Upload
christian-gibbs
View
215
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8th Grade
Science Vocabulary Review
The actual brightness of a star
ABSOLUTEMAGNITUDE
The transfer of energy carried by light waves to
particles of matter
ABSORPTION
A characteristic that helps an organism
survive and reproduce in its environment
ADAPTATION
A large body of air that has the same
temperature and moisture throughout
AIR MASS
Alternate forms of a gene that govern the same
characteristics
ALLELES
The maximum distance the particles of a wave’s
medium vibrate from their rest position
AMPLITUDE
How bright a light appears to an observer
APPARENT MAGNITUDE
A measure of how much surface an object has
AREA
The study of all physical objects beyond Earth
ASTRONOMY
The smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still be the same substance
ATOM
The weighted average of the masses of all the naturally occurring
isotopes of an element
ATOMIC MASS
The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
ATOMIC NUMBER
The state in which the combined forces exerted
on an object add up to zero
BALANCED
The theory that states that the universe began
with a tremendous explosion
BIG BANG THEORY
An object with more than three solar masses
squeezed into a ball only 10 km across whose
gravity is so strong that not even light can escape
BLACK HOLE
The movement of carbon from the nonliving
environment into living things and back
CARBON CYCLE
The largest population that a given
environment can support over a long
period of time
CARRYING CAPACITY
The idea that all geologic change
happens suddenly
CATASTROPHISM
The process by which sediment is “glued”
together by minerals dissolved in water
CEMENTATION
The force of attraction that holds two atoms
together
CHEMICAL BOND
The joining of atoms to form new substances
CHEMICAL BONDING
A change that occurs when one or more
substances are changed into entirely new substances with different properties
CHEMICAL CHANGE
A shorthand description that uses chemical
formulas to describe a chemical reaction
CHEMICAL EQUATION
A shorthand notation that uses chemical
symbols and numbers to represent a
substance
CHEMICAL FORMULA
The process by which one or more
substances change to produce one or more different substances
CHEMICAL REACTION
A number placed in front of a chemical symbol or formula
COEFFICIENT
The process by which soft sediment is squeezed until it hardens into rock
COMPACTION
A pure substance composed of two or more elements that
are chemically combined
COMPOUND
The theory that continents can drift
apart from one another and have done
so in the past
CONTINENTAL DRIFT
The process by which cooler material sinks
while warmer material rises because of a change in density
CONVECTION
The boundary between two colliding tectonic
plates
CONVERGENT BOUNDARY
A bond that results from the attraction
between the nuclei of atoms where the
electrons are shared by the atoms
COVALENT BOND
Any pieces of information gathered
through experimentation
DATA
The process of clearing forests
DEFORESTATION
To change shape because of the action of geologic processes
DEFORM
The amount of matter in a given space or
volume
DENSITY
The boundary between two tectonic plates
that are moving away from each other; rift
zone
DIVERGENT BOUNDARY
The trait observed when at least one
dominant allele for a characteristic is
inherited
DOMINANT TRAIT
The apparent change in frequency of a sound caused by the motion
of either the listener or the source of the
sound
DOPPLER EFFECT
A community of organisms and their
nonliving environment
ECOSYSTEM
The entire range of electromagnetic
waves, all the wavelengths of electromagnetic
radiation
ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
A wave that can travel through space and
matter and consists of vibrating electric and
magnetic fields
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE
A negatively charged subatomic particle that
is found in all atoms
ELECTRONS
A region inside an atom where electrons are likely to be found
ELECTRON CLOUD
A pure substance that cannot be separated
into simpler substances by physical or chemical
means
ELEMENT
A spherical or elongated galaxy with
a bright center and very little dust and
gas
ELIPTICAL GALAXY
A periodic change in the location of warm and cool surface waters in
the Pacific Ocean
EL NINO
The term used to describe a physical or
chemical change in which energy is
absorbed
ENDOTHERMIC
Regions around the nucleus of an atom
where electrons may be found
ENERGY LEVELS
The process by which wind, water, ice, and gravity remove and transport material from one place to
another
EROSION
The term used to describe a physical or
chemical change in which energy is given
off
EXOTHERMIC
The type of strain that occurs when rocks break because of
stress
FAULTING
A messaging system that the body uses to maintain equilibrium
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
The type of strain that occurs when rocks bend because of
stress
FOLDING
The number of waves made in a given amount of time
FREQUENCY
