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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION

PollutionsINTRODUCTIONPollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organi

sms they are in.[1] Pollution can take the form of chemical substances, or energy, such as noise, heat, or light energy. Pollutants, the elements of pollution,can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. Sometimes the term pollution is extended to include any substance when it occurs at such unnaturally high concentration within a system that it endangers the stability of that system. For example, water is innocuous and essential for life, and yet at very high concentration, it could be considered a pollutant: if a person were todrink an excessive quantity of water, the physical system could be so overburdened that breakdown and even death could result. Another example is the potentialof excessive noise to induce imbalance in a person's mental state, resulting in

malfunction and psychosis. History Prehistory Humankind has had some effect uponthe environment since the Paleolithic era during which the ability to generatefire was acquired. In the Iron Age, the use of tooling led to the practice of metal grinding on a small scale and resulted in minor accumulations of discarded material probably easily dispersed without too much impact. Human wastes would have polluted rivers or water sources to some degree. However, these effects couldbe expected predominantly to be dwarfed by the natural world.

Ancient cultures The first advanced civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India,China, Persia, Greece and Rome increased the use of water for their manufactureof goods, increasingly forged metal and created fires of wood and peat for moreelaborate purposes (for example, bathing, heating). Still, at this time the scale of higher activity did not disrupt ecosystems or greatly alter air or water qu

ality.

Middle Ages The European Dark Ages during the early Middle Ages were a great boon for the environment, in that industrial activity fell, and population levels did not grow rapidly. Toward the end of the Middle Ages populations grew and concentrated more within cities, creating pockets of readily evident contamination.In certain places air pollution levels were recognizable as health issues, and water pollution

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION in population centers was a serious mediumfor disease transmission from untreated human waste. Since travel and widesprea

d information were less common, there did not exist a more general context thanthat of local consequences in which to consider pollution. Foul air would have been considered a nuissance and wood, or eventually, coal burning produced smoke,which in sufficient concentrations could be a health hazard in proximity to liv

ing quarters. Septic contamination or poisoning of a clean drinking water sourcewas very easily fatal to those who depended on it, especially if such a resourc

e was rare. Superstitions predominated and the extent of such concerns would probably have been little more than a sense of moderation and an avoidance of obvious extremes.

Official acknowledgement But gradually increasing populations and the proliferation of basic industrial processes saw the emergence of a civilization that beganto have a much greater collective impact on its surroundings. It was to be expe

cted that the beginnings of environmental awareness would occur in the more developed cultures, particularly in the densest urban centers. The first medium warranting official policy measures in the emerging western world would be the most

basic: the air we breathe. The earliest known writings concerned with pollutionwere Arabic medical treatises written between the 9th and 13th centuries, by physicians such as alKindi (Alkindus), Qusta ibn Luqa (Costa ben Luca), Muhammad ibn Zakarya Rzi (Rhazes), Ibn Al-Jazzar, al-Tamimi, al-Masihi, Ibn Sina (Avicenna),Ali ibn Ridwan, Ibn Jumay, Isaac Israeli ben Solomon, Abd-el-latif, Ibn al-Quff,and Ibn al-Nafis. Their works covered a number of subjects related to pollutionsuch as air contamination, water contamination, soil contamination, solid wastemishandling, and environmental assessments of certain localities.[2] King Edwar

d I of England banned the burning of sea-coal by proclamation in London in 1272,after its smoke had become a problem.[3][4] But the fuel was so common in Engla

nd that this earliest of names for it was acquired because it could be carted away from some shores by the wheelbarrow. Air pollution would continue to be a problem there, especially later during the industrial revolution, and extending int

o the recent past with the Great Smog of 1952. This same city also recorded oneof the earlier extreme cases of water quality problems with the Great Stink on the Thames of 1858, which led to construction of the London sewerage system soonafterward. It was the industrial revolution that gave birth to environmental pollution as we know it today. The emergence of great factories and consumption ofimmense

