8403667 Biography of Mahatma Gandhi

8/13/2019 8403667 Biography of Mahatma Gandhi

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BIOGRAPHY OF MAHATMA GANDHI : Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wasborn on October ! "#$% in Porbandar! India& He became one o' the mostres(ected s(irit)a* and (o*itica* *eaders o' the "%++,s& Gandhi-i he*(ed 'ree theIndian (eo(*e 'rom British r)*e thro).h non/io*ent resistance! and is honored b0

Indians as the 'ather o' the Indian Nation&

The Indian (eo(*e ca**ed Gandhi1i ,Mahatma,! meanin. Great 2o)*& At the a.e o'"3 Gandhi married Kast)rba! a .ir* the same a.e& Their (arents arran.ed themarria.e& The Gandhis had 'o)r chi*dren& Gandhi st)died *aw in 4ondon andret)rned to India in "#%" to (ractice& In "#%3 he too5 on a one60ear contract to do*e.a* wor5 in 2o)th A'rica&

At the time the British contro**ed 2o)th A'rica& 7hen he attem(ted to c*aim hisri.hts as a British s)b1ect he was ab)sed! and soon saw that a** Indians s)''eredsimi*ar treatment& Gandhi sta0ed in 2o)th A'rica 'or " 0ears wor5in. to sec)reri.hts 'or Indian (eo(*e&

He de/e*o(ed a method o' action based )(on the (rinci(*es o' co)ra.e!

non/io*ence and tr)th ca**ed 2at0a.raha& He be*ie/ed that the wa0 (eo(*e beha/eis more im(ortant than what the0 achie/e& 2at0a.raha (romoted non/io*ence andci/i* disobedience as the most a((ro(riate methods 'or obtainin. (o*itica* andsocia* .oa*s& In "%"8 Gandhi ret)rned to India& 7ithin "8 0ears he became the*eader o' the Indian nationa*ist mo/ement&

9sin. the (rinci(*es o' 2at0a.raha he *ed the cam(ai.n 'or Indian inde(endence'rom Britain& Gandhi was arrested man0 times b0 the British 'or his acti/ities in2o)th A'rica and India& He be*ie/ed it was honorab*e to .o to 1ai* 'or a 1)st ca)se&A*to.ether he s(ent se/en 0ears in (rison 'or his (o*itica* acti/ities&

More than once Gandhi )sed 'astin. to im(ress )(on others the need to benon/io*ent& India was .ranted inde(endence in "%;! and (artitioned into India

and Pa5istan& Riotin. between Hind)s and M)s*ims 'o**owed& Gandhi had been anad/ocate 'or a )nited India where Hind)s and M)s*ims *i/ed to.ether in (eace&

On -an)ar0 "3! "%#! at the a.e o' ;#! he be.an a 'ast with the ()r(ose o'sto((in. the b*oodshed& A'ter 8 da0s the o((osin. *eaders (*ed.ed to sto( the'i.htin. and Gandhi bro5e his 'ast& Twe*/e da0s *ater a Hind) 'anatic! Nath)ramGodse who o((osed his (ro.ram o' to*erance 'or a** creeds and re*i.ionassassinated him&

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Photos of Mahatma Gandhi -The Father of the Nation.

Rabindranath Ta.ore was born into a distin.)ished Ben.a*i 'ami*0 in <a*c)tta!7est Ben.a* on "#$"& His 'ather,s name was the Maharishi Debendranath Ta.ore!

a we** 5nown Hind) re'ormer and m0stic and his mother was 2hrimati 2haradaDe/i&

Ta.ore recei/ed his ed)cation at home&He was ta).ht in Ben.a*i! with =n.*ish*essons in the a'ternoon& He read the Ben.a*i (oets since his ear*0 a.e andhimse*' be.an writin. (oetr0 himse*' b0 the a.e o' ei.ht&

Rabindranath Ta.ore did ha/e a brie' s(e** at 2t >a/ier,s -es)it schoo*! b)t 'o)ndthe con/entiona* s0stem o' ed)cation )ncon.enia*&

His 'ather wanted him to become a barrister and he was sent to =n.*and 'or thisreason&

In =n.*and! Ta.ore heard -ohn Bri.ht and 7&=&G*adstone s(ea5 and was hi.h*0im(ressed and ins(ired b0 their ?*ar.e6hearted! radica* *ibera*ism&?

In "#;%! he enro**ed at 9ni/ersit0 <o**e.e! at 4ondon! b)t was ca**ed bac5 b0 his'ather to ret)rn to India in "##+&

B0 *##3 he was married& Ta.ore,s 'ami*0 chose his bride! an a*most i**iterate .ir*o' ten named Bhabatarini @renamed Mrina*ini! whom he married with *itt*eceremon0&

The0 were to ha/e 'o)r chi*dren! the e*dest was born when Mrina*ini was "3&Howe/er! Mrina*ini died at the a.e o' 3+&

From "#%+! Ta.ore had )nderta5en the mana.ement o' his 'ami*0 estates&

His ear*iest (oetic co**ections Manasi @*#%+! Chitra @"#%8 and Sonar Tari @"#%8)sed co**o)ia* Ben.a*i instead o' the )s)a* archaic *iterar0 'orm&

In "%+" he 'o)nded the 'amo)s 2hantini5etan near <a*c)tta& This was desi.ned to(ro/ide a traditiona* ashram and 7estern ed)cation& He be.an with 8 ()(i*s and8 teachers @three o' whom were <hristian& His idea*s were sim(*icit0 o' *i/in. andthe c)*ti/ation o' bea)t0&

In "%"! Ta.ore /isited Britain a.ain and his own =n.*ish trans*ation o' Gitanjaliwas ()b*ished )nder Yeats, a)s(ices& A *ect)re to)r o' Britain and the 92A'o**owed&

In "%"3! he was awarded the 'amo)s Nobe* PriCe and )sed the (riCe mone0 toim(ro/e his schoo* at 2hantini5etan&



A(art 'rom his (oetr0! he he*d ma1or ehibitions o' his (aintin.s in the 7est& Hewas a*so a noted com(oser& His wor5s and his *i'e in'*)enced 'i*m director 2hri2at0a1it Ra0! who had been one o' his ()(i*s&

Ta.ore was not (o*itica**0 moti/ated and tried to harmonise the /iews o' east andwest&

In A).)st "%"! 2hri Rabindranath Ta.ore was mo/ed 'rom 2hantini5etan ashramto <a*c)tta 'or an o(eration&

In the same 0ear i&e "%"! he (asses awa0 in the same ho)se in which he wasborn in&

TH= =ND

1700

The Dakota replaced the Arikara (Balani, Aricaria or Arikarees) at Red ake! The "#i$%a %o&ld'ollo% the Dakota! The o%er &arter People %ere located near Raleih, *orth Carolina a$o&t

this ti+e!

A illae o' "#i$%a is located in Barron Co&nt-, .isconsin!

The "#i$%a e''ectiel- cleared the Iro/&ois 'ro+ so&thern "ntario hain destro-ed ten to%nskillin so+e 1,00 %arriors! The Iro/&ois especiall- the oha%k are historical ene+ies o' the2rench and $- 1345 a$o&t one h&ndred and 'i't- oha%k 'a+ilies had 'led to a resere at A&&lt6aint o&is (Ca&hna%aa) near ontreal and $- 1700 nearl- t%o thirds o' all oha%k had 'ledto Canada! The rand Plan had 'ailed and the ea&e o' *ations 'ra+ented thro%inthe+seles on the +erc- o' the 2rench! "ther acco&nts sa- Red ake, "ntario is inha$ited $- $oth the Cree and the Dakota at this ti+e! This %o&ld i+pl- peace'&l coe8istence9

The "#i$%a o' ichili+ackinac Island are sharin island %ith the displaced "tta%a!

The *atche: an Alon/&ian people are $elieed to $e the last o' the o&nd B&ilder c&lt&re presentl- $ein dis$&rsed 'ro+ their lands $- the 2rench! The o&nd B&ildin c&lt&re dates $ack to ;00 B!C!

The andan *ation o' the Dakotas n&+$ered a$o&t 4,000 people and is tradin into Canada andthe reat akes and alread- possesses E&ropean trade oods! The- +aintained t%o cities, one'or s&++er %here the- raised their crops and one 'or %inter in the 'orests that are '&ll o' a+eand '&el 'or their 'ires! There is no 'ear that other people %o&ld occ&p- their cit- in theira$sence!

The Alon/&ian had slo%l- reocc&pied the lands o' <&ron, Pet&n (To$acco) and *e&tral aro&ndakes "ntario, Erie and <&ron! The 2rench $ean callin these ne% people "#i$%a! These

people %ho are so&th o' the lakes are in a +i8t&re o' all 'or+er tri$es %ho are taken in $- the"#i$%a d&rin the reat Iro/&ois p&re! 6o+e contend the "#i$%a 2east o' the Dead is $einreplaced $- the ide%i%in cere+on- at this ti+e! The oriin o' the edicine 6ociet- $ean%hen disease, distress and death entered the land o' the People! The reat 6pirit spoke to his people sa-in, there is not a 'lo%er that $&ds, ho%eer s+all, that is not 'or so+e %ise p&rpose,there is not a $lade o' rass, ho%eer insini'icant, that the "#i$%a does not re/&ire! earninthis, and actin in accordance %ith these tr&ths, %ill %ork o&t -o&r o%n ood, and %ill please-o&r od! This +edicine societ- %o&ld $eco+e inoled in all '&t&re neotiations %ith thePeople and E&ropeans!



The Atsina %ho $eca+e the ros =entre o' the Plains is $elieed to hae separated 'ro+ theArapho a$o&t this ti+e! The are $elieed to hae +irated into the ilk Rier reion o'ontana and Al$erta and east to so&thern 6askatche%an! The <idatsa is leain the Red Rier=alle-, so+e sa- the- are drien o&t $- the "#i$%a $&t this appears to $e &n'o&nded spec&lation!

The Beaer People +irated 'ro+ north o' the Peace Rier co&ntr- to 6trathcona co&ntr- #&st

so&th o' the '&t&re 2ort Ed+onton, Al$erta! The area $eca+e kno%n as Beaer <ills!The Pas/&otank and Alon/&ian People lied alon the north side o' Al$e+arle 6o&nd, *orthCarolina!

The laciers in the Rock- o&ntains, Ban'', Al$erta adanced in the earl- 1700>s

ost o' the Plains People are a%are that the .hite en are penetratin %est%ard!

The Enlish slae ship <enriette arie sank ; +iles o'' ?e- .est, 2lorida, on its %a- $ack toE&rope! It had deliered 144 capt&red A'ricans to a slae $roker in @a+aica in e8chane 'ors&ar and other oods $o&nd 'or Enland!

The period o' 1700 to 170 is the last sini'icant 'illin $- the Colorado Rier o' the 6alton 6eain the I+perial =alle- o' 6o&thern Cali'ornia! The =alle- is 557 'eet $elo% sea leel!

The ?&tenal (?ootena-) o' To$acco Plains, B!C! and .aterton, Al$erta are irt&all- %iped o&t $- s+allpo8!

a- 14, the <enriette arie an Enlish slaer ship ret&rnin to Enland 'o&ndered on *e%ro&nd Ree', ; +iles o'' ?e- .est, 2lordia! All a$oard perished at sea! A'ricans %ere pre'erred as slaes as the A+erican Indian slaes %ere +ore likel- to 'lee!

1701

The 6e%ee People o' 6io&an oriin are liin alon the 6antee Rier in 6o&th Carolina and%o&ld later #oin the Cata%$as o' 6o&th Carolina!

1705

! le Chealier de Bea&rain in o&isiana recorded $ased on Indian in'or+ation that theAssini$oine (6io&8) People in Canada shortl- a'ter the arrial o' the <&dson Ba- Co+pan-(1370) that the Cree had o$tained &ns 'orcin the Cree to alin %ith the+ there$- $eco+inene+ies %ith the 6io&8! This in itsel' is not that interestin $&t the 'act that ne%s had traeled'ro+ Canada to the &l' o' e8ico is sini'icant!

Colonel Ben#a+in Ch&rch (13;1717) called the >6/&a% ?iller> %as ien instr&ctions inassach&setts to $&rn, pl&nder, destro- and et spoils %here eer landed in Acadia! The- %eretold to sa- their dail- pra-ers and no 'o&l lan&ae! (6/&a% deried 'ro+ isk%ao is a er-ins&ltin Enlish %ord!)

The P&ritan elders o' assach&setts o''ered

100 $o&nt- 'or each +ale Indian scalped oer 15 -ears ae10 $o&nt- 'or each +ale Indian taken prisoner 0 $o&nt- 'or each 'e+ale or child scalped 0 $o&nt- 'or each 'e+ale or child taken prisoner

170;

The ?in o' 2rance o&is I= is concerned that the kin>s presents >Presents d& Ro-> %o&ld $erearded as o$liator- pa-+ent, a kind o' tri$&te, a price o' o&r 'riendship! In 1707 the order



%as ien to red&ce the presents little $- little &ntil s&ch ti+e as the- can $e c&t o'' entirel-!Instead the tri$&te contin&ed &ntil the British con/&est!

Pachade is a illae o' Christiani:ed Indians that lied iddle$oro, assach&setts!

2lorida %hite settlers kill +ore than 500 Apalachee and sell +ore than 1,00 capties intoslaer-!

170

A n&+$er o' Catholic Iro/&ois (oha%ks) settled in the illae at ake o' the T%o o&ntains("ka), &e$ec (near ontreal) to lie a+on the Alon/&ins %ho %ere esta$lished there sincethe 1370>s! A short ti+e later the- %ere #oined $- a $and o' *ipissins! B- 1451 the illaeincl&ded oha%ks, *ipissin, "tta%a, Alon/&in, A$nakis and etis!

The Enlish destro-ed the Apalachee illae o' =asisa in @e''erson Co&nt-, 2lordia!

1704

A cens&s in 6o&th Carolina records the o%nership o' 1,00 Indian slaes $- %hite plantation

o%ners!

170F

@es&it 2ather Antoine 6il- o$sered o' the "#i$%a, one $eca+e a leader (chie') onl- $- thedeeds he had done, $- the 'riendships he str&ck %hen -o&n and $- the i'ts he ies! eadersare &s&all- the %orst clad o' the tri$e as theae a%a- eer-thin! "ne con'&sin aspect o'natie li'e is that %ar leaders are not necessaril- the leaders o' the h&nt or leaders o' the co&ncilor the spokesperson 'or the tri$e! The 2rench co&ld not co+prehend a de+ocratic +ethod o'oernin! This realit- %o&ld ca&se +&ch con'&sion oer the ne8t t%o cent&ries! The 2rench,and Enlish %o&ld start a relentless ca+pain to indoctrination prora+ to hae one chie'represent the People in all thins! The "#i$%a ho%eer &nlike the E&ropean>s %o&ld not like

$r&tes $e %hipped into d&t- $- a chie' sinle leader (ino or treachero&s one)! The- %o&ld as+en $e pers&aded to the riht $- consens&s! The E&ropean concept o' one ?in, one Pope andone Reliion and there'ore one Chie' %as as 'orein to the People as the concept o' de+ocrac-,and 'reedo+ %as to the E&ropeans!

1710

The 6nake peoples on the prairies are &sin horses that dra+aticall- $ean eli+inatin +ost o'the prairie 'ar+in practices! The horse %o&ld chane their %a- o' li'e to 'oc&s +ore on theh&nt!

6o+e earl- residence o' a Pointe, .isconsin s&ests the 'irst E&ropean to settle per+anentl-at a Pointe occ&rred this -ear!

ean%hile so+e o' the 'ra+ented Iro/&ois appealed to &een Anne in ondon 'or assistanceaainst the 2rench in an atte+pt to res&rrect their rand Plan!

Tho+as *airne o' the Carolinia>s reported that slaer- depredations had $ro&ht in and sold+an- h&ndreds o' Indian slaes so that in so+e 'e% -ears the- %ill $e red&ced these $ar$ariansto 'ar less n&+$ers!

Chattooka a illae o' *e&se People is displaced $- a er+an colon- this -ear! The *e&se aresaid to hae +oed to lie a+on the T&scarora!



*or%a->s laciers are adancin at ;54 'eet (100 +eters) per -ear 'ro+ 1710 to 17; as a res&lto' the ittle Ice Ae (10140)! This con'ir+s the lo$al nat&re and the d&ration o' the lo$alcoolin!

1711

The British chartered the 6o&th 6ea Co+pan- iin it do+inion oer the %est coast o' A+ericato a distance o' ;00 lea&es o&t to sea! British essels &ntil 14;; %ere re/&ired to ac/&irelicenses 'ro+ the co+pan- as %ell as the East India Co+pan-!

anito& is the od o' the Illinois it is he %ho is the aster o' i'e!

6epte+$er 11 The T&scarora .ar $ean %ith the +assacre o' settlers in *orth Carolina,'ollo%in %hite encroach+ent o' their lands and the enslae+ent o' their children! TheT&scarora, %ith the achap&na, Pa+lico, Coree and others attack the settle+ent at Pa+licoRier killin 1;0 colonists! The attack a to%n in *orthern Carolina %ith the Coree *ationkillin 70 settlers!

1715

The T&scarora *ation aain declares %ar aainst *orth Carolina in retaliation 'or the kidnappinand sellin o' their people into slaer-! *orth Caroline retaliates $- attackin T&scarora killinF0 T&scarora!

171;

Colonel @ohn Barn%ell, the co++ander o' 6o&th Carolina 'orces o''ered 'or sale the capt&redT&scarora! The T&scarora %ar (17111714) dries the People into the the Iro/&ois Con'ederac-!

175

The oollon People are Apache %ho lied in the +o&ntains o' oollon, *e% e8ico andAri:ona! The na+e o' the +o&ntains is na+ed a'ter the 6panish oernor o' *e% e8ico @&an

Inacio 2lores oollon!

171;

The distri$&tion o' >Presents d& Ro-> to the Indians that nor+all- took place at ontreal is no%located at Port To&lo&se in Cape Breton 'or the ariti+e *ations!

171

The T&scarora 'ro+ 6o&th Carolina hain lost their %ar +oed north and #oined the Iro/&ois!

The A$enaki People occ&pied Antionish, *oa 6cotia at this ti+e!

171

British o''icers tried to et the >n&>k ( ic+ac) to s%ear alleiance to ?in eore I! The>n&>k ( ic+ac) held co&ncil and concl&ded the- did not %ant an- kin to sa- that he had taken possession o' their lands! The >n&>k ( ic+ac) had neer ceded rihts to the 2rench as the- areallies and $rothers and the >n&>k ( ic+ac) are still independent! The- $elieed that land is no+ore o%ned $- h&+an $eins than is the air or the sea! The >n&>k ( ic+ac) had &ardianshiprihts to protect the land and ani+als! reat care and tri$&te are re/&ired %hen crossin thenat&ral &ardianships o' other peoples! The Enlish did not care to &nderstand this *e% .orld philosoph-, it is a %ellkno%n E&ropean a% that +iht is riht %hen it co+es to o%nership!





Bia&s%ah the son o' Bia&s%ah and +an- "#i$%a 'ro+ 6a&lt 6te arie, rand Portae and aPointe +arched aainst the Dakotas to sec&re 6and- ake (?ah+etah%&na&+a or lake o' thesand- %aters)! It is 'ro+ 6and- ake the "#i$%a sec&red eech, .innipe, Cass, Red, &ll andCro% .in akes 'or their '&r trade! The "#i$%a $eliee the ros =entres or ia&ethinine%&(+en o' olden ti+es) occ&pied this reion $e'ore the Dakota! The ros =entres traditions&ests the- once lied on the +o&th o' the 6aannah Rier near 6and- ake! The ros =entreare noted to $e c&lt&rall- alined %ith the andans!

171F

The In&it o' a$rador told the 2rench that +an- E&ropeans had settled a+on their tri$es oerthe -ears, the latest $ein a ship%recked sailor called ood"ld*icholas!

1750

2"RT 6A6UE6A<A*"?2ort 6as/&esahanok is an Iro/&ois =illae 2ort so&th o' the reat akes!This sketch is +ade in 1750 $&t the artist e+$ellished it $- addin a co%,sheep and oat alon %ith +ore so&thern eetation! This is an i+portant

point to re+e+$er a$o&t earl- E&ropean a&thors, artists and e8plorers thatthe- tended to e8aerate thins and so+e ti+es resorted to o&triht l-into enhance their position! The people considered l-in one o' the +ost

serio&s o''ences $&t loed an e+$ellished stor- to clari'- a point! In their +ind the e+$ellishedIro/&ois 'ort represents the adanced aric&lt&ral stat&s o' the people!

There is indications that the Cree o' the Canadian 6hield is shi'tin %est%ard %hich is thereerse o' the oriinal +iration! 6eeral $ands had +oed 'ro+ 2ort Al$an- to Port *elson totrade! The Cree said the Echeepoes or "#i$%a are threatenin to kill an- Cree %ho traded at 2ortAl$an- accordin to a report 'ro+ @oseph a-att!

<ans P! Eede, a &theran +inister, %as responsi$le 'or the recoloni:ation o' reenland %asdeter+ined to 'ind the old *orse settlers and conert the+ to the &theran 'aith! <e settled in

so&th%estern reenland and 'o&nd no s&riors o' the *orse colon- that had n&+$ered &p to,000 people at one ti+e! <e then la$ored to conert the Eski+o to Christianit-! <e is attri$&tedin dispellin the +-th that Eski+os %orship the s&n and practice canni$alis+! <e consideredthe+ r&de, &nclean $&t 'la%less and nearl- a no$le people!

The Eski+o or In&it as the- call the+seles lied in il& (iloo) +ade o&t o' ice or sod and+eans ho+e or d%ellin! The a$rador sod ho&ses %ere called Il&ksoat&lliars&k!

The Eno o' *orth Carolina %ere a er- peace'&l tri$e and %ho had reat 'ar+s disappeared this-ear! The- %ere $elieed to hae #oined the Cata%$a o' 6o&th Carolina!

Pontiac an "tta%a is $orn in "hio, killed in 173F! <e orani:ed all the People north %est o' the"hio Rier to drie the British 'ro+ their lands $eca&se o' ra% treat+ent that he receied 'ro+

the Enlish! All the 'orts o' the reat akes 'ell to his ar+- sae Detroit and 2ort Pitt! <e +ade peace %ith the Enlish A&&st 17, 173!

The @es&its arrie Ba#a Cali'ornia Penins&la 13F7 esta$lished a +ission and +oed so&th in 1750to esta$lish a +ission into Peric& Indian territor- and %ere drien o&t $- the Peric& People in17;! The Peric& %ere one o' the 'e% people o' the Cali'ornia coast to &se $oats, nets andharpoons %ith incl&ded 0 o' their diet! The 6panish had tried to settle the land $&t their crops%ere &ns&ccess'&l and the- had to +oe on! The Peric& people had kno%n ho% to harest and process the lethal plant li'e $&t o$io&sl- didn>t share this technolo-!

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@&ne 13 Pedro de =illas&r %ith soldiers and 30 P&e$lo Indians ent&red 'ro+ 6anta 2e, *e%e8ico to *e$raska to deal %ith the 2rench trader %ho are a+on the Pa%nee People &p theisso&ri Rier! The 6panish ar+- is attacked at Col&+$&s, *e$raska $- the Pa%nees! TheP&e$lo People $ein 'ore%arned deserted the 6panish $e'ore the %ar $ean! Pedro %as killedand onl- 1; 6paniards +ade it $ack to 6anta 2e, *e% e8ico! 6pain $la+ed the 2rench 'ortheir de'eat $&t this %as &nproen! The etis ho%eer had told the People to #&st shoot theirhorses and the- can then $e easil- killed in their c&+$erso+e ar+or!

1751

*isso%a/&et (*issao&ako&ad) an "tta%a o' ichili+ackinac, ichian is +ade headspokesperson! <is sister Do+itilde +arried Charles de anlade o' .isconsin!

<ans P! Eede, a &theran +inister, deter+ined to 'ind and conert the =ikin Colon- settled inso&th%estern reenland! <e 'o&nd no =ikin $&t tried to conert the Eski+o to Christianit-!<e considered the Eski+o (In&it or G&it) to $e r&de and ph-sicall- &nclean $&t a stranel-'la%less and nearl- no$le people! <e 'inall- dispelled the 100 -ear $elie' ('a$le) in E&rope thatthe- %ere canni$als and %orshiped the s&n!

1755 Colonel .est$rook attacked and $&rned the A$naki illae o' o in aine!

175

The ?o&nao&ons People o' aine %ere allies o' the 2rench! The Enlish attacked and killed+an- A$naki in aine! The Enlish attacked the A$naki illae o' *orride%ock, ainedriin the people into other tri$es! *orride%ock +eans the people %ho lie near the still%ater, $et%een the rapids!

The Ga:oo People %ho lied alon the lo%er Ga:oo Rier in ississippi attacked the 2rench 2orton the rier and destro-ed it!

175

The Alon/&ian is str&lin %ith the 'orein E&ropean idea o' a 'e% actin 'or a %hole people!In the a$oriinal c&lt&res eer- person is e8pected to speak 'or the+seles and i+portant +attersa''ectin the %hole tri$e re/&ired e8tensie de$ate in eneral Co&ncil! The Enlish are insistinon %ritten treaties that the- considered are to $e honored in perpet&it-! The People considertreaties as coenants $et%een ro&ps o' indiid&als that did not hae to $e %ritten and 'ar 'ro+ $ein per+anent are rit&als re/&irin rene%al 'ro+ ti+e to ti+e %ith appropriate i't e8chanes pla-in an essential part! The People tradition is a d-na+ic eerreen re$irth and rene%al process o' colla$oration! The seasonal or ann&al rene%al rit&al is +ore i+portant than the treat-itsel'!

In this the- are enco&raed $- the 2rench %ho sined no %ritten treaties %ith their Alon/&ian

allies! The Enlish inla% spoke o' perpet&it- 'or their o%n rihts $&t acted in accord %ith theircoeto&s desires %here others> rihts are concerned! The >n&>k ( ic+ac) are the 'irst to recordthis strane loic!

Antoine a&lin the 'irst Canadian $orn Ro+an Catholic +issionar- to the Indians is ordered $-the 2rench to 'er+ent the %ar o' these saaes %ith the Enlish!

2e$r&ar- 50 The *e% <a+pshire +ilitia+en killed and scalped 10 sleepin Indians 'or theirscalp $o&nt-!



1757

"chaah the Cree, aided $- the Assini$oine lied a+on the andan (+eanin those %ho liealon the $ank o' the rier) and 'o&ht the Dakota 6io&8! The- %ere %ith Pierre a&ltier de=areness, 6ie&r de la =erendr-e and his sons> one o' %hich is killed in a Dakota 'iht and the-ret&rned to &e$ec 17;!

*oen$er 1 The Cree Indians lost all their propert- in the U6!

175F

The ake o' the .oods Cree carried i'ts to the "#i$%a o' a Pointe to e''ect a peace treat- andre/&est an alliance aainst the Dakota %ho are also in this area!!

The Gork 2actor- #o&rnal 'or this -ear stated @&ne 15, the <o+e Indians (Cree) report the6enipoetts (Assini$oine) are one to Ch&rchill this s&++er to trade, %hich %e are lad to hearo', the sa+e %e $ein in'or+ed 6epte+$er 1st this s&++er that the Poetts (6io&8) had destro-ed+ost o' o&r 6enipoetts (Assini$oine) $- the instiation o' the 2rench! It is +&ch to $e %ished 'orthat o&r +asters co&ld preent the 2renches constant enco&rain the poetts (6io&8) oin to %ar%ith +ost o' o&r Indians that resort to this place! ike%ise %ith those that oes to Al$an- 2ort!

.e hae $een in'or+ed $- +ost o' the &pland Indians this s&++er that the 2rench and eiht2rench %ood r&nners (Co&re&rs de Bois) %ent to %ar last s&++er %ith the Poetts (6io&8) aainsto&r 6inepoetts (Assini$oine) %ith a desin to destro- the+ or 'orce the+ to trade %ith the+!

