9/20/129/20/12

BR- Who are the 3 BR- Who are the 3

Argument Brothers (from Argument Brothers (from

yesterday)yesterday)

TodayToday: How to Argue : How to Argue ((Part 1)Part 1)

9/20/129/20/12

BR- Who are the 3 BR- Who are the 3

Argument Brothers (from Argument Brothers (from

yesterday)yesterday)

TodayToday: How to Argue : How to Argue ((Part 1)Part 1)

MIKVA!!

Examples of ArgumentsExamples of Arguments

Look at the two examples of arguments How are they the same?

Different? KEEP THESE AND USE THEM!

Look at the two examples of arguments How are they the same?

Different? KEEP THESE AND USE THEM!

Most people say, “ I like to Most people say, “ I like to

argue.” or that they are good at argue.” or that they are good at

arguing. But what do they arguing. But what do they

mean?mean?

Most people say, “ I like to Most people say, “ I like to

argue.” or that they are good at argue.” or that they are good at

arguing. But what do they arguing. But what do they

mean?mean?

What makes this person’s argument different..

What makes this person’s argument different..

From this persons?From this persons?

Most of the time when people argue Most of the time when people argue

they use poor logic, false reasoning they use poor logic, false reasoning

or rely on or rely on emotionemotion to “win” an to “win” an

argument.argument.

In this class we will try to learn to In this class we will try to learn to

argue using logic and reason to reach argue using logic and reason to reach

a point of a point of truthtruth or understanding. or understanding.

Most of the time when people argue Most of the time when people argue

they use poor logic, false reasoning they use poor logic, false reasoning

or rely on or rely on emotionemotion to “win” an to “win” an

argument.argument.

In this class we will try to learn to In this class we will try to learn to

argue using logic and reason to reach argue using logic and reason to reach

a point of a point of truthtruth or understanding. or understanding.

Important Question:Important Question:Important Question:Important Question:

What is the difference What is the difference between perception between perception and reality?and reality?

What is the difference What is the difference between perception between perception and reality?and reality?

What do we What do we thinkthink or or wishwish is is therethere

What do we What do we thinkthink or or wishwish is is therethere

What is there in reality.What is there in reality.What is there in reality.What is there in reality.

Much of our world operates on perception and non-reality in order to affect reality.

This is illogical.

Understanding how to view the world logically is incredibly liberating, frightening, and empowering.

Much of our world operates on perception and non-reality in order to affect reality.

This is illogical.

Understanding how to view the world logically is incredibly liberating, frightening, and empowering.

Ask yourself:Ask yourself:

What do I know for sure?

What do I know because someone told me about it?

How do I know what I know?

How would my world change if what I was told was wrong?

How much control of my life do I have?

What do I know for sure?

What do I know because someone told me about it?

How do I know what I know?

How would my world change if what I was told was wrong?

How much control of my life do I have?

What do you What do you knowknow about.. about..What do you What do you knowknow about.. about..

What do you What do you knowknow about.. about..What do you What do you knowknow about.. about..

What do you What do you knowknow about.. about..What do you What do you knowknow about.. about..

What do you What do you knowknow about.. about..What do you What do you knowknow about.. about..

3 Types of Arguments:3 Types of Arguments:EthosEthos- Establishing a reason to listen or - Establishing a reason to listen or

believe the speaker. E.g., “that guy is wearing believe the speaker. E.g., “that guy is wearing

a tie so he must know what he’s saying.”a tie so he must know what he’s saying.”

PathosPathos- appealing to the emotions of people, - appealing to the emotions of people,

using emotional language or creating using emotional language or creating

emotional responses in the audience. E.g., “If emotional responses in the audience. E.g., “If

you don’t agree with me you must hate you don’t agree with me you must hate

America.”America.”

LogosLogos- logical reasoning (see next)- logical reasoning (see next)

3 Types of Arguments:3 Types of Arguments:EthosEthos- Establishing a reason to listen or - Establishing a reason to listen or

believe the speaker. E.g., “that guy is wearing believe the speaker. E.g., “that guy is wearing

a tie so he must know what he’s saying.”a tie so he must know what he’s saying.”

