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CHAPTER 2
The Tendering Process
2.1 Introduction
Tendering is a critical activity in a capital works project and is
normally the accepted means of obtaining a fair price and best value
for undertaking engineering construction works and projects.
A call for bids or call for tenders or invitation to tender
(ITT) (often called tender for short) is a special procedure for
generating competing offers from different bidders looking to obtain
an award of business activity in works, supply, or service contracts.
Best practice dictates that any tendering process should follow a
defined set of stages.
There are two main categories of tendering process;
1. Open procedure –In this procedure, an advert is placed in the
press to invite any firm that wishes to to do so to submit a tender for a
project, the advert will give a brief description of the works to be
undertaken. Interested firms can request a copy of the tender
documents and then submit a response.
Advantages of Open Procedure
I. It gives the opportunity for all firms including relatively unknown
but capable ones to tender.
II. Since there is no restriction, they can be no change of favourism
in drawing up a list of tenders
III. The prevent firms in area from forming an exclusive clique to
keep up prices.
IV. Above all, open tendering should secure maximum competition
and therefore the lowest process.
Disadvantages of Open Procedure
I. The system result in increased cost of tendering arising from a
great number of firms likely to be involved in tendering and only
one of them succeeding.
II. Also, a lot of time is taken up and lost through the placing of
notices in the press.
III. The lowest tender may not necessary be competent to handle
the project.
IV. Many good contracting firms avoid open tendering, while others
resort to this only times of dire need. The chance of selecting the
irony contractor is therefore high.
2. Restricted /Selective procedure – This procedure as its name
implies is to select a limited number of firms and invite them to submit
tenders usually by letters of invitation, sometimes through the media
informing the short listed firms. The majority of contracts in Nigeria
are awarded using this procedure. It is used when only a limited
number of suppliers will be invited to submit a full tender. The criteria
for drawing up the list of tenderers would depend on the character of
the project and size. The character of such project could include;
i. The standard of workmanship required.
ii. The equipment such as plant and workshops owned by the firm.
iii. The business records and standards of the firm e.g. whether
completion dates were met on previous jobs, the project were
brought in within budget, claims policy of the firm etc.
iv. The financial stability and length of time in business.
v. The capacity available in relation to the firms current work load.
vi. The local history in respect of labour relations.
vii. The real willingness to tender.
The short list is usually prepared from the client’s approved
list of contractors. Otherwise an adhoc list of contractors with
established schemes, integrity, responsibility and proven competence
for work of the character and size contemplated. Selective tendering
makes good many of the deficiencies of open tendering and provides
a restricted but adequate list of technical suitable firms and of
comparable standing. However, selective tendering might mean
higher quotations than are obtainable by open tendering partly
because there is less competition and also because the standards of
firms and that of their workmanship and performance may be higher
than the others.
Advantages of Restricted/Selective Procedure
I. The procedure is often time saving since the two parties are able
to take shut-cuts
II. More factors can be discussed in detail between the parties
during negotiations, including matters of construction method
and procedure.
III. Competition no longer depends on price alone but also on
competence
Disadvantages of Restricted/Selective Procedure
I. Negotiation contract tend to have higher prices than where
agreements are reached through competitive means
II. Conditions for public accountability are rarely satisfied when
negotiation is used.
The tendering process in Nigeria consists of three basic crucial
stages. These stages include;
1. The Pre-Qualification,
2. The Technical, and
3. The Commercial stages.
2.2 The Tendering Stages
2.2.1 The Pre-Qualification Stage
The pre-qualification stage basically consists of the Pre-
qualification Procedures for Procurement of Works which is usually
preceded by a pre-qualification questionnaire (PQQ). A pre-
qualification questionnaire (PQQ) is a questionnaire assessing the
suitability of an organization’s commercial, technical and financial
capabilities towards carrying out a project. It provides a method of
shortlisting interested parties meeting the required minimum
qualification criteria. This aids the contracting authority in controlling
the cost of the tendering process.
After the contracting body advertises tenders in the appropriate
media, usually the local press and relevant professional magazines,
interested suppliers will respond by submitting a written ‘expression
of interest’ (EOI) by the required date, as stated within the advert. The
contracting body will then send all interested supplier a copy of the
pre-qualification questionnaire (PQQ).