The 2rench constr&cted 2ort Rosalie on the $l&''s o' the ississipi oerlookin the *atche:reat Cit-! 6ie&r Chepart ordered that the reat Cit- >.hite Apple> $e eac&ated 'or his ne% plantation site! The re+nants o' the once reat *atche: *ation decided to resist! The attackedthe 'orts thro&ho&t the ississippi =alle- killin 50 2rench and takin ;00 prisoners! 6ie&rChepart is capt&red and e8ec&ted!

*oe+$er 54 The *atche: Indians killed +ost o' the ;00 2rench settlers and soldiers at 2ortRosalie, o&isiana! The 2rench retaliate $- destro-in the *atche: illaes, capt&rin 0 *atche: %ho are sold into slaer- on the Island o' 6anto Do+ino!

17;0

The Assini$oine are drien 'ro+ their ho+elands alon the Rain- Rier east o' the ake o' the.oods $- the Dakota 6io&8 $ein enco&raed $- the 2rench!

(I).illia+ @ohnson, an Irish+an, a trader settled a+on the oha%ks and %as called.arrahi-ae- or an o' B&siness! <e took as %i'e 1st Catherine .eisen$er, a er+an irl%ho ae hi+ t%o s+all da&hters and a son $e'ore she diedJ 5nd +arriae Caroline theda&hter o' A$raha+ a oha%k chie' %ho had a D&tch second %i'e! <e $&ilt 2ort @ohnson onthe oha%k Rier $&t his second %i'e also died a'ter iin hi+ t%o etis irls and one etisson %ho %as na+ed .illia+ @ohnson $170J ;rd +arriae (170>s) to oll- $17;7 sister@oseph Brant $175, $oth oha%k!

The "#i$%a tradition recorded a +a#or $attle %ith the Dakota (6io&8) at the +o&th o' the Cro%.in Rier, innesota! 6i8t- "#i$%a led $- Bia&s%ah II enaed three h&ndred Dakota %hothe- said had destro-ed their illae at 6and- ake! The 'ihtin is reported to hae lasted 'orthree da-s! The "#i$%a reesta$lished their illae at 6and- ake and ent&red to Red ake andPe+$ina! "ther acco&nts s&est the Cree aided the "#i$%a aainst the Dekota! 6and- ake islocated in Cass Co&ntin innesota! The na+e +eans >the lake o' the sand- %aters>! It isnote%orth- that the 6and- ake Band takes its na+e 'ro+ this location!



Bia&s%ah II, o' a illae at 6and- ake and opposite the +o&th o' the east 6aanna Rier(innesota)! <e %as capt&red as a -o&th $- the 2o8 and his 'ather traded his li'e 'or his son>s,accordin to .illia+ .arren!

.hen the Dakota 'irst o$sered the horse the- called it the >sacred do!> The 6nake People inso&thern 6askatche%an are in possession o' the horse that the- called isst&ti+ +eanin $i

do! The Black'oot are also in possession o' the horse that the- also call the $i do!The <&dson Ba- Co+pan- reported the 'irst "#i$%a traders at their 'orts on the <&dson Ba-!The "#i$%a had #oined the ?enisteno and Assine$oins on their northern trade #o&rne- to <&dsonBa-! The Assine$oins had $een tradin +an- -ears %ith the Enlish!

@ohn .esle- noted that the Indians had e8ceedinl- 'e% diseases and their +edicines are /&ickand enerall- in'alli$le! Cotton ather %rote Indian healers prod&ce +an- c&res that are tr&l-st&pendo&s!

6hannopin>s to%n is an earl- tradin center located at Pitts$&rh, Penns-lania and %as +ainl-occ&pied $- the Dela%are People!

17;1

The 2rench o&t o' *e% "rleans asse+$led an ar+- and +arched on the *atche: destro-in theirnation and sellin all s&riors into slaer- in 6anto Do+ino! A 'e% s+all $ands 'o&ht on 'oranother -ear $e'ore $ein dispersed! These *atche: people o' the lo%er issippi &nlike theirnorthern $rothers practiced a 'or+ o' inherited kinship! The oldest son o' the kins sisters $eca+e the ne8t kin! .hen /&estioned %h-, the- said $eca&se the %o+$ can not lie! It is alsonote%orth- that the *atche: pl&cked their $eards %hereas the northern People are nat&rall- $eardless! Another note on interest is the *atche: lan&ae is not related to another lan&ae!Their tri$al oriin is not kno%n!

As late as this -ear the >ake o' the .oods> %as called >ake o' the Assini$oine>, -et 'e%Assini$oine resided in the area $ein drien o&t $- the Dakota hain $een enco&raed $- the2rench!

17;5

The ?io%a People %ere oriinall- located aro&nd the head o' the isso&ri Rier in ontana!e%is and Clark reported that the- lied alon the *orth Platte Rier $&t the- carried their %ar%ith the %hites as 'ar so&th as the D&rano Rier in Te8as! The 6panish 'irst recorded thee8istence o' this People this -ear!

17;;

The Alon/&ian is still str&lin %ith the E&ropean notion o' the Ro+an 2rench Ch&rch ienriht 'or the 2rench to $&- and sell People as %ell as the $lack A'rican people! "n a- 5FIntendant illes <oc/&art o' *e% 2rance had &pheld the cent&r- old r&le! It is tr&e, the *atiestake slaes and ae the+ to 'a+ilies in need $&t %hen adopted into the 'a+il- the- co&ld aspireto $e leaders! 2ather !2! *a& noted the @es&it enco&raed the Iro/&ois &nder their care to %araainst their peace'&l neih$ors the 6ac and 2o8! The @es&it enco&raes the Iro/&ois to takeslaes 'or the @es&it to conert and $apti:e! The @es&it sa-s it is th&s that the Deil hi+sel'&n%illinl- $eco+es the occasion o' the salation o' these %retched '&ities $- +akin it lessdi''ic&lt 'or the+ to e+$race Christianit-! Een &nder these eil conditions the Ch&rch 6laesdo not a$andon their one tr&e reat 6pirit 'or the @es&it 'or+ o' Christianit-!



The 2rench incl&din the Black Ro$es kept their slaes &ntil death, een %hen $apti:ed into the'a+il- o' Christ! This rather saae, eil, and &nc&lt&red practice are contrar- to historicaltradition that states %hen adoptin a slae into -o&r 'a+il- the- $eco+e a '&ll +e+$er %ith allrihts!

The Che-enne People noted that +an- o' their people hae died 'ro+ disease &nkno%n to the+!

17;

The @es&it reports the 6aaes sin $eca&se the- are incapa$le o' proloned +ental application!The- also sa- all tri$es o' People e8cept the Dakota 6io&8 are raisin horses, pis, po&ltr- andother do+estic ani+als! A +a#or trade ite+ (o' the @es&it) in the 'ield is the sale o' +asses! Thecost o' one +ass is one 'ranc and +asses are traded $et%een the priests as so+e people $&-t%ent- to thirt- +asses at a ti+e! B&siness is so ood that +ass leders +&st $e +aintainedalon %ith the $eaer skins and other trade ite+s!

The @es&its arrie Ba#a Cali'ornia Penins&la 13F7 and +oed so&th in 1750 %hich irritated thePeric& people %ho reolted and killed t%o +issionaries one $ein 2ather *icolas Ta+aral! The+issionaries had $een tr-in to chane their c&lt&re, incl&din cent&r- old tradition o'

pol-a+o&s practices! Their n&+$ers had 'allen 'ro+ 030,000 to a$o&t ,000 $- this date!This is likel- another reason 'or the reol&tion!

17;

The ake o' the .oods is 'illed %ith "#i$%a, Cree and Dakota 6io&8 all liin in relatie peace!The %oods are on 'ire $ein set $- the People as part o' their slash and $&rn 'ar+in techni/&e!The Black Ro$e 2ather A&lea& $es his od to enlihten the Cree o' the horror o' <ell and 'orthe saaes to a$andon their <ol- 6pirit od! The Cree ackno%lede the i++ortalit- o' the so&l $&t sa- the- %o&ld neer think o' reno&ncin their 'aith 'or 'ear o' $ein stricken %ith death!2ather A&lea& intends to trael 00 lea&es to the *orth .est %here three 2rench people died o'h&ner last -ear!

2ather !2! *a&, @es&it, $ein recentl- arried 'ro+ Paris notes the saaes (Iro/&ois) at 6a&lt6aint o&is ; 1K5 lea&es 'ro+ ontreal are o' $etter $&ild than the 2rench $ein nearer si8 'eettall and lookin +&ch like the Port&&ese!

The "&achipo&ennes (andan) also called ?o&atheattes o' the isso&ri Rier hae $eards, &sedra%$rides, hae seen 'orts and paint o8 on the 'o&r corners o' their ho&se! The- clai+ to $eo' the sa+e stock as the 2rench %ho are at the +o&th o' the Rier to%ards the %estJ a er- lon #o&rne- passin seen other tri$es! 6o+e $eliee the- are o' 6panish oriin %hile others thinkthe- are o' etis stock!

17;3

The co++and center o' the "#i$%a is adeleine Island, Che/&a+eon Ba-, ake 6&perior andacco++odated 10 Chippe%a %arriors indicatin a pop&lation o' 1,000 people! The Cree and

Assini$oine %ho are %est o' ake 6&perior clashed %ith the Dakota o' innesota!

2ather A&lnea& a @es&it noted that the Cree and Assini$oine controlled ake .innipe Reion!The- trael to the andans to trade 'or corn!

@ean Baptiste d& <alde a 2rench eorapher descri$es part o' Alaska! <e had a cop- o' =it&sBerin 'irst report!

A'ter the Dakota attacked and killed the 2rench on the ake o' the .oods the "#i$%a &sed theiralliance %ith the 2rench as an e8c&se to +oe %est and drie the Dakota 6io&8 'ro+ the land



%est o' ake 6&perior that theocc&pied! The "#i$%a 'ro+ their co++and center at 2ort aPointe esta$lished a tradin post at =er+ilion Rier, 6t! on Co&nt-, innesota! These "#i$%a(Chippe%a) also e8panded into the &pper ississippi to e8pand their tradin e+pire and are incon'lict %ith the Dakota 6io&8 'ro+ innesota! This territorial disp&te %o&ld lastappro8i+atel- &ntil 1740! As a res&lt the Dakota 6io&8 dries the Cree and Assini$oine to thenorth%est! This +iration o' the "#i$%a res&lted in the $einnin o' the plains "#i$%a %hoadapted to $&''alo h&ntin and the s&n dance! Their so&thern relaties the Chippe%a is +oreinclined to%ard 'ar+in and the +an&'act&rin o' +aple s&ar as %o&ld +an- o' the 6a&ltea&8%ho 'ollo%ed! 6o+e Cree contends the "#i$%a 'ro+ Che/&a+eon had allied the+seles %iththe Dakota aainst the Cree $e'ore the Dakota attack and killin o' the t%ent-one 2rench atake o' the .oods! The "#i$%a had settled at =er+ilion Rier near Rain- ake! 6i8t- "#i$%aA&%a&se %arriors are at the +o&th o' the ?a+inisti/&ia Rier, at ake *ipion are 'ort-"ske+anettions ("#i$%a) and t%o h&ndred onsonis ("#i$%a) alon the *ipion Rier! *earake *ipion are si8t- Christina&8 and one h&ndred and 'i't- Assini$oine!

@&ne A Dakota %ar part- at ake o' the .oods kills 51 o' a =erendr-e>s tradin part-! 2atherA&lea& is incl&ded in the part-! There is no eidence o' tort&re! 6o+e s&est it is a roin $and o' $oth Dakota and "#i$%a -o&th! As a res&lt the "#i$%a alined %ith their $rothers theCree, Assini$oine and the 2rench aainst the Dakota! 6o+e sa- this incident started a thirt--ear%ar!

17;7

T%o h&ndred lodes o' %arriors are athered at 2ort Pointe des Bois (Red ake)! a Colle, aiko&enne and eChenaiil are in co&ncil!

The oernor o' Penns-lania de+onstrated the deceit and decadents o' the E&ropean c&lt&resto%ards treaties! The Dela%are People in treat- ranted the E&ropeans all the lands 'ro+ *esha+in creek to as 'ar as a +an co&ld %alk in a da- and a hal'! The oernor ordered a road $&ilt inland and then hired a trained r&nner to o the distance! The Dela%are %ere not pleased!

The Assini$oine o' ake .innipe and Red Rier #o&rne-ed to the ?o&atheattes (andan)People to trade 'or corn and $eans! The ro&nd trip %o&ld take 5; +onths and %as an ann&al&ndertakin! The trip %as slo% $eca&se it incl&ded the %o+en, children, the old and disa$led!

The Cree and Assini$oine enco&raed the 2rench to $&ild a tradin post at the con'l&ence o' theAssini$oine and Red Rier to sec&re this so&thern li+its o' their territories! It %o&ld also li+itthe north%ard e8pansion o' the Dakota 6io&8 and destro- the 2renchKDakota alliance!

17;4

The Assini$oine had esta$lished one h&ndred lodes on T&rtle o&ntain, *orth Dakota! o&isDenis, 6ie&r de a Ronde, o' Che/&a+eon Post reports the "#i$%a %ho ent&re 1 lea&es (7+iles) into the interior are attacked $- the Dakota! These isolated attacks %o&ld res&lt in a +a#oro''ensie in 171! a =erendr-e ae the andan people a 2rench 'la and a led ta$let in

+e+or- o' hain taken possession o' their lands in the na+e o' the ?in! ater %hen/&estioned ho% the saaes took this procla+ation, he ad+itted he had said I +ade the+ to&nderstand that it is a token in +e+or- o' the 2rench isit to their co&ntr-! The andan o' *orth Dakota lied in ro&nd h&ts +ade o' los and cla-!

This -ear 2ort ose is esta$lished near 6t! A&&stine $- the 'or+er slaes, $eco+in the 'irst $lack settle+ent in *orth A+erica! T%o -ears later the British 'ro+ Carolina inaded andattacked 2ort oses seekin to 'orce the settlerLs $ack into slaer-! "ne h&ndred $lacksde'ended the 'ort $&t are 'orced to 'lee to 6t! A&&stine!



The Cherokee in eoria contracted s+allpo8 $ro&ht $- %hite slae traders in Charlesto%n,6o&th Carolina! This epide+ic kills 11,000 people, nearl- hal' the Cherokee!

17;F

The Black'oot o' the prairies is &sin horses in their $&''alo h&nts and the practice o' stealinhorses is considered a especiall- honora$le practice! As a res&lt o' the horse, the plains People+odi'ied their c&sto+ in that the $raest deed a %arrior co&ld per'or+ is to ride close eno&h in $attle to to&ch his opponent %ith a co&p stick %itho&t har+in hi+ there$- takin his honor!The dishonored person is re/&ired to steal a horse to reain his honor! The Black'oot hadac/&ired the 6arcee as allies clai+in the+ as a +ore northerl- tri$e, drien so&th to the plains $- internal 'e&ds! The ros =entre (Bi Bell-) are $ein 'orced north%est (across theInternational $o&ndar-) $- the Plains Cree and Assini$oine (people %ho cook %ith hot stones)!The Black'oot 'or+ed an alliance aainst the Cree (pleasant speakin people)! The Prairie people noted that %hen the s&n oes do%n the <air- o&ths cannot 'ind the trail and the- etlost! Then the- $eat their horses $&t the- are also lost!

@oseph a 2rance, a 2rench Canadian Indian, clai+ed to hae #o&rne-ed inland thro&h Canada'ro+ <&dson Ba- to the Paci'ic "cean 'ro+ 17;F to 175!

D&rin 17;F to 175 the 2rench sent $et%een eiht and t%ent-seen canoes loaded %ith tradeoods each -ear &p rier north o' ake 6&perior!

The andan o' *orth Dakota adised a =erendr-e that the People so&th %est o' the+ had thehorse!

170

A'ter 170 er- 'e% Cree traeled to 2ort Al$an- indicatin that the "#i$%a had co+pletel-replaced the+ in the Canadian 6hield!

6heco+eco %as the site o' the oraian +ission at the ahican illae located t%o +iles so&tho' Pine Plains, D&tchess Co&nt-, *e% Gork!

@oseph a 2rance in'or+ed Arth&r Do$$s that the 6t&reon Cree liin aro&nd the ake o' the.oods are still in this location!

The 6hoshone o' Idaho o$tained the horse!

A ca+p at Black'oot Crossin! (Al$erta) had a 'orti'ied palisade %all, +oatlike trench andd%ellins +ade o' los and earth! The $&ilders are $elieed to $e 'ro+ the isso&ri!

6epte+$er R&ssian traders oer%hel+ the Ale&t a'ter the arrial o' ilkhail *erodchiko! Theoriinal pop&lation o' 5,000 declined to 5,500 $eca&se o' %ar and disease $ro&ht $- theR&ssians!

171

The "#i$%a 'ro+ a Pointe are reported attackin the Dakota 6io&8 deep into their o%n co&ntr-in lare n&+$ers!

175

Tha-endaneea a oha%k is $orn near Cana#oharie, *e% Gork, died *oe+$er 5, 1407 nearBrant'ord, "ntario! <is +other re+arried and he sec&red the na+e Brant and $eca+e kno%n as@oseph Brant! <e clai+ed to $e $orn in the sprin o' this -ear on the &skin&+ Rier, "hio!<is 'a+il- %o&ld ret&rn to the oha%k =alle- in 171! The oha%k =alle- %as $ein inaded



$- E&ropeans! The D&tch and Enlish %ere takin -o&n oha%k %o+en as %ies and this didnot please the People!

17;

The "tta%a hae a illae called .aanakisi at <ar$o&r 6prins, ichian!

17 The Iro/&ois s&ested to the Enlish the- 'or+ a de+ocratic con'ederac- like their o%n! Thisis the $asis o' the United 6tates con'ederac-! It is note%orth- that the Alon/&ian nations alsooperated &nder a con'ederac- 'or+ o' oern+ent! The rest o' the %orld is &nder ?inships orE+perors a 'or+ o' diine dictatorships!

A Cree $and %ere liin so&th o' @a+es Ba- and %as called $- earl- 2rench +issionaties as esCris, a short 'or+ o' the "#i$%a %ord ?iristino, +eanin Christian!

17

The ille ac Band o' "#i$%a are esta$lishin the+seles aro&nd ille acs (ake), innesotad&rin the period 17170!

6o+e s&est a ; da- decisie $attle $et%een the "#i$%a and Dakota too place on the so&th%estshore o' ille ac, innesota %ith the Dakota $ein drien 'ro+ this reion! The Dakota had aillae here called I:at-s that %as rep&ted to $e the 6antee Dakota tri$al center! A$o&t the sa+eti+e another $attle took place at the +o&th o' the 6t! Croi8 Rier (Prescott, .isconsin) alsores&ltin in a loss to the Dakota! The "#i$%a esta$lished per+anent illaes at ac Co&rt"reilles and ac D& 2la+$ea&, .isconsin!

173

D&c D>Anille>s e8pedition s&riors %ho reached Che$&sto, Acadia s&''ered 'ro+ sc&r- andt-ph&s and 1,1; 2rench had died! In one o' the +ost &nprooked dia$olic actions taken $- theE&ropeans the- took their clothin and personal ite+s and ae the+ to the >n&>k ( ic+ac)

%ho also contacted t-ph&s and spread it to other >n&>k ( ic+ac) also (ik+a/ or i>?a/)co++&nities! Up to three/&arters o' the ic+ac (i>k+a/ or i>?+a/) o' *oa 6cotia perished 'ro+ t-ph&s! It is inconceia$le that this is an accident!

177

An Enlish slae trader and pirate na+ed 6a+ Bella+- lost his ship .h-dah $ein s&nk nearBoston!

A&&st &e$ec, death, athias an ancient <&ron chie' 'ro+ Detroit $13F7!

174

Dakota %ar parties %ere sent o&t 'ro+ eech ake to the Bi 2alls on the Bi 2ork Riernortheast o' Red ake a'ter $ein strenthened $- other tri$es 'ro+ the %est! The $attle ended%ith reat losses on $oth sides! The 6io&8 %ithdre% to eech ake!

De+oiselle (killed @&ne 51, 175) o' the Piankesha% ia+i People esta$lished a +a#or tradin post and illae called Picka%illan- at the con'ines o' the ora+ie Creek and reat ia+iRier, in "hio! <e e+plo-ed 0 British traders and his illae contained 00 'a+ilies $- 170!

*anticote is a peace'&l Alon/&ian tri$e liin on the *anticoke Rier in ar-land! The had $een liin in this area since $e'ore 1304 at peace %ith their neih$ors the Dela%are>s and



Cone-! A'ter -ears o' di''ic&lties %ith the E&ropean settlers the- relocated north &p alon the6&s/&ehanna Rier and #oined the Iro/&ois in *e% Gork 6tate!

Indian @ohn a slae o' Richard Randolph o' =irinia, is %illed to his son R-land Randolph!

D&rin 174 to 170 the *or%eian laciers achieed their historic +a8i+&+ 'or the ittle IceAe (10140)!

17F

The <&dson Ba- Co+pan- reported onl- a 'e% packets o' Cree re+ained east o' ake.innipe! ost o' the Cree %ho had lied in the @a+es Ba- and <&dson Ba- reion is 6%a+p-Cree (&scaoe) %ho %o&ld end &p in the Red Rier reion!

2ort 6aint Pierre at the o&tlet o' Rain- ake lies the ens de a raisse d>"&rs ("#i$%a) andthe onsoni! onsoni and Cree occ&p- 6aint Charles on ake o' the .oods! Cree o' the Bois2ort occ&pies 2ort a&repas at ake .innipe! The 2rench a$andons 2ort a Reine on theAssini$oine Rier and the one at the +o&th $&t the Assini$oine is at a Reine! 2ort Da&phin atoss- Rier and Da&phin ake seres the Cree and Assini$oine! 2ort Bo&r$on (Cedar ake)seres the Cree! 2ort Pasko-ac on the 6askatche%an is a$andoned d&e to lack o' proisions to

sere the Cree!oernor Corn%allis o' Acadia iss&ed a procla+ation to anno-, distress, take or destro- saaesco++onl- called ic+ac (i>k+a/ or i>?+a/), %hereer the- are 'o&nd! <e also enco&raedsoldiers to stain *oa 6cotia and ho+estead the saaeLs land! It is note%orth- that +arriae%ith the saae %o+en is still o''iciall- enco&raed 'or the ne8t 'e% -ears!

Celoron de Blainille $&ried si8 lead plates in the "hio =alle- assertin 2rench clai+s to thereion! The People %ondered a$o&t the sini'icance, asked the Enlish! Upon learnin the tr&ththe- i++ediatel- re+oed the plates!

The .e%enoc a $and o' A$naki %ho lied alon the coast o' aine sined a treat- and arere+oed to Canada!

The Presido ('ort) 6anta aria del Coreto de a Bahia is $&ilt near the +ission Espitit& 6anto,oliad, Te8as, alias a Bahia, alias 6anta Dorotea!

6epte+$er 1; Picka%illan-, "hio a strateic ia+i illae and tradin center is isited $-Celeron De Bienille o' *e% 2rance and his 50 +an ar+- to inti+idate the ia+i! The- spenta %eek tr-in to conince a De+oiselle (killed @&ne 51, 175) the illae and tradin postco++ander to trade %ith the 2rench! Bienille %rote that the tri$es o' this area are er- $adl-disposed to%ards the 2rench and entirel- deoted to the Enlish!

170The plains Cree had ac/&ired the horse, +ost likel- 'ro+ the Blood or een the Black'oot! This-ear the 2rench rene%ed their practice o' placin $o&nties on Beoth&k scalps and proided ar+sto the ic+ac (i>k+a/ or i>?+a/) and $- this date 'e% Beoth&k e8isted! The @es&its na+edthe "#i$%a at 6a&lt 6te arie >6a&lte&rs> +eanin people o' the 'alls! "#i$%a %ar partiesoriinall- 'ro+ aPointe hae cleared the Dakota 'ro+ ille ac, eech, .innipe(.inni$ioshish) and Red ake areas!



*orth Dakota is occ&pied $- the Assini$oin and Cree in the north, the Cro% to the %est, theArikara to the so&th and the Ganktonai, Dakota and Che-enne to the east! The <idatsa andandan occ&p- the central reion! All $&t the andan and Arikara co+e 'ro+ eastern 'orestreions likel- innesota! The Dakota are pressin the "#i$%a and een attackin their illaeson ake 6&perior! 6o+e contend the h&ndred-ear %ar started and that the Dakota 6io&8 %o&ld $e p&shed $e-ond the ississippi into the Dakota>s and the- %o&ld $e called the Dakota 6io&8!"ther acco&nts s&est the Chippe%a ictor- oer the Dakota 6io&8 esta$lished the+seles atille acs, 6and-, Cass, .inni$ioshish, eech and Red akes! The Dakota 6io&8 skir+ishes'ro+ 17;3 to date ended this -ear! The 6hoshoni, UtoA:tec 'ro+ the so&th%est &sed .ritinon6tone, ilk Rier, Al$erta 'or ision /&ests!

2ather =iier, a +issionar- liin a+on the Illinois sa-s the c&rrent $elie' $- the @es&its is thatthe saaes are hardl- $elieed to $e +en! This is the preailin attit&de held in 2rance $eca&seo' the @es&it Relations and allied doc&+ents $ein circ&lated in E&rope! <e said this thinkin isin error! The- are entle and socia$le $- nat&re! The- hae %it and see+ to hae +ore than o&r peasants, as +&ch, at least, as +ost 2rench+en! *either rank nor dinit- a+on the+, all +ensee+ e/&al, to the+! An Illinois %o&ld speak as $oldl- to a kin as to the lo%est s&$#ect! The-neer interr&pt -o& in conersation! The- do not et anr- %hile conersin! The- hae +an-/&alities not 'o&nd in ciili:ed peoples! The- lie in reat peace! Their n&+$ers hae 'allen $-three tho&sand oer the past si8t- -ears! A %ritten record $- the Illinois 'o&nd $- the+issionaries indicates a pop&lation o' ,000 in 13F0 and onl- 5,000 toda-!

The 2rench harassed the ia+i People o' Picka%illan- $eca&se o' their s&ccess'&l tradin postoperations %ith the Enlish! The- pl&ndered pack trains, co++itted +&rders and took prisonerso' the trade! The- co&ld not prooke the ia+i into %ar so $ean to plan an attack on their peace'&l prospero&s illae!

*atie A+erican>s, near 2ort D&/&esne (Pitts$&rh), %ere lihtin 'ire to an oil slicked creek in areliio&s cere+on-!

The Illinois are $elieed to n&+$er so+e 5,000 people! The- lie in ca$ins enerall- containin

1 to 50 people! The- lie in reat peace %hich is d&e to the 'act that each person is allo%ed todo as he pleases! 2ro+ the $einnin o' "cto$er to the +iddle o' arch , the- h&nt at 'ort- to'i't- lea&es 'ro+ their illae! In arch the %o+en so% the +ai:e!

The 'irst kno%n E&ropeans to isit the ?&ikro an adanced c&lt&re o' central Bra:il %as slaers!The ?&ikro n&+$ered in the tens> o' tho&sands in 1F kno%n illaes all connected $- roads so+eas %ide as 13 'eet (0 +eters)! The roads %ere c&r$ed r&nnin 'or ; +iles $et%een illaes!The- $&ilt +oats, parks, $rides and c&ltiated 'ields! Researchers concl&ded the Peoples o' theA+a:on Rier Basin had a er- co+ple8 and sophicated ciili:ation

171

It is reported that Ben#a+in 2ranklin cites the Peoples oernin traditions especiall- the

Iro/&ois lea&e as a +odel 'or his Al$an- plan o' Union! Unkno%n to +ost A+ericans andE&ropeans in the t%entieth cent&r-, the ea&e o' *ations and the United *ations %o&ld also $e+odeled a'ter the s-ste+ &sed $- the natie saaes!

eore Croha+ and onto&r t%o Enlish traders re/&ested per+ission o' De+oiselle (killed@&ne 51, 175) o' the Piankesha% ia+i People and co++ander o' a +a#or tradin post andillae called Picka%illan- at the con'ines o' the ora+ie Creek and reat ia+i Rier, in "hioto constr&ct a stockade %hich %as ranted! Picka%illan- presentl- e+plo-ed 0 British tradersand the illae contained oer 00 'a+ilies!



