123123123 12/21/00 2 6/10/00 6/17/00 Fiji 10000336 5719 9/1/99 FedEx Cash 10 4/2/00 4/24/00 Great Barrier Reef200000


Line item = DIVEITEMOrder No Item No Rental/SaleQty Line Note

307 90010 Rental 4307 90020 Rental 1 This is our most popular mask.307 90021 Rental 1307 90030 Rental 2 These are our best selling fins.307 90051 Rental 2310 90011 Rental 1310 90045 Rental 1310 90059 Rental 1 A good weight belt for beginners.310 90074 Rental 1310 90078 Rental 1313 90127 Sale 1 Holds 10 cubic feet of cargo.314 90072 Rental 3314 90094 Rental 3314 90100 Rental 3317 90012 Sale 2


Shipping information = SHIPVIA

Ship Via Ship CostDHL 8Emery 11FedEx 12UPS 10US Mail 6


Dive Equipment Stock/Inventory = DIVESTOK

Item No DescriptionEquipment ClassOn Hand Reorder PointCost Sale Price Rental Price90010 Shotgun 2 Snorkel - ClearSnorkel 12 2 $18.00 $30.00 $2.0090011 Shotgun 2 Snorkel - RedSnorkel 12 2 $18.00 $30.00 $2.0090012 Shotgun 2 Snorkel - TealSnorkel 11 2 $18.00 $30.00 $2.0090020 Tri-Vent Mask - ClearMask 14 2 $62.50 $100.00 $5.0090021 Tri-Vent Mask - RedMask 10 2 $62.50 $100.00 $5.0090022 Tri-Vent Mask - TealMask 14 2 $62.50 $100.00 $7.0090023 Quad Vision Mask - ClearMask 11 2 $48.25 $80.00 $7.0090024 Quad Vision Mask - RedMask 13 2 $48.25 $80.00 $7.0090025 Quad Vision Mask - TealMask 10 2 $48.25 $80.00 $10.0090030 Sea Wing Fins - ClearFins 12 2 $60.00 $100.00 $12.0090031 Sea Wing Fins - RedFins 11 2 $60.00 $100.00 $12.0090032 Sea Wing Fins - TealFins 12 2 $60.00 $100.00 $12.0090033 Jet Fin - BlackFins 14 2 $30.00 $60.00 $10.0090040 D350 Second StageRegulator 11 1 $162.50 $270.00 $20.0090041 G250 Second StageRegulator 13 1 $144.50 $240.00 $20.0090042 G200 Second StageRegulator 12 1 $105.25 $175.00 $20.00


Dive Locations = DEST

Destination NoDestination NameAvg Temp (F)Avg Temp (C)Spring Temp (F)Spring Temp (C)Summer Temp (F)Summer Temp (C)Fall Temp (F)Fall Temp (C)Winter Temp (F)Winter Temp (C)AccomodationsNight Life Body of WaterTravel Cost1 Cozumel 78 25.556 76 24.444 84 28.889 78 25.556 74 23.333 Cheap Sleepy Caribbean 10002 Great Barrier Reef80 26.667 76 24.444 84 28.889 78 25.556 76 24.444 Moderate Pleasant Coral Sea 50003 Monterey 60 15.556 62 16.667 64 17.778 64 17.778 58 14.444 ExpensiveWild Pacific 20004 Santa Barbara 75 23.889 73 22.777 78 25.556 72 22.222 70 21.111 ExpensiveWild Pacific 30005 Florida 77 25 75 23.889 85 29.444 78 25.556 70 21.111 Moderate Pleasant Caribbean 30006 Fiji 75 23.889 76 24.444 80 26.667 74 23.333 70 21.111 ExpensiveSleepy South Pacific 50007 New J ersey 57 13.889 57 13.89 60 15.556 58 14.444 53 11.667 ExpensivePleasant Atlantic 2000