The PQQ is to be completed by all qualified parties or parties
interested in delivering the specific contract or tender. Information
contained in the PQQ is used to judge an organization’s capacity to
deliver services and who to invite to tender. The length and detail of
each PQQ varies with each purchaser, but most will include the
following questions;
1. Company profile
Names and details of key staff in the organization
What is the legal status of the supplier?
Has the organization undergone any quality assurance
scheme?
2. Company policies
Statements on health and safety
Equal opportunities and diversity
Sustainability
Environmental
3. Technical ability
What are the supplier’s skills and qualifications that enable
them to meet this contract?
What is the average number of staff employed over a three-
year period?
Have the supplier sufficient resources available for the
contract?
What similar work has the supplier undertaken in the last five
years?
What references can the supplier give from recent clients?
4. Financial standing
Provide a copy of the most recently audited accounts.
Provide evidence of relevant insurance and indemnity cover.
Provide a statement of the organization’s turnover, profit and
loss and cash flow for the most recent year, or a statement of
the forecast cash flow for the coming year.
The PQQ is usually submitted alongside the tender documents.
2.2.1.1 Tender Documents
Tender documents are legal documents that stipulate the
characteristics of a design, construction or engineering contracts. The
tender documents contain the following:-
I. Instructions to Tenderers: - instructions to be followed during the
tender process, when the closing date is, how to submit the
tender etc.
II. Items to be submitted with the tender: - which parts of the tender
should be completed and whether any additional items are
required such as method statements, delivery times etc.
III. Specification/Project Brief to include:
1. Description of the works/goods/services required and background
information about the contract.
2. Details of the relationship between the contracting body and the
contractor and who is responsible for what.
3. Requirements in relation to staff training, recruitment etc.
4. Policies and procedures to be considered such as complaints,
Health and Safety and confidentiality.
5. Contract monitoring, management and quality control.
6. Details of the evaluation criteria, how the importance of quality
and price is weighted e.g. 40% price 60% quality.
7. Any other details that are relevant to the contract e.g.
timescales, meetings, progress reports and delivery schedules.
IV. Terms and Conditions of contract: - the general terms and
conditions of the contract to which the successful company and
the contracting body must adhere to and the duration of the
contract. Some typical terms and conditions will include
obligations of the parties, timescale/ meeting milestones,
payments, insurance requirements, monitoring of service,
provision for termination, conflict of interests and resolution of
disputes.
V. Form of Tender: - this forms the basis of the offer to the
contracting body should it be accepted, i.e. that the company is
committed to providing the service as stated within the tender
submission. The company is required to sign and date the Form
of Tender.
VI. Schedule of prices: - this will vary from one project to another. It
is a list of all items that must be individually priced. For
construction based contracts these will be priced bills of
quantities or Schedules of Rates. When completing the schedule
of prices it is important to refer to the specification.
VII. Certificates: - there are usually two certificates to be signed, one
to declare that the information provided in the PQQ is still
accurate and another to declare that the company has not been
involved in price fixing or collusion with another company, and
that the tender submission is a bona-fide bid.
Once tenders have been compiled and submitted, they are
received in a tender box by the tender evaluation committee.
2.2.2 The Technical Stage
After the contractors have submitted the pre-qualification
questionnaire along side with the tender documents, the tender
evaluation committee evaluates the tender document submitted by
each bidder by using their recommended criteria. The purpose of this
evaluation is to identify which bid in a process offers the most
economically advantageous proposal based on the criteria specified in
the invitation to tender.
During the pre-qualification evaluation, the tender evaluation
committee will assess the bids against the criteria issued in the
invitation. These bids are assessed based on what information is
provided with the submission. The bids are scored based on their
performance against a set scoring model which was included in the
invitation document. Bidders who were successful with respect to the
scoring criteria will then be invited to tender for the technical phase.
A technical phase of the tendering process is quite synonymous
to that of the pre-qualification phase, but with more detailed technical
description of how the bidder intends to carry out the project, the
foreign technical partners involved and their experience with similar
work scope.
Similarly, after the technical tender is submitted, the same
evaluation process just like the one carried out during the pre-
qualification phase is used to evaluate the technical capability, and
score the bidders. Only the technically compliant bidders will then be
invited for the commercial phase or bidding.