*oe+$er &is "acpicai&a a Pi+a led an attack aainst the 6panish at 6aric, Ari:ona killin14 6panish soldiers!

175

To+a& o' the eno+inee is $orn and died @&l- 4, 1414 reen Ba-, .isconsin!

The A$enakis people responded to an o''icial deleation 'ro+ Boston and stated that the- are'ree people and allies o' the 2rench ?in!

The Enlish entered into treat- (alliance) %ith so+e ic+ac (i>k+a/ or i>?+a/) at <ali'a8ackno%ledin the Peoples riht to the 'ree li$ert- o' h&ntin and 'ishin, riht to trade to the $est adantae and to proide re&lar i't distri$&tion, the 'irst o' the treaties to do so!

2ort ose, 6panish a 2lorida is re$&ilt hain $een destro-ed in 170 $- the British 'ro+Caroline! The 'ort is $&ilt %ith stone 'orti'ication and the $lack settlers 'or+ed a +ilitia &nit tode'end their settle+ent aainst their 'or+er +asters!

@&ne Charles andale $orn 175F o' *e% 2rance %ith a 'orce o' "#i$%a and "tta%a("dah%a&) +oed aainst the ia+i tradin center Picka%illan- near present da- Pio&a, "hiokillin the ia+i co++ander and 'o&nder De+oiselle and thirteen %arriors pl&s an Enlishtrader and capt&red three other traders! This &nprooked attack is to preent the ia+i 'ro+tradin %ith the Enlish! "hio is na+ed $- the Iro/&oian "heo +eanin $ea&ti'&l!

17

The Iro/&ois and Dela%are to%n o' ?&sk&ski alon Beaer Creek in a%rence Co&nt- inPenns-lania had a pop&lation o' so+e 1,000 people!

The Cree reported that theAssini$oine %ho call the+seles *ako>ta, had +an- horses at thisti+e! 6o+e &nkno%n People kills the 'ie traders at <enle- <o&se! 6o+e sa- the- are killed $eca&se the- had taken t%o %o+en as conc&$ines aainst their %ill!

The Archithin&e (Black'oot) lied pri+aril- on $&''alo and neer eat 'ish!

(I)Anthon- <enda- enco&ntered the horse as 'ar east as B&''er ake, 6askatche%an andconcl&ded the- o$tain their horses 'ro+ the Black'oot and ros =entre! The Assini$oine %erenot &sin the horse &ntil he enco&ntered the+ at 6o&ndin Creek, Al$erta

Dece+$er, (I)Anthon- <enda- (1701735 <!B!C! serice) o&t o' Gork 2actor- near the RedDeer Rier asked the Parkland People %ho are in the Black'oot territor- %h- the- didn>t trap%oles! The- said the Archithin&e People %o&ld kill the+ i' the- trapped in their co&ntr-! TheParkland People %ere +iddle+en in the tradin $&siness and resented <enda- speakin so +&cha$o&t trappin!

17

Ben#a+in 2ranklin (170317F0) %arned eneral Bradock o' a possi$le a+$&sh $- the People on

his o$#ectie to capt&re 2ort D&&esne! The eneral responded, the saaes +a- $e 'or+ida$leto -o&r ra% A+erican +ilitia ho%eer &pon the ?in>s Re&lars and disciplined troops, it isi+possi$le that the- sho&ld +ake an- i+pression! <is =irinia o''icers like .ashinton, aeand ates %arned hi+ not to atte+pt to take %aons on the ca+pain! <e inored their adice!Three h&ndred a8e+en led the %a- clearin a path to%ard the 2ort! <e did send sco&ts ahead to preent a+$&sh $&t on @&l- F, si8 h&ndred inorant saaes attacked eneral Bradock>s ar+-! "'his 1,74 +en, 400 are killed and 00 %o&nded near 2ort D&&esne! The 'oolish eneral is+ortall- %o&nded! 6o+e 'o&r h&ndred and 'i't- retreated and escaped &nhar+ed! Be'ore hedied his onl- co++ent is %ho %o&ld hae tho&h it and %e shall $etter kno% ho% to deal %ith



the+ ne8t ti+e! The saaes are not i+pressed %ith the $est o' the ?in>s Re&lars! The- #&ststood o&t in the open %aitin to $e c&t do%n, like entle+en the- had said! The British o''icials proclai+ed each Indian scalp o' ene+- tri$es is %orth 'ort- po&nds! <o% theco&ld identi'- anene+- scalp is not recorded!

Ben#a+in 2ranklin (170317F0) noted that it %o&ld $e a er- strane thin, i' si8 (Iro/&ois)

*ations o' inorant saaes sho&ld $e capa$le o' 'or+in a sche+e 'or s&ch a &nion(de+ocrac-) and -et that a like &nion sho&ld $e i+practica$le 'or ten or a do:en EnlishColonies, to %ho+ it is +ore necessar-! It is note%orth- that the Alon/&in *ations had asi+ilar s-ste+ o' oernin that also also incl&ded +inorit- ro&ps like the Iro/&ois .endat!

The inistr- o' .ar iss&ed a directie to the allied nations o' A+erica statin the People are #ealo&s o' their li$ert- and one co&ld not %itho&t co++ittin an in#&stice take a%a- 'ro+ the+ pri+itie rihts o' propert- to the lands on %hich proidence has ien the+ $irth and locatedthe+!

6ie&r de =a&dre&il is ordered that he +&st leae to certain nations the li$ert- to %ander and oa$o&t the lands o' the colon- proided that the- do not receie 'oreiners, 'or the last point is the+ost essential!

The People kne% the 'ine %ords are hollo% and neither side $elieed the+! The ic+ac(i>k+a/ or i>?+a/) chose to pla- $oth sides 'or $o&nties and the 2rench and Enlish in+o&ntin eneance raised the scalp $o&nties!

The Cross ake (Pone+ah) "#i$%a are liin at the *arro%s (Pone+ah Point) and aro&ndi/&a+ Ba-! The "#i$%a are liin on the so&th side o' Red ake $&t so+e are no% liin onthe north side!

a- 1 (I)Charles a%rence (170F1730) as lie&tenant oernor o' *oa 6cotia (1731730)iss&ed the in'a+o&s 6calp Procla+ation %ith the consent o' <is a#est->s Co&ncil, a re%ard o';0 'or eer- +ale Indian prisonerJ or 'or a scalp t%ent-'ie po&nds! This %icked +an stated"cto$er 1, 17 he %o&ld protect the innocent and %as the &ardian o' li$ert-! <e is the one

%ho conceied and ordered the re+oal o' the Acadians in 17 and dra'ted plans to preenttheir ret&rn! It is note%orth- this procla+ation is still on the $ooks and the Canadianoern+ent has re'&sed to rescind it!

173

The Enlish report that at ?napp Ba- north o' Ch&rchill Rier the Chipe%-an +assacred +orethan 'ort- Eski+os 'or no other reason than that t%o o' their elders had died o' a +-sterio&sillness the preio&s -ear!

April F The British Board o' Co++issioners esta$lished a $o&nt- or pre+i&+ 'or Indianscalps!It does not speci'- ho% -o& deter+ine the ae or ender 'ro+ a scalp9

Indian +ale scalps oer 10 -ears M1;0 eachIndian 'e+ale scalps no ae speci'ied M0 eachIndian lie 'e+ale or +ale child &nder ae 10 -ears M1;0 each

177

ittle siler $o8es %ere ien to the "tta%a>s sa-in the- contained +edicine $&t act&all-contained s+allpo8! Andre% Black$ird>s acco&nt HThis s+allpo8 %as sold to the+ to sh&t &pin a sho%- tin $o8, %ith strict in#&nctions not to open the $o8 on their %a- ho+e%ardH! The



Enlish $la+ed the 2rench and the 2rench $la+ed the Enlish 'or this eil act! Traci points o&t(also see 173;) that the "tta%a>s %ere 'ihtin 'or the 2rench so the- %ere &nlikel- to eoke anepide+ic on their allies, so it is +ost likel- the Enlish %ere the &ilt- part-!

R&ssian '&r traders and h&nters pl&ndered Ale&t illaes on ?anaa Island and $&rned the+ tothe ro&nd!

A&&st 2i't- +en 'ro+ C&+r& and other to%nships near Readin, Penns-lania set o&t ine8pedition o' $rinin in so+e Indian scalps!

174

6a%c&nk a illae and tradin center o' the Dela%are People is located on the "hio Rier nearthe +o&th o' the Beaer Creek (Beaer, Penns-lania)! The 2rench traders a$andoned thistradin center this -ear!

The e8ican @es&it 2ather i&el =eneas discoered a Ta-e, a on/&i na+e 'or ($i horn) akaArali ($i horn sheep) in Ba#a Cali'ornia!

17F

<enle- <o&se is aain reopened $- the <&dson Ba- Co+pan- and aain attacked $- t%ent-+en, the chie' 'actor is killed and the rest 'led to 2ort Al$an-!

1730

Article 'ort- o' capit&lation o' ontreal ens&red the saaes or allies o' his +ost Christiana#est-, shall $e +aintained in the lands the- inha$itJ i' the- chose to re+ain thereJ the- shallnot $e +olested on an- pretense %hatsoeer, 'or hain carried ar+s, and sered his +ostChristian a#est-J the- shall hae as %ell as the 2rench, li$ert- o' reliion, and shall keep their+issionaries! <o%eer, @e''re- A+h&rst, the British Co++anderinChie' 'or A+erica $elieedthe $est %a- to deal %ith saaes is thro&h strict re&lations and p&nish+ent! Inter+inlinand inter+arriae $et%een races, a co++on practice d&rin the 2rench ten&re, is no%disco&raed! @e''re- $ean the introd&ction o' the Enlish cast s-ste+ that has proen hihl-

e''ectie in destro-in ciili:ation and corr&ptin the +oral 'a$ric o' other nations!

The Enlish ?in eore III $eca+e +ore and +ore distressed %ith the increasin hihhandedness o' his A+erican s&$#ects to%ards the People! <e iss&ed #&d+ents aainst the lordso' A+erica, co++andin that the- encroach no +ore on the ancient ho+elands o' the IndianPeoples! The A+ericans %ere disenchanted %ith their +onarch as it con'licted %ith theire8pansionist and land clearin plans! This %as one o' the +a#or reasons 'or the A+ericanReol&tionar- .ar! It is note%orth- that the Enlish A+ericans %o&ld $eco+e the ne8t +a#orro&p to $e land cleared 'ro+ the United 6tates!

*anc- .ard (17;41455) %as called Beloed .o+an $- the Cherokees and sat on their Co&ncilo' Chie's! 6he %as in co++and o' a s&ccess'&l $attle %ith the Creeks! 6he +arried a %hite an(likel- etis) this -ear $&t +anaed to p&t her Cherokee interests 'irst!

Reerend Elea:er .heelock, ran a school called oor>s Indian Charit- 6chool, in *e%<a+pshire, at e$anon and $oasted that he co&ld +ake Christian Enlish+en o&t o' Red<eathens! The oha%k considered .heelock as $oast'&l %ith $ad +anners!

The People are %ell a%are that Enlish actions seldo+ alined %ith Enlish %ords and the %ordEnlish+en are e/&ated %ith the %ords >6nake People,> those %ho poisons the +inds and so&ls o'other people %hile proclai+in the+seles ciili:ed!



e <ae is a ic+ac (i>k+a/ or i>?+a/) illae in &nen$er Co&nt-, *oa 6cotia! inasis a illae o' the ic+ac (i>k+a/ or i>?+a/) in *oa 6cotia! ira+ichi a ic+ac(i>k+a/ or i>?+a/) illae is located on the riht $ank o' the ira+ichi Rier, *e%Br&ns%ick %here it enters the 6t! a%rence Rier!

The northern "#i$%a $and is co+posed o' $et%een t%ent- and 'ort- +e+$ers %hereas the +ore

so&thern $ands are $et%een one and t%o h&ndred! 6o+e spec&late this is directl- related to+o$ilit- and 'ood s&ppl-! These "#i$%a are doin considera$le trade %ith 2ort Al$an-!

The Dakota oer the ne8t ten -ears a$andoned their last stronhold at eech ake, innesotaand +oed to the head%aters o' the Red and innesota Riers!

Bet%een 1730 to the 1430>s A+ericans landed so+e 5,000 A'rican slaes +ostl- into Bra:iland C&$a! This does not incl&de the *orth A+erican People e8iled into the slae trade!A+erican slae ports incl&ded *e%port, Proidence, Bristol and Rhode Island! It is note%orth-that the reliio&s noncon'or+ists had little scr&ples in dealin in the slae ind&str-!

The &skhoean *ation consisted o' the Chocta%, Creeks, Chickasa% and 6e+inole and at theti+e o' settle+ent their n&+$ers e8ceeded 0,000 people! The eneral c&sto+ %as to $ind thehead o' children to achiee a 'lat head! The na+e 'lathead %as a na+e co++onl- &sed toidenti'- the+ especiall- the Chocta% People!

6e/&oia (6e/&o-a) a Cherokee is $orn Taskii, Tennessee and %o&ld deelope a Cherokeealpha$et in 1451 so his people co&ld read and %rite! The Red%oods o' Cali'ornia are na+eda'ter hi+ H6e/&oiaH!

The *e: Perce People ac/&ired the horse, adopted the tepee and traeled ; h&ndred +iles tothe ontana $&''alo h&nt 'ro+ the #&nction o' .ashinton, "reon and Idaho!

1731

6t! ar- +ission (6a&lt 6te arie) is considered a thriin settle+ent and one o' the +ost%estern 2rench settle+ents proidin stain access to ake 6&perior, 2ort ichili+ackinac that

proides stain access to ake ichian! The "#i$%a hae controlled this strateic position 'orcent&ries!

Peshe%ah aka @ohn B! Richardille a ia+i is $orn 1731 2ort .a-ne, Indiana, died A&&st 1;,141, and R&ssiaille, Indiana is na+ed a'ter hi+!

The o$ile People o' the &skhoean nation %ere +ainl- 'ar+ers and traders %ho traded 'ro+2lorida to o&isiana and north to "hio! It is $elieed the o$ile People oriinated nearChocta% Bl&'', Clark Co&nt-, Ala$a+a! o$ile +eanin do&$t'&l %ere kno%n 'ro+ 1704 and $eca+e lost to histor- a$o&t this ti+e!

The "#i$%a orator %ho +et Ale8ander <enr- at 2ort ichili+ackinac e8pressed the 'r&stration,aner and independent spirit o' all people o' *orth A+erica %hen he said HEnlish+en, tho&h-o& hae con/&ered the 2rench, -o& hae not -et con/&ered &s!H H.e are not -o&r slaes!H

HThese lakes, these %oods and +o&ntains, are le't to &s $- o&r ancestors! The- are o&rinheritance and %e %ill part %ith the+ to none!H It is note%orth- that one esti+ate stated that $-the -ear 5000, i' c&rrent trends contin&e, 'i't- percent o' the people in .estern Canada %o&ldhae Indian heritae!

6epte+$er F .illia+ @ohnson, British 6&perintendent o' Indian A''airs in a speech at 2ortDetroit is $elieed $- so+e to hae sparked the Pontiac .ar o' 173; %ith his in'la++ator-co++ents! It is alleed he rearded the de'eated .-andot (<&ron) a Iro/&ois People as theleaders o' the .estern Con'ederac-! This speech anered the "#i$%a, "tta%a and Pota%ato+i



Alon/&ian Con'ederac-! inaana an "$#i$%a spokesperson %ho lied near 2ortichili+ackinac $ean plannin the con/&est o' the 2ort $- %innin the con'idence o' eoreEtherinton co++ander o' the 'ort! Ale8ander <enr- tried to %arn Etherinton $&t he %o&ldn>tlisten!

1735

The Belchar procla+ation ordered the re+oal o' all persons illeall- settled on natie land in *oa 6cotia and resered the north%est coast 'ro+ &s/&ddo$oit Rier to Baie Des Chale&rs'or the ic+ac (i>k+a/ or i>?+a/)! D&rin the ne8t t%ent- -ears +ost settlers larel-inore this order!

*i+ha+ o' the .appiner People %ho lied alon the <&dson Rier traeled to Enland to tr-to recoer their lands 'ro+ the Enlish %itho&t s&ccess! <e %as killed at the $attle o'?ins$ride A&&st ;, 1774!

R&ssians participatin in the P&shkare'' e8pedition take Alaskan natie %o+en prisons asslaes! "n the o-ae to R&ssia, all $&t t%o slaes are +&rdered!

173;

The 6panish ae 2lorida to the British and departed 2lorida %ith 4; Christiani:ed s&riors o&to' a Ti+&c&a pop&lation o' 1,000 people!

The 2&r Co+panies pre'erred to deal %ith the sa+e leader -ear a'ter -ear %hen eer possi$le!The People ho%eer did not 'ollo% this E&ropean tradition $&t had a Captain 'or h&ntin, acaptain 'or tradin, a Ca+p Captain etc! and these co&ld chane 'ro+ -ear to -ear $ased onelections! The <&dson Ba- Co+pan- ho%eer enco&raed a perpet&al Chie' concept $-enhancin one indiid&al thro&h i't iin! The- proided a s&it o' clothin called the>Captain>s "&t'it> to +ake the tradin captain>s stand o&t 'ro+ the rest o' the saaes! It incl&deda coarse cloth coat, either red or $l&e, lined %ith $ai:e rei+ental c&''s and collar! The %aistcoatand $reeches are o' $ai:e! The hat is laced and orna+ented %ith 'eathers o' di''erent colors! Thetradin lie&tenant is also presented %ith an in'erior s&it! In later -ears the *orth .est Co+pan-also 'ollo%ed this practice $&t added a 'la as another s-+$ol o' leadership! "nce the Peopleaccepted these E&ropean s-+$ols o' political a&thorit- and alleiance, the tradin co+paniesatte+pted to &se the s-+$ols to +anip&late the People! In this %a- the Peoples de+ocratic process practiced since anti/&it- $ean to chane! The E&ropean ?in concept $ean to $e aninteral part o' natie c&lt&re! Eer-one %anted to $e Chie' and the notion o' hereditar- Chie'(?in) %as not 'ar $ehind! A totall- de+ocratic carin sharin societ- is trans'or+ed into anE&ropean hereditar- ?inship societ- that contin&es to this da-! Tr&l- a >Paradise ost> as so+eE&ropeans called it! It is note%orth- the Peoples children the etis did not lose this ancientde+ocratic process that %o&ld contin&ed into the later nineteenth cent&r-!

6hina$a%assin a spokesperson 'or the "#i$%a is $orn this -ear alon the 6t! ar->s Rier,ichian %here he spent +ost o' his li'e! <e tried d&rin his li'e ti+e to hae a special

reseration set &p 'or the etis or +i8ed $lood Peoples!

The "#i$%a and etis $ean to displace the Assini$oine and Cree 'ro+ the Red Rier reion! It%o&ld appear the Assini$oine and Cree $ean to a$andon this area leain a oid!

Article 'o&r o' the de'initie treat- o' Paris per+itted the inha$itants o' Canada, 2rench andothers to e+irate and protected their propert- rihts! International la% held the principle thatla%s and ciil rihts o' s&$#ects ac/&ired $- con/&est or cession contin&ed in 'orce &nlessrep&nant to the Cro%n>s soereint-! The 2ort ose in 2lorida is a$andoned $eca&se the



'or+er $lack slaes %ho had $een 'ree since 1347 kne% the- %o&ld $e 'orced $ack into slaer- $- the British!

The Enlish penetrate into the interior to occ&p- the 2rench 2orts!

The Ro-al procla+ation reconi:ed the reat akes area as Indian co&ntr-, that onl- the 6tateco&ld neotiate 'or control! The land is occ&pied &ntil the 1740>s $- the Anishina$e (the tr&e

+en or tr&e h&+an $eins) na+el- the "#i$%a, "tta%a ("dah%a&) and Alonkin, all threeAlon/&ian peoples! The People consider treaties as pacts o' 'riendship and +&t&al assistance!

A Ro-al procla+ation in Canada sa-s onl- the Cro%n can ac/&ire land 'ro+ the 2irst *ationPeoples!

The co&ncil o' the .a$ash and later the .endat proclai+ed the 2rench neer con/&ered thePeople nor did the- p&rchase a 'oot o' Indian Co&ntr- nor hae the- a riht to ie it to theEnlish! .e ae the+ li$ert- to settle 'or %hich the- al%a-s re%arded the People and treated&s %ith reat ciilit- %hile the- had it in their po%er, $&t as the- $eca+e -o&r people, i' -o&e8pect to keep these posts, %e e8pect to hae proper ret&rns 'ro+ -o&!

The Enlish sa- the- hae no &se 'or the "#i$%a! The People o to %ar 'or 'ie %eeks and the

Enlish soldiers and settlers are destro-ed! *iniois (*inia-) a Pota%ato+i spokesperson o'the 2o8 People 'o&ht %ith Pontiac in the siee o' 2ort Detroit!

?ado%a&$eda aka Broken Tooth aka DeBreche (1701454) o' 6and- ake son Bia&s%ah II,%as at the takin o' ichili+ackinac! <e +arried "$eneeshipe/&a! <is sons %ere ono:id(oons 2oot), ?ahnind&+a%in#oK?ananda%a%in:o and 6&/&ta&&n and da&hters Charlotte%ho +arried Charles "akes Er+itiner, *anc- (?eneese/&a) $orn 17F; +arried 1455K5;6a+&el Ash+&n and a da&hter %ho +arried <ole in the Da-! <e %as principle spokes person at6and- ake $e'ore 140! The na+e DeBreche attri$&ted to hi+ is likel- one o' his sons as it%as &sed at the sinin o' treat- in 14;7 at 2ort 6nellin a'ter his death!

The Pontiac .ar o' Resistance incl&ded the 'ollo%in $esieed 2orts

6and&sk-, taken a- 13, 173;,6t! @oseph, taken a- 5, 173;,ia+i, taken a- 57, 173;,"&atanon, taken @&ne 1, 173;,ichili+ackinac, taken @&ne , 173;,Pres/&> Isle, taken @&ne 1, 173;,e Boe&', taken @&ne 14, 173;,=enano, taken @&ne 50, 173;,>Ar$e Croche, a$andoned @&ne 51, 173;,6a&lt 6te arie, partl- $&rned,ionier, (Pitt), &ns&ccess'&ll- attacked,

Detroit, de'ended! *iaara, de'ended!Ed&ard A&&st&s9!

The Enlish sa- it is a pit- to e8pend +en aainst the Indians and the- introd&ce er+ %ar'are!At 2ort Pitt a peace deleation o' Indians are ien s+allpo8 in i'ts o' little siler $o8es $eintold it %as +edicine $&t not to $e opened &ntil the- ret&rn to their illaes! Tens o' tho&sand o'Indians are +&rdered &nder a 'la o' tr&ce $- the $ar$aric Enlish! A British Co++ander #&sti'ied the action $- sa-in $- sendin er+s instead o' soldiers he said he is sain the lies



o' >$etter +en>! Traci s&est this re'erence to a little siler $o8 likel- is $ein con'&sed %ith anincident si8 -ears earlier in 177, %ith the "tto%as! The i'ts ien %ere Ht%o $lankets and anhandkerchie' o&t o' the s+allpo8 hospitalH as stated $- .illia+ Trent! 6ee 177! The United6tates oern+ent, later %o&ld deli$eratel- send s+allpo8in'ected $lankets to Indians 'orced tolie on reserations, res&ltin in the deaths o' tho&sands!

The Indian Alliance receied ackno%lede+ent that the Indians are o%ners o' the lands!The "#i$%a Three 2ires Alliance o' the "tta%a ("dah%a&), Pota%ato+i, and 6a&ltea&8 re'&sedto take sides in %hat the- considered an E&ropean con'lict! The- sent %arriors to s&pportPontiac this -ear and %o&ld s&pport Tec&+seh in 1415 $&t neer entered into an E&ropeanalliance! <ad the- done so Canada +iht in 'act still $e 2rench!

The E&ropeans $&rned the oraian illae o' .ech/&etank north%est o' Bethleha+,Penns-lania!

@&ne A'ter the 'all o' 2ort ichili+ackinac an Indian ar+- headed $- the Dela%are s&rro&ndedand de+anded s&rrender o' 2ort Pitt! The co++ander, Captain Ec&-ler re'&sed $&t as a est&reo' ood %ill distri$&ted s+allpo8 in'ested $lankets to the People! 6+allpo8 raed a+on theDela%are, "tta%a ("dah%a&) and "#i$%a ca+ps all s&++er into 173! The Enlish adoptedthe 2rench process to +aintain the natie allies $- pa-in tri$&te thro&h ann&al distri$&tion o' presents! The $o&ndar- lines o' Indian Territor- are incorporated in the Ro-al procla+ation o'"cto$er 7, 173;!

173

Captain ekiss and his an killed three Enlish and 2o&r 2rench traders 'ro+ ontrealde+andin a re%ard 'ro+ <&+phre- arten 2ort Al$an- 'or killin those ene+ies o' the<&dson Ba- Co+pan-! The ne8t season ekiss killed seeral +ore peddlers sa-in the- %illnot s&''er their co&ntr- to $e stole 'ro+ the+! I' this $e tr&e there +&st hae $een #&sti'icationthat %as resoled $eca&se ekiss is tradin %ith the 2rench %ithin t%o -ears!

ahonin is a illae o' Dele%ares located near Go&nsto%n, "hio!

Go%ani a to%n o' Chocta%s near 6h&$&ta, Clarke Co&nt-, ississippi %ere land cleared toTe8as and o&isiana to +ake roo+ 'or the A+ericans!

Tho+as <&tchins eorapher or 6&re-oreneral o' the United 6tates +ade an esti+ate o' the'ihtin +en in the Principle *orthern and .estern tri$es o' Canada and the United 6tates $asedon one +an 'or eer- 'ie Indians!

Alon/&ins o' "tta%a Rier ;00Cana%ahr&nnas (Iro/&ois) 500.-andots near ake Erie ;00 *epissins o' "tta%a 00"tta%as o' ake 6&perior and ake ichian F00

6akies, 6! o' reen Ba- 00echeca&kis, so&th o' reen Ba- (2o8) 50?ickapoos o' the .as$ash Rier ;00asco&tins, so&th o' reen Ba- 00"&isconsins o' that rier 06i8 *ations o' *e% Gork 1,0ia+is o' the akes ;0Pean/&ichas, on the .a$ash 50



"&chtenons o' the .a$ash 00Peorias 400?askas/&ias o' Illinois Rier 300Dela%are o&ps o' the "hio 3006ha%anese o' the 6ioto 00ississa&&es o' ake <&ron and ake 6&perior 5,000 also called essesa&es orRier IndiansChippe%a-s ("#i$%a) o' ake 6&perior and ake ichian ,000P&ans o' reen Ba- 700 also 2olle Aoine or .ild"atIndian2olle Aoines o' reen Ba- ;0Po%ta%ata+is, 6t! @oseph and Detroit ;06cio&8 (2ond D& ac 6&perior, 6cio&8 o' the .oods) 1,4006cio&8 (o' the Prairies) 5,00Cona%ahr&nas, near 2alls o' 6t! o&is 500 *ipissins, head o' the "tta%a Rier 00Alon/&ins, head o' the "tta%a Rier ;00

173

oses *orton o' the <&dson Ba- Co+pan- co+plained o' the di''ic&lties o' ettin the 'arIndians in to trade! The Enlish e8pected the naties to co+e to the+ %hereas the 2rench %entto the naties! The A+ericans like to clai+ that Ale8ander <enr- o' *e% @erse- %ho hadentered into partnership %ith Cadotte o' 6a&lt 6te arie $eca+e the 'irst post %ar British traderon ake 6&perior! <e noted the Chippe%a o' Chao&e+i is a handso+e %ell+ade people and+&ch +ore cleanl-, as %ell as +&ch +ore re&lar in oernin o' their 'a+ilies, than theChippe%a o' ake <&ron! The %o+en hae areea$le 'eat&res, and take reat pains in dressintheir hair, that consists in neatl- diidin it on the 'orehead and top o' the head and in plaitin

and t&rnin it &p $ehind! The clothin o' $oth +en and %o+en is dressed deerskin! These=o-aers %intered on adeline Island!