Dive Sites = SITE

Site No Destination NoSite Name Site HighlightSite NotesDistance from Town (m)Distance from Town (km)Depth (ft)Depth (m) Visibility (ft)Visibility (m)Current Skill Level1001 1 Palancar Reef Reef 10 16.09 100 30.48 150 45.72 Strong Intermediate1002 1 Santa Rosa ReefReef 8 12.87 80 24.384 150 45.72 Strong Intermediate1003 1 Chancanab ReefReef 4 6.437 60 18.288 100 30.48 Mild Beginning1004 1 Punta Sur Reef 13 20.92 120 36.576 175 53.34 Strong Advanced1005 1 Yocab Reef Reef 6 9.656 50 15.24 100 30.48 Mild Beginning2001 2 Heron Island Reef 50 80.47 90 27.432 150 45.72 Mild Intermediate2002 2 Cod Hole Fish 45 72.42 50 15.24 150 45.72 Mild Beginning2003 2 Butterfly Bay Caves 20 32.19 70 21.336 70 21.336 None Advanced2004 2 Wheeler Reef Marine Life 30 48.28 50 15.24 125 38.1 Mild Beginning2005 2 Watanabe Marine Life 130 209.2 150 45.72 200 60.96 None Intermediate3001 3 Point Lobos Marine Life 3 4.828 60 18.288 75 22.86 None Beginning3002 3 Macabee BeachMarine Life 0.1 0.161 40 12.192 40 12.192 None Beginning3003 3 Pinnacles Pinnacle 1 1.609 60 18.288 50 15.24 Mild Beginning3004 3 Monastery BeachMarine Life 3 4.828 50 15.24 40 12.192 Surge Beginning


Sea Life = BIOLIFESpecies NoCategory Common Name Species Name Length (cm)Length (in)Notes Graphic

90020 TriggerfishClown TriggerfishBallistoides conspicillum50 19.68590030 Snapper Red Emperor Lutjanus sebae 60 23.62290050 Wrasse Giant Maori WrasseCheilinus undulatus 229 90.15790070 Angelfish Blue Angelfish Pomacanthus nauarchus30 11.81190080 Cod Lunartail RockcodVariola louti 80 31.49690090 ScorpionfishFirefish Pterois volitans 38 14.96190100 ButterflyfishOrnate ButterflyfishChaetodon Ornatissimus19 7.480390110 Shark Swell Shark Cephaloscyllium ventriosum102 40.15790120 Ray Bat Ray Myliobatis californica 56 22.04790130 Eel California Moray Gymnothorax mordax 150 59.05590140 Cod Lingcod Ophiodon elongatus 150 59.055


BIOSITE -- linking relationSpecies No Site No

90010 200190010 200290010 200390010 200490010 200590010 600190010 600390010 600490010 600590020 200190020 2002


Shipwrecks = SHIPWRK

Ship Name Site No Category Type Interest TonnageLength (ft)Length (m)Beam (ft)Beam (m) Cause Date Sunk CommentsPassengers/CrewSurvivorsCondition GraphicDelaware 7007 CommercialSteam FreighterTreasure 1646 252 76.8096 37 11.2776 Fire 66 66 BrokenF.S.Loop 4004 CommercialSteam SchoonerMachinery 794 193 58.8264 39 11.8872 Deliberate 1/1/47 0 ScatteredGosford 4001 CommercialBarque Rigged SailFixture 2250 280 85.344 42 12.8016 Fire IntactGreat Isaac 7002 CommercialSeagoing TugFixture 1117 185 56.388 37 11.2776 Collision 4/16/47 27 27 IntactLizzie D 7001 CommercialTug/RumrunnerTreasure 122 84 25.6032 21 6.4008 Unknown 10/19/22 8 0 IntactMohawk 7004 PassengerOcean LinerTreasure 8140 402 122.5296 54 16.4592 Collision 1/25/35 163 118 ScatteredR.P . Resor 7006 CommercialOil TankerTreasure 7450 435 132.588 66.8 20.36064 Military 2/28/42 50 2 BrokenStar of Scotland4002 PassengerBritish Q-BoatTreasure 1250 263 80.1624 35 10.668 Weather 1/22/42 5 4 BrokenTolten 7008 CommercialFreighter Fixture 1858 280 85.344 43 13.1064 Military 3/13/42 28 1 IntactUSS Moody 4006 Military WWI DestroyerTreasure 1308 314 95.7072 31 9.4488 Deliberate 1/1/33 0 IntactValiant 4003 PassengerLuxury Motor YachtTreasure 444 162.4 49.49952 26 7.9248 Fire 12/17/30 25 25 Intact