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION quantities of coal and other fossil fuelsgave rise to unprecedented air pollution and the large volume of industrial chemical discharges added to the growing load of untreated human waste. Chicago andCincinnati were the first two American cities to enact laws ensuring cleaner airin 1881. Other cities followed around the country until early in the 20th centu

ry, when the short lived Office of Air Pollution was created under the Departmen

t of the Interior. Extreme smog events were experienced by the cities of Los Angeles and Donora, Pennsylvania in the late 1940s, serving as another public reminder.[5]

Modern awareness Early Soviet poster, before the modern awareness: "The smoke ofchimneys is the breath of Soviet Russia"Pollution began to draw major public at

tention in the United States between the mid-1950s and early 1970s, when Congress passed the Noise Control Act, the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act and the National Environmental Policy Act. Bad bouts of local pollution helped increase consciousness. PCB dumping in the Hudson River resulted in a ban by the EPA on consumption of its fish in 1974. Long-term dioxin contamination at Love Canal starting in 1947 became a national news story in 1978 and led to the Superfund legis

lation of 1980. Legal proceedings in the 1990s helped bring to light Chromium-6releases in California--the champions of whose victims became famous. The pollution of industrial land gave rise to the name brownfield, a term now common in city planning. DDT was banned in most of the developed world after the publicationof Rachel Carson's Silent Spring. The development of nuclear science introducedradioactive contamination, which can remain lethally radioactive for hundreds o

f thousands of years. Lake Karachay, named by the Worldwatch Institute as the "most polluted spot" on earth, served as a disposal site for the Soviet Union thoroughout the 1950s and 1960s. Second place may go to the to the area of Chelyabinsk U.S.S.R. (see reference below) as the "Most polluted place on the planet". Nuclear weapons continued to be tested in the Cold War, sometimes near inhabited areas, especially in the earlier stages of their development. The toll on the worst-affected populations and the growth since then in understanding about the cri

tical threat to human health posed by radioactivity has also been a prohibitivecomplication associated with nuclear power. Though extreme care is practiced inthat industry, the potential for disaster suggested by incidents such as those at Three Mile Island and Chernobyl pose a lingering specter of public mistrust. One legacy of nuclear testing before most forms were banned has been significantly raised levels of background radiation.

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International catastrophes such as the wreck of the Amoco Cadiz oil tanker off the coast of Brittany in 1978 and the Bhopal disaster in 1984 have demonstrated the universality of such events and the scale on which efforts to address them needed to engage. The borderless nature of atmosphere and oceans inevitably result

ed in the implication of pollution on a planetary level with the issue of globalwarming. Most recently the term persistent organic pollutant (POP) has come to

describe a group of chemicals such as PBDEs and PFCs among others. Though theireffects remain somewhat less well understood owing to a lack of experimental data, they have been detected in various ecological habitats far removed from industrial activity such as the Arctic, demonstrating diffusion and bioaccumulation after only a relatively brief period of widespread use. Growing evidence of localand global pollution and an increasingly informed public over time have given r

ise to environmentalism and the environmental movement, which generally seek tolimit human impact on the environment.

Pollution control Pollution control is a term used in environmental management.

It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Withoutpollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollutioncontrol.

Pollution control devices Dust collection systems Cyclones Electrostatic precipitators Baghouses Scrubbers Baffle spray scrubber Cyclonic spray scrubber Ejectorventuri scrubber Mechanically aided scrubber Spray tower Wet scrubber Sewage tr

eatment and Wastewater treatment API oil-water separators[6][7] Sedimentation (water treatment) Dissolved air flotation (DAF)

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION Activated sludge biotreaters Biofilters Powdered activated carbon treatment Vapor recovery systems Major forms of pollution and major polluted areas The major forms of pollution are listed below along with the particular pollutants relevant to each of them: Air pollution, the release of chemicals and particulates into the atmosphere. Common gaseous air pollutants include carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitr

ogen oxides produced by industry and motor vehicles. Photochemical ozone and smog are created as nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons react to sunlight. Particulatematter, characterized by size PM10 to PM2.5, is produced from natural sources s

uch as volcanoes or as residual oil fly ash from power plants. Diesel particlesare another class of airborne particulate matter. Water pollution, by the release of waste products and contaminants into surface runoff into river drainage systems, leaching into groundwater, liquid spills, wastewater discharges, eutrophication and littering. Soil contamination occurs when chemicals are released by spill or underground leakage. Among the most significant soil contaminants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals, MTBE[8], herbicides, pesticides and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Radioactive contamination, resulting from 20th century activities in atomic physics, such as nuclear power generation and nuclear weapons research, manuf

acture and deployment. (See alpha emitters and actinides in the environment.) Noise pollution, which encompasses roadway noise, aircraft noise, industrial noiseas well as high-intensity sonar. Light pollution, includes light trespass, over