6o+e Enlish traders %ere $&-in discarded &ns 'ro+ the ar+-, 'illin the cracks in the $arrels%ith +olten lead, and resellin the &ns to -o&n Indians! At the 'irst 'irin the &ns e8ploded,o'ten +ai+in a h&nters hand! "ne trader E:ra B&ell ad+itted that he kept &p a ca+pain o'r&+or and slander aainst the oha%k 'or -ears &ntil the oha%k le't the alle-!

The Dakota 6io&8 %ithdre% 'ro+ the Red ake reion! This %as a'ter a $lood- enco&nter nearthe +o&th o' the 6and- Rier aro&nd Bi 6tone %ith the "#i$%a! The Cross ake (Pone+ah)"#i$%a killed nearl- the entire Dakota 6io&8 %ar part-! The Dakota had preio&sl- laid ina+$&sh and killed an "#i$%a trapper and %o&nded another near the +o&th o' the Battle Rierand had 'led leain the+ $oth 'or dead!

British o''icers at 2ort Pitt deli$eratel- s&ppl- hospital $lankets in'ected %ith s+allpo8 to coldand starin People o' the soerein nations liin in the "hio =alle- a'ter the de'eat o' Pontiac!The res&ltin epide+ic kills h&ndreds!

1733

oernor <&h Pallisar co++entin on the Beoth&k, o&r $ar$aro&s s-ste+ o' killin preailsa+onst o&r people to%ards the *aties, %ho+ o&r people al%a-s kill, %hen the- can +eet



the+! "ther Enlish $la+ed the e8ter+ination o' the Beoth&k on the 2rench and the ic+ac(i>k+a/ or i>?+a/)! <enle- <o&se is re$&ilt this -ear!

.illia+ Pink at Prince Al$ert +et the P%6-+a.ock People %ho had 13 tents and a reatn&+$er o' horses that %ere like the 6-n*apoits that co+e do%n to the Ba-! These people cannot paddle in can&e (canoe)!

April Thirt- 'ie ( ;) "#i$%a 'ro+ Chao&a+ion are killed $e'ore the Dakota 6io&8 aredrien a%a-! The "#i$%a n&+$ered 00 %hereas the Dakota are 300!

1737

<enle- <o&se is aain attacked $- "#i$%a clai+ed to hae $een incited $- the peddlers $&t thePeople are drien o''!

1734

?ias&tha a %ar leader o' the 6eneca (so+e sa- Iro/&ois) sided %ith the 2rench aainst theEnlish! This -ear he adocated peace %ith the Enlish and attended +eetins at 2ort Pitt(Pitts$&rh, Penns-lania this -ear!

*oka ("ld *oka) o' the $ear clan, an "#i$%a o' .isconsin and ichian led his people aainstde%akanton at Cro% .in, innesota this -ear!

173F

The 2ranciscan esta$lished their 'irst o' 51 6panish +issions in Cali'ornia $et%een 1734 and145;! The 'irst ission is esta$lished called 6an Dieo de Alcala (6aint @a+es) $- 2ather@&nipero 6erra! The natie G&+an People %ere 'orced (enslaed) to %ork at aric&lt&re and %erecalled Die&enos! The land and herds o' sheep %ere theoreticall- o%ned $- the Indians $&t thereal control %as retained $- the 2ranciscan 'athers and the strate- %as to indent&re the Peopleto the land and the Ch&rch as %as the practice in E&rope!

aspar de Portola 6panish e8pedition recorded a +a#or earth/&ake ;0 +iles so&theast o' os

Anles, Cali'ornia!The Indian pop&lation o' Cali'ornia is esti+ated as one +illion!

.illia+ To+ison reported that the Cree %ere sellin ood &ns to the Assini$oine 'or ;3 +ade $eaer! The *or>.esters %ere charin 50 +ade $eaer and the <&dson Ba- Co+pan- 10 +ade $eaer! Een hal'%ore &ns sold 'or 5 +ade $eaer! It %o&ld appear the <!B!C! %as nota%are that the Enlish &ns %ere considered an in'erior prod&ct seldo+ lastin a %hole season!

@&l- ; 2ather 2rancisco Palo& at the 'a+o&s port o' 6an Dieo reported seein rapes androses! <e said he had seen Indians in reat n&+$ers +akin a ood s&$stance on ario&s seedsand $- 'ishin! The- treated &s on o&r #o&rne- %ith +&ch con'idence and ood%ill as i' the-had kno%n &s all their lies! <e traeled &p and do%n the Cali'ornia coast esta$lishin+issions! <e %as considered as a kind and enero&s +an %ho opposed pre#&dice and de+anded

'air treat+ent 'or the *aties!

1770

ost reat akes People pre'erred doin $&siness %ith the 2rench 'a+ilies, like Cadots(Cadotte) 6t! er+ain and rinon, %ho had inter+arried %ith the+ and had etis 'a+ilies!2ie Alonkin $ands settled per+anentl- at 6a&lt 6te arie liin pri+aril- on 'ish and %o&ld $e a$sor$ed into the "#i$%a c&lt&re!



The plains "#i$%a appear to hae $een the last People o' the prairies to ac/&ire the horse and $-this -ear the- are $ein &sed! Earlier &se +a- hae one &nrecorded! The "#i$%a at this ti+edo+inated *orthern innesota and *orthern *orth Dakota! 2e% Dakota, e8cept 'or so+eh&ntin and s+all raidin parties, %ere seen in these areas 'or an- lenth o' ti+e a'ter this date!

1771

Inland trade 'ro+ 2ort Al$an- ended this -ear hain $een co+pletel- replaced $- the ontreal peddlers!

1775

A reat s+allpo8 epide+ic s%ept the prairies killin +ost o' the people! Une8plained the $ison,+oose, red and other deer also disappeared in the %oods and on the reat Plains! The People atC&+$erland <o&se also reported a decline in s%ans, eese and d&ck %ith the &lls no loner're/&entin the lakes in preio&s n&+$ers!

Peric& People in so&thern Ba#a Cali'ornia Penins&la no% n&+$er 00 people 'ro+ an esti+atedtotal in 1;; o' 0 to 30,000! Disease is $elieed to ca&se the e8tension o' these people! B- the1400>s this c&lt&re is considered e8tinct! D*A sa+ples taken 'ro+ the $ones o' the Peric&

People in 5004 is $ein &sed to see i' an- decedents s&ried!

177;

The Pota%ato+i %ho speak the Chippe%an dialect and lied in .isconsin and alon ake <&ron%ere a'ter 1415 re+oed to Io%a and ?ansas!

6an Antonio a Ti&a illae attracted seeral 6panish issions one $ein called 6an Antonio de=alero or $etter kno%n as the Ala+o, Te8as! The land %as diided this -ear $&t not to the Ti&a $&t rather the del Ala+o de Parras Co+pan-! This %as the center o' the $attle in arch 3, 14;3 $et%een e8ico and the A+ericans

6a%anoi %as a to%n o' 6ha%nee and Creek People liin alon the so&thern side o' theTallapoosa Rier in acon Co&nt-, Ala$a+a!

The oraians %ere +oed to 6choen$r&nn a 'or+er to%n o' the &nsee People located near *e% Philadelphia, "hio! In 1745 the- %ere +oed to 6and&sk-, "hio and this illae %as $&rned!

The d&+pin o' tea into Boston <ar$or $- colonists in A+erican Indian dress to protest Britishta8 polic- is a cele$rated eent in A+erican histor-! B&t i' it %ere repeated toda-, the BostonTea Part- %o&ld 'all %ithin the 2BI>s de'inition o' terroris+ %hich incl&des propert- destr&ctionas a +eans o' political coercion!!

177

The &e$ec Act o' 177 takes a political as %ell as c&lt&ral 'or+ ens&rin that 2rench Canadiansretain the rihts to their o%n reliion and ciil la% that represents a $asic lon standin and&nderstanda$le +istr&st o' the Enlish!

The re$el co++ander eore .ashinton o' =irinia preaches the eradication and land ra$s'ro+ the Indians! The People called hi+ Conotacario&s +eanin deo&rer o' illaes!

Don @&an Ba&tista de An:a isits the I+perial =alle- o' 6o&thern Cali'ornia and the 6alton 6ea isa dr- lake $ed! The- call it the =alle- o' the dead!



177

D&rin the period 'ro+ 17; to 177 so+e E&ropeans $elieed the Cree *ation c&lt&rall- andlin&isticall- alined into 'o&r +a#or ro&ps

*orthern Creeoose Cree or onsoni Cree6%a+p- Cree or &scaoe CreePlains Cree

The Plains Cree is in transition hain oriinated as Thick%ood Cree! The &scaoe or6%a+p- Cree occ&pies the *orth end o' ake .innipe and their c&lt&re is $eco+in dependenton the <&dson Ba- Co+pan-! an- o' their %o+en are taken as conc&$ines $- the e+plo-eeso' the <&dson Ba- Co+pan- $eca&se as %ies the- are 'or$idden! The Red Rier Tho+as clanis clai+ed to hae oriinated 'ro+ this &scaoe or 6%a+p- Cree Band!

Ale8ander <enr- at Rat Portae re'&sed r&+ to the Pillaer "#i$%a %ho are descendents o' theA%a&se "#i$%a!

6a+&el <earne at C&+$erland <o&sde %as pla&ed $- a shortae o' alcohol and trade oods!<e said %e &ndersell the Canadians $- 'ar in so+e articles %hole o&r oods last, -et %hen $rand- is o&t, the Indians leae o'' tradin!

@oseph Brant aka Tha-endaneea (175K;1407) a %ar leader o' the oha%k tri$e +arried to"neida died 1771, isited Enland 1771773 %ith &- @ohnson to propose an alliance %ith?in eore! The People %ill o to %ar %ith the British i' ?in eore %ill pro+ise to sa'e&ard the Peoples lands a'ter the %ar is oer! The ?in arees to the ter+s and conditions tosa'e &ard Indian lands in A+erica!

The Iro/&ois "neida and T&scarora entered into a treat %ith the A+ericans this -ear!

The Iro/&ois s&ested to the Enlish the- 'or+ a con'ederac- like their o%n! The- had

preio&sl- proided the sa+e adice in 17!The 6panish oernor o' *e% e8ico co+plained that the Co+anche stole their horses 'asterthan theco&ld $e s&pplied 'ro+ 6pain! <e said %e o&rseles lacked eno&h horses to p&rs&ethe+! The horses /&ickl- spread thro&ho&t A+erican and the People $ean the process o'selectie $reedin the+ to s&it their o%n p&rposes!

A$o&t this -ear the &skhoean People o' 2lordia s&ch as the G&chi, Upper Creeks and Creeks $eca+e kno%n as the 6e+inole People! 6e+inole +eans r&na%a- or Penins&la People!

6ha$onee a Pota%ato+i and nephe% o' Pontiac %as $orn this -ear in Illinois and died @&l- 17,14F!

The Assini$oine %ho call the+seles *ako>ta are scattered alon $oth the *orth and so&th

6askatche%an Riers and the Assini$oine Rier to the head%aters o' these riers! The- are a6io&an speakin peoples! The Rock- o&ntain aka 6tone- o&ntains Assini$oine areco++onl- kno%n as the 6ton- Indians!

1773

Ale8ander <enr- the elder noted that despite oer a h&ndred -ears o' tradin %ith the <&dsonBa- Co+pan- the Assini$oine o' the parklands in central 6askatche%an had onl- one kettle(<&dson Ba- Pot) in the %hole illae! The kettles %ere hihl- pri:ed $- the Assini$oine $&t%ere al%a-s in short s&ppl-! In one illae <enr- had the onl- kettle in the %hole ca+p! The



<!B!C! said the reason %as the- lacked the transportation capa$ilities to delier the oods!Co++on trade oods incl&ded knies, $eads, 'lints, steels, a%ls, and other s+all articles! &ns, $lankets, a8es, &n po%der and shot %ere e8chaned in +&ch s+aller /&antities d&e to anin'erior prod&ct! The $o% and arro% %as still considered the pre'ered %eapon o' the h&nt!.hen %e think o' the <!B!C! %e think o' $lankets and kettles $&t this is is not s&pported in thetrade ite+ o' the 'irst 100 -ears o' operation!

The Assini$oine at this ti+e had an a$&ndance o' horses 'or trade!

Dece+$er 6ereant @&an Pa$lo ri#ala at 6an 2rancisco o$sered a saae that ran &p andkissed ara Anela Ch&+asero, on the +o&th, %ho is the %i'e o' Do+ino Alisa! The 'ilth- $east had act&all- kissed her! I hae seen soldiers take their pleas&re %ith Indian %o+en, $&tneer hae I heard o' s&ch a thin riht $e'ore the e-es o' o&r soldiers! The 6panish saaes 'eltthe- had the riht to 'lo the Indians 'or +inor in'ractions, o' 6panish r&le, and to kill the+ i'the- resisted! The lash $rins reason een i' the- don>t kno% %h- the- are $ein 'loed! 2ather2rancisco Palo& (1755174F) %as saddened and he %ept 'or the atrocities co++itted $- the6panish aainst the People! 2ather Palo& %as &na%are o' his role in the atrocities $- classi'-inthe+ as little children, opened the door 'or 'loin 'or diso$edience! The Indian slaes %ere

co+pelled to do e8cessie %ork, handc&''ed, i+prisoned, and $eaten 'or the +ost trialo''ences! An- atte+pts to o$tain 'reedo+ $- 'liht, the- %ere h&nted do%n and p&nished %ithten'old ior! The %o+en and children %ere &sed 'or the pleas&re o' the Christian soldiers!

1777

@ohn on at Pa-s Plat on the north shore o' ake 6&perior traded %ith one h&ndred 'i't- "#i$%aand the rest are .asses! *orth o' ake *ipion is a$o&t three h&ndred "#i$%a %hile at 6t&reonake lied the as/&ash tri$e!

@oseph Brant aka Tha-endaneea (175K;1407) ret&rns to A+erica and 'inds the Iro/&oissplit! The Iro/&ois con'ederation is split a+on the proBritish, oha%k, "nondaa, Ca-&a

and 6eneca and the proA+erican $ein the "neida and T&scarora! The proBritish 'actionenters into the %ar!

The 6anta Claira ission is esta$lished this -ear and the Indians %ho lie in the area are calledthe 6anta Clara Indians!

1774

The Assini$oine is &sin the tar sands 'or aes to ca&lk their canoes and this -ear the- sho%edPeter Pond %here the oil is oo:in o&t and ho% to &se it to repair canoes!

The a$oriinal people o' the reat akes had er- 'ine and e8tensie 'ields o' corn, $eans,s/&ash, p&+pkin, +elon, c&c&+$er, potatoes and other eeta$les s&rro&ndin their to%ns!The- also had apple and peach orchards, so+e /&ite old, indicatin a lonstandin 'r&it c&lt&re!

These acco&nts are 'ro+ the diaries o' E&ropean soldiers! It is this %a- o' li'e that %as entirel-destro-ed $- the adancin E&ropeans! The E&ropean ain is ineita$l- the Peoples loss! "neo' the eneral the+es r&nnin thro&h earl- Canadian c&lt&re is that eer- ti+e the Peopleatte+pted to i+proe their aric&lt&re practices the E&ropean %o&ld create ne% r&les to i+pedetheir ro%th! I' the People o&t per'or+ed the E&ropean then the- %o&ld hae to ad+it the- are+ore ciili:ed and that is an &naccepta$le notion!



@ohn ?iplin o' lo&cester <o&se reported that the "#i$%a et%eash had %arred %ith *atieso' ake 6t! Ann (*ipion) and had killed a reat n&+$er o' +en %o+en and children! This stor-is a possi$le 'a$rication to i+press the Enlish!

The Dakota attacked the "#i$%a at eech, Cass and 6and- akes in innesota $&t %ere de'eatedat the +o&th o' the Cro% .in Rier!

arch ;0 @a+es Cook (1754177F) concl&ded the *ootka are +ild and ino''ensie, /&ick totrade and strictl- honest in the process! <e concl&ded the- %ere er- keen traders ettin as+&ch as theco&ld 'or eer-thin the- hadJ al%a-s askin 'or +ore!

In the sprin A part- o' 6ha%ne capt&red Daniel Boone o' ?ent&ck- and %ere so pro&d thatthe- took hi+ to Detroit to sho% hi+ o''! The- %ere o''ered 100 po&nds 'or his release $&t the-re'&sed and took hi+ to their illae at Chillocothe, "hio! The- o''ered hi+ adoption into thetri$e %hich he accepted $&t later escaped!

eore .ashinton to ens&re the A+erican Indians didn>t s%in the $alance o' po%er in theA+erican Reol&tion, a&thori:ed the 'irst U6Indian treat-, %ith the Dela%are Peoples!<&ndreds o' treaties 'ollo%ed, $&t settlers inored the treaties and contin&ed to steal Indianands!

@&l- eore .ashinton $eins an annihilation prora+ aainst the Iro/&ois! The EnlishA+ericans are ordered to $&rn the Iro/&ois illaes and crops and destro- this tro&$leso+enation!

6epte+$er there is not a sinle illae re+ainin o' the 'o&r Iro/&ois nation and the- %o&ld $eco+e -et another ro&p o' displaced settlers drien into Canada! Brant %arriors 'iht on 'ort%o +ore -ears $&t the tide has t&rned!

"cto$er 11 6atanta a spokesperson o' the ?io%a $orn 14;0 co++itted s&icide %hile in prisonhain $een capt&red $- eneral C&ster! <e %as kno%n as the "rator o' the Plains!

177F

@a+es Cook (1754177F) landed the <a%aii Islands and na+ed the+ the 6and%ich Islands! <e%as killed $- the <a%aiians!

eneral eore .ashinton started a enocide %ar aainst the A+erican Indians! .ashintondeclared that the i++ediate o$#ectie are the total destr&ction and deastation o' theirsettle+ents! The co&ntr- is not to $e +erel- oerr&n $&t destro-ed! "ne o' the Ca-&a to%nsdestro-ed %as Chono$ote %here 1,00 peach trees %as c&t do%n! The to%ns %ere laid in ashesand a $roader e8tent o' co&ntr- r&ined than has eer $een the case in the histor- o' A+erica! It isesti+ated that 130,000 $&shels o' corn %as destro-ed!

eneral 6&llian inaded the Iro/&ois territor-, indiscri+inatel- p&nishin the+ $- $&rnin

crops and destro-in illaes! These attacks on the hitherto ne&tral "nondaa and Ca-&a $ro&ht the+ oer to the Canadian side! *e%to%n a 6eneca illae near El+ira, *e% Gork is $&rned $- 6&llian! "ne tho&sand Iro/&ois %arriors retaliated $- $&rnin and pillainA+erican 'ar+s thro&ho&t the i++ense territories $et%een the "hio and oha%k riers!=an6chaick destro-ed the ne&tral "nondaa illae 'orcin the+ into %ar! It is reported that=an6chaick sha+e'&ll- treated his %o+en capties! enerall- speakin the Iro/&ois treatedtheir %o+en capties %ith +ore co+passion d&rin the %ar!



ah&s/&echikoken a illae o' 6eneca, Dela%are and &nsee &nder Iro/&ois r&le is destro-ed $- troops o' Broadhead! The illae %as located alon the Allehen- Rier near =enano,Penns-lania! iddle To%n o' the 6eneca located three +iles north o' Che+&n, 6&llianCo&nt-, *e% Gork is destro-ed this -ear!

@oseph Brant aka Tha-endaneea (175K;1407) +arries Catherine oha%k!

A&&st ;1 R&nonea an Iro/&oian to%n located near Bi' 2lats, Che+&n Co&nt-, *e% Gork%as $&rned $- eneral 6&llian!

A&&st eneral Clinton $&rned 6ha%ianto a illae o' the T&scarora located near .indsor,Broo+e Co&nt-, *e% Gork!

1740

A s+allpo8 epide+ic spread a+on the prairie naties $einnin %ith the "#i$%a spreadin tothe planes Dakota 6io&8 and crossed the Rock- o&ntains, +ore +en than %o+en died and thePeople esti+ated that +ore than hal' the pop&lation is dead! A$o&t FK10th o' the "#i$%a perished, ;Kth o' the prairie 'olks, and 1K5 the Cree and Black'oot! The "#i$%a had e8pandedlarel- into northern innesota, ake o' the %oods and Red Rier %hile still holdin the 6a&lt

6te arie area! The "#i$%a are reported c&ltiatin alon the Red Rier and aro&nd Red akein the innesota reion! The- had $asicall- deeloped a s-+$iotic relationship %ith the 2renchtraders enco&rain their da&hters to +arr- these 2rench $rothers!

eend s&ests the 6arcee People o' Calar- split 'ro+ the Beaer $ands o' Peace Rier near2ort 6t! @ohn and +irated so&th a$o&t this ti+e!

It %as recorded so+e ti+e in the late 1700>s that >+other earth is held sacred $- the peoples o'the Andes, Per&!

"#i$%a chie' trader 6he%e/&enap traded 1740 to 140 at lo&cester and later "sna$&rh <o&seand &s&all- had t%ele to 'o&rteen canoes in his clan!

A s+all $and o' Iro/&ois $oat+en settled near @asper <o&se, Al$erta and inter+arried 'or

enerations %ith the .ood Cree! Contrar- to pop&lar $elie' the Black'oot are reported to $ec&ltiatin 'ields o' to$acco!

The Iro/&ois still considered %o+en as the li'e o' the *ation, +istresses o' the soil, %ho $rin &s'orth, c&ltiate the lands, kindle the 'ire, $oil o&r pots, +ake o&r clothin and 'iht at o&r sided&rin the %ar!

The ?&ato a diision o' the ?io%a o' ontana at %ar %ith the Dakota planned to retreat %hentheir reliio&s leader said that i' the- did the- %o&ld not $e accepta$le in the herea'ter! The tri$estand their ro&nd and are e8ter+inated!

6a/a&nash a etis o' Irish and Pota%:ato+i is $orn this -ear and died 6epte+$er 54, 141 atCo&ncil Bl&''s, Io%a!

6aponi a tri$e o' 6io&8 %ho lied in *orth Carolina and =irina disappeared 'ro+ histor-, d&e totreaties, %ars and disease!

The Dakota, 6a&k and 2o8 #oined 'orces at attacked the "#i$%a at 6t! Croi8 Rier $&t %erede'eated!

The R&ssian traders isit the E-ak and Tlinit People o' the Paci'ic Coast!

Bet%een "cto$er 10 to 14 a h&rricane s%ept eer- island 'ro+ To$ao in the so&th east to<ispaniola and C&$a killin +ore than 50,000 people!



1741

6t! @ohn>s (Prince Ed%ard) Island, leislat&re passed an act declarin that $aptis+ o' slaes shallnot e8e+pt the+ 'ro+ $ondae and that all children $orn o' 'e+ale slaes shall $elon to and $ethe propert- o' the +aster or +istresses o' s&ch slaes! This did not appl- to %hite slaes held $- the *aties $eca&se this $ar$aric practice is aainst the Peoples tradition! The Ch&rch

ho%eer condoned this act $eca&se the- %ere the sinle larest holder o' slaes and the notion o'conc&$ines and o%nership o' %ies and children are part o' the Ro+an Christian tradition! Allthe People are saddened $- this oern+ent and Ch&rch declaration!

The Anishina$e is paid three h&ndred s&its o' clothin 'or a strip o' land si8 and a hal'kilo+eter%ide on the .est Bank o' the *iaara Rier! Carer reported, Hthe e8tension o' e+pire isseldo+ a +otie %ith these people to inade to sec&re rihts o' h&ntin, to +aintain the li$ert-o' passin thro&h their acc&sto+ed tracks, and to &ard those lands %hich the- consider 'ro+lon ten&re as their o%n, are the eneral ca&ses o' dissentions!H

The Chipe%-an (Denes&line) in the eastern ar+ o' reat 6lae ake are deastated $- as+allpo8 epide+ic that killed F0 o' the pop&lation!

The oraian Dela%are People o' ichtena&, &skin&+ Co&ntin "hio is attacked $- the<&rons and then destro-ed $- the A+ericans!

6ale+ a oraian Del%are illae is located a +ile 'ro+ Port .ashinton, "hio $&t this +issionis a$andoned this sa+e -ear!

1745

Chie' trader Ca&ca&kes o' 6t&reon ake %ho had a reat deal o' in'l&ence a+on traders hadhis clothin sent -earl- 'ro+ the Co++ander at ackilli+akinac, accordin to @ohn ?iplin!Chie' trader et%eash also lied in the sa+e area $ein $et%een 6t&reon ake and ac 6e&l!

R&nnin .ater %as an actie Cherokee to%n on the Tennessee Rier $elo% Chattanooa! Thisillae %as destro-ed in 17F!

6anta Bar$ara ission is esta$lished $- the 2ranciscan>s in Cali'ornia, the People o' the area areCh&+ashan (<ohan ph-l&+) and Gok&ts (<okan)!

arch 4 likhikan a noted Dela%are %arrior %ho conerted to Christianit- %as killed andscalped $- the %hites at nadenh&etten!

174;

The Peoples atte+pts to pers&ade the A+ericans to reconi:e the $o&ndar- o' the procla+ationo' 173; and as later clari'ied in the treat- o' 1734 proed 'r&itless $eca&se the A+ericans aredeter+ined to open the eastern part o' the Indian Territories to %hite settlers! <&ndreds o'settlers had alread- crossed the esta$lished line in iolation o' the treat-!

The pliht o' the Iro/&ois reached the Canadian a&thorities and the- o''ered lands north o' ake

"ntario that the oern+ent p&rchased 'ro+ the Alon/&ian $ein +ore then three +illionhectares alon the rand Rier alle- 'or the 6i8 *ations to en#o- 'oreer! The oern+ent proided the *atie o-alists %ith a ch&rch, school, sa%+ill, rist+ill, school+aster and onetho&sand 'ie h&ndredpo&nd sterlin as eneral co+pensation 'or %ar losses and like the othero-alists, clothin, tools and proisions! @ean Baptiste Cadotte reported the "#i$%a 'ro+ 2ondd& ac, Rain- ake, 6and- ake and s&rro&ndin places are dead 'ro+ s+all po8! The "#i$%aalso occ&pied eech ake and Red ake at this ti+e!



2ro+ 174; to 17F0 it is esti+ated that one tho&sand 'ie h&ndred E&ropean inaders died inisolated con'licts -et ne% clai+s #&+pers soon replaced the dead ones!

"conostota died 174; a Cherokee %as 'riends %ith the Enlish $&t $eca&se o' poor treat+ent $-the Enlish he chaned sides and 'o&ht %ith the 2rench! At the $attle o' 2ort Prince eore in6o&th Carolina he 'o&ht aainst 1,00 soldiers!

174

@ean Baptiste Perra&lt reported the "#i$%a illae o' 2ond d& ac is aain occ&pied a'ter thes+all po8 epide+ic o' 174;! 2ond d& ac is located a$o&t three +iles a$oe the +o&th o' the 6t!o&is Rier!

@oseph Brant aka Tha-endaneea (175K;1407) led the oha%k o-alists and otherA$oriinal Peoples to a lare tract o' land on the rand Rier ("ntario) ranted the+ inco+pensation 'or their losses in the %ar!

&ch too late the Iro/&ois 'inall- artic&lated %hat the Alon/&ian is sa-in 'or -ears, the tr&enat&re o' the Enlish is *ahdo%a-s or snakes in their land dealins, the snake represents people%ho poison the +inds and so&ls o' other people, tr&l- the eil side o' nat&re! @a+es 6&therland

at ac 6e&l said the People are 'eastin all da- +oin 'ro+ tent to tent, the- are re+arka$lekind to &s, %e $ein al%a-s inited the sa+e as the+seles and ie &s a lare share!

The Enlish o-alist re'&ees 'ro+ the United 6tates arried in lare n&+$ers on the north sideo' ake "ntario and are nearl- all destit&te! The- are proided %ith 'ree land and proision likethe *atie o-alists! 2o&r tho&sand settled alon the 6t! a%rence Ba- o' &inte!