Normalization

• Normalization theory is based on the observation that relations with certain properties are more effective in inserting, updating and deleting data than other sets of relations containing the same data

• Normalization is a multi-step process beginning with an “unnormalized” relation– Hospital example from Atre, S. Data Base: Structured Techniques for

Design, Performance, and Management.


Normal Forms

• First Normal Form (1NF)

• Second Normal Form (2NF)

• Third Normal Form (3NF)

• Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

• Fourth Normal Form (4NF)

• Fifth Normal Form (5NF)


Normalization

Boyce-Codd and

Higher

Functional dependencyof nonkey attributes on the primary key - Atomic values only

Full Functional dependencyof nonkey attributes on the primary key

No transitive dependency between nonkey attributes

All determinants are candidate keys - Single multivalued dependency


Unnormalized Relations

• First step in normalization is to convert the data into a two-dimensional table

• In unnormalized relations data can repeat within a column


Unnormalized RelationPatient # Surgeon # Surg. date Patient Name Patient Addr Surgeon Surgery Postop drugDrug side effects

1111145 311

Jan 1, 1995; June 12, 1995 John White

15 New St. New York, NY

Beth Little Michael Diamond

Gallstones removal; Kidney stones removal

Penicillin, none-

rash none

1234243 467

Apr 5, 1994 May 10, 1995 Mary Jones

10 Main St. Rye, NY

Charles Field Patricia Gold

Eye Cataract removal Thrombosis removal

Tetracycline none

Fever none

2345 189Jan 8, 1996 Charles Brown

Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY

David Rosen

Open Heart Surgery

Cephalosporin none

4876 145Nov 5, 1995 Hal Kane

55 Boston Post Road, Chester, CN Beth Little

Cholecystectomy Demicillin none

5123 145May 10, 1995 Paul Kosher

Blind Brook Mamaroneck, NY Beth Little

Gallstones Removal none none

6845 243

Apr 5, 1994 Dec 15, 1984 Ann Hood

Hilton Road Larchmont, NY

Charles Field

Eye Cornea Replacement Eye cataract removal

Tetracycline Fever


First Normal Form

• To move to First Normal Form a relation must contain only atomic values at each row and column.– No repeating groups– A column or set of columns is called a

Candidate Key when its values can uniquely identify the row in the relation.


First Normal FormPatient # Surgeon #Surgery DatePatient NamePatient AddrSurgeon Name Surgery Drug adminSide Effects

1111 145 01-Jan-95 John White

15 New St. New York, NY Beth Little

Gallstones removal Penicillin rash

1111 311 12-Jun-95 John White


Michael Diamond

Kidney stones removal none none

1234 243 05-Apr-94 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY Charles Field

Eye Cataract removal

Tetracycline Fever

1234 467 10-May-95 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY Patricia Gold

Thrombosis removal none none

2345 189 08-Jan-96Charles Brown

Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY David Rosen

Open Heart Surgery

Cephalosporin none

4876 145 05-Nov-95 Hal Kane

55 Boston Post Road, Chester, CN Beth Little

Cholecystectomy Demicillin none

5123 145 10-May-95 Paul Kosher

Blind Brook Mamaroneck, NY Beth Little

Gallstones Removal none none

6845 243 05-Apr-94 Ann Hood

Hilton Road Larchmont, NY Charles Field

Eye Cornea Replacement

Tetracycline Fever

6845 243 15-Dec-84 Ann Hood

Hilton Road Larchmont, NY Charles Field

Eye cataract removal none none


1NF Storage Anomalies• Insertion: A new patient has not yet undergone surgery

-- hence no surgeon # -- Since surgeon # is part of the key we can’t insert.

