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Combustion: aprocess in which asubstance reacts withoxygen to give heat,CO 2 and H 2O

Charless Law: Thevolume of a gas atconstant pressure

varies directly with thetemperaure.

Boyles Law :the pressure of a gasat constanttemperature varies

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inversely with thevolume .

Direct Relationship:a mathematicalrelationship betweentwo variables in whichchange in one variableis associated with achange in the other

variable in the samedirection.

Inverse Relationship:a mathematicalrelationship in which

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one variable decreasesas another increases.

Pressure: (symbol: 'p')is the force per unitarea applied to an

object in a directionperpendicular to thesurface.

Effusion: flow underpressure, an outpouringof liquid, (of speech or

emotion.

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Barometer: aninstrument thatmeasures atmosphericpressure

Volatile: explosive: liable to

lead to sudden change

Scientific Theory:Inferred explanation for whyobservable phenomenahappen. (Explains why Things happen)

Scientific Law:Statements or descriptions of how observable phenomenonhappen. It does not state whythey happen, it does statethat they do happen.

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Period: subdivision of geologic time that divides anEra into smaller units.Example: The Mesozoic canbe broken into three periods:Triassic, Jurassic andCretaceous.

Era: subdivision of geologictime that divides an Eon intosmaller units. 3 major eras:Paleozoic, Mesozoic andCenozoic.

Criteria of LivingCreature:

Living things are: made of cells. obtain and use energy. grow and develop.

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reproduce. respond to their environment. adapt to their environment.

Eon: The la rgest f or malunit of geologic t ime.

Ther e ar e f our eons: theHadean, Ar chean,Proter ozoic, and

Phaner ozoic.

Chordate: animalsthat have a

supporting rod(vertebrae) thatruns most of the

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length of the bodyfor at least part of

their lives.

Cenozoic: means recent life. This era began 65 mya andcontinues to the present. This isthe age of mammals.

Mesozoic: means middle life. This era lasted from about 250mya until about 65 mya. Thisera is known as the age of reptiles.

Paleozoic: means old life. This era lasted from about 540to 250 mya. It is the first erathat is well represented byfossils.

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Precambrian: Thetime period thatencompasses all timefrom the Earth'sformation, 4.6 billion

years ago to start of the Paleozic 550 millionyears ago.

mya: million years ago.

WAD TEST #2

Epicenter: the point on theEarth's surface directly abovethe focus of an earthquake

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Hypocenter : The point in theearth where an earthquakeoriginates; also known as thefocus.

Richter Scale: Thescale used by scientiststo measure theintensity of anearthquake. It wascreated by Charles F.Richter in 1935.

Mercalli Scale - asubjective measure of

the strength of anearthquake. Itmeasures the degree of intensity.

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Magnitude - the amountof energy released fromthe earthquake.

Theory of Plate Tectonics: The

scientific theory that the earth'slithosphere is divided into plates (orsemi-rigid sections) which movehorizontally and interact with oneanother, causing the formation of

mountains, folds, faults, volcanoes,earthquakes, ocean trenches, andthe mid-oceanic ridges .

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Pangaea: (Greek for"all lands")The namegiven to the single landmass, that occurred

250 mya (million yearsago), when all theearth's continentaltectonic plates where

very close to eachother.

Alfred Wegner: the scientistwho first proposed the idea of continental drift, whichbecame know as the theory of plate tectonics

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Asthenosphere: the weak,plastic like layer of Earth's

interior, just below thelithosphere, over which thesurface plates slide.

Transform Boundary: aboundary between plates that

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are sliding past each other.

Divergent Boundary: Tectonic plate boundariesat which the plates move

apart.

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Convergent Boundary:A boundary betweenplates that are movingtoward each other, orcolliding.

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Heliocentric: Theoryproposed by Polishastronomer NicolausCopernicus in which thesun is the central body inour solar system.

Geocentric: Theory of

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the solar system proposedby Ptolemy in which theearth is the center of theuniverse.

Primary Resource: A primary source is adocument, speech, or other sort of evidencewritten, created or otherwise producedduring the time under study. Examples:Original Documents, articfacts, interviews,diaries, photographs etc.

Secondary Res ource: Sources thatprovide interpretation and analysis of primary sources. Secondary sources are onestep removed from the original event or"horse's mouth." Examples are encyclopedia,newspaper commentaries, textbooks.

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Asthenia: abnormal

physical weakness,lack of energy.

Foliated: Having strong mineralorientation and/or mineralbanding or layering.

