9 Six Comprehension

8/12/2019 9 Six Comprehension

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1. Write

2. Put one word after another. Find the right word, put it down.

3. Finish what youre writing. Whatever you have to do to finish it, finish it.

4. Put it aside. Read it pretending youve never read it before. Show it to friends whose opinion you

respet and who !i"e the "ind of thing that this is.

#. Re$e$ber% when peop!e te!! you so$ethings wrong or doesnt wor" for the$, they are a!$ost

a!ways right. When they te!! you e&at!y what they thin" is wrong and how to fi& it, they are a!$ost

a!ways wrong.'. Fi& it. Re$e$ber that, sooner or !ater, before it ever reahes perfetion, you wi!! have to !et it go and

$ove on and start to write the ne&t thing. Perfetion is !i"e hasing the hori(on. )eep $oving.

*. +augh at your own o"es.

-. he $ain ru!e of writing is that if you do it with enough assurane and onfidene, youre a!!owed to

do whatever you !i"e. /hat $ay be a ru!e for !ife as we!! as for writing. 0ut its definite!y true for

writing. So write your story as it needs to be written. Write it honest!y, and te!! it as best you an.

$ not sure that there are any other ru!es. ot ones that $atter.

ei! ai$an%

Write to please just one person. If you open a window and make love to the world, so to speak, your story

will get pneumonia.

Kurt Vonnegut

1. 5se the ti$e of a tota! stranger in suh a way that he or she wi!! not fee! the ti$e was wasted.

2. ive the reader at !east one harater he or she an root for.

3. 6very harater shou!d want so$ething, even if it is on!y a g!ass of water.

4. 6very sentene $ust do one of two things 7 revea! harater or advane the ation .

#. Start as !ose to the end as possib!e.'. 0e a Sadist. o $atter how sweet and innoent your !eading haraters, make awful things happen

to them8in order that the reader $ay see what they are $ade of.

*. Write to p!ease ust one person. f you open a window and $a"e !ove to the wor!d, so to spea", your

story wi!! get pneu$onia.

-. ive your readers as $uh infor$ation as possib!e as soon as possib!e.

origina! 9:ad :an; -' ge$ The Unpublished David Ogilvy/public library%

The better you write, the higher you go in Ogilvy & Mather. People who think well, write well.

Woo!!y $inded peop!e write woo!!y $e$os, woo!!y !etters and woo!!y speehes.

ood writing is not a natura! gift. You have to learn to write well.?ere are 1@ hints%

1. Read the Ro$an8Raphae!sonboo" on writing. Read it three ti$es.

2. Write the way you ta!". atura!!y.

3. 5se short words, short sentenes and short paragraphs.

4. ever use argon words !i"e reconceptualize, demassification, attitudinally,judgmentally. hey are

ha!!$ar"s of a pretentious ass.#. ever write $ore than two pages on any subet.

'. Ahe" your Buotations.
http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2012/05/22/neil-gaiman-commencement-address/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ogilvy_(businessman)http://www.amazon.com/Unpublished-David-Ogilvy/dp/1781250871/?tag=braipick-20http://www.amazon.com/Unpublished-David-Ogilvy/dp/1781250871/?tag=braipick-20http://www.worldcat.org/title/unpublished-david-ogilvy/oclc/15791285&referer=brief_resultshttps://www.amazon.com/dp/0060956437/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=braipick-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=0060956437&adid=181PQWRZFJGJQG5816ZW&http://www.brainpickings.org/index.php/2012/05/22/neil-gaiman-commencement-address/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Ogilvy_(businessman)http://www.amazon.com/Unpublished-David-Ogilvy/dp/1781250871/?tag=braipick-20http://www.worldcat.org/title/unpublished-david-ogilvy/oclc/15791285&referer=brief_resultshttps://www.amazon.com/dp/0060956437/ref=as_li_ss_til?tag=braipick-20&camp=0&creative=0&linkCode=as4&creativeASIN=0060956437&adid=181PQWRZFJGJQG5816ZW&


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*. ever send a !etter or a $e$o on the day you write it. Read it a!oud the ne&t $orning 7 and then

edit it.

-. f it is so$ething i$portant, get a o!!eague to i$prove it.

>. 0efore you send your !etter or your $e$o, $a"e sure it is rysta! !ear what you want the reipient

to do.