-illumination and astronomical interference. Visual pollution, which can refer to the presence of overhead power lines, motorway billboards, scarred landforms (as from strip mining), open storage of trash or municipal solid waste. Thermal pollution, is a temperature change in natural water bodies caused by human influence, such as use of water as coolant in a power plant. The Blacksmith Instituteissues annually a list of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issuesthe ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine and Zambia.

Sources and causes

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION Motor vehicle emissions are one of the leading causes of air pollution.[9][10][11] China, United States, Russia, Mexico, and Japan are the world leaders in air pollution emissions; however, Canada is the number two country, ranked per capita. Principal stationary pollution sourcesinclude chemical plants, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries,[7] petrochemical plants, nuclear waste disposal activity, incinerators, large livestock farms

(dairy cows, pigs, poultry, etc.), PVC factories, metals production factories, plastics factories, and other heavy industry. Some of the more common soil contaminants are chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), heavy metals (such as chromium, cadmium--found in rechargeable batteries, and lead--found in lead paint, aviation fuel and still in some countries, gasoline), MTBE, zinc, arsenic and benzene. In 2001 a series of press reports culminating in a book called Fateful Harvest unveiled a widespread practice of recycling industrial byproducts into fertilizer, resulting in the contamination of the soil with various metals. Ordinary municipallandfills are the source of many chemical substances entering the soil environment (and often groundwater), emanating from the wide variety of refuse accepted,especially substances illegally discarded there, or from pre-1970 landfills thatmay have been subject to little control in the U.S. or EU. There have also been

some unusual releases of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, commonly called dioxins for simplicity, such as TCDD.[12] Pollution can also be the consequence of a natural disaster. For example, hurricanes often involve water contamination fromsewage, and petrochemical spills from ruptured boats or automobiles. Larger scale and environmental damage is not uncommon when coastal oil rigs or refineries are involved. Some sources of pollution, such as nuclear power plants or oil tankers, can produce widespread and potentially hazardous releases when accidents occur. In the case of noise pollution the dominant source class is the motor vehicle, producing about ninety percent of all unwanted noise worldwide.

Effects Human health Adverse air quality can kill many organisms including humans. Ozone pollution can cause respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, throatinflammation, chest pain, and congestion. Water pollution causes approximately

14,000 deaths per day, mostly due to contamination of drinking water by untreated sewage in developing countries. Oil spills can cause skin irritations and rashes. Noise pollution induces hearing loss, high blood pressure, stress, and sleepdisturbance. Mercury has been linked to developmental deficits in children and

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION neurologic symptoms. Lead and other heavymetals have been shown to cause neurological problems. Chemical and radioactivesubstances can cause cancer and as well as birth defects.

Ecosystems Sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen can cause acid rain which reduces the pH value of soil. Soil can become infertile and unsuitable for plants. Th

is will affect other organisms in the food web. Smog and haze can reduce the amount of sunlight received by plants to carry out photosynthesis. Invasive speciescan out compete native species and reduce biodiversity. Invasive plants can con

tribute debris and biomolecules (allelopathy) that can alter soil and chemical compositions of an environment, often reducing native species competitiveness. Biomagnification describes a situation where toxins may pass through trophic levels, becoming exponentially more concentrated in the process. Ocean acidification,the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans. Global warming. Regulatio

n and monitoring To protect the environment from the adverse effects of pollution, many nations worldwide have enacted legislation to regulate various types ofpollution as well as to mitigate the adverse effects of pollution. Main article:Regulation and monitoring of pollution Philosophical recognition Throughout his

tory from Ancient Greece to Andalusia, Ancient China, central Europe during theRenaissance until today, philosophers ranging from Aristotle, Al-Farabi, Al-Ghazali, Averroes, Buddha, Confucius, Dante, Hegel, Avicenna, Lao Tse, Maimonedes, Montesquieu, Nussbaum, Plato, Socrates and Sun Tzu wrote about the pollution of the body as well as the mind and soul.