The area where two different air masses
meet
FRONT
A large grouping of stars in space
GALAXY
The inherited combination of alleles
GENOTYPE
The scientific study of the Earth’s history
GEOLOGY
Each vertical column of elements (from top
to bottom) on the periodic table
GROUP
The transfer of energy between objects that
are at different temperatures
HEAT
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram showing the
relationship between a star’s surface
temperature and absolute magnitude
H-R DIAGRAM
A large, spinning tropical weather system with wind
speeds of at least 119 km/h
HURRICANE
A possible explanation or answer to a
question
HYPOTHESIS
Rock that forms when hot, liquid rock cools
and hardens
IGNEOUS ROCK
The force of attraction between oppositely
charged ions
IONIC BOND
A galaxy that does not fit into any other
category
IRREGULAR GALAXY
The energy of motion
KINETIC ENERGY
Magma that reaches the Earth’s surface
LAVA
The law that states that mass is neither
created nor destroyed in ordinary chemical and physical changes
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
A UNIT OF LENGTH EQUAL TO THE
DISTANCE THAT LIGHT TRAVELS THROUGH
SPACE IN 1 YEAR
LIGHT-YEAR
Literally, the “rock sphere” – the cool, rigid, outermost layer of the
Earth that is divided into enormouse pieces called
tectonic plates
LITHOSPHERE
The orbit of the moon around the Earth,
during which all of the lunar phases occur
LUNAR CYCLE
The different appearances of the
moon throughout the month
LUNAR PHASES
The diagonal pattern of stars on the H-R
diagram; where stars spend most of their
time
MAIN SEQUENCE
The solid layer of the Earth between the crust and the core; made of dense iron
rich minerals
MANTLE
The amount of matter that something is made
of
MASS
The total number of protons and neutrons
in an atom
MASS NUMBER
Anything that has volume and mass
MATTER
A substance through which a wave can
travel
MEDIUM
Rock that forms when existing rock is heated
and squeezed deep inside the Earth
METAMORPHIC ROCK
EM waves that are between radio waves and infrared waves in the electromagnetic
spectrum
MICROWAVES
Underwater mountain chain that forms on the
ocean floor where tectonic plates pull
apart
MID-OCEAN RANGE
A naturally formed inorganic rock solid that has a repeating three-dimensional
structure
MINERAL
A representation of an object or system
MODEL
A neutral group of atoms held together
by covalent bands
MOLECULE
The process by which organisms with certain
traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate then organisms without these traits
NATURAL SELECTION
Tides with the smallest daily tidal range that occur during the first and third quarters of
the moon
NEAP TIDES
A star in which nearly all the particles have become neutrons
NEBULA
A subatomic particle of the nucleus of an
atom that has no charge
NEUTRON
A large cloud of dust and gas in interstellar
space
NEBULA
The movement of nitrogen from the
nonliving environment into
living things and back
NITROGEN CYCLE
The tiny, very dense, positively charged
region in the center of an atom
NUCLEUS
A streamlike movement of water
in the ocean
OCEAN CURRENT
A symbiotic association in which one organism
benefits while the other is harmed
Parasitism
Each horizontal row of elements (from left to right) on the periodic
table
PERIOD
An arrangement of the elements according to their atomic numbers
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
An organism’s appearance
PHENOTYPE
The theory that the lithosphere is divided
into tectonic plates that move around on top of
the asthenosphere
PLATE TECTONICS
Water, in a solid or liquid form, that falls from the air to Earth
PRECIPITATION
A substance formed from a chemical
reaction
PRODUCT
A positively charged subatomic particle of
the nucleus of an atom
PROTON
EM waves with long wavelengths and low
frequencies
RADIO WAVES
A starting material in a chemical reaction
REACTANT
A trait that is apparent only when two
recessive alleles for the same characteristic are
inherited
RECESSIVE TRAIT
The process of breaking down trash
and using the materials again
RECYCLING
The bouncing back of a wave after the wave
hits a barrier
REFLECTION
A natural resource that can be used over and over or that has an unlimited supply
RENEWABLE RESOURCE
The continual process by which new rock is formed from old rock
ROCK CYCLE
The ways in which scientists answer
questions and solve problems
SCIENTIFIC METHODS
The process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms at mid-ocean
ridges as tectonic plates are pulled away from
each other
SEA-FLOOR SPREADING
Rock that forms when pieces of rocks or
minerals are “glued” together
SEDIMENTARY ROCK
The amount of energy needed to change the temperature of 1 kg or
a substance by 1ºC
SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
The rainbow of colors produced when white light passes through a prism or spectrograph
SPECTRUM
A galaxy with a bulge in the center and very
distinctive spiral arms
SPIRAL GALAXY
Tides that have the largest daily tidal range and occur
during the new and full moons
SPRING TIDE