1@. f you want CA=, dont write. o and te!! the guy what you want.


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mental picture. There is a connection between your brain4s right and left sides that wor!jointly to trigger this picture.

&eading is li!e driving. 5s you drive down the road you !eep your eyes focused on what isahead (mostly, ignore the phone ring and te'ting, please6). ou anticipate what is coming anddrive forward with confidence. "hen we read, the pictures we develop help us move forwardthrough the sentence or passage. 5s we practice this s!ill (mental imaging), we are able toincrease our reading speed (drivers,watch the speed limit6).

7urrently, the most comprehensive general theory of cognition that e'plains the relationshipbetween imagery and verbal processes is #aivio4s (1891, 18:;) dual coding theory.

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$efore the %am Prepare an' Pra(ti(e

Writing a good essay reBuires synthesis of $ateria! that annot be done in the 2@83@ $inutes

you have during the e&a$. n the days before the e&a$, you shou!d% )nti(ipate test *uestions.+oo" at the Buestion fro$ the !ast e&a$.


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Organi+e your supporting points.0efore you proeed with the body of the essay, write an out!ine

that su$$ari(es your $ain supporting points. Ahe" to $a"e sure you are answering a!! parts of the

Buestion. Aoherent organi(ation is one of the $ost i$portant harateristis of a good essay.

Make a persuasive argument.:ost essays in po!itia! siene as" you to $a"e so$e "ind of

argu$ent. Whi!e there are no right answers, there are $ore and !ess persuasive answers. What makes

an argument persuasive

C !ear point that is being argued /a thesis

Suffiient evident to support that thesis +ogia! progression of ideas throughout the essay

eview your essay.a"e a few $inutes to re8read your essay. Aorret gra$$atia! $ista"es, he"

to see that you have answered a!! parts of the Buestion.

Things to )voi'

6ssay e&a$s an be stressfu!. ou $ay draw a b!an", run out of ti$e, or find that you neg!eted

an i$portant part of the ourse in studying for the test. =f ourse, good preparation and ti$e

$anage$ent an he!p you avoid these negative e&perienes. So$e things to "eep in $ind as youwrite your essay in!ude the fo!!owing%

"on0t -pa'- your answer. nstrutors are usua!!y Buite adept at deteting student b!uffing. hey

give no redit for e!aboration of the obvious. f you are stu", you an e!aborate on what you do

"now, as !ong as it re!ates to the Buestion.

)voi' the -kit(hen sink- approa(h. :any students si$p!y write down everything they "now

about a partiu!ar topi, without re!ating the infor$ation to the Buestion. 6verything you in!ude in

your answer shou!d he!p to answer the Buestion and support your thesis. ou need to show howEwhy

the infor$ation is re!evant 88 donGt !eave it up to your instrutor to figure this outH

!ti(k (losely to your topi(, and stay foused. C arefu! e&p!oration of one issue, no $atter how

narrow, is often $ore desirab!e than ai$ing at breadth.

1. !tru(ture your paper aroun' a thesis you inten' to 'efen'

2. =rgani(e your thoughts so that your 'is(ussion supports your thesis. t is a!ways he!pfu! to $a"e an

out!ine in advane, !isting the points you want to $a"e and the order in whih to present the$I be sure your

thesis, and your argu$ents for it, are evident in your fina! version.

3. Whenever possib!e, give reasons for the (laims you make. our paper wi!! be udged !arge!y on your

$astery of the $ateria! and the strength of your argu$ents. Strive for !arity of thought and e&pression /see

J13.

4. )''ress possible ob5e(tionsto the view you are supporting. 0ring up a possib!e ritiis$ of your

position and respond to it. ou donGt need to ta"e up every possib!e ounterargu$entI you an hoose one or

two of the ritiBues you find $ost interesting or $ost pressing. /Responding to the si$p!est ritiis$s whi!e

ignoring the harder ones is a op8out 8 give your opponents a fair hane.

6. n a sho!ar!y paper you shou!d be dea!ing in arguments, not opinions.