The >Present d& Ro-> s-ste+ o' tri$&te to Indians that o''iciall- $ean in 134 is no%incorporated into the ann&al treat- +one- 'or ario&s treaties o' lands s&rrendered!

Ale#andro alaspina (171410), o' 6pain %as directed to 'ind the %estern entrance to thenorth%est passae as +entoned in the report o' oren:o 2errer aldonado in 144!

174

Cree tradin at <&dson Ba- Tradin post!

The cree is care'&ll- e8a+inin the 'lint lock as the <&dson Ba- &ns %ere de'ectieand $roke +ore 're/&entl- than the 2rench &ns!

The Cree ho%eer are i+pressed %ith a -o&n Daid Tho+pson %ho e8pressed akeen interest in the their a$ilit- to &ide the+seles thro&h the 'orests to an- placethe- desired to o! The Cree are pleased to instr&ct Tho+pson in these s&rial skills

$eca&se o' his stron desire to learn!

"ne sea otter pelt %as %orth ten $eaer pelts! The ship a 30 ton <ar+on is rena+ed the 6ea"tter co++anded $- @a+es <anna and is likel- the 'irst ship deoted to the '&r trade!

1743

@a+es 6&therland reported the et%eash sons ("#i$%a) $ro&ht a lare $lack $ear to the ac6&el ca+p that the- shared to eer-one! 6&ch straners are the Indians to 'r&alit- that the- ie%ith each other %ho shall ie the +ost a%a-! This is er- +&ch like earl- Christian tradition! Itis reported that et%eash and others enaed the Poat (Dakota) so&th%est o' ac 6e&l $eca&sethe- are encroachin on their lands!

A olcano at o&nt 6hasta, Cali'ornia er&pted this -ear!






174F

The Chippe%a had 'ollo%ed the '&r trade to Red Rier and Chie' trader ano+ine reported his $and had co+e 'ro+ eech ake and the ississippi! 6&cre alias 6hesherask&t said his $andca+e 'ro+ Red ake Rier a Biche (Red Deer Rier)! There is also the 2orest Rier Band andRat Rier $and o' Chippe%a ("#i$%a) in the Red Rier area at this ti+e! oose Rier, *orth

Dakota +arked the Dakota 6io&8 and "#i$%a $o&ndar- at this ti+e, the Dakota 6io&8 seldo+crossed this $o&ndar-!Ale8ander ac?en:ie clai+ed that Chipe%-an +edical &se o' her$s and roots is &nkno%ne8cept 'or the $ark o' %illo% (aspirin)! The Cree and especiall- the "#i$%a hae a reaterkno%lede than other tri$es o' the +edical /&alities o' the $ark o' trees, her$s, roots and otherthins! The- chare hih 'ees to +e+$ers o' other tri$es %ho 're/&entl- call &pon the+ 'or their pro'essional serices! Daniel <ar+on %o&ld later record that their +edical skills 're/&entl-%o&ld $a''le the skill and the dr&s o' a scienti'ic ph-sician!

Ale8ander acken:ie %as taken on a cond&cted to&r to the Arctic "cean $- his to&r &ides,local Indians! <e %as 'earlessl- led $- his &ides thro&h occ&pied territor-, +arked at ti+es%ith sinposts! The initial part- consisted o' seen Indians, 'o&r 2rench Canadians, likel- etis,

one er+an and acken:ie! T%o %ies o' the Indians and t%o %ies o' the etis %ere alonon the to&r! The &ides did the h&ntin and the %o+en paddled, +ended ar+ents, +ade+occasins, athered $erries and +ade the +eals! acken:ie did er- little %ork on the trip and%as easil- 'ati&ed! acken:ie noted that there %ere a$andoned lodes &pon eer- part o' theland that %e ca+e near! The acken:ie Rier to the Bea&'ort 6ea %as occ&pied $- people! TheEsk+ea&8 (In&it) had told stories to the local Indians that 4 or 10 -ears earlier (177F to 1741) o'tradin %ith lare canoes o' %hite +en to the %est! It %as noted that acken:ie co+pensatedthe natie %o+en %ho shared their $eds at niht!! "n his ret&rn trip the naties alon theacken:ie rier sh&nned hi+ and he hardl- enco&ntered the+! <e sent so+e +en to 'orci$l-et the+ $&t the- #&st 'led! This is likel- $eca&se he capt&red so+e o' their people 'orcin the+to $e his &ides and likel- $eca&se acken:ie and cre% a$&sed their %o+en! acken:ie didn>treali:e that ne%s spread a$o&t the Arctic er- /&ickl-!

The people o' Al$ert <ead (6ooke) discoered the 6panish E8plorer an&el &i+per on their $each, clai+in the land in the na+e o' the ?in o' 6pain!

17F0

an- "#i$%a (Chippe%a) d&rin this decade +irated $et%een Red ake and Red Rier and theRain- Rier "#i$%a are +an&'act&rin canoe 'or the '&r trade! Red 6&cker o' the Beaer Band("#i$%a) departed Red ake 'or Red Rier! The .illo% or Parkland Cree oriinated a$o&t thisti+e! The- clai+ to $e descendants o' eore 6&therland %ho had a n&+$er o' Cree .ies andsired 57 children! The- hae a rep&tation 'or $ein aloo'!The Eale ake people at ac 6e&l are tradin corn 'or trade oods!

Ed%ard U+'reille %rote that the Assini$oine %ere nota$le '&r trappers! Ale8ander acken:ieho%eer %rote that the Assini$oine are not $eaer h&nters $&t con'ine the+seles to h&ntin $&''alo and trappin %oles! The "#i$%a and Cree attend '&r h&ntin! @ohn acDonald *!.!C!(17F;F) %rote in 17F7 that the Assini$oine %ere the %orst h&nters o' an- Indians!Their %hole h&nt consisted o' $&''alo, %oles, 'o8es, and kitts! The Assini$oine and Cree hadchaned 'ro+ '&r h&nters to 'ood s&ppliers in a er- short ti+e!



President eore .ashinton (17;517FF) ordered @osiah <ar+er %ith an ar+- o' 1,00 soldiers'ro+ Penns-lania, =irinia, and ?ent&ck- +ilitia, incl&din ;00 2ederal Re&lars to p&t theIndians do%n and sec&re the *orth%est 'rontier! ittle T&rtle (ichikinik%a) died 1415 and hisPeople>s ar+- o' ia+is, 6ha%nees, "#i$%a, Dela%ares, Pota%ato+is and "tta%as sniped at.ashinton>s ar+-, $&rned their o%n illaes to 'ein panic, and l&red the A+erican ar+-deeper into Indian Co&ntr-! This and earlier h&+iliations likel- is the $asis o' his racist attit&deto%ards the "riinal Peoples o' A+erica! ?ent&ck- is $elieed deried 'ro+ the Iro/&ois %ordkentahten +eanin and o' To+orro%!

@&l- 55 The in'a+o&s President eore .ashinton (17;517FF) o' =irinia passed the 'irstact oernin the relations $et%een the Indians and %hites! The act proided the riht o' thePresident to arrest an- Indian &ilt- o' the't, +&rder or other cri+es! The act ho%eer 'ailed to proide the riht to arrest an- %hite &ilt- o' the't, +&rder or other cri+es!

6epte+$er the People str&ck, ro&ted the ene+- ar+-, killin 14; +en and %o&ndin ;1 +ore!President eore .ashinton %as h&+iliated so he ordered a second ar+- o' 5,000 +en to+arch on the saaes &nder Arth&r 6t! Clair!

"cto$er ittle T&rtle (1751415) %ar leader o' the ia+i o' Indiana de'eated eneral <ar+er

on the ia+i Rier! <e led the ia+i in t%o +a#or $attles that de'eated the United 6tatesAr+-! <e later adocated peace thro&h diplo+ac- $&t his people %o&ldn>t accept this co&ncil!

17F1

Tho+as Procter isited *ondas a illae o' 6enecas People near *&nda, iinston Co&nt-, *e% Gork! *ondas +eans hih or steep hill!

*oe+$er 5 The People>s ar+- de'eated eneral Arth&r 6t! Claire, the oernor o' the *orth.est Territories, on the $anks o' the .a$ash Rier, Indiana, killin 35; re&lar A+erican ar+-and %o&ndin another 54 (so+e sa- 300) there$- 'orcin, one tho&sand 'o&r h&ndred to 'lee 'ortheir lies, so+e een $e'ore the 'ihtin started, across the "hio! President eore .ashinton

%as h&+iliated a second ti+e and resoled not to lose the ne8t assa&lt! <e assined adAnthon- .a-ne to asse+$le a %ell trained and e/&ipped ar+- o' ;,000 +en, takin oer t%o-ears to asse+$le! The %ar %as a direct res&lt o' A+ericans not liin &p to treat- $- allo%insettlers to steal Indian ands! The other co+plaint %as the in#ection o' li/&or and E&ropeandiseases a+on the People!

The ?ootenai an Alonkian nation is displaced oer the +o&ntains $- the Black'oot %ho are alsoan Alonkian people!

P&nkapo a illae o' >Pra-in People> lie near 6to&hton, assach&setts is one o' the 'e%HPra-in People> le't a'ter the ?in Philip>s .ar!

In Dece+$er 17F5, Peter 2iddler reported that the Piean People on the $anks o' the "ld+an

Rier are pla-in a a+e $- rollin a s+all hoop o' inch>s dia+eter and dartin an arro%thro&h the hoop! Upon /&estionin the People said that a %hite +an +an- -ears earlier had $&ilt this 'or the People to pla- at, that are di''erent nations %ho he %ished to +eet here ann&all-and $&r- all ani+osities $et%een the di''erent tri$es $- asse+$lin here and pla-in toether!The- also sa- that this person +ade the B&''alo, on p&rpose 'or the People! The- descri$ed hi+as a er- old %hite headed +an and seeral +ore thins er- ridic&lo&s! Ridic&lo&s or not thea+e persisted into the 1440>s and the place %as called the "ld ans Pla-in ro&nd!

17F;



.ord is spreadin thro&ho&t the prairies that the 2rench and Enlish are desiro&s o' 'indinIndian +aidens 'or %ies! .hen the $raes are on raidin parties the- $ean capt&rin -o&nirls %ith the o$#ectie o' &sin the+ as trade ite+s 'or the o-aers or serants! The asters orChie' 2actors are still presented %ith the Peoples Chie' Traders da&hters as Co&ntr- %i'e! Itsho&ld $e re+e+$ered that +an- tradin Chie's took -o&n irl slaes as their o%n da&htersand then o''ered the+ to the Chie' 2actors! The People at this ti+e hae chaned the reerenceo' %o+en into a pererted E&ropean c&sto+ o' 'e+ale slae tradin! The People 'ro+ this period 'or%ard adopted +an- detesta$le E&ropean practices!

.a&$o#ee (%hite 'isher) a reat "#i$%a spokesperson died at an adanced ae! @ohn @ohnsonhad asked 'or his da&hter "sha%o&soda-%a-&a in +arriae!

Upper Canada a$olished slaer- onl- +onths a'ter Den+ark did the sa+e! E8istin slaesho%eer are not 'reed onl- their descendents! The slae trade %o&ld &se another ter+ calledindent&re and this 'or+ o' slae trade %o&ld contin&e into the t%entieth cent&r-!

Donald c?a- reported that a++&nition, c&tler- and cloth %as &seless at Brandon <o&se, theonl- thin %hich %as necessar- 'or trade is a ood s&ppl- o' r&+! eore 6&therland conc&rred%ith c?a- in 17F $&t said there %as still a ood de+and at 6hell Rier 'or po%der, $eads and

knies!

@&l- 55 Ale8ander ac?en:ie (1731450) arried Paci'ic "cean and the Bella Bella Indiansreported $ein 'ired &pon $- %hite +en in a lare canoe! It is kno%n that one o' Captain eore=anco&er>s (17717F4) Discoer- had $een in Dean Channel si8 %eeks preio&sl-! TheIndians reported that t%o o' the %hite +en %ere called ac&$ah and Ben:ins, likel- re'errin toac&$ah and $otanist Archi$ald en:ies (Ben:ins) (17145)!

17F

The @a- treat- &arantees the oha%k and other Indians, the riht to &nrestricted trael $et%eenCanada and the United 6tates! It reads in part H*othin in this title shall $e constr&ed to a''ectthe riht o' A+erican Indians $orn in Canada to pass the $orders o' the United 6tates, $&t s&ch

riht shall e8tend onl- to persons %ho possess at least 'i't- (0) per cent&+ o' $lood o' theA+erican Indian race!H

@&ne 5F The People>s ar+- tested ad Anthon- .a-ne>s ar+- $- attackin 2ort Recoer- $&t%as repelled! ittle T&rtle died 1415, $ased on intellient reports, reali:ed the e8tent o'.ashinton>s reso&rces and intent to cr&sh the People no +atter the cost co&nseled his people 'or peace! The People>s ar+- sp&rned his adice and selected a ne% leader, T&rke- 2oot!

A&&st 50 The A+erican s&rprise attack at 2allen Ti+$ers near the %estern shore o' ake Eriesa% h&ndreds o' People die in 'ihtin as co+pared to onl- ;4 A+ericans! The British at near $- 2ort ia+i re'&sed to et inoled! ad Anthon- .a-ne then %ent on a ra+pae thro&ho&tthe reion $&rnin and killin 'or a -ear!

17F an- E&ropeans hae the all&sion that the *atie people onl- traded '&rs 'or E&ropean oods!The 'ollo%in is 'ro+ the <&dson Ba- records o' acco&nt The "#i$%a trade ite+s incl&dedenison, rice, 'ish, +aple s&ar, canoe, sleds, sno%shoe, tents, '&r pack %rappers, 'at 'orcandles, st&reon oil 'or la+ps, oose and d&ck 'eathers 'or +attresses and $lankets, /&ills 'or pens, $irch $ark 'or shinles, spr&ce &+ to seal roo' cracks and to patch canoes! The %o+en proided sno%shoe nettin, the +akin, +endin and cleanin o' cloths, +akin o' nets 'ro+t%ine 'or 'ishin! The +en also proided serices s&ch as &idin and 'reihtin!



At 6an 2rancesco a$o&t 50; Indians died and 500 escaped 'ro+ slaer- this -ear!

April 5 2ort eore, *orth 6askatche%an Rier D&ncan >illira- enco&ntered the Circees,Crees, Pieans and Blood People! .e clothed 55 Chie's, a reater n&+$er than %as clothed $e'ore in one da- at an- settle+ent in the *orth .est! Eent&all- eer- 'a+il- head %o&ld callhi+sel' a Chie'! The Enlish Indians co+plained $itterl- at B&ckinha+ <o&se sa- the- are

scarce o' oods and the- +a- not ret&rn d&e to poor treat+ent!A&&st ; The treat- o' reeille 'orced the People to ie &p the "hio and a ood part o'Indianna $eca&se the @a- treat- ca&sed Britain to %ithdra% all s&pport to the Peoples land clai+sand thesa- this as a no %in sit&ation! The treat- %as %ith the .-andot (<&ron), Dela%ares,6ha%anoes, "tta%as, Chipe%as ("#i$%a), P&ta%ati+es, ia+is, EllRier, .eea>s and?ickapoos, Piankasha%a and ?askaskias!

6inin 'or the .-andots

Tarhe, Crane@! .illia+s, @&nTe--ahta%<arden-o&, <al' ?in>s sonTehaa%toren>sA%+e-eera-6ta-etah6hate--aron-ah, eather ipsDa&hsh&tta-ah6haa%r&nthe

6inin 'or the Dela%ares

Teta$okshke, rand lai:e ?ine+antan/&is, Black ?in.a$atthoe

ahpi%a-, Red 2eather ?iktha%ena&nd, AndersonB&konehelasPeekeel&nd.alle$a%keel&ndPeekeetele+&nd, Tho+as Ada+s?ishkopek&nd, Captain B&''aloA+enahehan, Captain Cro%&esha%kse-, eore .ashinton.e-%in/&is, Bill- 6isco+$oses

6inin 'or the 6ha%eneesis/&acoonaca%+ Red PoleC&the%ekasa%, Black <oo' ?a-se%aesekah.e-thapa+attha *ian-+seka.a-theash, on 6hanks.e-apiersen%a%, Bl&e @acket



*e/&eta&ha%<ahooseeka%

6inin 'or the "tta%as

A&oosha%a-?eenosha+eek

a aliceachi%etahTho%ona%a6eca%

6inin 'or the Chippe%as ("#i$%a)

ashipinashi%ish, Bad Bird *ahshoashe, 'ro+ ake 6&perior ?atha%as&nasass *e+ekass, ittle Th&nder Pesha%ka-, Go&n "8 *an&e-eenedoheeso&hPee%anshe+enoh.e-+e%aso$+aatick

6inin 'or the "tta%a

Cheonickska 'ro+ 6and&sk-

6inin 'or the Patta%ati+as o' the Rier 6t! @oseph

Th&dene$& *&%ac and his $rother Etsi+ethe *enanseka?eesass, R&n?a$a+asa% and his $rother Chisa&an6&an&nk .ap+e+e, .hite Pieon.acheness and his $rother Pedaoshok .a$shica%na%a Chasseesheethenoh and his $rother .a%asek <inos%ashAne%asa%

*a%$&dhissenoo+a%.a%eesheTha%+e, e Blancee/&e and his $rother 6he%inse

6inin 'or the Patta%ati+as o' the <&ron



"kiaCha+&n6eae%an *ana%ne and his $rother inarchand.ena+eac

6inin 'or the ia+is

*aoh/&anoh, e riseshek&nnoh/&oh, ittle T&rtle

6inin 'or the ia+is o' Eel Riers

Pee#ee%a, Richard =illeCochkerohtoh

6inin 'or the Eel Rier tri$e

6ha+ek&nnesa, soldier

6inin 'or the ia+is.apa+an%a, .hite oon

6inin 'or the .eas and Piankesha%s

A+ac&nsa, ittle Beaer Acoolatha, ittle 2o82rancis

6inin 'or the ?ickapoos and ?askashias

?eea%hah *e+ihka, @ose- RenardPiakeekanoh

6inin 'or the Dela%ares o' 6and&sk-

<a%kinp&+iskaPe-a+a%kse-Re-nt&eco

6inin 'or the United 6tates o' A+erica

< De B&tts.+ <! <arrisonT e%is@a+es "><ara@ohn ills

Cale$ 6%aneo De+ter =ioP! 2rs a 2ontaineAnt asselle<! asselle@n Bea& BienDaid @ones, Chaplin



e%is Bea&'aitR! acha+$re@as DepenBaites Co&tienP! *aarre

Interpreters

.+ .ells@ac/&es asselle! orinsBt 6ans CrainteChristopher iller Ro$ert .ilsonA$raha+ .illia+sIsaac Nane

17F3 @a+es 6&therland at "sna$&rh noted the "#i$%a de+onstrated +&ch resistance to acceptin theidea o' indiid&al o%nership o' reso&rces! This -ear he is 'orced to $orro% trade ite+s 'ro+so+e o' the "#i$%a to ie to others, a cooperatie pattern apparentl- accepta$le to the "#i$%ac&lt&re! "sna$&rh sered ake .innipe, ake o' the .oods, Eale ake, *ipion Rier andTro&t ake! @ohn Tanner had +irated to Red Rier %ith a s+all $and o' "tta%a ("dah%a&)'ro+ ichian! <e noted so+e "#i$%a %ent on %arrin parties as 'ar as the Rock- o&ntainsaainst the Atsina or 2all People (ros =entre)! @ohn Tanner also recorded that the "#i$%a,6%a+p- Cree (&scaoe), Assini$oine in alliance %ith the andan are %arrin &pon the<idatsa or initari %ho are a 6io&an peoples! The "#i$%a Utchecha& arried %ith his 'a+il-o' 1 to trade at "sna$&rh %ith @a+es 6&therland o' the <&dson Ba- Co+pan-!

6alt ick is a illae o' Dela%ares People located at .arren, "hio %ho traded salt and the site%as taken oer $- E&ropean settlers a$o&t this ti+e!

*oe+$er 50 Carlton <o&se, *orth 6askatche%an Rier, @a+es Bird noted that the *orth .estCo+pan- those Canadians had i+proed the /&alit- o' their trade oods and <!B!C! trade oodsno loner te+pt the Indians to trade!

17F7

(I)@ohn Pe-ton (17F145F), a pro+inent '&r trader and 'isher+an o' *e%'o&ndland, the $&tcher o' the Beoth&k people, +arried Dece+$er 15, 1744 Ann alton, d1415 o' Enland, the-had a da&hter, d1415 and son (II)@ohnPe-ton, (17F;147F)! @ohn the elder %as in'a+o&s 'orhis $r&talit- to%ard the Beoth&ks d&rin the period 1740 to 17F7! aistrate @ohn Bland said he

Hrendered hi+sel' in'a+o&s 'or his persec&tion on the IndiansH! OThe stories told o' this +an%o&ld shock h&+anit- to relate! <e reco++ended that Pe-ton $e e8pelled 'ro+ the Ba- o'E8ploits, *e%'o&ndland!

The "#i$%a %o+en are al%a-s cons&lted and possess a er- considera$le in'l&ence in $&sinessdecisions %ith the E&ropeans! acken:ie also noted that the %o+en e/&all- partake in there%ards o' trade!

The Arikara People had a illae na+ed ahoocat on an island in the isso&ri Rier, *orthDakota! It %as a$andoned $- 1400 and the site isited in 140 $- o&is and Clark!



17F4

The "#i$%a illae o' 2ond d& ac has a pop&lation o' so+e 510 persons! Chie' spokesperson6hesheshep&sk&t %ith his si8 lodes at Red ake entertained Daid Tho+pson! The Black'ootare %ellesta$lished ranchers hain as +anas 0 or 0 horses apiece! The Pieans hae eenreater n&+$ers, one +an is reported hain ;00! The Piean traeled 1,00 +iles so&th to the

6paniards to et their $reedin stock! The 6arcee see+ content to rearin their o%n horses ratherthan enterin into the sport o' horse stealin!

17FF

The People o$sered that to the Enlish speakin people +one- is nearl- eer-thin andscarcel- an-thin else %ill ind&ce the+ to risk their lies! The 2rench and etis in contrastdeliht in the daners in r&nnin rapids and cataracts in their canoes carin little a$o&t their liesor caro and %ith little tho&ht o' ain!

The c&lt&ral con'licts $et%een the People and Enlish c&lt&res $ean to intensi'- $eca&seJ

The People $elieed ti+e is &ni+portant, that %ork, +eetins and dances $ein %hen eno&h people arrie!

The People lie in the here and no% and %ant to en#o- ods reso&rces %hile the- can!

The People cherish patience and &nderstandin!

The People hae open e8tended 'a+ilies o'ten callin distant co&sins or 'riends as $rother andsister!

The People respects ae as %isdo+ and seldo+ atte+pt to conceal sins o' old ae!

The People $eliee it is +ore i+portant to ie than receie!

The People tr- to lie in $alance and har+on- %ith od and nat&re!

an- people %o&ld consider the Enlishspeakin people as $ein sociall- retarded $&t politeness restricted the People 'ro+ +akin a +a#or iss&e o' these i+ported c&lt&ral 'ailins!

The relentless +arch o' the E&ropean, the i+position o' their al&es and $elie's %o&ld intensi'-in the ne8t cent&r-! The E&ropean p&shed %est%ard %ith little reard or respect 'or the people%ho hae $een on the land 'or tho&sands o' -ears!

The 6arcee Peoples are $elieed to $e centered at Elk Island Park reion, Al$erta at this ti+e!

a- .illia+ 6t&res, a British trader, +et the Che$$aska %ho en/&ired i' the- %ere BostonCl&e or ?in eore Cl&e! 6t&res capt&red 6cotse-e, his $rother and son de+andin the scalpso' si8 %hite +en 'or their e8chane! I ass&+e it %as the scalps o' the 6panish! 6calpin to thisti+e %as not kno%n a+on the People!

1400

6o+e ti+e prior to this date the 6kook&+ lan&ae oriinated in the coastal co++&nities o' the *orth .est! It eoled as a tradin lan&ae $et%een the %est coast tri$es (*ations)! The-/&ickl- a$sor$ed 2rench, ichi' and Enlish to $eco+e kno% as Chinook @aron! B- the late1400>s it %as $elieed 100,000 to 50,000 spoke the lan&ae 'ro+ *orthern Cali'ornia to6o&thern Alaska (Col&+$ia District)!



A ic+ac (i>k+a/ or i>?+a/) leend, a$o&t this ti+e, sa-s that the People hae lied heresince the %orld $ean! The ic+ac (i>k+a/ or i>?+a/) $ean to +irate to *e%'o&ndlandand inter+arried %ith the Beoth&k!

B- the Earl- 1400>s the Illini (Illinois) People are nearl- e8tinct!

The Indians o' Al$erta hae lon reconi:ed the al&e o' the oil sands al&e in %aterproo'in

their canoes!

an- Prairie $&''alo h&nter re#ected the E&ropean &n $eca&se it is c&+$erso+e, di''ic&lt to reload and the noise ca&sed the herds to sta+ped! The &n ho%eer is %ell s&ited to %oodsh&ntin especiall- the +oose!

The Black'oot con'ederac- do+inated central and so&thern Al$erta as %ell as northern ontana!The ilk Rier ride %as a 'aorite h&ntin ca+p site! The T%in Rier Bison @&+p on the %estside o' the so&th 'ork o' the ilk Rier %as an ancient Indian site!

The "#i$%a ide Cere+on- that is a part o' the ede%e%in or rand edicine 6ociet-recorded their +iration 'ro+ Eastern Canada, the reat 6alt 6ea, thro&h the reat akes to thePrairies! The- departed their reat To%n on the 6alt 6ea $eca&se o' sickness and death! The-

'irst +oed to onea&n (ontreal)! A'ter a lon period the- +oed to ake <&ron! Aaina'ter a reat period the- +oed to Bo%etin (6a&lt 6te arie)! Then a'ter +&ch ti+e the-+oed (so+e sa- in 1F0) to the Island o' a Pointe (.isconsin)! This reat +iration o' the people is recorded on $irch $ark pictoraph-, l-ph stones, %ooden sla$s and hide is alsoso+eti+es &sed! These sacred records are not sho%n to the $lack Ro$es 'or 'ear o' theirridic&le! Ale8ander acken:ie also $elieed the Alonkin oriinated on the Atlantic coast! It isnote%orth- that the Proto"#i$%a oriinall- lied in this reion and '&rther north $e'ore theirtrek to the 6t! a%rence =alle-!

A ast a+o&nt o' eidence can $e add&ced to proe that 'orce has tended to $r&tali:e rather thanenno$le the h&+an race! The "#i$%a $eliee that the +ore a +an is treated as a $rother, the lessde+and is 'or la%! The less la% there is, the +ore %ill people $e honored! In ti+es o' ladness

all partook o' the #o-, and %hen s&''erin ca+e all alike s&''ered! The a$oriinal c&sto+ is that+an sho&ld not as $r&tes $e %hipped into d&t- $&t that the- %o&ld as +en $e pers&aded to theriht! "' late -ears, la% has $orne %ith it er- +an- eils! Go& can #&de 'or -o&rsel', prisons, penitentiaries and poor ho&ses are all $ad sins! The "#i$%a 'ro+ Red ake and a Pointe aretradin alon the Red Rier, Pe+$ina Rier and 6askatche%an Rier s-ste+s!

@ohn c?a- o' "sna$&rsh said the iin o' credit is the loss o' +an- ood people! The oodsare +erel- taken $- the+ to distri$&te a%a- in presents a+on their relations! <e also noted thatthe naties think +ore o' their +eat than a +an at Red Rier thinks o' his '&rs!

The &nsee (Dela%are) a +e+$er o' the Alon/&ian *ation $ein 50 in n&+$er settled a+onthe "#i$%a this season! The "#i$%a $ein ;74 in n&+$er on the rier Tha+es in the To%nshipo' Caradoc, district o' ondon! The "#i$%a are c&ltiatin 'ar+s o' 50 acres each! The- occ&p-

73 lo ho&sesJ si8 tents and hae 5 $arns! The total acres &nder c&ltiation are 0! Their stockconsists o' 300 head! The- hae a 'annin +ill, $lacks+ith shop and a +oderate s&ppl- o'aric&lt&ral tools!