2.2.3 Commercial Stage
Tenderers that meet the technical specification and criteria of the
project in question will be invited for the commercial bid. A
commercial tender involves the prospective suppliers sending in a
detailed price quote (usually in a spread sheet) of how much the
intended project will cost them to execute. After the submission, the
contract evaluation committee will evaluate the prices and go for the
“lowest best” bidder. The lowest best bidder in this context does not
mean awarding the contract to the prospective contractor that offer to
execute the project at the cheapest rate but the contractor that offers
the lowest price at the best quality.
The successful tenderer is notified. The unsuccessful companies
are informed that their tender was not favourable. Unsuccessful
companies may request feedback from the evaluation committee as
to why their tender bid was not successful and what points were
lacking. This encourages companies to improve and increase their
chances for success in the future.
Figure 2.1 Flow Chart for Open Procedure Tendering Process
Open Procedure The contracting body places tender advert in the media
Intrested firms sends in a written Expression of Interest (EOI) to the
contracting body in order to receive a Pre-Qualification Questionaire (PQQ)
Based on the assesment of the PQQ by the contracting body, an Invitation to Tender (ITT) is sent to the interested
firms.
Tenderers prepare PQQ tender document, gather project information
and return them to the contracting firm.
The tender is evaluated by the tender evaluation committee and the tenderers
that offers the most economically advantageous proposal based on the criteria specified in the invitation to tender is invited to tender for the
technical phase.
Technical tender is then prepared by the tenderers and returned to the contracting firm for evaluation.
Technical tender is evaluated and only the technically compliant firms are
invited to tender for the commercial phase.
Tenderers prepare a detailed price quote of how much the intended project will
cost them to execute and submit to the tender evaluation committee.
Commercial tender is evaluated and the contract is awarded to the lowest best bidder (best value at the lowest price)
Figure 2.2 Flow Chart for Restrictive/ Selective Procedure Tendering Process
Restricted/ Selective Procedure
The contracting body sends an invitation letter to limited number of firms from
thier approved contractor's list or places a tender advert in the media informing
shortlisted firms
Intrested firms sends in a written Expression of Interest (EOI) to the
contracting body in order to receive a Pre-Qualification Questionaire (PQQ)
Based on the assesment of the PQQ by the contracting body, an Invitation to Tender (ITT) is sent to the interested
firms.
Tenderers prepare PQQ tender document, gather project information
and return them to the contracting firm.
The tender is evaluated by the tender evaluation committee and the tenderers
that offers the most economically advantageous proposal based on the criteria specified in the invitation to tender is invited to tender for the
technical phase.
Technical tender is then prepared by the tenderers and returned to the contracting firm for evaluation.
Technical tender is evaluated and only the technically compliant firms are
invited to tender for the commercial phase.
Tenderers prepare a detailed price quote of how much the intended project will
cost them to execute and submit to the tender evaluation committee.
Commercial tender is evaluated and the contract is awarded to the lowest best bidder (best value at the lowest price)
There can be instances where a formal tender process is not
required. Such instances include but not limited to:
1. Contracts are of low value.
2. There is only one supplier who can provide the goods or
services.
3. No bids or tenders were received in an open, competitive
procurement process.
4. Need for repeat purchase due to compatibility issues.
5. For technical or artistic reasons e.g. patent or copyright.
6. Need to proceed immediately due to unforeseeable
circumstances.
When these circumstances as stated above arises, a contract is
usually executed by the contracting body requesting for quote (RFQ)
from the companies that are qualified and capable to do execute such
contract.
A request for quotation (RFQ) is a standard business process
whose purpose is to invite suppliers into bidding process to bid on
specific products or services. An RFQ typically involves more than the
price per item. Information like payment terms, quality level per item
or contract length are possible to be requested during the bidding
process.
An RFQ typically involves more than the price per item.
Information like payment terms, quality level per item or contract
length are possible to be requested during the bidding process. The
suppliers have to return the bidding by a set date and time to be
considered for an award. Discussions may be held on the bids (often
to clarify technical capabilities or to note errors in a proposal).
An RFQ allows different contractors to provide a quotation, among
which the best will be selected. It also makes the potential for
competitive bidding a lot higher, since the suppliers could be quite
certain that they are not the only ones bidding for the products.