7. So write with a (riti(al rea'er in min'8 so$eone who isnGt initia!!y sy$patheti to your thesis, but who

wi!! !isten to reason. ou need not defend every assu$ption you $a"e /$ost of us agree the 6arth is round,

but try not to assu$e so$ething very ontroversia! /KSine apita!is$ is obvious!y evi!, there wi!! never be

soia! ustie for a!! in the 5nited States.K. Cs a ru!e of thu$b, i$agine your reader is another $e$ber ofthe !ass who disagrees with you and wi!! ha!!enge your points.


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8. Re$e$ber the -9o 'iot- prin(iple. he peop!e we read $ay oasiona!!y sound bi(arre, but the fat

that they have been pub!ished $eans so$eone has ta"en the$ serious!y. ry to do the sa$e, and donGt $a"e

peop!e sound !i"e ha!f8wits in paraphrasing their views.

:;. f you want to attribute a view to so$eone we have read, $a"e sure you interpretthe$ (arefully. =n

ontroversia! points, it he!ps to ite te&tua! evidene, either by Buotation or by giving the page nu$bers of

the re!evant te&t in parenthesis or in a footnote. ou $ust indiate when you are Buoting or paraphrasing

fro$ so$eone e!seGs wor", and you $ust ite te&ts and page nu$bers. his is partiu!ar!y true for seondary

$ateria!, if you hoose to use so$e. / reo$$end you donGt, though. Refer to so$e aepted $anua! forappropriate ways to ite /:+C, Ahiago, et.. Cny genera!!y aepted sty!e is =), ust stay onsistent.

::. )(knowle'geother 'ebtsas we!!. he genera! ru!e is that whatever is not a produt of your own brain

shou!d be a"now!edged. ou $ight want to onsu!t $y brief guide onp!agiaris$. Lhese notes have been

inspired by si$i!ar notes for phi!osophia! writing by 6d Aur!ey /5niv. of :ihigan, Sa!!y ?as!anger

/: and Steve ab!o /:.M

:


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fats

any soures that wi!! he!p you deter$ine their re!iabi!ity

/as we!! as for further referene

what preudies !ie in the argu$ent

or va!ues that o!or the fats or the issue

what you thin" of the authorGs argu$ent

?ist out fa(tsI onsider their i$portane%

prioriti(e, edit, seBuene, disard, et.Cs" yourse!f KWhatGs $issingDK

Chat are the -hot buttons-of the issueD

+ist possib!e e$otionsEe$otiona! reations and reogni(e the$ for !ater use

!tart writing a 'raftDErefer to Writing essays, the basicsF

Start as !ose as possib!e to your readingEresearh


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o @elebrate a 5ob well 'one,

with the onfidene that you have done your best.

Bow to respon' to (riti(ism

Aonsider ritiis$ as a test of deve!oping your powers of persuasion.

ry not to ta"e it persona!!y.

f your fa(ts are (riti(i+e',

doub!e he" the$, and then ite your soures.

f your values are (riti(i+e',

so$eti$es we need agree Kto disagreeK. Re$e$ber% your suess in persuading others assu$es that the

other person is open to being persuadedH

/ear f you are not use' to (ommuni(ating,

espeia!!y in writing, you $ay need to overo$e fear on severa! !eve!s. Writing, un!i"e unreorded speeh,

is a per$anent reord for a!! to see, and the Konte&tK is not as i$portant as in speeh where onte&t Ko!orsK

the words. For e&a$p!e% your readers do not see you, on!y your words. hey do not "now what you !oo"

!i"e, where you !ive, who you are.

Bopefully in s(hool, an' (lass, we have a safe pla(e

to pratie both the art of writing and of persuasion. hen !ater, when we are in our o$$unities, whether

wor", hurh, neighborhoods, and even fa$i!ies, we an benefit fro$ this pratie.

Persuasion also has another 'imension

it is bui!t with fats, whih i!!ustrate on!usions. =f ourse, this $eans you need to "now what you are

ta!"ing about, and annot be !a(y with your fats, or you wi!! not sueed in onvining anyone. his shows

another !eve! of fear% Fear of $a"ing a $ista"e that wi!! $a"e your argu$ent or persuasion $eaning!ess.

Sine you are writing, and the words are on paper for a!! to see /or on a web siteH, you need to wor" to

$a"e sure your fats are in order.

$uil' your Criting !kills

Here are some ways you a! s"re!#"$e! your wr%"%!# s&%''s(

Read and write freBuent!y. Read as $uh as you an fro$ a variety of soures, in!uding p!ays,

essays, fition, poetry, news stories, business writing and $aga(ine features.