The Chickasa% o' so&theastern U!6!A! %ere considered one o' the 'ie Ciili:ed *ations $eca&se the- 'ar+ed, and operated cotton plantations %ith the la$or o' one tho&sand A'ricanslaes!

1405



Indian +aps cone- +&ch in'or+ation %here E&ropean doc&+ents 'ail! The People dra% +apsin scale to trael ti+e rather than an i+practical +ile scale! A di''ic&lt rier ro&te occ&pies +orespace than eas- ones o' the sa+e lenth, $eca&se it takes +ore ti+e to trael! 2rench Canadiantrael distance is calc&lated in nihtLs sleep %here as the etis, Co&re&rs de Bois, and =o-aers+odi'ied this s-ste+ as pipes s+oked! The "#i$%a o' Rain- ake hae a thriin $&siness in thesale o' %ild rice to the '&r trade! Daniel .illia+s <ar+on (177414) reported the Indians pra-to the reat 6pirit, the- pa- hi+ no sacri'ice, since he is a ood 6pirit and is not disposed to dothe+ in#&r-!

The "+aha a +ain tri$e o' the 6io&an *ation are al+ost %iped o&t $- s+allpo8 red&cin theirn&+$ers to less than ;00! The- had +oed %est 'ro+ "hio 'ollo%in the riers there$- ainintheir na+e %hich +eans aainst the c&rrent or %ind! Their ho+es %ere constr&cted o' earth andsod! 6kin tents ho%eer %ere &sed %hen the- traeled!

140

D&ncan Ca+eron o' the *orth .est Co+pan- co++ented that the area north %est o' ake6&perior, the *ipion Co&ntr-, is no% i+poerished since $eaer is ettin er- scarce! The"#i$%a held the $elie' that the lands are +ade 'or &se o' +an and there'ore eer-one had an

e/&al riht to partake o' the prod&ce! .hat the- didn>t appreciate is that E&rope had aninsatia$le appetite 'or the prod&ce o' the land!

Peter rant (173144) a *orth%est trader at ac a Pl&ie %rote it is c&sto+ar- in %inter 'orthe tri$es to $reak &p into sinle 'a+il- &nits! This is a preca&tion necessar- to their er-e8istence! The- choose a partic&lar h&ntin district and no other person %ill encroach &pon it%itho&t a special initation! I' the- discoer a $eaer lode the- +ark the sit&ation and no other person %o&ld atte+pt to destro- it %itho&t per+ission! In case o' 'a+ine an- one +a- a$andonhis district and seek a $etter h&nt on his neih$orLs territor- %itho&t inc&rrin the least ill %ill orreproach! The Indians sa- the lands are +ade 'or the &se o' +an, there'ore eer- one has ane/&al riht to partake o' the prod&ce!

6hakehand a spokesperson 'or the Gankton 6io&8 enco&ntered the e%is and Clark e8pedition atGankton, 6o&th Dakota!

eri%ether e%is (177140F) and .illia+ Clark (177014;4) $etter kno%n as the e%is andClark e8pedition spent t%o %eeks %ith the *e: Perce in Idaho! The *e: Perce allo%ed thee8pedition to take a Co&ntr- .o+an d&rin their sta-!

140

The "#i$%a 'ro+ ake 6&perior to ake .innipeosis are enaed in the harestin o' %ild riceand the +an&'act&re o' +aple s&ar! Ale8ander <enr- cond&cted a cens&s that is co+pleted in1403 sho%in a +a#or s&rpl&s o' %o+en to +en! <e reported 13,FF %o+en and onl- 7,05+en! This cens&s e8cl&ded the Atha$asca and the 6o&th .est Territor-! To co+pensate 'or thisi+$alance, +arriae o' their %o+en to the E&ropeans is enco&raed and +an- +en are 'orced to

take t%o or three %ies, nor+all- the sisters o' the 'irst %i'e! The *orthern "#i$%a reports the'irst indications o' the decline o' the $eaer north o' ake 6&perior this -ear!

The Ao-elles +eanin the ipers $eloned to the Caddoan ro&p are ter+inated $- this date,onl- three %o+en re+ain!

e%is and Clark noted the ?alispel People (ear drop People) in northern Idaho! The- alsoisited the ?a+iah People %ho+ the- called the Chop&nnish People that n&+$ered 400! The-are in 'act a ro&p o' *e: Perce People! The ?likitat a 6hahaptian tri$e %ho oriinall- lied in



.ashinton alon the e%is and .hite Riers %ere noted $- e%is and Clark as liin on theGaki+a and ?lickitat Riers! e%is and Clark +et the ?l&+ait&+sh People %ho oriinall- liedin ra-s <ar$or, .ashinton! The to%n o' ahanna is located on $oth sides o' the Col&+$iaRier as reported $- e%is and Clark! The- also isited the Paloos People a 6hahaptian tri$e inIdaho! The- also enco&ntered the *e: Perces People!

The 6hoshoni People (aka rass People) %ho lied in .-o+in, *eada and parts o' Idaho %ereisited $- e%is and Clark on the isso&ri Rier and in ontana!

arch e%is and Clark noted that the innitarees a!k!a! ros =entre Indians had set all theneih$orin rass a$la:e to o$tain an earl- >crop> 'or their horses and also to attract the $&''aloand other %ildli'e to the area!

A&&st 4 The Assini$oine, Cree and Black'oot #oin 'orces to %ae %ar on the Rapid Indians(Dakota 6io&8)! An ar&+ent oer a horse $roke the alliance res&ltin in 5 dead Black'oot and; Assini$oine! An "#i$%a the soninla% o' e rande *oir kills a trader na+ed <&hes at Redake! The *orth .est Co+pan- had a tradin post at the East End o' Red ake!

1403

A 500 "#i$%a %ar part- and their 'a+ilies are roin the Pe+$ina Rier area!2or 50 -ears the Black'oot do+inated the *e: Perce and 6hoshone $eca&se o' their trade 'or&ns and a++&nition %ith the Canadian traders!

@&l- eri%eather e%is +et %ith the Black'oot and +ade it er- clear that the A+ericans ca+eto esta$lish peace $et%een Indian tri$es! <e stated the A+ericans intended to trade &ns anda++&nitions %ith the 6hoshones and *e: Perces, +ortal ene+ies o' the Black'oot! e%is andRe&$en 2ield each killed a Black'oot %arrior! This ca&sed the A+ericans to $e classed a+onthe ene+- o' the Black'oot, res&ltin in a ;0 -ear stando'' %ith +&ch $lood shed! ostA+ericans don>t appreciate the sini'icant o' this state+ent, it>s like sa-in the R&ssians %ant to $rin peace to the %orld $- installin lon rane n&clear +issiles in C&$a! It>s ironic that threeo' the e8pedition %o&ld eent&all- $e killed $- the Black'oot! The e%is and Clarke E8pedition

and there'ore A+ericans, %as noted as $ein stin-! The ario&s Indian tri$es o''ered thee8pedition 'ood, horses, canoes and &ides! The e8pedition %as deter+ined to den- the Indianseen cast o'' ite+s! e%is ordered the canoes, poles and paddles $&rned de+onstratin reatdisrespect !

1407

A 5 +an A+erican E8pedition into north%estern ontana is killed to the last +an $- theBlack'oot People!

A tradin post is $&ilt at the #&nction o' the Gello%stone and Bi <orn Riers $- an&el isa a6paniard 'ro+ 6t! o&is! <e traded &ns and a++&nition %ith the Cro% %ho %ere at %ar %iththe Black'oot! isa retired in 1411 to the lo%er isso&ri Rier area, 'o&ndin the isso&ri 2&r

Co!! *oe+$er 17 Detroit, territor- ichian Treat- %ith the Indians north %est o' the rier "hio!The "tto%a-, Chippe%a-, .-andotte, and Potta%ata+i nations!

6ined B-Chippe%as

Pee%anshe+enoha+a&shea&ta or Bi es



Poo/&ia&$oa%ie?iosk Po/&a/&et or the Ball6eane%an&itchone/&it or $i Clo&d&icon/&ishP&ckenese or the 6park o' 2ire *ei or the "tter easita *ac/&ette/&et or little Bear *e+ekas or ittle Th&nder 6a%ana$enase, Pechea$&a or rand BlancTon/&ishiotte&et&esheck or the ittle Cedar

"tta%as

A&$a&%a-?a%ache%an6a%a+a%"o&se.asaashick

Patta%ati+as

To/&ish *ona+e *a%+e *inne%a6k&sh

.-andots

6kaho+etiere or .alk in the .ater I-ona-otha

"thers present

eore cDo&hall, Chie' @&deC! R&sh, Atorne- eneral@aco$ =isar, Associate @&de@oseph .atson, 6ecretar- o' eislat&re ichianAni#ah <&ll 6&re-or

<arris <! <ick+an, co&ncil at la%A$raha+ 2&ller <&ll, co&ncil at la%.hit+ore ?nas.illia+ .alker, interpreter!

1404



@&ne 1 At Ca-oosh 2lat (illooet, B!C!) the 6t>at>i+c *ation de$ated to kill the (II)6i+on2ra:er Part- or to +eet the+ in peace! A consens&s %as 'inall- reached 'or peace! The-%elco+ed the part- into ca+p and proided the+ s&pplies!

1410

A part- o' 500 "#i$%a &nder co++and o' 2lat o&th, %ar leader o' eech ake, innesotaattacked the illae o' on Prairie! on Prairie n&+$ered 'ort- lodes o' Dakota 6io&8 and allare killed e8cept si8 +en! The "#i$%a capt&red +an- horses $&t are &na$le to +anae the+! Itis reported the- killed and ate the+! A$o&t the sa+e ti+e, the Black D&ck o' Red ake,innesota is s&rro&nded! The- destro-ed a ca+p o' 'ort- Dakota 6io&8 and the- are killed to a+an!

This -ear is re+e+$ered as the decline o' the +oose in "#i$%a Co&ntr- so+e sa- as a res&lt o'oer killin 'or the '&r trade! An "#i$%a $and north o' ake 6&perior $ean to di+inish in si:e!B- 145F the- are do%n to sin&lar 'a+ilies that is $etter a$le to s&stain the+seles %ith s+alla+e! Records o' staration a+on the People $ean to appear a'ter this date!

The $ison ($&''alo) %ere e8ter+inated east o' the ississippi and onl- their trails the- had +ade

%alkin in sinle 'ile re+ained as a re+inder!6ir Tho+as D&ck%orth iss&ed a la% prohi$itin the '&rther killin o' the Beoth&k, Red *atieso' *e%'o&ndland! <e $elieed the- are an endanered species! An e8pedition in 1457 ho%eer'ailed to 'ind a sinle s&riin Beoth&k! It is note%orth- that the Beoth&k &nlike the British'ro+ 131; to 1410 neer killed a sinle %o+an or child nor la&nched indiscri+inate +assacres!The British settlers %ere indictie, callo&s and &ncarin in their enocidal ca+pain aainstthese entle peoples!

&elca-a, Per& d&rin the 1410>s is the coldest period in the last 00 -ears $&t the 1450>s is the%ar+est period!

1411

Tec&+seh, (1734141;) the 6ha%nee %ar leader has no loe 'or the British $&t he despises theA+ericans and is in open %ar %ith the A+ericans! <e coninces the other tri$es to #oin theBritish to co+$at A+erican territorial a+$itions +ore e''ectiel-!! <e is a allant eneral $eininstr&+ental in takin 2orts ichili+ackinac, Bro%nstone and Detroit!

The $attle o' Beaer Da+ on T%ent- ile Creek is s&++ari:ed as 'ollo%sJ the Cona&a 'o&htthe $attle, the oha%k ot the pl&nder and ie&tenant 2it:i$$on and De <aren %ho arried%ith the re&lars a'ter the da- had $een %on, clai+ed the credit! The A+erican eneral Peter B!Porter %rote dis&stedl-J the tr&th is %e hae had an ar+- at 2ort eore 'or t%o +onths, thisar+- la-s panicstr&ck, sh&t &p and held in $- a 'e% h&ndred +isera$le saaes, leain the%hole o' this 'rontier e8posed to the inroads and depredations o' the ene+-!

eneral <&ll reported that a'ter the s&rrender o' ichili+ackie eer- tri$e and nation like a hie

ca+e s%ar+in do%n in eer- direction! The .estern *aties had $een conditioned $- reatBritain neer to let the ancient coenant Qchain o' 'riendshipL ro% $ro%n %ith r&st!

@a+es 6pence noted that the Cree $elieed Enland had $een depop&lated as the- are no%sendin d%ar' "rkne- +en to Canada! The last o' the taller "rkne- those $ein oer 'eet inches arried allo%in onl- shorter +en in '&t&re -ears!

Tho+as @e''erson a =irinian $eliees in a peace'&l eradication o' the Indian c&lt&re thro&hed&cation o' their children, and $- e+phasi:in aric&lt&re to con'ine the +en to the land



@ohn cIntosh discoered a Indian 'r&it tree in D&ndela, "ntario and replanted it on his o%nland! "er the -ears thro&h ra'tin he deeloped the >cIntosh Apple>!

<enr- arie Brackenride ascended the isso&ri Rier %ith the isso&ri 2&r Co+pan- &nderthe leadership o' an&el isa! .ilson Price <&nt led the Paci'ic 2&r Co+pan- $o&nd 'orAstoria, "reon %as on the rier at the sa+e ti+e and the- traeled toether 'or a %hile! The

isa ro&p consisted o' 5 +en incl&din 50 oars +en %ho %ere +ostl- Canadians and Creoles!The- %ere o' the opinion that A+ericans %ere not considered &p to the task! The- clai+ed thatTo&issant Char$onnea& and 6aca#a%ea (174 or 1747 1415 or 144) o' the o&is and Clarke8pedition %ere their &ides! Each illae %e isited the People %o&ld present the etiso''sprin o' the o&is and Clarke e8pedition!

The andan People called od >The aster o' i'e>, the anito&! The 6io&8 call hi+ >The2ather o' i'e>! The andan %onder i' the .hite People hae an- %o+en $eca&se the- are so'ond o' o&r %o+en! The andan %o+en 'ar o&t n&+$er the andan +en at this ti+e!

An earth /&ake +eas&rin 4 on the Richter 6cale str&ck *e% adrid near the ississippi Rierand tre+ors %ere recorded at Detroit, Pitts$&rh, Cleeland and Charleston! In Boston thero&nd shook so hard the ch&rch $ells ran! o&is Briner %itnessed the s&r'ace sinkin, the

ro&nd soil rolled like a sea! *e% adrid had 'allen 1 'eet %hen it %as all oer! 6and $lo%scoered nearl- 1,000 s/&are +iles +akin +&ch o' the ro&nd in'ertile! Earth/&akes haeocc&rred in the past in this area and %ill occ&r aain!

1415

A spokesperson o' the Pillaer $and o' Chippe%a ("#i$%a) said he did not %ish to +inle a+on/&arrels $et%een %hite +en, nor did he intend eer to $e &ilt- o' $reakin the %indo% lass o'the %hite +an>s d%ellin!

The Dakota *ation pleded their alliance to the British in ret&rn 'or their sole+n oaths o' perpet&al o$liation! Perpet&al o$liation ended in 141 %hen the British sined the treat- o'hent a$andonin their natie allies as a ter+s o' peace!

The Pota%ato+i attacked a United 6tates arrison at 2ort Dear$orn (Chicao, Illinois) killin thetro&ps!

@&l- "shkosh (hoot or toe) $orn 17F a eno+inee o' the "%asse clan helped capt&re 2ortackina% 'ro+ the A+ericans

141;

eore B&de at oose ake contin&ed to enco&rae the killin o' +oose and deer as a so&rceo' +eat and '&r %rappers kno%in there is a serio&s decreasin n&+$er o' +oose! The <&dsonBa- Co+pan- had placed a hih de+and 'or +oose hide as it is &sed as '&r %rappers! Thisdeelopin shortae o' +oose not onl- threatened %inter staration a+on the "#i$%a $&t theirso&rce o' clothin and thon 'or sno%shoe! Inade/&ate sno% shoe +akes trael nearl-

i+possi$le leadin to staration!The *atie st-le o' 'orest %ar'are is er- di''erent 'ro+ the E&ropean line and siee t-pe o'%ar'are! The *aties sha+ed Colonel Proctor into +akin a stand at oraian To%n on "cto$er, 141;! Tec&+seh and his +en did the 'ihtin and not Proctor and his Red Coats as clai+ed $-so+e historians! eneral Tec&+seh, (1734141;) the 6ha%nee %ar chie' ae his li'eJ Proctorsaed his $- 'liht! This sha+e'&l action $- the Red Coats disco&raed the Peoples resistance inthe ichian and ake Erie Reion! Resistance ho%eer contin&ed in the &pper reaches o' ake<&ron and in .isconsin!



@ohn Clarke, a hot te+pered Astorian trader +&rdered one o' a ro&p o' *e: Perce and Palo&sePeople, $- hanin! The *e: Perce did not retaliate $&t tensions ran hih $et%een A+ericansand the People!

A&&st ;0 The Creek People attacked 2ort i+s, Al$a+a killin 00 de'endin %hites!

"cto$er 1F Colonel D-er $&rned itte'&tchi ('or+er Upper Creek To%n) at the head o' Canoe

Creek in 6t! Clair Co&nt-, Ala$a+a!

141

The treat- o' hent +aintained the stat&s /&o %ith the A+ericans areein to restore all possessions, rihts and priilees to the People! The de+and 'or clearl- de'ined Indian Territor-ho%eer is aain 'r&strated!

The Bannock People destro-ed @ohn Reid>s Tradin Post (esta$lished 141;) on the lo%er BoiseRier, Idaho!

141

Protestant sects in the throes o' Eanelical and Reialist +oe+ents stressed the need to

Christiani:e all +en in the E&ropean C&sto+! The- are instr&+ental in shi'tin the A+ericanIndian Polic- 'ro+ protectionis+ to ciili:ation and the oppressie assi+ilation o$#ecties! ost *orthern "#i$%a are receiin credit as indiid&als rather than $ands and are no% tied 'ornecessities to the tradin posts! B- 1451 the <&dson Ba- Co+pan- %o&ld clai+ that their totaldependenc- %o&ld $e co+plete! The <&dson Ba- ission is to +ake all *aties into serants o'the Co+pan-! 6o+e +e+$ers o' the Co+pan- $ein to /&estion the %isdo+ o' this polic-!

The traders at ackinac discoered ho% aple 6-r&p is stored 'or later &se! The "tta%a +ade+iniat&re $arrels o&t o' one piece o' %ood, sides and ends one piece, the interior $ein $&rnt o&tthro&h the $&n hole! I' the $arrels are $&ried three 'eet deep it %ill keep a -ear or so!

arch 57 eneral @ackson killed 00 Creek People at the 'orti'ied illae o' Tohopeka on theTallapoosa Rier in Ala$a+a!

1413

This is recorded as the -ear %itho&t a s&++er!

At 6an 2rancisco ;00 Indians are d-in ann&all- 'ro+ +easles, cholera, s+allpo8 and the6panish disease o' s-philis!

1417

The R&shBaot Conention is the real end to the %ars o' 1415 that de+ilitari:ed the reatakes! The Indian *ations are no loner needed as allies and +ilitar- partners! The treat- o'@&l- 14 at Red Rier $et%een the so called 6aae Chippe%a or 6a&ltea&8, the ?illistine or Creeis attended $- the 'ollo%in Chie's

ache%heoea$, e 6onnant,echkade%ikonair, a Ro$e *oir,?a-a#ieske$inoa, ><o++e Inoir,Peo%is,"nekidoat, Pre+ier!

The People %o&ld later +ake t%o i+portant clai+s, the treat- is a 'riendship treat-, not a landtreat- and '&rther+ore that pa-+ent is neer receied and the treat- is iolated and there'oreneer concl&ded!



The scarcit- o' +oose and cari$o& in *orth%est "ntario 'orced the "#i$%a to $&- clothin andsno%shoe 'ro+ the tradin post! These are ite+s that the- had preio&sl- +an&'act&red and soldto the <&dson Ba- Co+pan-!

@ohn Ross a etis $orn "cto$er ;, 17F0 o' a 6cottish 'ather and a Cherokee +other died A&&st1, 1433! <e %orked on the Cherokee Co&ncil this -ear to settle %hich lands the Cherokee %o&ld

or %o&ld not hae! ater he hi+sel' %as 'orced to a reseration, *oe+$er 57 U6 soldiers attacked a 2lorida Indian illae and started the 'irst 6e+inole %ar!Andre% @ackson inaded 2lorida %ith ;,000 +en 'orcin 6pain to cede the land to the United6tates! The ne8t stae %as to drie the 6e+inole 'ro+ 2lorida to +ake roo+ 'or the A+ericans!

1818

A ne% Indian Territor-, .est o' the ississippi is de'ined this -ear! The "#i$%a %ho possessedthe <o+e and ore Districts are 'orced onto certain s+all tracts o' land at the Credit Rier and at6i8teen and T%ent- ile Creeks! The .esle-an ethodists considered the+ too old to learn toread and %rite $&t are capa$le o' $ein saed 'ro+ their 'or+er eil state o' inorance andaranc-!

arch oernor 6ir Charles <a+ilton appointed (II)@ohn Pe-ton (17F;147F) as #&stice o' the peace 'or northern *e%'o&ndland! @ohn Pe-ton @r! %ith 10 heail- ar+ed Enlish +en %ereo''ered 100 British po&nd re%ard to capt&re a Beoth&k slae! (II)@ohn Pe-ton 6r! (17F145F)the $&tcher o' the Beoth&k %as part o' the part-! *onos$a%s&t chie' o' the Beoth&k and h&s$ando' De+aso&it (17F31450) &nar+ed %ith a peace $ranch ca+e to the de'ense o' his %i'e %ho%as taken! *onos$a%s&t reconi:ed the $&tcher (I)@ohn Pe-ton %ho had preio&sl- killed+an- o' his people and attacked hi+! .hile chockin hi+ he %as sta$$ed in the $ack and shot! *onos$a%s&t>s $rother 'led the area and is shot in the $ack! (II)@ohn Pe-ton @r! (17F;147F)ained the in'a+o&s repretation o' his 'ather $eca&se he %as in co++and! <e lied at the en/&ir-and 'ailed to disclose releant 'acts!

April 14 A rei+ent o' Indians and A'ricanA+ericans %as de'eated at the $attle o' 6&%anna in

2lorida endin the 'irst 6e+inole .ar!6epte+$er 14 a&aa a 'or+er illae o' the <&ron located 1 +iles so&th %est o' Detroit,ichian is ceded to the United 6tates in treat- at 6t! ar->s! "hio

141F

The "#i$%a (6a&ltea&8) chie' also kno%n as .illia+ ?in $orn 6a&lt 6te arie 177, died RedRier 6epte+$er 54, 143 and his children adopted the na+e Prince! <e de'ended the 6elkirksettlers into Red Rier, sho%ed the+ ho% to s&$sist in this co&ntr- and later assisted thes&riors a'ter the seen oaks incident! In ratit&de the 6elkirk settlers trespassed on his landsand iolated the 1417 treat- %ith 6elkirk!!

The pirate @ean a'itte on aleston Island, Te8as kidnapped a ?aranka%a %o+an and ;00

%arriors %ere sent to resc&e her! a'itte>s 500 pirates, ar+ed %ith lare$ore cannon and'linklock +&skets deci+ated the ?aranka%a!

6epte+$er 5 6aina%, Territor- o' ichian, Treat- %ith the Chippe%a *ation!

Conditions o' Treat-

and rants

@ohn Rile- son ena%c&+eo/&a, a Chippe%a .o+an 30 acres a$oe the +o&th 6aina%Rier on the east side



Peter Rile- son ena%c&+eo/&a, a Chippe%a .o+an 30 acres a$oe the +o&th 6aina%Rier on the %est side@a+es Rile- son ena%c&+eo/&a, a Chippe%a .o+an 30 acres a$oe the +o&th 6aina%Rier on the east side nearl- opposite the Ca+pea& tradin ho&se!?a%ka%isko& or the Cro%, 30 acres east side 6aina% Rier at eniteo%, incl&din theIsland! *o%okeshik, eta%anene, okitcheno/&a, *ondashe+a&, Peta$ona/&a, essa%%ak&t,Chec$alk, ?itcheee/&a, 6aose/&a, Annoketo/&a, and Ta%c&+eo/&a, 30 acres each to $edeter+ined near the rand traerse o' the 2lint Rier!Boko%tonden 30 acres on the ?a%ka%lin Rier!

The Chippe%a %ho sined n&+$ered 115, the oern+ent sined 5; people!

1450

The "#i$%a reported the +oose had $een e8ter+inated in *orthern "#i$%a Co&ntr- $ein *ortho' ake 6&perior! The- also reported that cari$o& are er- rare! "ne +&st re+e+$er that in1370, 5,00 +oose are reported killed in one %inter on anito&lin Island alone! Concern isro%in a+on the "#i$%a that their dependenc- is ro%in on the E&ropean! The- are nearl-dependent 'or &ns, hatchets, knies, t%ine, leather and clothinJ the old %a-s are $ein lost!Ro$ert C&++ins o' Tro&t ake said in s&++ar-, the ra$$it skin parka so i+portant in later -earsdoes not appear to hae $een o' +a#or i+portance in earlier ti+es!

In 1414 the A+erican oern+ent esta$lished the ichian Territor- %itho&t cons&ltin theResidents o' the area! The 'irst oernor e%is Cass and <enr- Ro%e 6choolcra't (17F;143)arried 6a&lt 6te arie in 1450 to clai+ the Chippe%a ("#i$%a) reion $ased on preio&s clai+so' the 2rench! The "#i$%a stated there %as no s&ch o''icial rant +ade $- their 'ore'athers to the2rench! Both side threatened %ar $&t 6choolcra't coninced the '&tilit- o' the "#i$%a position! Inother %ords >+iht is riht>! Chie' 6hin%a&k (The ittle Pine) %ho 'o&ht the British in the %aro' 1415 +oed 'ro+ the so&th side o' 6t! ar->s Rier to the Canadian north side! <e is 'orced

to sin the treat- $&t he &sed a 'ictitio&s na+e aoine Bart in conte+pt! Chie' 6assa$a re'&sedto sin and %alked aro&nd 6a&lt 6te arie naked in conte+pt %earin onl- a %ol' skin hanin'ro+ his sho&lder!

An "#i$%a in ississa&a said to the Enlish H-o& ca+e as a %ind $lo%in across the reatake! The %ind %a'ted -o& to o&r shores! .e planted -o&, %e n&rsed -o&, %e protected -o& till-o& $eca+e a +iht- tree that spread thro&h o&r h&ntin land, %ith its $ranches -o& no% lash&s!H

6assa$a died 1455 an "#i$%a chie' attended the treat- sinin o' 6a&lt 6te arie, ichian $&tdisliked the A+ericans intensel- and ar&ed aainst sellin an- land to the+!

The ?%aki&ti Indians o' the *orth Paci'ic Coast n&+$ered so+e 10,700 People! The- are a sea

oin people %ho lied on the northeast corner o' =anco&er Island 'ro+ @ohnson 6trait to CapeCook and alon the coast o' the +ainland o' British Col&+$ia 'ro+ Do&las Channel to B&teInlet, e8cept a s+all portion occ&pied $- the Bella Coola! in&isticall- there %ere three ro&ps,the <aisla, the <eilts&k and the ?%aki&tl! The People practiced the potlatch! .ar'are %as not a pro+inent part o' their c&lt&re!

&elca-a, Per& d&rin the 1410>s is the coldest period in the last 00 -ears $&t the 1450>s is the%ar+est period!

The Treat- o' 6a&lt 6te arie o' 1450 %as sined at 6a&lt 6te arie $- the Chippe%a- tri$e!



The to+ato c&ltiated $- the *atie People o' central A+erica is 'irst eaten $- E&ropeans!

The Re! @ohn .est d14 opened a residential school in Red Rier!