PathosPathos- appealing to the emotions of people, - appealing to the emotions of people,

using emotional language or creating using emotional language or creating

emotional responses in the audience. E.g., “If emotional responses in the audience. E.g., “If

you don’t agree with me you must hate you don’t agree with me you must hate

America.”America.”

LogosLogos- logical reasoning (see next)- logical reasoning (see next)

LogicLogic- - from Classical Greek λόγος from Classical Greek λόγος

(logos), originally meaning (logos), originally meaning the wordthe word, or , or

what is spokenwhat is spoken, (but coming to mean , (but coming to mean

thoughtthought or or reasonreason) is most often said to ) is most often said to

be the study of criteria for the evaluation be the study of criteria for the evaluation

of arguments to determine if they are of arguments to determine if they are

fallacious or valid.fallacious or valid.

- Logical argumentation uses reason and - Logical argumentation uses reason and

solid evidence or data.solid evidence or data.

LogicLogic- - from Classical Greek λόγος from Classical Greek λόγος

(logos), originally meaning (logos), originally meaning the wordthe word, or , or

what is spokenwhat is spoken, (but coming to mean , (but coming to mean

thoughtthought or or reasonreason) is most often said to ) is most often said to

be the study of criteria for the evaluation be the study of criteria for the evaluation

of arguments to determine if they are of arguments to determine if they are

fallacious or valid.fallacious or valid.

- Logical argumentation uses reason and - Logical argumentation uses reason and

solid evidence or data.solid evidence or data.

In this class you may use pathos and ethos In this class you may use pathos and ethos in your speaking but argumentation without in your speaking but argumentation without logos(logic) is not effective.logos(logic) is not effective.

How many times have you seen an How many times have you seen an argument where the winner is determined argument where the winner is determined by: who can yell the loudest and longest, or by: who can yell the loudest and longest, or who can intimidate the other person who can intimidate the other person (physically or by other means)(physically or by other means)

People use pathos and ethos very effectively People use pathos and ethos very effectively in irrational arguments. Irrational arguments in irrational arguments. Irrational arguments seldom produce seldom produce truthtruth..

In this class you may use pathos and ethos In this class you may use pathos and ethos in your speaking but argumentation without in your speaking but argumentation without logos(logic) is not effective.logos(logic) is not effective.

How many times have you seen an How many times have you seen an argument where the winner is determined argument where the winner is determined by: who can yell the loudest and longest, or by: who can yell the loudest and longest, or who can intimidate the other person who can intimidate the other person (physically or by other means)(physically or by other means)

People use pathos and ethos very effectively People use pathos and ethos very effectively in irrational arguments. Irrational arguments in irrational arguments. Irrational arguments seldom produce seldom produce truthtruth..

Making A Logical ArgumentMaking A Logical Argument1st, we need to understand some terms.1st, we need to understand some terms.

PremisePremise: a fact or statement assumed to be : a fact or statement assumed to be

true. E.g., Socrates is a man.true. E.g., Socrates is a man.

Valid ArgumentValid Argument: if the premises are true then : if the premises are true then

the conclusion is true.the conclusion is true.

Invalid ArgumentInvalid Argument: if the premises are true : if the premises are true

but conclusions may not be true.but conclusions may not be true.

Making A Logical ArgumentMaking A Logical Argument1st, we need to understand some terms.1st, we need to understand some terms.

PremisePremise: a fact or statement assumed to be : a fact or statement assumed to be

true. E.g., Socrates is a man.true. E.g., Socrates is a man.

Valid ArgumentValid Argument: if the premises are true then : if the premises are true then

the conclusion is true.the conclusion is true.

Invalid ArgumentInvalid Argument: if the premises are true : if the premises are true

but conclusions may not be true.but conclusions may not be true.

Deductive reasoningDeductive reasoning: reasoning in which the : reasoning in which the

conclusion is conclusion is necessitatednecessitated by, or reached by, or reached

from, previously known facts. If the from, previously known facts. If the

premises are true, the conclusion must be premises are true, the conclusion must be

true.true.