The amount of force per unit area that is put on
a rock
STRESS
The region where oceanic lithosphere sinks down into the asthenosphere at a
convergent boundary
SUBDUCTION ZONE
A close, long-term association between two or more species
SYMBIOSIS
A number written below and to the right of a chemical symbol
in a formula
SUBSCRIPT
Huge pieces of the lithosphere that move around on top of the
asthenosphere
TECTONIC PLATES
A measure of how hot (or cold) something is
TEMPERATURE
A unifying explanation for a broad range of hypotheses and
observations that have been supported by
testing
THEORY
Daily changes in the level of ocean water
TIDES
The boundary between two tectonic plates that are sliding past
each other
TRANSFORM BOUNDARY
The lowest point of a wave
TROUGH
EM waves that are between visible light
and X rays in the electromagnetic
spectrum
ULTRAVIOLET WAVES
The state in which the combined forces
exerted on an object do not add up to zero
UNBALANCED
All space and the matter space contains
UNIVERSE
The rising of regions of Earth’s crust to higher
elevations
UPLIFT
The electrons in the outermost energy level
of an atom
VALENCE ELECTRONS
A process in which cold, nutrient-rich
water from the deep ocean rises to the
surface and replaces warm surface water
UPWELLING
The movement of water through the
atmosphere, the ground, bodies of
water, and living things
WATER CYCLE
A disturbance that transmits energy
through matter or space
WAVE
The distance between any two corresponding
points that are adjacent on a wave
WAVELENGTH
The condition of the atmosphere at a
certain time and place
WEATHER
The time required for the Earth to revolve once around the sun
YEAR
The tendency of all objects to resist any
change in motion
INERTIA
The bending of a wave as the wave passes at
an angle
REFRACTION
A wave that travels only through matter
by creating vibrations in a medium
MECHANICAL WAVES
Properties that DO NOT change the chemical
nature of matter
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Elements that are grouped together
based on their chemical properties
and reactivity
FAMILIES / GROUPS
The passing of light through matter
TRANSMITTED
Push or Pull – measured in (N)
Newtons
FORCE
The highest point on a wave
CREST
An abbreviation of a chemical element using one or two
letters
CHEMICAL SYMBOL
The force of attraction between two objects
GRAVITY
Causes a change in the speed or direction of an object’s motion
UNBALANCED FORCES
The very narrow range of wavelengths and
frequencies in the electromagnetic
spectrum that humans can see
VISIBLE LIGHT
Properties that DO change the chemical
nature of matter
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The transfer of energy through matter or space
as electromagnetic waves, such as visible
light and infrared waves
RADIATION
A star in which nearly all of the particles
have become neutrons
NEUTRON STAR
The transfer of energy from one substance to another through direct
contact
CONDUCTION
The gel-like fluid mixture inside a cell
CYTOPLASM
Usually found in plant cells where
photosynthesis takes place
CHLOROPLASTS
The part of the microscope that holds
the slide in place on the stage
STAGE CLIPS
The part of the microscope that
supports the slide and allows light to come
through
STAGE
The part of the microscope that you put your eye on to
look at an organism
EYEPIECE
The part of the microscope that
supports the eyepiece and maintains the
correct distance from the eyepiece and the
objectives
BODY TUBE
The part of the cell that destroys worn
out or damaged organelles and gets
rid of waste material
LYSOSOME
The part of the cell that burns food molecules
to release energy
MITOCHONDRIA
A group of organisms that lack a cell
nucleus. Single-celled organisms like
bacteria
PROKARYOTES
The organelle that packages and
transports material out of the cells
GOLGI BODIES
The outermost structure of a plant cell that provides
strength and support
CELL WALL
Large vesicles found in plant cells that store
water and other liquids
VACUOLES
The outer membrane of a cell that controls movement in and out
of the cell
CELL MEMBRANE
A fault in which the hanging wall moves
down because of tension
NORMAL FAULT
Hot, liquid rock material
MAGMA
A fault in which the hanging wall moves up
because of compression
REVERSE FAULT
The presence of harmful or unwanted levels of substances in
the environment
POLLUTION
A fault in which the plates move
horizontally past each other because of
shearing
STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
A force that causes rocks to be pulled
apart
TENSION
The circular motion of liquids or gases caused by density differences
that result from temperature differences
CONVECTION CURRENTS
A force that causes rocks to slide
horizontally past each other
SHEARING
The process by which sediments are
deposited / dropped in a new location
DEPOSITION
The type of stress in which an object is squeezed, as when two plates collide
COMPRESSION
The process by which water, ice, wind, and
heat act to break down rocks
WEATHERING
The organelle that makes proteins
RIBOSOME