Perspectives The earliest precursor of pollution generated by life forms would have been a natural function of their existence. The attendant consequences on viability and population levels fell within the sphere of natural selection. Thesewould have included the demise of a population locally or ultimately, species e

xtinction. Processes that were untenable would have resulted in a new balance brought about by changes and adaptations. At the extremes, for any form of life, consideration of pollution is superseded by that of survival.

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For mankind, the factor of technology is a distinguishing and critical consideration, both as an enabler and an additional source of byproducts. Short of survival, human concerns include the range from quality of life to health hazards. Since science holds experimental demonstration to be definitive, modern treatment o

f toxicity or environmental harm involves defining a level at which an effect isobservable. Common examples of fields where practical measurement is crucial in

clude automobile emissions control, industrial exposure (eg Occupational Safetyand Health Administration (OSHA) PELs), toxicology (eg LD50), and medicine (eg medication and radiation doses). "The solution to pollution is dilution", is a dictum which summarizes a traditional approach to pollution management whereby sufficiently diluted pollution is not harmful.[13][14] It is well-suited to some other modern, locally-scoped applications such as laboratory safety procedure andhazardous material release emergency management. But it assumes that the dilutant is in virtually unlimited supply for the application or that resulting dilutions are acceptable in all cases. Such simple treatment for environmental pollution on a wider scale might have had greater merit in earlier centuries when physic

al survival was often the highest imperative, human population and densities were lower, technologies were simpler and their byproducts more benign. But these are often no longer the case. Furthermore, advances have enabled measurement of concentrations not possible before. The use of statistical methods in evaluatingoutcomes has given currency to the principle of probable harm in cases where assessment is warranted but resorting to deterministic models is impractical or unfeasible. In addition, consideration of the environment beyond direct impact on human beings has gained prominence. Yet in the absence of a superseding principle, this older approach predominates practices throughout the world. It is the basis by which to gauge concentrations of effluent for legal release, exceeding which penalties are assessed or restrictions applied. The regressive cases are those where a controlled level of release is too high or, if enforceable, is neglected. Migration from pollution dilution to elimination in many cases is confronted

by challenging economical and technological barriers.

Greenhouse gases and global warming Main article: Global warming

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION Historical and projected CO2 emissions bycountry. Source: Energy Information Administration.[15][16]Carbon dioxide, whilevital for photosynthesis, is sometimes referred to as pollution, because raisedlevels of the gas in the atmosphere are affecting the Earth's climate. Disrupti

on of the environment can also highlight the connection between areas of pollution that would normally be classified separately, such as those of water and air.

Recent studies have investigated the potential for long-term rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide to cause slight but critical increases in the acidityof ocean waters, and the possible effects of this on marine ecosystems.

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WATER POLLUTION AND SOCIETYOMTEX

INTRODUCTION

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Comprising over 70% of the Earths surface, water is undoubtedly the most preciousnatural resource that exists on our planet. Without the seemingly invaluable co

mpound comprised of hydrogen and oxygen, life on Earth would be non-existent: itis essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper. Although we as h

umans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans. Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate. In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our ability to use water for recreational purposes. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.

POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCESAccording to the American College Dictionary, pollution is defined as: to make foul or unclean; dirty. Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water. When it is unfit for its intended use, water is considered polluted. Two types of water p

ollutants exist; point source and nonpoint source. Point sources of pollution occur when harmful substances are emitted directly into a body of water. The ExxonValdez oil spill best illustrates a point source water pollution. A nonpoint so

urce delivers pollutants indirectly through environmental changes. An example ofthis type of water pollution is when fertilizer from a field is carried into a

stream by rain, in the form of run-off which in turn effects aquatic life. The technology exists for point sources of

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION pollution to be monitored and regulated, although political factors may complicate matters. Nonpoint sources are much moredifficult to control. Pollution arising from nonpoint sources accounts for a ma

jority of the contaminants in streams and lakes.