• Insertion: If a surgeon is newly hired and hasn’t operated yet -- there will be no way to include that person in the database.

• Update: If a patient comes in for a new procedure, and has moved, we need to change multiple address entries.

• Deletion (type 1): Deleting a patient record may also delete all info about a surgeon.

• Deletion (type 2): When there are functional dependencies (like side effects and drug) changing one item eliminates other information.


Second Normal Form

• A relation is said to be in Second Normal Form when every nonkey attribute is fully functionally dependent on the primary key.– That is, every nonkey attribute needs the full

primary key for unique identification


Second Normal FormPatient # Patient Name Patient Address

1111 John White15 New St. New York, NY

1234 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY

2345Charles Brown


4876 Hal Kane55 Boston Post Road, Chester,

5123 Paul KosherBlind Brook Mamaroneck, NY

6845 Ann HoodHilton Road Larchmont, NY


Second Normal FormSurgeon # Surgeon Name

145 Beth Little

189 David Rosen

243 Charles Field

311 Michael Diamond

467 Patricia Gold


Second Normal FormPatient # Surgeon # Surgery Date Surgery Drug Admin Side Effects

1111 145 01-Jan-95Gallstones removal Penicillin rash

1111 311 12-Jun-95

Kidney stones removal none none

1234 243 05-Apr-94Eye Cataract removal Tetracycline Fever

1234 467 10-May-95Thrombosis removal none none

2345 189 08-Jan-96Open Heart Surgery

Cephalosporin none

4876 145 05-Nov-95Cholecystectomy Demicillin none

5123 145 10-May-95Gallstones Removal none none

6845 243 15-Dec-84Eye cataract removal none none

6845 243 05-Apr-94Eye Cornea Replacement Tetracycline Fever


1NF Storage Anomalies Removed

• Insertion: Can now enter new patients without surgery.

• Insertion: Can now enter Surgeons who haven’t operated.

• Deletion (type 1): If Charles Brown dies the corresponding tuples from Patient and Surgery tables can be deleted without losing information on David Rosen.

• Update: If John White comes in for third time, and has moved, we only need to change the Patient table


2NF Storage Anomalies

• Insertion: Cannot enter the fact that a particular drug has a particular side effect unless it is given to a patient.

• Deletion: If John White receives some other drug because of the penicillin rash, and a new drug and side effect are entered, we lose the information that penicillin can cause a rash

• Update: If drug side effects change (a new formula) we have to update multiple occurrences of side effects.


Third Normal Form

• A relation is said to be in Third Normal Form if there is no transitive functional dependency between nonkey attributes– When one nonkey attribute can be determined with one

or more nonkey attributes there is said to be a transitive functional dependency.

• The side effect column in the Surgery table is determined by the drug administered – Side effect is transitively functionally dependent on

drug so Surgery is not 3NF


Third Normal FormPatient # Surgeon # Surgery Date Surgery Drug Admin

1111 145 01-Jan-95 Gallstones removal Penicillin

1111 311 12-Jun-95Kidney stones removal none

1234 243 05-Apr-94 Eye Cataract removal Tetracycline

1234 467 10-May-95 Thrombosis removal none

2345 189 08-Jan-96 Open Heart Surgery Cephalosporin

4876 145 05-Nov-95 Cholecystectomy Demicillin

5123 145 10-May-95 Gallstones Removal none

6845 243 15-Dec-84 Eye cataract removal none

6845 243 05-Apr-94Eye Cornea Replacement Tetracycline


Third Normal Form

Drug Admin Side Effects

Cephalosporin none

Demicillin none

none none

Penicillin rash

Tetracycline Fever


2NF Storage Anomalies Removed

• Insertion: We can now enter the fact that a particular drug has a particular side effect in the Drug relation.