All P are QAll P are Q

A is P A is P

Therefore, A is QTherefore, A is Q

Deductive reasoningDeductive reasoning: reasoning in which the : reasoning in which the

conclusion is conclusion is necessitatednecessitated by, or reached by, or reached

from, previously known facts. If the from, previously known facts. If the

premises are true, the conclusion must be premises are true, the conclusion must be

true.true.

All P are QAll P are Q

A is P A is P

Therefore, A is QTherefore, A is Q

Examples of Valid Deductive ReasoningExamples of Valid Deductive Reasoning

Since Socrates is a man,and since all men are Since Socrates is a man,and since all men are

mortal,Socrates is mortal.mortal,Socrates is mortal.

Since the picture is above the desk,and since Since the picture is above the desk,and since

the desk is above the floor,the picture is above the desk is above the floor,the picture is above

the floor.the floor.

Since an eagle is a bird,and since all birds Since an eagle is a bird,and since all birds

have wings,an eagle has wings.have wings,an eagle has wings.

If all parts are true the argument is said to be If all parts are true the argument is said to be

Sound.Sound.

Examples of Valid Deductive ReasoningExamples of Valid Deductive Reasoning

Since Socrates is a man,and since all men are Since Socrates is a man,and since all men are

mortal,Socrates is mortal.mortal,Socrates is mortal.

Since the picture is above the desk,and since Since the picture is above the desk,and since

the desk is above the floor,the picture is above the desk is above the floor,the picture is above

the floor.the floor.

Since an eagle is a bird,and since all birds Since an eagle is a bird,and since all birds

have wings,an eagle has wings.have wings,an eagle has wings.

If all parts are true the argument is said to be If all parts are true the argument is said to be

Sound.Sound.

Examples of Invalid Deductive Examples of Invalid Deductive

ReasoningReasoning A truly left wing politician does A truly left wing politician does

not tolerate animal cruelty.not tolerate animal cruelty.

G. Houseman thinks hitting a dog is wrong.G. Houseman thinks hitting a dog is wrong.

G. Houseman is a truly left wing politician.G. Houseman is a truly left wing politician.

Every criminal opposes the government.Every criminal opposes the government.

Everyone in the opposition party opposes Everyone in the opposition party opposes

the government;the government;

therefore, everyone in the opposition party therefore, everyone in the opposition party

is a criminal.is a criminal.

Examples of Invalid Deductive Examples of Invalid Deductive

ReasoningReasoning A truly left wing politician does A truly left wing politician does

not tolerate animal cruelty.not tolerate animal cruelty.

G. Houseman thinks hitting a dog is wrong.G. Houseman thinks hitting a dog is wrong.

G. Houseman is a truly left wing politician.G. Houseman is a truly left wing politician.

Every criminal opposes the government.Every criminal opposes the government.

Everyone in the opposition party opposes Everyone in the opposition party opposes

the government;the government;

therefore, everyone in the opposition party therefore, everyone in the opposition party

is a criminal.is a criminal.

Inductive ReasoningInductive Reasoning

More More openopen than deductive reasoning. It is than deductive reasoning. It is

based on what can be observed and based on what can be observed and

using those observations to make a using those observations to make a

general conclusion. It is not as solid as general conclusion. It is not as solid as

deductive(closed) reasoning.deductive(closed) reasoning.

Inductive(open) reasoning is divided into Inductive(open) reasoning is divided into

strong and weak inductions or induction.strong and weak inductions or induction.

Inductive ReasoningInductive Reasoning

More More openopen than deductive reasoning. It is than deductive reasoning. It is

based on what can be observed and based on what can be observed and

using those observations to make a using those observations to make a

general conclusion. It is not as solid as general conclusion. It is not as solid as

deductive(closed) reasoning.deductive(closed) reasoning.

Inductive(open) reasoning is divided into Inductive(open) reasoning is divided into

strong and weak inductions or induction.strong and weak inductions or induction.