CAUSES OF POLLUTION

Many causes of pollution including sewage and fertilizers contain nutrients suchas nitrates and phosphates. In excess levels, nutrients over stimulate the grow

th of aquatic plants and algae. Excessive growth of these types of organisms consequently clogs our waterways, use up dissolved oxygen as they decompose, and block light to deeper waters. This, in turn, proves very harmful to aquatic organisms as it affects the respiration ability or fish and other invertebrates that reside in water. Pollution is also caused when silt and other suspended solids, such as soil, washoff plowed fields, construction and logging sites, urban areas,and eroded river banks when it rains. Under natural conditions, lakes, rivers,

and other water bodies undergo Eutrophication, an aging process that slowly fills in the water body with sediment and organic matter. When these sediments enter

various bodies of water, fish respirationbecomes impaired, plant productivity and water depth become reduced, and aquatic organisms and their environments become suffocated. Pollution in the form of organic material enters waterways in many different forms as sewage, as leaves and grass clippings, or as runoff from livestock feedlots and pastures. When natural bacteria and protozoan in the waterbreak down this organic material, they begin to use up the oxygen dissolved in the water. Many types of fish and bottomdwelling animals cannot survive when levels of dissolved oxygen drop below two to five parts per million. When this occurs, it kills aquatic organisms in large numbers which leads to disruptions in thefood chain.

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Polluted River in the United KingdomThe pollution of rivers and streams with chemical contaminants has become one ofthe most crutial environmental problems within the 20th century. Waterborne che

mical pollution entering rivers and streams cause tramendous amounts of destruct

ion.

Pathogens are another type of pollution that prove very harmful. They can causemany illnesses that range from typhoid and dysentery to minor respiratory and skin diseases. Pathogens include such organisms as bacteria, viruses, and protozoan. These pollutants enter waterways through untreated sewage, storm drains, septic tanks, runoff from farms, and particularly boats that dump sewage. Though microscopic, these pollutants have a tremendous effect evidenced by their ability to cause sickness.

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ADDITIONAL FORMS OF WATER POLLUTIONThree last forms of water pollution exist in the forms of petroleum, radioactivesubstances, and heat. Petroleum often pollutes waterbodies in the form of oil,

resulting from oil spills. The previously mentioned Exxon Valdez is an example o

f this type of water pollution. These large-scale accidental discharges of petroleum are an important cause of pollution along shore lines. Besides the supertankers, off-shore drilling operations contribute a large share of pollution. One estimate is that one ton of oil is spilled for every million tons of oil transported. This is equal to about 0.0001 percent. Radioactive substances are producedin the form of waste from nuclear power plants, and from the industrial, medical, and scientific use of radioactive materials. Specific forms of waste are uranium and thorium mining and refining. The last form of water pollution is heat. Heat is a pollutant because increased temperatures result in the deaths of many aquatic organisms. These decreases in temperatures are caused when a discharge ofcooling water by factories and power plants occurs.

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Demonstrators Protest DrillingOil pollution is a growing problem, particularly devestating to coastal wildlife. Small quantities of oil spread rapidly across long distances to form deadly oil slicks. In this picture, demonstrators with "oil-covered" plastic animals prot

est a potential drilling project in Key Largo, Florida. Whether or not accidental spills occur during the project, its impact on the delicate marine ecosystem of the coral reefs could be devastating.

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Oil Spill Clean-upWorkers use special nets to clean up a California beach after an oil tanker spill. Tanker spills are an increasing environmental problem because once oil has spilled, it is virtually impossible to completely remove or contain it. Even small

amounts spread rapidly across large areas of water. Because oil and water do not mix, the oil floats on the water and then washes up on broad expanses of shoreline. Attempts to chemically treat or sink the oil may further disrupt marine and beach ecosystems.