1451

The "#i$%a called the 2rench, .e+itioshis, and re'erred to the ti+e $e'ore this as the ood oldda-s! Be'ore the E&ropean ca+e the "#i$%a are stroner in 'aith, +ore pio&s in reliion! The-%ere healthier and lied loner and $eca+e er- old! The- co&ld 'ast loner, ten da-s or +oreand had stroner and +ore acc&rate drea+s! The .e+itioshis ca+e and their i'ts are ood,%holeso+e 'ood, 'resh pork, sto&t knies, lastin &ns and ood cloths! The- +arried o&rda&hters and $eca+e o&r $rothers! Then the Enlish $ro&ht +&ch 'ire%ater +ore than the2rench and then the ood ti+es ended! an-"#i$%a at this ti+e +aintained a %ritten enealo- o' &p to nine enerations o' ancestors that heco&ld recite alon %ith their ood deeds! Een the $est o' the old st-le "#i$%a had to co+e in'or s&pplies eer- three -ears and there is a ro%in concern that +an- are $eco+in totall-dependent on the E&ropean! The "#i$%a o' Red ake and Pe+$ina are deter+ined not to

$eco+e entrapped in the <&dson Ba- net!6e/&o-ah introd&ced a s-ste+ 'or %ritin the Cherokee lan&ae and %ent on to teach his people to read and %rite!

A&&st 5F Chicao, in the 6tate o' Illinois, Treat- %ith the "tta%a, Chippe%a andPotta%ata+ie *ations!

and rants

=illae anach/&a on Rier Pe$le, 3 s/ +iles!=illae ickkesa%$e, 3 s/ +iles=illae *ato%asepe, s/ +iles!=illae Prairie Ronde, ; s/ +iles

=illae atche$enar$she%ish at the head o' the ?ekala+a:oo Rier!@ohn B&rnet, 5 sections o' land!@a+es B&rnt, A$raha+ B&rnet, Re$ecca B&rnet and *anc- B&rnet, children o' ?a%kee+e, sistero' Topni$e, o' the Pota%ata+ie *ation, a section o' land each on the north $ank o' the rier 6t!@oseph, a$o&t t%o +iles 'ro+ the +o&th!@ohn B! a i+e, son o' *okeno/&a, 1K5 section a$oe the preio&s rant!@ean Baptiste Chandonai son o' Chippe%a/&a, one section o' land ad#oin the tract ranted to@ohn B! a i+e!@oseph Da:e, son Chippe%a/&a, a section o' land a$oe and ad#oin the tract ranted to @eanBaptiste Chadonaion&ao 1K5 section at ishshe%akokink Pierre oran or Peeresh, a Pota%ata+ie Chie', a section o' land and to his children t%o sections

o' land at the +o&th o' the Elkland Rier!Pierre e Clerc, son oi/&a a section o' land on the Elkheart Rier a$oe and ad#oinin theoran rant a$oe!The section o' land ranted $- Treat- o' 6t! ar->s in 1414 to Peeresh or Peri shall $e rantedto @ean Baptiste Cicot, son o' Pesa-/&ot, sister o' said Peerish!"sheakke$e or Benac, 1K5 section land north side Elkheart Rier %here the road 'ro+ Chicao to2ort .a-ne 'irst crosses the said rier!ena%che a Pota%ata+ine %o+an 1K5 section on the east $ank o' the 6t! @oseph Rier %here



the road 'ro+ Chicao to 2ort .a-ne 'irst crosses the said rier!Theresa Chandler or Toeak/&i a Pota%ata+ine %o+an and her da&hter Betse- 2isher a sectiono' land on the so&th side o' the rand Rier, opposite the 6pr&ce 6%a+p!Charles Bea&$ien and edart Bea&$ien, son anna$ena/&a, each 1K; section near the =illae?e%ioshkee+ on the .ashtena% Rier!Antoine Roland, son o' Iatpata%ata+ie/&a 1K5 section ad#oin and $elo% rant to Pierreoran!.illia+ ?nas or .asesk&kson, son Ches/&a 1K5 section ad#oinin and $elo% the rant toAntoine Roland!adeline Bertrand, %i'e @oseph Bertrand, a Pota%ata+ie %o+an, section land at the Parc and=aches, on the north side o' the 6t! @oseph Rier!@oseph Bertrand, #&nior, Ben#a+in Bertrand, a&rent Bertrand, Theresa Bertrand and A+a$leBertrand, children o' adeline Bertrand, each 1K5 section land at portae o' the ?ankakee Rier!@ohn Rile- son ena%c&+eo/&oi a section o' land at the +o&th o' the rier A& 2oin on therand Rier and e8tendin &p the said rier!Peter Rile-, son ena%c&+eo/&oi a section o' land at the +o&th o' the rier A& 2oin on therand Rier and e8tendin do%n the said rier!

@ean Baptiste e Clerc, son oi/&a 1K5 section land a$oe and ad#oinin the rant to Pierre eClerc!@oseph a 2ra+$oise, son 6ha%%eno/&a section land on the so&th side o' rier 6t! @oseph andad#oinin on the &pper side o' the land cede to the United 6tates!

The sinors incl&de

"tta%as %ere 4 in n&+$er

Chippe%as %ere 5 in n&+$er

Patti%ati+as %ere in n&+$er

The oern+ent incl&ded 13 in n&+$er!

1455

The "#i$%a 6hin%ahkoonce spoke o' the %ar o' 1455, the stor+in o' ackina% and the $attleo' Chippe%a! <e spoke o' the "#i$%a %ho lied on the Enlish side o' 6a&lt 6te arie and their'orced re+oal to aneto%ahnin, on the north shore o' ake <&ron! 2rancis Broadhead, thesnake, atte+pted to re+oe the "#i$%a o' 6a&lt 6te arie to a $arren island %here soil is notood eno&h to raise potatoes or another eeta$le 'or their s&pport! The island thesa- isco+posed +ostl- o' lare rocks and stones!

145;

6ha%nadithit a Beoth&k slae %as capt&red $- .illia+ C&ll an e+plo-ee o' (I)@ohn Pe-ton 6r(17F145F) and %as 'orced to sere as serant to the killer o' the Beoth&k people &ntil @ohn>sdeath in 145F, so+e s&est it +iht hae $een 14579

The in'a+o&s (II)@ohn Pe-ton (17F;147F) @r! +arried Eleanor achane- and the- +oed 'ro+E8ploits to T%illinate, *e%'o&ndland in 14;3! There he %as +ade +aistrate! Their son (III)Tho+as Pe-ton %as a +e+$er o' *e%'o&ndland>s <o&se o' Asse+$l-, and a +aistrate and #&stice o' the peace!



Despite the <&dson Ba- Co+pan- edict to restrict Co+pan- +en 'ro+ enterin into +arriae%ith Indian %o+en, $oth Cree and "#i$%a inter c&lt&ral &nions increased! The People had as&rpl&s o' %o+en and contin&ed to c&ltiate inti+ac- $et%een their da&hters and the Co+pan-+en!

The Reerend Brides onl- +arried 147 co&ples o&t o' 13,000 a+on @a+aica slaes (A'rican

and Indian peoples)! @ohn Riland proided the ans%erJ sensi$le slaes &nderstood that %hite people, $oth in @a+aica and Enland, %ere as $ad a'ter%ards %ith se8&al pro+isc&it-, conc&$ineand rape o' slaes as $e'ore +arriae! The concept o' total s&$+ission to a h&s$ands a&thorit-also iolates the e/&al stat&s o' %o+en o' A'rican c&lt&re or natie A+erican c&lt&re! TheChristian +arriae contract ies the h&s$and a&thorit- to $eat and illtreat %o+en as the- do inEnland! In the A'rican c&lt&re this is reason 'or instant diorce!

The c&rrent $ands o' T&rtle o&ntain in north%est Dakota is as 'ollo%s

isto%aia& .inini&k or .innipe en&nika+i+ inini&k or Ba- or Portae enos%atcin inini&k or oose o&ntain en?ipa&kanin .ininin&k or &>Appelle en

*inantaka& .ininin&k or C-press <ills eniti%atci .ininin&k or C-press <ills en6aanatci .ininin&k or Enlish en9ostapika& .ininin&k or 9

The en o' the 6nake Rier E8pedition, $attled the Piean Indians in e+hi =alle-, Idaho!

The 6e+inole o' 2lorida %ere ien three -ears to acate their 2lorida ancestral ho+e lands!

=ilh#al+&r 6te'ansson o' anito$a le't a trail o' $odies in his /&est 'or polar 'a+e! In 1F1; hesent o&t an e8pedition %here 11 o' 5 +en died! This -ear he sent an e8pedition o' orne?niht, ilton alle and 2red a&er &nder co++and o' Allan Cra%'ord to clai+ R! .ranelIsland 'or Canada! The- tried to hired three Eski+o (In&it) to &ide the e8pedition $&t onl- Ada

Black#ack d1F4;, an Eski+o (In&it) %o+an %o&ld o! Ada Black#ack, d1F4; and e+ered asthe sole s&rior o' the e8pedition! R&ssia inored the Canadian clai+s to the Island in the6i$erian Arctic, so the e8pedition %as a total 'ail&re! Ada Black#ack, d1F4;, lied in poert-, poor health and re#ection o' her re/&est to =ilh#al+&r 6te'ansson 'or ade/&ate co+pensation 'orher serices! =ilh#al+&r 6te'ansson ae her so+e co+position &ntil he ot her rihts to thestor- and then he %as done %ith her!

Ale8ander ceod entered the *ahanni reion enco&nterin the ?aska (*ahaa or *ahannis)People! The *ahanni Rier is na+ed a'ter these people %ho asse+$led at cDa+e Creek (atri$&tar- o' Dease Rier) to 'ish and trade!

a- 13 A part- o' ;4 Black'oot led $- Iron 6hirt enco&ntered ;5 trappers on the @e''ersonRier &p 'ro+ the isso&ri Rier! The- had $een instr&cted $- @osh&a Pilcher, the ne% head o'

the isso&ri 2&r Co+pan- to enae in trade %ith the Black'oot! Pilcher %as %ell a%are theisso&ri traders had $een tradin %ith the Cro% %ho %ere at %ar %ith the Black'oot and theBlack'oot %here prepared to stop the trade o' &ns to the Cro% at an- cost! The +eetin %ascordial, the- spent the niht and departed in peace!

a- ;1 A %ar part- o' ;0000 Black'oot at Akali Creek aka Billins, ontana, attacked the part- o' 5F trapperKtraders led $- ichael E! I++el and Ro$ert @ones o' the isso&ri 2&rCo+pan- o&t o' 2ort Benton! .illia+ ordon and a +an called ?ee+le %ere a+on the ro&p!?ee+le led a 'e% trappers to escape a'ter $&r-in seen o' the dead $e'ore ra'tin do%n the



Gello%stone Rier! The co&nt %as 7 dead, %o&nded $&t all their pelts, horses and traps %erecon'iscated! The isso&ri 2&r Co+pan- neer aain traded on the &pper isso&ri +o&ntainarea! eneral .illia+ <! Ashle- and Andre% <enr- %ho %ere tr-in to esta$lish the Rock-o&ntain 2&r Co+pan- at reat 2alls, ontana, &pon hearin the ne%s, eneral .illia+ <!Ashle- /&it the territor- and esta$lished hi+sel' on the 6nake, Platte and reen Riers!Ben#a+in ">2allon %ho disliked the Enlish (<BC) spec&lated that the Canadian traders hadincited the Black'oot! The '&rs %ere $elieed to hae eent&all- $een traded to the <BC,ca&sin an international incident!

*oe+$er Chie' Pi%-s (Pe&is) isited the Reerend Daid @ones at Red Rier andco&ntered a re/&est 'or $o-s 'ro+ his tri$e 'or the +ission I hae listened er- +&ch to %hat-o& sa-, and the- are 'ine pro+ises %e %ant o&r children to $eco+e like %hite people, to et plent- o' Indian corn, %heat, and potatoesJ 'or since -o& %hite people hae ot o&r land, %e areer- poor! Be'ore that %e had plent-, o&r riers %ere '&ll o' 'ish, and %e al%a-s con/&ered o&rene+iesJ $&t no% the %hite people pro+ise +&ch and ie nothin! And no% -o& %ant o&rchildren!

145

Red @acket a 6eneca %as $orn 173 Canoa, *e% Gork and died @an&ar- 50, 14;0 B&''alo, *e%Gork! <e spoke aainst the +issionaries %ho lied a+on his people $eca&se the- do &s noood! I' the- are not &se'&l to the %hite people %h- do the- send the+ to &s! .h- do not -o&keep the+ ho+e9 These issionaries kno% that %e do not &nderstand their reliion, %e cannotread their $ooks, the- tell di''erent stories a$o&t %hat it contains, these $lack coats tell &s to raisecorn and -et the- do not the+seles! <e 'inall- %on o&t and had the +issionaries re+oed 'ro+the reserations &sin a recentl- passed la%! In 1451 *e% Gork 6tate la%s %ere passed %hich'or$ade an- residence o' %hite +en on Indians ands!

145

ono:id (oons 2oot) son "$eneeshipe/&a/ and ?ado%a&$eda (Broken Tooth) o' 6and-ake %as chie' o' the 2ond d& ac $and o' "#i$%a 'ro+ 145 to 147!

?it Carson, @edediah 6+ith and .illia+ .ol'skill isit the 6alton sink in the I+perial =alle- o'6o&thern Cali'ornia! It is note%orth- that $- 5000 AD F0 o' all %etlands in Cali'ornia areone!

April 145 *icole 2inla%son o' ac 6e&l reported that %hen the "#i$%a $ro&ht +oose andcari$o& +eat to the post that, indeed the- are the %orst h&nters o' '&r and the rascals %ill noth&nt '&r %hen the- can et a liin on $i ani+als! Tho+as =incent o' ac 6e&l noted that the"#i$%a pride and a+$ition to e8cel each other is anished! A -o&n +an +a- no% $e seen%earin an old tattered ra$$it skin ar+ent that onl- a 'e% -ears ao he %o&ld hae considered aderadin coerin 'or een a helpless old %o+an! Charles ac?en:ie reported a lare 'ire

'ro+ .innipe Rier to "sna$&rh that is destro-in +&ch o' the +oose ha$itat! This is anancient natie c&sto+ that enco&raes ne% plant ro%th and there'ore an increase in %ild li'e!

a- 1 .illia+ acIntosh a o%er Creek chie' is 'o&nd &ilt- $- Co&ncil and e8ec&ted 'oriin tri$al lands to the %hites!

A&&st 1F The Prairie d& Chien Treat- o' this -ear is alleed to hae diided disp&ted territor- $et%een the Dakota 6io&8 and the "#i$%a! Chie' 6hina$a%ossin o' 6a&lt 6te arie, .isconsin%ho sined the oernor e%is Cass Treat- D& Chin is o' the B&sina&se Tote+! Chie' Ah+o&s(little $ee) son .a&$isha&a&e (%hite cro%) o' the ac D& 2la+$ea& Band is also o' the



B&sina&se Tote+! Chie' *eoka&tah a .inne$ao o' *eenah, .isconsin %as a siner o' thetreat-!

1453

6o+e issisa&a "#i$%a o' the Ba- o' &inte in the neih$orhood o' Belille, ?inston andanano/&e settled on rape Island si8 +iles 'ro+ Belille s&$sistin on aric&lt&re and h&ntin!

@an&ar- *icole 2inla-son o' ac 6e&l reported seen Crane "#i$%a had stared to death andthat t%o -ears earlier a starin Crane is reported to hae practiced canni$alis+ on his +otherand da&hter!

1457

*icole 2inla-son reported the Crane "#i$%a Band had not killed a sinle cari$o& the %holeseason, %hich had once $een n&+ero&s! <e reports that ra$$it and 'ish staed o'' staration this-ear! ?eatanan and his $and are tradin '&rs and copper at the +o&th o' the "ntonaon Rier!

1454

The "#i$%a o' ichili+ackinac are diided into t%o to%ns $ased on reliion! The Ro+an2rench Catholics separated 'ro+ their $rothers to 'or+ a ne% to%n enco&raed $- their priest!This racist practice is enco&rae thro&ho&t the %orld $- the ario&s reliio&s leaders and is er-diisie!

2!P! .ranle reported the ?oli&:h no loner attack the R&ssians o&t o' 'ear! This likel- ass&+esthe R&ssians +ade a +a#or attack on these People!

6epte+$er 54 6t! @oseph +ission, ake ichian, in the Territor- o' ichian a Treat- %ith thePota%ato+i!

and rants to $e deter+ined

6ahne+o&a-, %i'e @ean Baptiste D&trist, 1K5 section o' land!.a-penahte+o&a-, %i'e Tho+as Ro$$, 1K5 section o' land!6hippeshick/&e-, %i'e @a+es .-+an, 1K5 section o' land!Assapo, %i'e Antoine a+lin, 1K5 section o' land!oah&a-, %i'e Richard Cha$ert, 1K5 section o' land!esha%keto/&a-, %i'e eore Ciot, t%o sections o' land!ar- Pre#ean, %i'e o&is 6t! Co+$e, one section o' land!Topena%ko&n, %i'e Peter anlois, one section o' land!A&$eenan$ee, a Poto%ata+i chie', t%o sections o' land!echehee, %i'e o' Charles ini, 1K5 section o' land!o&ison, a poto%ata+ie, one section to incl&de his ho&se and corn'ield!?eshe%a/&a-, %i'e Pierre 2! *aarre, one section o' land!

Benac, a Poto%ata+i, one section o' land!Pepe$e%a-, a chie', one section o' land!Pierre e Clair, one section o' landBetse- D&char+e, 1K5 section o' land! This section o' land ranted $- Chicao treat- to *anc-B&rnett no% *anc- Dais to $e p&rchased $- United 6tates!adeleine Bertrand, %i'e @oseph Bertrand, one section o' land!@oseph Barron, a %hite +an %ho lon lied %ith the Indians, re/&est 'or 5 sections o' land %asre#ected!



6ettle+ent o' de$ts

Tho+as Ro$$, M500, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to the Indians!ceore M;00, 'or proisions sold to Indians!@ean Baptiste od'ro- M500, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to the Indians!@ean Baptiste <edens M500, 'or oods hereto'ore deliered to the Indians!

@oseph Allen M1, 'or horses stolen 'ro+ hi+ $- the Indians %hile he %as s&re-in!@ean Baptiste Bo&rre M700, 'or oods '&rnished the Indians , a part in relation to this treat-!Tho+as 2ors-th M500, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to the Indians!6! <anna Co! M100, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to the Indians!a$riel od'ro-, #r! M00, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to the Indians!Ti+oth- 6! 6+ith M100, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to Indians!.!! and !.! E%ins M500, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to Indians!@oseph Bertrand M5,000, 'or oods heretosold to the Indians!@ean Baptiste Co+paret M00, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to Indians!C! and D! Do&ssea& M100, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to Indians!P!2! *aarre M100, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to the Indians!2rancis Paet M100, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to the Indians!!"! <&$$ard M500, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to the Indians!Ale8is Con/&illard M500, 'or oods hereto'ore sold to the Indians!Eleanor ?in:ie and her 'o&r children, $- late @ohn ?in:e M;,00, in consideration o' attach+ento' the indians to her deceased h&s$and, %ho %as lon an Indian trader, and %ho lost a lare s&+in the trade $- the credits ien to the+, and also $- the destr&ction o' his propert-! The +one-is in lie& o' a tract o' land %hich the Indians ae the late @ohn ?in:ie lon since, and &pon%hich he lied!Ro$ert A! 2ors-th M1,50, in consideration o' the de$ts d&e 'ro+ the Indians to his late 'ather,Ro$ert A! 2ors-th, %ho %as lon a trader a+on the+, and %ho %as assisted $- his son, the present R!A! 2ors-th! The +one- is in lie& o' a tract o' land %hich the Indians ae to the lateR!A! 2ors-th, since rene%ed to the present R!A! 2ors-th, &pon %hich $oth o' the+ hereto'ore

lied!The sinors incl&ded 3F Indians and F 'or the oern+ent!

@&l- 54 a#or <!C! Darlin proposes the 'irst 'or+al polic- on the >ciili:ation prora+> $etterkno%n as a c&lt&ral enocide proa+ o' the natie peoples!

145F

*anc- 6ha%anahdit, the last o' the peace loin Beoth&k Race (Red Indians) died at 6t! @ohn, *e% Br&ns%ick! It %as noted that she had preio&sl- s&''ered t%o &n shot %o&nds 'ro+ earlierenco&nters! The Enlish had &sed her people as sport h&ntin tarets! The enocide %ar aainsther people $- the 2rench and Enlish had ended! The 'irst Canadians to enco&ntered the+iratin E&ropeans are no% e8tinct! an- +ore c&lt&res and species are to 'ollo% the %antoninasion and their disreard 'or the eniron+ent, the ani+als or its people !

14;0

*e% Gork, Toc/&eille noted that E&ropeans %hen the- cannot $end others to their &se, or +akethe+ indirectl- sere the+, destro- the+ and +akes the+ little $- little disappear $e'ore hi+!

The A+ericans $ean their Ciili:ation 6trate- (Indian Re+oal Act) that is to create IndianReserations in isolated areas! 6o+e $eliee this strate- is a co+pro+ise $et%een



protectionis+ and ciili:ation! "ne s&ch settle+ent $ean in the to%nship o' 6arnia near thehead o' the 6t! Claire Rier and it contained oer then tho&sand acres! B- 145, 550 ad&lts aread+itted to this reseration r&n $- the .esle- ethodist 6ociet-! ie&tenant oernor @!Col$orne collected three $ands o' "#i$%a &nder Chie's Gello%head, Aisance and 6nake!Incl&ded is a $and o' Potta%ato+ies (those %ho keep 'ire) 'ro+ Dr&++and Island and the-n&+$ered a$o&t 00! The- are 'orced on to a tract o' land on the north %est shore o' ake6i+coe %here the- cleared a road to ake <&ron!

The A+erican Conress passed a $ill per+ittin the e8chane o' Indian ands east o' theississippi 'or lands in the .est kno%n as the HThe reat A+erican DesertH!

The A+erican Indian re+oal Act order $- President Andre% @ackson, a 'or+er Indian 'ihter,res&lted in the relocation o' 70,000 Indians 'ro+ their ancestral lands east o' the ississippiRier to the prairies! The A+ericans considered the plains desolate, 'it onl- 'or Indians and the2ederal oern+ent did its $est to p&t the+ there! The Indians %o&ld $e s/&ee:ed onto s+allerand s+aller reserations! 6o +an- deaths res&lted 'ro+ the 'orced re+oal that it $eca+e kno%nas the >trail o' tears>! Ralph E+erson said the na+e o' this nation %ill stink to the %orld! "therss&est on the >Trail o' Tears> 100,000 People %ere 'orce'&ll- re+oed and 5,000 died on the

'orced +arch!President Andre% @ackson, the Indian 2ihter, said H.hat ood +an %o&ld pre'er a co&ntr-coered %ith 'orests and raned $- a 'e% tho&sand saaes to o&r e8tensie Rep&$lic9H!

The U6 Conress a&thori:ed Indian and Clearance 'ro+ all 6tates to $e relocated to the.estern Prairies! The A+erican oern+ent startin a$o&t this ti+e $ean to atte+pt toseparate the etis 'ro+ Indians! Prior to this ti+e the British considered the etis as the sa+eas other a$oriinal people!

The Cherokees re'&sed to ie &p their lands in eoria and ad#oinin states that the- had +adeinto a proressie Indian 6tate! The- took their case to the A+erican 6&pre+e Co&rt %hos&pported their rihts! The 6tate o' eoria inored the 6&pre+e Co&rt decision and $- a serieso' &nprincipled la%s, oerthre% Cherokee tri$al la% and t&rned the Indian ands oer to %hites/&atters and spec&lators! Their appeal to President @ackson replied that he %as helpless to 'orceeoria to co+pl- %ith the 6&pre+e Co&rt o' the United 6tates! It is note%orth- that Andre%@ackson %on 'a+e and 'ort&ne $- clai+in Indian ands a'ter chasin the Indians o'' and killinthose %ho re+ained! The People learned that A+erican %as not a de+ocrac- and the people hadno rihts i' -o& aren>t %hite!

14;1

Charles c?en:ie in his ac 6e&l District reported the Indian i'e has $eco+e a +ost +isera$leli'e! The proc&rin o' the +eans o' e8istence keeps the $est Indian in constant e+plo-+enteer- da- o' the -ear and not to lie as Indians are %ant to lie t%ent- -ears ao $&t +erel- toe8ist!

Indians %ho re'&sed to %ear E&ropean clothin %ere called Blanket Indians! The- ho%eer%o&ld &se ackina% Blankets!

14;5

<&ndreds o' 6ac and 2o8 eicted 'ro+ their Ancestral ands in Rock Rier, Illinois are+assacred $- ,000 saae ar+- soldiers on the $anks o' the Bad A8e Rier so+e t%ent- +ilesso&th o' a Crosse, .isconsin! 2o&r h&ndred +en and 1,000 %o+en and children %ere al+ostannihilated! *eer one to pass &p an opport&nit-, the A+erican oern+ent 'orced the 6a&ks



and 2o8es to cede a strip o' land 'i't- +iles %ide on the Io%a side o' the ississippi as p&nish+ent 'or tr-in to ret&rn to their Ancestral ands! The People represented $- Chie' Black<a%k receied a 'or+al apolo- $- the 6tate o' .isconsin 'or this +assacre that incl&ded their%o+en and children!

The 2rench report a %ar part- o' 'ort- andan attacked the "#i$%a near Pe+$ina! The- are

rep&lsed and are eent&all- slain $- the Dakota 6io&8! This report does not appear consistent%ith the de'ensie nat&re o' the andan a $ranch o' the Dakota 6io&8!

The Re! Bo&t%ell cond&cted an Indian 6chool at aPointe, .isconsin! The "#i$%a o' aPointe co&ld not &nderstand %h- E&ropeans had so +andi''erent reliions in the %orship o' thesa+e od, or %h- each clai+ed the- are the onl- tr&e co&rse to salation! The- all clai+ed theother reliions are eil and that the- %ill all s&rel- o to hell! The also clai+ed all Indiantradition, practice and $elie' in od is 'ro+ the deil and aainst ciili:ation! The $lack $ook isa ood $ook I a+ s&re $&t %h- does the .hit+an not 'ollo% it9 .h- do the ethodist, Baptistand Black Coats all 'iht each other9 I do not %ant -o&r heaen %hen I die! Please keep -o&rhell as there %ill $e no roo+ 'or Indians as it %ill $e too '&ll o' %hite $ad hearts!

Charles Dar%in in 14;5 sailed aro&nd the Cape <orn o' 6o&th A+erica and o$sered ;,000

Gahen People %ho are totall- e8tinct $- the 1FF0>s!

The People rarel- h&nted 'or pleas&re alone! "ne o' the 'irst E&ropeans to o %est 'or the p&ree8cite+ent o' the kill %as .ashinton Irin! <e %ent %ith <enr- ! Ells%orth, Co&nt dePo&rtales 'ro+ 6%it:erland and his t&tor Charles @! atro$e! The- traeled $- stea+er 'ro+Cincinnati to 6t! o&is, oerland to Independence, ?ansas, and 2ort i$son into Indian Territor-!The ac/&ired Pierre Beatte as a &ide! an- +ore pleas&re killin parties %o&ld 'ollo%!

The Pota%ato+i People had a illae called ittle Rock on the ?ankakee Rier in northeasternIllinois!

Raritan (strea+ oer'lo%s) a ro&p o' the *e% @erse- Dela%ares %ho lied on the Raritan Rier, *!@! sold their lands to the E&ropean and +oed to reen Ba-, .isconsin!

@&l- 14 A+erican 2&r Trappers $attle the rosentre at Pierre>s <ole, Idaho!

14;;

Charles c?en:ie reported the sihtin o' a sinle +oose in north%est "ntario, the 'irst sihtedin +an- -ears!

6epte+$er 53 Chicao, in the state o' Illinois, a Treat- %ith the United *ation o' Chippe%a,"tta%a, and Pota%ata+ie Indians!

6pecial ann&it- incl&ded

Bill- Cad%ell M00K-ear

Ale8ander Ro$inson M;00K-ear 'or li'e@oseph a'ro+$oise M500K-ear6ha$ehna- M500K-ear, 'or li'e

6inin 'or the Indians n&+$ered 77, sinin 'or the oern+ent n&+$ered 3

6epte+$er 57 Chicao, in the state o' Illinois, a s&pple+entar- to the Treat- %ith the United *ation o' Chippe%a, "tta%a, and Pota%ata+ie Indians dated 6epte+$er 53, 14;;!