Examples of Strong Induction Examples of Strong Induction

ReasoningReasoning

All the crows I’ve seen are black All the crows I’ve seen are black

therefore all crows are black.therefore all crows are black.

Most healthy dogs I’ve seen have 4 Most healthy dogs I’ve seen have 4

legs therefore all healthy dogs have 4 legs therefore all healthy dogs have 4

legslegs

Examples of Strong Induction Examples of Strong Induction

ReasoningReasoning

All the crows I’ve seen are black All the crows I’ve seen are black

therefore all crows are black.therefore all crows are black.

Most healthy dogs I’ve seen have 4 Most healthy dogs I’ve seen have 4

legs therefore all healthy dogs have 4 legs therefore all healthy dogs have 4

legslegs

Examples of Weak Inductive ReasoningExamples of Weak Inductive Reasoning

I always hang pictures on nails therefore I always hang pictures on nails therefore

all pictures hang from nails.all pictures hang from nails.

Teenagers are given many speeding Teenagers are given many speeding

tickets therefore all teenagers speed.tickets therefore all teenagers speed.

An inductive argument is said to be An inductive argument is said to be

cogentcogent (good) if the conclusion is (good) if the conclusion is

probable.probable.

Examples of Weak Inductive ReasoningExamples of Weak Inductive Reasoning

I always hang pictures on nails therefore I always hang pictures on nails therefore

all pictures hang from nails.all pictures hang from nails.

Teenagers are given many speeding Teenagers are given many speeding

tickets therefore all teenagers speed.tickets therefore all teenagers speed.

An inductive argument is said to be An inductive argument is said to be

cogentcogent (good) if the conclusion is (good) if the conclusion is

probable.probable.

In General- In General-

Deductive Reasoning is black and Deductive Reasoning is black and

white.white.

Inductive Reasoning is shades of grey.Inductive Reasoning is shades of grey.

Both can be good or logical ways to Both can be good or logical ways to

argue.argue.

In General- In General-

Deductive Reasoning is black and Deductive Reasoning is black and

white.white.

Inductive Reasoning is shades of grey.Inductive Reasoning is shades of grey.

Both can be good or logical ways to Both can be good or logical ways to

argue.argue.

Assignment Assignment 1. Write an explanation for the following 1. Write an explanation for the following

terms:terms:

Ethos, Pathos, Logos(logic), premise, valid, Ethos, Pathos, Logos(logic), premise, valid,

invalid, deductive reasoning, inductive invalid, deductive reasoning, inductive

reasoning, sound, cogentreasoning, sound, cogent

2. Give 2 examples of both valid and invalid 2. Give 2 examples of both valid and invalid

deductive reasoning. deductive reasoning.

3. Give 2 examples of both strong and weak 3. Give 2 examples of both strong and weak

inductive reasoning.inductive reasoning.

You can draw a picture if it helps!You can draw a picture if it helps!

Assignment Assignment 1. Write an explanation for the following 1. Write an explanation for the following

terms:terms:

Ethos, Pathos, Logos(logic), premise, valid, Ethos, Pathos, Logos(logic), premise, valid,

invalid, deductive reasoning, inductive invalid, deductive reasoning, inductive

reasoning, sound, cogentreasoning, sound, cogent

2. Give 2 examples of both valid and invalid 2. Give 2 examples of both valid and invalid

deductive reasoning. deductive reasoning.

3. Give 2 examples of both strong and weak 3. Give 2 examples of both strong and weak

inductive reasoning.inductive reasoning.

You can draw a picture if it helps!You can draw a picture if it helps!

Vocabulary Journal #29/17-21

Vocabulary Journal #29/17-21

Ethos, Pathos, Logos, Premise, Valid, Invalid, Deductive Reasoning, Sound Argument, Inductive Reasoning, Cogent Inductive Reasoning

Ethos, Pathos, Logos, Premise, Valid, Invalid, Deductive Reasoning, Sound Argument, Inductive Reasoning, Cogent Inductive Reasoning