CLASSIFYING WATER POLLUTION

The major sources of water pollution can be classified as municipal, industrial,and agricultural. Municipal water pollution consists of waste water from homes

and commercial establishments. For many years, the main goal of treating municipal wastewater was simply to reduce its content of suspended solids, oxygendemanding materials, dissolved inorganic compounds, and harmful bacteria. In recent ye

ars, however, more stress has been placed on improving means of disposal of thesolid residues from the municipal treatment processes. The basic methods of treating municipal wastewater fall into three stages: primary

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION treatment, including grit removal, screening, grinding, and sedimentation; secondary treatment, which entails oxidation ofdissolved organic matter by means of using biologically active sludge, which isthen filtered off; and tertiary treatment, in which advanced biological methodsof nitrogen removal and chemical and physical methods such as granular filtrati

on and activated carbon absorption are employed. The handling and disposal of so

lid residues can account for 25 to 50 percent of the capital and operational costs of a treatment plant. The characteristics of industrial waste waters can differ considerably both within and among industries. The impact of industrial discharges depends not only on their collective characteristics, such as biochemicaloxygen demand and the amount of suspended solids, but also on their content of specific inorganic and organic substances. Three options are available in controlling industrial wastewater. Control can take place at the point of generation inthe plant; wastewater can be pretreated for discharge to municipal treatment so

urces; or wastewater can be treated completely at the plant and either reused ordischarged directly into receiving waters.

Wastewater Treatment

Raw sewage includes waste from sinks, toilets, and industrial processes. Treatment of the sewage is required before it can be safely buried, used, or released back into local water systems. In a treatment plant, the waste is passed througha series of screens, chambers, and chemical processes to reduce its bulk and toxicity. The three general phases of treatment are primary, secondary, and tertiary. During primary treatment, a large percentage of the suspended solids and inorganic material is removed from the sewage. The focus of secondary

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION treatment is reducing organic material byaccelerating natural biological processes. Tertiary treatment is necessary whenthe water will be reused; 99 percent of solids are removed and various chemicalprocesses are used to ensure the water is as free from impurity as possible.

Agriculture, including commercial livestock and poultry farming, is the source o

f many organic and inorganic pollutants in surface waters and groundwater. Thesecontaminants include both sediment from erosion cropland and compounds of phosp

horus and nitrogen that partly originate in animal wastes and commercial fertilizers. Animal wastes are high in oxygen demanding material, nitrogen and phosphorus, and they often harbor pathogenic organisms. Wastes from commercial feeders are contained and disposed of on land; their main threat to natural waters, therefore, is from runoff and leaching. Control may involve settling basins for liquids, limited biological treatment in aerobic or anaerobic lagoons, and a varietyof other methods.

GROUND WATERNinety-five percent of all fresh water on earth is ground water. Ground water is

found in natural rock formations. These formations, called aquifers, are a vital natural resource with many uses. Nationally, 53% of the population relies on ground water as a source of drinking water. In rural areas this figure is even higher. Eighty one percent of community water is dependent on ground water. Although the 1992 Section 305(b) State Water Quality Reports indicate that, overall, the Nations ground water quality is good to excellent, many local areas have experienced significant ground water contamination. Some examples are leaking underground storage tanks and municipal landfills.

LEGISLATIONSeveral forms of legislation have been passed in recent decades to try to control water pollution. In 1970, the

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION Clean Water Act provided 50 billion dollars to cities and states to build wastewater facilities. This has helped control surface water pollution from industrial and municipal sources throughout the United States. When congress passed the Clean Water Act in 1972, states were given primary authority to set their own standards for their water. In addition to these standards, the act required that all state beneficial uses and their criteria

must comply with the fishable and swimmable goals of the act. This essentially means that state beneficial uses must be able to support aquatic life and recreational use. Because it is impossible to test water for every type of disease-causing organism, states usually look to identify indicator bacteria. One for a example is a bacteria known as fecal coliforms.(Figure 1 shows the quality of water for each every state in the United States, click on the US link). These indicatorbacteria suggest that a certain selection of water may be contaminated with untreated sewage and that other, more dangerous, organisms are present. These legislations are an important part in the fight against water pollution. They are useful in preventing Envioronmental catastrophes. The graph shows reported pollutionincidents since 1989-1994. If stronger legislations existed, perhaps these even

ts would never have occurred.

figure 1

GLOBAL WATER POLLUTIONEstimates suggest that nearly 1.5 billion people lack safe drinking water and that at least 5 million deaths per year can be attributed to waterborne diseases.With over 70 percent of the planet covered by oceans, people have long acted asif these very bodies of water could serve as a limitless dumping ground for wastes. Raw sewage, garbage, and oil spills have begun to overwhelm the diluting capabilities of the oceans, and most coastal waters are now polluted. Beaches around the world are closed regularly, often because of high amounts of bacteria fromsewage disposal, and marine wildlife is beginning to suffer.