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Speleology : (spee lee AH logee) the scientific study of caves; from the Greek

word for cave, spelaion

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Stalactite: An icicle-likemineral formation thathangs from the ceiling of acave.

Stalagmite: A cone-shaped mineral depositthat forms on the floor of a cave.

Metamorphic: any rockderived from pre-existing rocks

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by extreme heat and pressure,but does not result in a melt of the rock.

Diatom: a photosyntheticsingle celled organismenclosed by a shell of silica.

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Sediment: Solidmaterial that was insuspension andtransported by air, water

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or ice and has come torest on the earthssurface.

Frost Wedging:Weathering of rocks by

the expansion of water asit freezes in fractures andpore spaces.

Lithify: To turn to rock.

Sedimentary: Rockswhich form at the earth'ssurface, made up of either particles of pre-existing rock or chemical

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precipitates (mineralssolidified from a dissolvedstate).

Anthracite: Hard, dense,energy rich coal. Cleaner

and hotter thanbituminous coal.Generally the only coalused for home heating.

Coal: a sedimentary rockformed from the fossilizedremains of plant material.

Analogy: A comparisonbetween two things, for

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the purpose of explanation.

Intrusive or Plutonic: akind of igneous rocks thatcrystallized underground.

Because of the slow rate of cooling, the crystals aretypically very large.

Extrusive or Volcanic : anigneous rock formed whenmagma cools and hardensabove Earth's surface.Because of the rapid rate of cooling, extrusive rockshave tiny crystals, or if

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cooled very rapidly, have nocrystals at all.

Igneous : rocks whichformed by the cooling andsolidification (crystallization)

of molten rock whichoriginated from below theearth's surface.

Lava: Molten (liquid) rock found onthe earths surface. Magma: Molten rock below the Earth'ssurface.

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Rock: Any solid massof mineral matter thatoccurs naturally as part

of our planet.

Geode: a hollow rock with the cavityusually lined withcrystals

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Inorganic:Something thatwas never aliveand never will be.Kilo: (symbol: k) is

the SI prefixdenoting a factor of 10 3 (1000)

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Saturate: to fill to the pointno more will fit.

Supersaturated: a solutionthat holds more solute than itnormally can at normaltemperatures; heated to getmore solute to dissolve

Question: Why did so manygroups heat their solutionswhen making evaporatecrystals

Hot Plate :



Cleavage: Thebreaking of a mineral

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along crystallographicplanes, that reflects acrystal structure.

Conchoidal fracture:A fracture that

produces a smooth,curved surface. (glassbreaks like this.)

Amorphous: The termapplied to rocks andminerals having nodefinite crystallinestructure, having nospecific orientation of atoms.

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Mohs HardnessScale: A scale thatranks the mineralhardness based onrelatively from 1-10. 1

is the softest mineral(Talc) and 10 is thehardest mineral(Diamond)

Hardness: Property of a mineral's resistanceto being scratched.

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Streak: The color of amineral in thepowdered form.

Refraction: The changein direction of a wavebecause of a change in themedium it is travelingthrough.

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Opaque: impervious tolight, cannot be seen through.

Algorithm: A formal setof instructions that can

be followed to performa specific task, such asa mathematicalformula or a set of instructions in acomputer program.

s

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= test tubeholder

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= alcohollamp

Mineral: anything that hasall of these properties

1)Solid2)Inorganic3)Naturally occurring4)Crystalline Structure5) Definite ChemicalComposition

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Vitreous: Glassy, orglasslike. havingextremely low or noporosity.

Geology: the sciencethat deals with rocksand the physicalhistory of the earth.

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= pipette.

Draw a picture in journal.

Surface tension: A measurement of howmuch the molecules ona liquid tend to like tostick to each other. If something has a highsurface tension, it likesto bead up.

Surfactant: A materialthat decreases thesurface tension of the

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solution in which it isdissolved.

Quantitative data:Data that can becounted or measured in

discrete units(numbers).

Qualitative data:

Information that isdifficult to measure,count, or express innumerical terms. Datathat is rich in detail anddescription, usually in a

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textual or narrativeformat.

Logic: A method of human thought thatinvolves thinking in a

linear, step-by-stepmanner about how aproblem can be solved.

Conjecture: anunproven guess that isbased on observations.

Supernatural: notexisting in nature orsubject to explanation

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according to naturallaws.

Postulate: (logic) aproposition that isaccepted as true in order

to provide a basis forlogical reasoning.