0eo$e fa$i!iar with urrent issues in soiety and deve!op your own opinions on the issues. hin"

of argu$ents you wou!d use to onvine so$eone of your opinion. a"ing speeh and debate !asses

an he!p you thin" through issues and o$$uniate the$ to others.

Pratie writing in different for$ats and in as $any rea! situations as possib!e. Write !etters to theeditor, or !etters to a o$pany reBuesting infor$ation.


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ry so$e writing in e&traurriu!ar ativities. Shoo! newspapers, yearboo"s, and reative writing

!ubs offer opportunities to e&press ideas in writing.

Share your writing with others and get feedba". Feedba" he!ps you antiipate how readers $ight

interpret your writing and what types of Buestions they $ight have. his an he!p you antiipate

what a reader $ight want to "now.

?earn to see writing as a pro(essHbrainstorming, planning,

writing an' then e'iting. This applies to all writing a(tivities.

+isten to the advie your 6ng!ish teaher gives you about your writing. Strive for your writing to be we!! deve!oped and we!! organi(ed, using preise, !ear and onise

!anguage.

Re$e$ber that everyone an i$prove writing s"i!!s. Aonfidene and s"i!! wi!! grow with the $ore

writing you do. Pratie and wor" !ead to ahieve$ent.

"onIt 5ust memori+e aimlesslyJ!arify the i$portant issues of the ourse and use these issues to

fous your understanding of speifi fats and partiu!ar readings.

ry to organi+e an' prioriti+e the information into a themati( pattern. +oo" at what youvestudied and find a way to put things into re!ated groups. Find the funda$enta! ideas that have been

e$phasi(ed throughout the ourse and organi(e your notes into broad ategories. hin" about how

different ategories re!ate to eah other.

/in' out what you 'onIt know, but nee' to know,by $a"ing up test Buestions and trying to

answer the$. Studying in groups he!ps as we!!.

http%EEwritingenter.un.eduEhandoutsEessay8e&a$sE

Testing with success series

The ssay %am

Organi+ation an' neatness have merit

$efore writing out the e%am

Crite 'own their key wor's, !istings, et, as they are fresh in your $ind.

=therwise these ideas $ay be b!o"ed /or be unavai!ab!e when the ti$e o$es to write the !ater

Buestions. his wi!! redue K!uthingK or pani /an&iety, atua!!y fear whih disrupts thoughts.

!et up a time s(he'ule

to answer ea(h *uestion an' to reviewAe'it all *uestions

f si& Buestions are to be answered in si&ty $inutes,

a!!ow yourse!f on!y seven $inutes for eah f Buestions are KweightedK,

prioriti(e that into your ti$e a!!oation for eah Buestion
http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/essay-exams/http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/essay-exams/


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When the ti$e is up for one Buestion, stop writing,

!eave spae, and begin the ne&t Buestion. he ino$p!ete answers an be o$p!eted during the

review ti$e

Si& ino$p!ete answers wi!! usua!!y reeive $ore redit than three, o$p!ete ones

ea' through the *uestions on(e an' note if you have any (hoi(e in answering *uestions

Pay attention to how the Buestion is phrased,

or to the KdiretivesK, or words suh as Ko$pareK, KontrastK, Kritii(eK, et. See their definitions inK6ssay ter$sK

Cnswers wi!! o$e to $ind i$$ediate!y for so$e Buestions

$efore attempting to answer a *uestion, put it in your own wor's

ow o$pare your version with the origina!.

et right to the point

State your $ain point in the first sentene

5se your first paragraph to provide an overview of your essay.

5se the rest of your essay to disuss these points in $ore detai!.

0a" up your points with speifi infor$ation, e&a$p!es, or Buotations fro$ your readings and notes

Tea(hers are influen(e' by (ompa(tness,

o$p!eteness and !arity of an organi(ed answer

Criting in the hope

that the right answer wi!! so$ehow turn up is ti$e8onsu$ing and usua!!y futi!e

To know a little an' to present that little well is,

by and !arge, superior to "nowing $uh and presenting it poor!y88when udged by the grade

reeived.

Criting & answering

$egin with a strong first senten(e

that states the $ain idea of your essay.