• Deletion: If John White recieves some other drug as a result of the rash from penicillin, but the information on penicillin and rash is maintained.

• Update: The side effects for each drug appear only once.


Boyce-Codd Normal Form

• Most 3NF relations are also BCNF relations.

• A 3NF relation is NOT in BCNF if:– Candidate keys in the relation are composite

keys (they are not single attributes)– There is more than one candidate key in the

relation, and– The keys are not disjoint, that is, some

attributes in the keys are common


Most 3NF Relations are also BCNF – Is this one?Patient # Patient Name Patient Address

1111 John White15 New St. New York, NY

1234 Mary Jones10 Main St. Rye, NY

2345Charles Brown


4876 Hal Kane55 Boston Post Road, Chester,

5123 Paul KosherBlind Brook Mamaroneck, NY

6845 Ann HoodHilton Road Larchmont, NY


BCNF Relations

Patient # Patient Name

1111 John White

1234 Mary Jones

2345Charles Brown

4876 Hal Kane

5123 Paul Kosher

6845 Ann Hood

Patient # Patient Address


123410 Main St. Rye, NY

2345Dogwood Lane Harrison, NY

487655 Boston Post Road, Chester,

5123Blind Brook Mamaroneck, NY

6845Hilton Road Larchmont, NY


Fourth Normal Form

• Any relation is in Fourth Normal Form if it is BCNF and any multivalued dependencies are trivial

• Eliminate non-trivial multivalued dependencies by projecting into simpler tables


Fifth Normal Form

• A relation is in 5NF if every join dependency in the relation is implied by the keys of the relation

• Implies that relations that have been decomposed in previous NF can be recombined via natural joins to recreate the original relation.


Effectiveness and Efficiency Issues for DBMS

• Focus on the relational model• Any column in a relational database can be

searched for values. • To improve efficiency indexes using storage

structures such as BTrees and Hashing are used• But many useful functions are not indexable and

require complete scans of the the database


Example: Text Fields

• In conventional RDBMS, when a text field is indexed, only exact matching of the text field contents (or Greater-than and Less-than). – Can search for individual words using pattern

matching, but a full scan is required.

• Text searching is still done best (and fastest) by specialized text search programs (Search Engines) that we will look at more later.


Normalizing to death

• Normalization splits database information across multiple tables.

• To retrieve complete information from a normalized database, the JOIN operation must be used.

• JOIN tends to be expensive in terms of processing time, and very large joins are very expensive.


Advantages of RDBMS

• Possible to design complex data storage and retrieval systems with ease (and without conventional programming).

• Support for ACID transactions– Atomic – Consistent– Independent– Durable


Advantages of RDBMS

• Support for very large databases

• Automatic optimization of searching (when possible)

• RDBMS have a simple view of the database that conforms to much of the data used in businesses.

• Standard query language (SQL)


Disadvantages of RDBMS

• Until recently, no support for complex objects such as documents, video, images, spatial or time-series data. (ORDBMS are adding support these).

• Often poor support for storage of complex objects. (Disassembling the car to park it in the garage)

• Still no efficient and effective integrated support for things like text searching within fields.


Assignment 2• The following information should be turned in for the

preliminary design of your personal database project. 1. A general description of the data you will be using for the

database, and what uses you might expect the database to have (should be expanded from the previous assignment).

2. A preliminary data dictionary for the files and data elements of the database. You should have at least 5 files with some logical connections between them. The data dictionary consists of all of the attributes that you have identified for each entity, along with indication of whether the attribute is a primary key (or part of a primary key), and what format the data will be (e.g.: text, decimal number, integer, etc.)

3. Produce an entity-relationship diagram of the database OR a UML diagram.

• These will be preliminary design specifications, so do not feel that you must follow everything that you describe here in the final database design.

Documents

9/20/2000Information Organization and Retrieval Database Design: Object- Oriented Modeling, Logical Design and Normalization University of California,