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WATER QUALITYWater quality is closely linked to water use and to the state of economic development. In industrialized countries, bacterial contamination of surface water caused serious health problems in major cities throughout the mid 1800s. By the turn

of the century, cities in Europe and North America began building sewer networks to route domestic wastes downstream of water intakes. Development of these sewage networks and waste treatment facilities in urban areas has expanded tremendously in the past two decades. However, the rapid growth of the urban population(especially in Latin America and Asia) has outpaced the ability of governments to expand sewage and water infrastructure. While waterborne diseases have been eliminated in the developed world, outbreaks of cholera and other similar diseasesstill occur with alarming frequency in the developing countries. Since World Wa

r II and the birth of the chemical age, water quality has been heavily impacted worldwide by industrial and agricultural chemicals. Eutrophication of surface waters from human and agricultural wastes and nitrification of groundwater from agricultural practices has greatly affected large parts of the world. Acidification

of surface waters by air pollution is a recent phenomenon and threatens aquaticlife in many area of the world. In developed countries, these general types of pollution have occurred sequentially with the result that most developed countries have successfully dealt with major surface water pollution. In contrast, however, newly industrialized countries such as

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION China, India, Thailand, Brazil, and Mexicoare now facing all these issues simultaneously.

CONCLUSIONClearly, the problems associated with water pollution have the capabilities to disrupt life on our planet to a great extent. Congress has passed laws to try to

combat water pollution thus acknowledging the fact that water pollution is, indeed, a seriousissue. But the government alone cannot solve the entire problem. Itis ultimately up to us, to be informed, responsible and involved when it comes

to the problems we face with our water. We must become familiar with our local water resources and learn about ways for disposing harmful household wastes so they dont end up in sewage treatment plants that cant handle them or landfills not designed to receive hazardous materials. In our yards, we must determine whetheradditional nutrients are needed before fertilizers are applied, and look for alternatives where fertilizers might run off into surface waters. We have to preserve existing trees and plant new trees and shrubs to help prevent soil erosion and promote infiltration of water into the soil. Around our houses, we must keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out of gutters and storm drains. T

hese are just a few of the many ways in which we, as humans, have the ability tocombat water pollution. As we head into the 21st century, awareness and education will most assuredly continue to be the two most important ways to prevent water pollution. If these measures are not taken and water pollution continues, life on earth will suffer severely. Global environmental collapse is not inevitable. But the developed world must work with the developing world to ensure that newindustrialized economies do not add to the world's environmental problems. Poli

ticians must think of sustainable development rather than economic expansion. Conservation

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OMTEX CLASSESTHE HOME OF TEXT PROJECT ON POLLUTION strategies have to become more widely accepted, and people must learn that energy use can be dramatically diminished without sacrificing comfort. In short, with the technology that currently exists, theyears of global environmental mistreatment can begin to be reversed.

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to environmental groups, as in many cases the long term effects of these specific chemicals is not known.Restrictions came into force in July 1985 and were so frequently broken that in 1987, formal proceedings were taken against the Britishgovernment. Britain is still the only European state to use Aldrin and organochlorines, although it was supposed to stop in 1993. East Anglia has the worst record for pesticide contamination of drinking water. Of the 350 pesticides used inBritain, only 50 can be analyzed, which is worrying for the global community. [

edit] Burial Burial is the technique used by Jews, Muslims, Christians and otherreligions with Abrahamic influence, to dispose off the corpse of dead humans and animals. This process leads to regular soil erosion due to loosening of soil.Also, the decomposing fluids act as poisonous herbicides, pesticides and may even lead to epidemics in surrounding areas. It leads to soil pollution, soil erosion and even water pollution. [2] Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_pollution" Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from January 2008 All articles lacking sources

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8750496-Pollutions