Aontinue this first paragraph by presenting "ey points

"evelop your argument

$egin ea(h paragraph

with a "ey point fro$ the introdution

"evelop ea(h point

in a o$p!ete paragraph

se transitions,

or enu$erate, to onnet your points

Bol' to your time

a!!oation and organi(ation )voi' very 'efinite statements

when possib!eI a Bua!ified state$ent onnotes a phi!osophi attitude, the $ar" of an eduated person
http://www.studygs.net/essayterms.htmhttp://www.studygs.net/essayterms.htm


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=ualify answers when in 'oubt.

t is better to say Ktoward the end of the 1>th enturyK than to say Kin 1->4K when you anGt

re$e$ber, whether itGs 1--4 or 1->4. n $any ases, the appro&i$ate ti$e is a!! that is wantedI

unfortunate!y 1->4, though appro&i$ate, $ay be inorret, and wi!! usua!!y be $ar"ed aording!y.

!ummari+e in your last paragraph

Restate your entra! idea and indiate why it is i$portant.

eview

@omplete *uestions left in(omplete,

but a!!ow ti$e to review a!! Buestions

eview, e'it, (orre(t

$isspe!!ings, ino$p!ete words and sentenes, $iswritten dates and nu$bers.

9ot enough timeL

Outline your answers

!ee also ssay terms an' 'ire(tives

/or tea(hers Criting essay e%ams

httpAAwriting(enter.un(.e'uAhan'outsAessayGe%amsA

/O !!)Y =!TO9!

he fo!!owing words are o$$on!y found in essay test Buestions. 5nderstanding the$ is essentia! to

suess on these "inds of Buestions. Study this sheet thorough!y. )now these words ba"wards and

forwards.

CC+N6% 0rea" into separate parts and disuss, e&a$ine, or interpret eah part.

A=:PCR6% 6&a$ine two or $ore things. dentify si$i!arities and differenes. Ao$parisons

genera!!y as" for si$i!arities $ore than differenes. /See Aontrast.

A=RCS% Show differenes. Set in opposition.

ARAN6% :a"e udg$ents. 6va!uate o$parative worth. Aritiis$ often invo!ves ana!ysis.


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=5+6%


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ry to $a"e your essay f!uid and easy to read. dea!!y the points you $a"e within a paragraph

shou!d f!ow fro$ one to the other and eah paragraph shou!d !in" we!! with the ne&t.

?ave a snappy ending. Su$$arise your $ain points and end with a !ear and we!! thought out $ain

argu$ent. C strong ending wi!! re$ind the e&a$iner of what you have proven and show that you

have been in ontro! of the essay a!! the way through.

Know your stuffD8 Writing a good essay reBuires the writer to "now what to write. When you brainstor$

there shou!d be !ots of things otted on the page. When you write the essay itse!f, you need to have !ear

argu$ents, to be aware of the issues and be ab!e to ba" up ana!ytia! points with appropriate!y se!etedinfor$ation and evidene and so$e historiansG views. So you wi!! need to have wor"ed hard in your studies,

and done so$e effetive revision.

$ut GC good essay sty!e wi!! he!p you $a"e the $ost of what you "now. f you "now a bit about the essay

topi, a good essay sty!e an hide so$e of your inadeBuaies. f you rea!!y "now your stuff, you shou!d end

up writing an e&e!!ent essay rather than ust a good essay.

n su$$ary%

1@ $inutes 8 is ti$e we!! spent

Study the Buestion 0rainstor$

Cnswer the Buestion

P!an

Aath the e&a$inerGs eye

)now your stuffH

)!"ro*u"%o!

he introdution is the first paragraphin your essay, and it shou!d ao$p!ish a few speifi goa!s.

:. @apture the rea'er0s interest.


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n!ude a few $ore supporting state$ents with further evidene, then use transition words to !ead to

the paragraph that fo!!ows. C!! of your body paragraphs shou!d fo!!ow the pattern of state$ent, supporting

ideas, and transition state$ent.

Sa$p!e transition words to use in your transition state$ents%

$oreoverin fat

on the who!e

further$ore

as a resu!t

si$p!y put

for this reason

si$i!ar!y

!i"ewise

it fo!!ows that

natura!!y

by o$parisonsure!y

yet

he fifth paragraph of your five8paragraph essay wi!! be your on!usion.

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Documents

9 Six Comprehension