14;

The "#i$%a o' *e%castle District, a$o&t 11 in n&+$er settled at Rice ake on the northern sidea$o&t t%ele +iles 'ro+ Peter$oro&h!

@&+pin Bader o' the <&nkpapa Teton 6io&8 is Born 6o&th Dakota! <e %o&ld in 147 take thena+e o' 6ittin B&ll! <e %as +&rdered in prison on Dece+$er 1, 14F0 $- Indian Police+enTo+aha%k and B&llhead!

The Red ake Indians arried ac 6e&l incl&din Chie' ittle Bo-, 6/&irrel, arten, 2ish <a%k,Donald, Baptist =incent>s 6on, and .hite <ead, .a%k-ish incl&din a s%ar+ o' %o+en andchildren! It is noted that Chie' ittle Bo- al%a-s +aintained a lare %inter ro&p, an indicationo' prosperit-! This Red ake is likel- the Canadian rather than the larer A+erican Red akeclan!

14;

The 6e+inole o' 2lorida prepared 'or their second %ar aainst the inadin A+ericans! The %arlasted eiht -ears and +an- 6e+inole %ere 'orced into "klaho+a and those %ho sta-ed in theEerlades neer o''iciall- +ade peace %ith the A+erican oern+ent! These enocidal %ars

res&lted in 1,00 dead A+ericans! The 6e+inole %ere neer con/&ered nor did the- sin an-treaties!

"sceola (14014;4) one o' the 6e+inole %ar chie's %as placed in chains to h&+iliate hi+ $-eneral .ile- Tho+pson (174114;) $eca&se "sceola re'&sed to sin a treat- areein to the6e+inole People to leae 2lorida! This in'a+o&s eneral '&ll- s&pported the land clearance polic- o' the oern+ent, $- leal or illeal +eans!

Dece+$er 54 eneral .ile- Tho+pson (174114;) is e8ec&ted $- 0 6e+inole o&tside 2ort?in, 2lorida! <e %as shot 1 ti+es and scalped 'or h&+iliatin one o' their %ar chie's,"sceola! This started the second 6e+inole .ar lasted to 14;7, the 'irst $ein (14171414)!

14;3

The A$oriines Protection 6ociet- concl&ded this -ear that

1! The atte+pt to +ake 'ar+ers o' the Red an has $een, enerall- speakin, a co+plete'ail&re!

5! The conreatin o' the+ 'or the p&rpose o' ciili:ation has i+ple+ented +ore ice than ithas eradicated and conse/&entl-,

;! the reatest kindness %e can per'or+ to%ards this intellient, si+ple+inded people is tore+oe and 'orti'- the+ as +&ch as possi$le 'ro+ anco++&nication 'ro+ the %hites!

This stance s&ited the oern+ent desires to et rid o' the Indian Pro$le+, the +issionariesdesire to isolate and indoctrinate the+ into +odel Christians and the eneral P&$lic desire tokeep the+ o&t o' siht, o&t o' +ind! 6ir 2rancis <ead o$tained 1,300,000 acres leain the

"#i$%a 0,000 acres at 6aneen, $et%een ake <&ron and eorian Ba-, north o' "%en>s6o&nd!

Reports reached 6a&lt 6te arie that the Chippe%a ("#i$%a) and etis are takin eiht to tentho&sand $&''alo a -ear at the head o' the Red Rier! It is said the Indians 'or+ into co+paniesand take their carts %ith the+ on the h&nt! "ne report s&ests that the arro% is still in &se $-so+e o' these $&''alo a h&nter!



The saae A+ericans $&rnt *eroto%n a 6e+inole illae to the ro&nd 'or helpin $lack *ero slaes to escape slaer-! The 6e+inoles illae o' .ithlako +eanin reat ake or %aterin <ernando Co&nt-, 2lordia is destro-ed $- the A+ericans!

6o+e s&est the 6e+inole .ar (14;3145) started this -ear at a cost o' t%ent- +illion dollarsand the death o' 1,00 soldiers! The onl- e''ectie +ethod &sed to capt&re the 6e+inole %as to

l&re s+all ro&ps in 'or parle- &nder the sacred i++&nit- o' a 'la o' tr&ce, then sei:e the+!The- sent ,000 capt&red 6e+inole on the Trail o' Tears! The A+ericans called o'' the %ar asonl- a 'e% h&ndred 6e+inole re+ained in the s%a+ps!

The Ro+an Catholics, a @es&it esta$lished 6aint Pa&l, "reon!

@an&ar- 13 2ort 6i+pson, B!C!, the Indians are stealin the s/&are pickets o' the 'ort 'or theiro%n constr&ction! The 'ort is losin a$o&t 1 per da- and the- are raidin o&r potato patch oncethe pickets are re+oed! .e hired the naties to protect o&r 'ort and since then hae not lost a picket!

arch 54 .ashinton in the District o' Col&+$ia, Treat- %ith the "tta%a and Chippe%a *ations!

The Indians are desiro&s o' +akin proision 'or their hal'$reed relaties, and the Presidenthain deter+ined, that indiid&al reserations shall not $e ranted!

The "tta%as and Chippe%as, 'eelin a stron consideration 'or aid rendered $- certain o' theirhal'$reeds on rand Rier, and other parts o' the co&ntr- ceded, and %ishin to testi'- theirratit&de assined

Ri8 Ro$inson, etis, in lie& o' a section o' land on the rand Rier rapids allocated M;3Kacre!eonard 6later, etis, in lie& o' a section o' land a$oe said rapids allocated in tr&st 'orChi+inono/&at M10Kacre@ohn A! Dre%, etis, in lie& o' 1 ;K section to his Indian 'a+il- at Che$oian rapids at MKacres!Ed%ard Biddle, etis, in lie& o' one section to his Indian 'a+il- at the 'ishin ro&nd, atM;Kacre!

@ohn <olida-, etis, in lie& 'or sections, at M1!5Kacre!Eli:a$eth Cook, 6ophia Biddle and ar- <olida-, one section each at M5!0Kacre!A&&stin <a+elin, #r! etis, t%o sections at M1!5Kacre!.illia+ asle-, etis, @oseph Dail-, etis, @oseph Trotier, atis, <enr- A! eake, t%osections each 'or their Indian 'a+ilies at M1!5Kacres!&ther Rice, etis, @oseph a'ro+$ois, etis, Charles B&tter'ield, etis, Charles B&tter'ield,etis, $ein o' Indian descent and to eore oran, o&is oran, !D! .illia+s 'or hasl' $reed children &nder their care and to Daniel arsac, 'or his Indian child, one section each atM1!5Kacre!

6epte+$er ; Cedar Point, 2o8 Rier, near reen Ba-, in the Territor- o' .isconsin, Treat- %iththe eno+onie *ation!

Relin/&ish all rihts and proisions o' the treat- o' 14;1 and 14;5!The Indians are desiro&s o' +akin proision 'or their +i8ed $lood relaties, and 'riends

14;7

?ahnind&+a%in#oK?ananda%a%in:o aka e Broche&8 son "$eneeshipe/&a/ ?ado%a&$eda(Broken Tooth) (1701454) and %as chie' o' the 6and- ake "#i$%a 'ro+ 14;7 to 145!



*inet- 'o&r "#i$%a settled at &d ake 13 +iles *orth .est o' Peter$oro&h, possessin t%ent-ho&ses %ith si8teen sta$les! The A+erican oern+ent 'or treat- p&rposes reconi:ed a c&lt&raldistinction $et%een the Chippe%a o' ake 6&perior and the Chippe%a o' the ississippi! T%oillaes o' andan o' the &pper isso&ri declined 'ro+ 1,300 to ;1 d&rin the s+allpo8epide+ic that hit this -ear! 2o&r Bears, a d-in andan Chie', s&++ari:ed the state o' his people! 2o&r Bears neer sa% a %hite +an h&nr-, $&t %hat he ae hi+ to eat, and ho% haethe- repaid itS I do not 'ear death $&t to die %ith +- 'ace rotten, that een the %oles %ill shrinkat seein +e, and sa- to the+seles, that is 2o&r Bears, the 'riend o' the .hites!

The A+erican 2&r Co+pan- dispatched the stea+$oat 6t! Peter 'ro+ 6t! o&is to its post o' 2ortUnion %ith the ann&al o&t'it o' trade oods! The stea+$oat reached Blacksnake <ills, 30 +iles&pstrea+ 'ro+ 2ort eaen%orth, ?ansas %hen a deckhand $eca+e ill %ith s+allpo8! This %asthe 'irst sin o' the ir&lent epide+ic o' 14;714;4! @aco$ <alse- the ne% co++ander 'or 2ortUnion contacted the disease! An inoc&lation prora+ %as i++ediatel- $e&n $&t $eca&se the-&sed a lie ir&s, those inoc&lated $eca+e carriers o' the disease and there$- sered to spread thedisease thro&ho&t the north and %est! Eer-one at 2ort Union contracted the disease incl&dinthe %ellkno%n A+erican trader Ed%in T! Deni! A part- o' 1,000 People isited the 'ort intrade and onl- 10 s&ried!

A lon$oat %as sent 'ro+ 2ort Union to 2ort c?en:ie on the aris Rier in &pper isso&riRier reion! The 'ort %as %arned $&t a /&arantine co&ld not $e +aintained! The disease spreadto 00 lodes o' Black'oot and Piean (so+e ,00 people) at 2ort c?en:ie! In this %a- thedisease spread thro&ho&t the isso&ri Rier =alle-! The People $elieed theco&ld r&n a%a-'ro+ the disease and the Assini$oine, Cree, Blood, Black'oot and Piean 'led north and spreadthe disease into Canada! B- -ear end s+allpo8 %as eer- %here on the Canadian Prairies,Carlton <o&se, 2ort Pell- (6askatche%an) and Ed+onton <o&se!

et&tahanke a andan illae on the isso&ri Rier, 'o&r +iles $elo% the ?no'e Rier, *orthDakota is nearl- %iped o&t $- s+allpo8! These andan People %ho helped the o&is and Clarke8pedition are all $&t %iped o&t $- a s+allpo8 epide+ic this -ear! 2e%er than 15 andan o'

Bis+ark, *orth Dakota s&ried and #oined the <idatsa tri$e +arkin the end o' their c&lt&re!The 2o&r Bears a andan Chie' said he neer sa% a %hite +an h&nr-, $&t %hat he ae the+ toeat, drink and a $&''alo skin to sleep on in ti+e o' needs!!!and no% the- hae repaid itS .ithinratit&de!

It is esti+ated that 7 o' the Plains People died 14;714;4 'ro+ s+allpo8!

The "#i$%a are re+oed 'ro+ 6aina%, ichian that %as preio&sl- the ho+e o' the 6a&k %hocalled it 6aina% +eanin +o&th o' the rier!

"cto$er 51 The 6e+inole .ar chie's approached 2ort Pe-ton (6o&th o' A&&stine), &nder a'la o' tr&ce to disc&ss peace proposals! The in'a+o&s eneral Tho+as @es&p (14141430)inored the 'la o' tr&ce and sei:ed the chie's incl&din "sceola (14014;4)! The- %ere takenin chains to 2ort arion at 6t A&&stine and thro%n into prison! As a res&lt o' this action

eneral Tho+as @es&p (14141430) %as held in disrace 'or this dishonora$le act, $- the eneral pop&lation, and lost his chance to $e president! The ar+- ho%eer held hi+ in hih reard%hich doesn>t sa- +&ch 'or the +ilitar-! "sceola (14014;4) ho%eer $eca+e an instantA+erican 2olk <ero!

14;4

The "#i$%a co+plained $itterl- to Charles c?en:ie that their coats, $lankets, cloth and &nsdo not last o&t oer hal' the -ear! The $lankets are thin and in holes 'ro+ the hands o' the



+an&'act&re! The &nlocks are as $rittle as co++on $rass and seldo+ a &nlock stands a +onth%itho&t so+e part iin %a-! Charles c?en:ie %o&ld retire %ith his natie %i'e to Red Rierin 14;!

6i8 h&ndred lodes o' Assini$oine died o' s+allpo8 this -ear!

@an&ar- Carlton <o&se, (6askatche%an) on the 6askatche%an Rier a etis na+ed Piere e

Roc/&e died o' s+allpo8 carried $- the Indians 'ro+ 2ort Union on the isso&ri Rier! .illia+Todd a ph-sician at 2ort Pell- on the Assini$oine Rier &sed a co%po8 ir&s to accinate the2ort and the Indians! <e ta&ht the Indians ho% to accinate their o%n people and those %ho%ere accinate %ere spared a hih +ortalit- rate! Chie' Chocah o' the &>Appelle Crees learnedho% to accinate and is credited %ith sain +an- o' his people! =accine %as sent to all other<o&ses and 2orts! Those %ho re'&sed accination like the Cree and Assini$oine, the death rate%as staerin! <al' the 6lae, Black'oot, Blood, Piean, Circees and 2all (ros =entre)Indians died this season!

14;F

Indian ands, incl&din reserations, are declared as Cro%n and &pon %hich settlers are

'or$idden $- la% to encroach! 2e% E&ropeans took these la%s serio&sl- nor did theoern+ents proide encroach+ent protection! These ne% people do not appear to &nderstandsharin o' reso&rces nor respect 'or the rihts o' others!

The ississippi "#i$%a &s&all- receied treat- pa-+ent at ake 6t! Croi8 $&t d&e to Dakotacon'lict receied pa-+ent at a Pointe, .isconsin! D!P! B&sh%ell, 6&$Aent at a Pointereported 5F0 "#i$%a, 70 +en, F0 %o+en and 1;0 children lie at Red ake! <e reported a totalo' 5,F1 "#i$%a 'or all o' innesota!

The Ca-&se o' "reon sa- the Christian od is stin-, since $aptis+ there has $een noi+proe+ent in the pro%ess in the h&nt, in %ar, or in loe! The issionaries description o' thetor+ents o' hell led the+ to $eliee that these la%s are 'ro+ +an not od and %e do not honorthese la%s! 2inall- the- %itness the antaonis+ $et%een the Protestants and Catholics and

concl&ded the Christians do not $eliee or practice $rotherl- loe!April Gona&ska aka Dro%nin Bear a Cherokee died %ho lied near Br-son Cit-, *orthCarolina read part o' a +issionaries $i$le and said HIts a ood $ook, $&t its strane that the %hite people are not $etter, hain had it so lon!H <e %as also e8tre+el- s&spicio&s o'+issionaries!

140

E&ropean scientists discoered the r&ins o' the a-an c&lt&re in Central A+erica! This societ-o' people had achieed astonishin 'eats o' astrono+-, science and +athe+atics as %ell asinentin %ritin independent o' the "ld .orld! There co&ld $e no do&$t these ancient peopleare an adanced ciili:ation e/&al to the earl- E-ptian Ciili:ation! These people predated the

Inca %ho horri'ied the 6panish Ro+an Catholic Priests %ith their reliio&s practice and there'ores-ste+aticall- destro-ed their li$raries! The- atte+pted to eli+inate %hat the- $elieed is ahistor- o' paanis+ to replace it %ith their o%n iolent ciili:ation! an- E&ropeans stillre'&sed to $eliee these discoeries are Indian adherin to the lost tri$e o' Israel theor-!

The 6arnia .esle- Indian Reseration e8panded to so+e 700 people o%in to e+iration 'ro+6aana% Ba-, ichian! The os =entre retreated 'ro+ the isso&ri Cotea& Co&ntr- (*orthDakota) and the Plain Cree occ&pied their territor- a'ter the- departed!



An Indian part- in Paris is 'la$$erasted to see the %a- the %o+en treated their dos %hile theorphanaes are 'illed %ith &n%anted children! The- noted that 3;F %o+en are %alkin theirdos!

Go&n @oseph <in+&ttoo-ahletkekht is $orn .allo%a =alle-, "reon son "ld @oseph T&ekakas o' the *&+ip& (*i+ip&) +eanin %e People aka *e: Perce +eanin pierced nose!

6o+e %o&ld co+e to call Go&n @oseph as a chie', diplo+at and %arrior o' his people! "thers%o&ld see hi+ as a +ild, entle +anner, deepl- reliio&s +an %ho atte+pted to lead his peopleto 'reedo+ %ith ;00 %arriors aainst ,000 o' the United 6tates Ar+-! The *e: Perce 'ailed toreach the sa'et- o' Canada!

141

The "#i$%a still occ&p- the shores o' ake <&ron, ichian and 6&perior! A lare $and isreported to $e located on the &pper ississippi a$oe the 6aint Anthon- 2alls! 6o+e "#i$%a arestill cookin %ith $irch$ark pots &sin heated stones to $oil 'ish and a+e! "$serers $elieethe- are protestin the ro%in dependenc- on the E&ropean trade oods! an- are still actiein the tradition o' ro%in corn! The "#i$%a %o+en, d&rin +enstr&ation, 'ollo%ed the ancient@e%ish c&sto+ o' liin a short distance 'ro+ the +ain ca+p, in a little h&t, &ntil her period is

oer! It is not kno% %hen or %h- this tradition oriinated in A+erica or i' it is learned 'ro+ theE&ropeans! The &n'ort&nate i+plications are that %o+en are so+eho% &nclean d&rin+enstr&ation! A$o&t this ti+e *atie %o+en $ean to lose their historic and special stat&s intheir o%n c&lt&re!

At the Ba- o' aneto&a%nin, +eanin 6pirit <ole, near anito&lin Island an "#i$%a illae o'0 to 0 loho&ses is esta$lished! It is note%orth- that anito is an Alon/&ian %ord 'or +aicor an &nseen 'orce! T%o tho&sand "#i$%a are ca+ped near$- %aitin 'or their ann&al presents'ro+ the oern+ent! The principle Chie' is 6inennok, +eanin $lack$ird, and he has $eenchie' since $e'ore 1415! The attendin "#i$%a are 'ro+ akes <&ron, *ipissin and 6&perior!6i8 +iles 'ro+ aneto&a%nin is another "#i$%a illae called .e/&i+econo co+posed o' 0to 30 ho&ses! The- 'ish 'or sal+on and %hite'ish, +ake +aple s&ar 'or trade, raise %heat, corn

and potatoes! Captain Ironsides, a etis and Chie' o' the .-andots, arried 'or a isit as thes&ccessor to Captain Anderson as 6&perintendent o' Indian A''airs! Ironside, %hich +eans %alkin %ater, is a descendent o' Tec&+seh!

The "#i$%a &sed tote+, a heraldic deice to identi'- the+seles or their clan on trees or rocks sothat others %ill kno% %ho passed! The- are also &sed on $irch$ark %hen sendin +essaes toother tri$es!

At ackina% 5,300 o' the People arried to receie their pa- o' t%ent- 'ie tho&sand dollars 'orlands ceded to the United 6tates! These People are +ostl- classi'ied as "#i$%a %ith so+e"tta%a (the tradin people)! It is noted the- hae a reat n&+$er o' dos &sed to dra% theirsleds in %inter!

The chie' o' the Dela%ares in Dallas Co&nt-, Idaho is attacked $- the Dakota and onl- ones&ried to tell the stor-! In retaliation an ar+- o' 00 6a&k and 2o8 tracked do%n the Dakota%ar part- and killed the+ all at Des oines, Io%a!

145

The 'irst ission at Red ake $- Re! 2rederick A-res %ho le't Brainerd 6pencer in chare! It%as a$andoned in 14F! The Red ake "#i$%a raised a sini'icant s&rpl&s o' rain andeeta$les eno&h to 'eed 'i't- 'a+ilies 'ro+ other $ands %ho %intered 145; at Red ake toescape staration in their ho+e areas!



"cto$er a Pointe o' ake 6&perior, in the Territor- o' .isconsin Treat- %ith the Chippe%aIndians o' the ississippi, and ake 6&perior!

Unceded lands $elonin to the Indians o' 2ond de ac, 6and- ake, and ississippi $ands,shall $e the co++on propert- and ho+e o' all Indians, part- to this treat-!

The Indians hae e8pressed a stron desire to hae so+e proision +ade 'or their hal'$reed

relaties!

6inin 'or each $and

Cro% .in Rier Pooneishik, 6onoco+ick,6and- ake ?anondo&r&in:o, *at&+ea%$on&ll ake Ua$o#i, Pa-pesionde$a-Red Ceder ake ?&i&isenshis, "ttta%%ancePokeo++a% Baiie#i, 6ho%nea%.isconsin Rier ?i&en:i, .ia%$iskek&tte%a-ac de 2la+$ea& Apishkaoi, a-tockc&se&a-, 6he+a%oneake Bands ?i#i&a$esheshi, ?ekonot&+,2on d& ac 6hinoo$, *aanna$, ono8ata Pointe Citchi%aiske-, i:i, Ta/&aonee"nlonaan "kondikan, ?isketa%%acAnce Penashi, &ck%esansish=ie&8 Desert ?asheoshe, ede%a%%a%%otille ac *e/&ane$e, Uashashkok&+, *odin6t! Croi8 Be:hiki, ?a$ina$e, Aia%$ens6nake Rier 6hao$iChippe%a Rier Ua$esheshi, &e%a-:hansisac Co&rt&lle *enanane$, Be$okon&en, ?i&en:i

6inin 'or oern+ent

<enr- Blanc'ord interpreter 6a+&el Ash+an interpreter @&stin RiceCharles <! "akes.illia+ A! Aitkin.illia+ Bre%ster Charles ! Bor&pN PlattC!<! Bea&liea&!T! @a+ison@a+es P! 6cottC-r&s endenhall

!! .arren

"cto$er 1 *aon&$ $orn 141 an "#i$%a chie' o' 2ond d& ac at a Pointe, .isconsinsined a treat- 'or his people, he %as a 'aorite o' the %hite ladies o' this ti+e!

14;

There %as still a s&rpl&s o' rain aaila$le at Red ake as M100!00 %orth %as p&rchased $-Al'red Br&nson, 6&$Aent at a Pointe, .isconsin 'or distri$&tion to the "#i$%a o' other areas!



.illia+ 6&$lette, '&r trader, led a part- o' pleas&re h&nters o&t into the plains 'ro+ 6t! o&is!A+on the part- %as the 6cottish no$le+an Captain 6ir .illia+ Dr&++ond 6te%art and.illia+ Clark ?ennerl- %ith eiht- +en! The- le't the prairie stre%an 'or +iles %ith the $odieso' dead $&''alo! The- onl- took eiht- po&nds o' +eat 'ro+ one ani+al takin onl- the $ackstrip, h&+p and ton&e! The re+ainder %as le't to rot!

14 Bishop eore o&ntain reported 'ro+ Red Rier that natie c&lt o$#ects represent tani$le proo' o' i+post&re, del&sion and darkness! 2ather e@e&nne $elieed the %icked li$ert- o' thesaaes needs the -oke o' od to preent the+ 'ro+ 'ollo%in their inclination!

"#ao&anon a Chie' o' .alpole Island de$ated %ith @es&it 6&perior Pierre Cha:elle! The reat6pirit sees and kno%s eer-thin, ta&ht the elders %ho teach the people and %e keep it in o&rhearts and %ill neer reno&nce o&r 'aith!

14

An Indian enca+p+ent on ake <&ron $- Pa&l ?ane

143

At 6a&lt 6te arie on the A+erican side lies seen to eiht h&ndred People %hereas on theCanadian side there are onl- a 'e% etis and +an- "#i$%a! A cens&s $- @!P! <a-s, a s&$ aent'ro+ a Pointe (.isconsin) placed the Red ake clan as 1,500 $ein located at Pe+$ina, Redake and .innipe akes! <e said their +ain s&$stance is aric&lt&re prod&cin 5,000 $&shel>scorn! *o +ention is +ade o' the other crops! In %inter the- h&nt $&''alo %est o' the Red Rier!In the s&++er the- #oin the Red Rier etis in their $&''alo h&nts! .a%&shkinika or Crooked

Ar+ is the reconi:ed Red ake Chie' $&t the A+erican oern+ent chooses to reconi:e.a%an#e&on as the top chie'! This 'ail&re to accept the Chie' o' consens&s is a er- co++on practice d&rin the 'or+ation o' the *orth%est! a&n&ada&s (eore <enr-) is consideredthe Chie' o' the "#i$%a nation 143144!

*e% e8ico copper +iners inited so+e Apaches to dinner and then killed the+ in cold $lood!anas Co#oradas (Red sleees) died 143;, killed so+e copper +iners to aene the killins!

1847

An "#i$%a %hen asked $- Charles c?en:ie %h- the "#i$%a %o&ld not %ork as la$orers likethe Cree replied, %e are poor it is tr&e $&t %e shall not $e slaes! The *orthern "#i$%a $- thisti+e had chaned 'ro+ a +aternal to a paternal str&ct&red clan! The '&r trade oer the pasth&ndred -ears chaned the 'oc&s 'or clan sta$ilit- 'ro+ the %o+en to that o' a +ale do+inated

Co+pan- clan! This ne% Co+pan- Tote+ 'oc&s res&lted in iolation o' cent&r- old traditions!Close relations as an e8a+ple co&ld inadertentl- +arr- as a res&lt o' the destr&ction o' theaternal Tote+ s-ste+! Inheritance chaned 'ro+ +other to da&hter to the E&ropean s-ste+ o''ather to son!

A&&st 5 Treat- %ith the Chippe%a o' the ississippi and ake 6&perior incl&ded the'ollo%in cla&ses




Peace and 'riendship to $e perpet&alCession o' lands $- the Chippe%a o' the ississippi to ake 6&perior to U!6!A!<al' or +i8ed $lood o' the Chippe%a ("#i$%a) to $e considered as Chippe%a

*oe+$er 5F The Ca-&ses 150 +iles 'ro+ the *e: Perce at the Ca-&se ission reached a $reakin point %ith the o&t$reak o' +easles $elieed to $e spread $- the +issionaries! The

A+ericans are relentlessl-, 'ra&d&lentl- and treachero&sl- dispossessed the People o' theirh&ntin, 'ishin and ra:in ro&nds to satis'- their reed! In 'inal 'r&stration the Ca-&sesre$elled killin Dr! .hit+an and 'o&rteen other %hites incl&din rs! .hit+an! Those sparedand taken prisoner are +ostl- %o+en and children! 2ear s%ept the "reon Territor- ass&+inthis %as the start o' a +a#or &prisin!

144

askepatoon a Cree e8plained to Pa&l ?ane the three paths to heaen ia (+issionaries) R&ndle,<&nter and Thi$a&lt %ho said the other t%o are %ron! <e s&ested the three call a co&ncila+on the+seles and %hen the- aree then he %o&ld 'ollo% (their adice)!

14F

The socalled Pillaer Chippe%a occ&pied the lands a$o&t "ttertail ake, Red ake and thePe+$ina Territor-! The- clai+ed to $e 'ro+ the A%a&se Tote+ o' "#i$%a! At this ti+e the- hadno treat- %ith the A+erican oern+ent! The E&ropean traders report the- disrearded theE&ropean e8hortations to the ha$its and p&rs&its o' ciili:ation! The- hae receied no ann&ities'ro+ the United 6tates! The- s&stain the+seles on a+e, 'ish, %ild rice, and potatoes and +akelare /&antities o' +aple s&ar! The "#i$%a na+ed the place Pe+$ina +eanin s&++er $err-a'ter a kind o' cran$err-! It is said the Pe+$ina clan co&ld asse+$le 10 %arriors! The Redake clan is raisin corn and potatoes! 2ie to si8 h&ndred Chippe%a occ&pied the Pe+$ina toT&rtle o&ntain reion o' *orth Dakota and &s&all- #oined the Red Rier etis on the ann&al $&''alo h&nt! ost o' these Peoples oriinated 'ro+ their historic $ases o' a Pointe and 6a&lt6te arie on the rand ?itchi a+i (ake 6&perior)!

Ro$inson>s ake 6&perior Treat-, and the <&ron Treat-, are sined 6epte+$er 7 and Fth at 6a&lt6te arie $- the "#i$%a inha$itin the *orth 6hore! The Chie'>s sinin the treat- are

@oseph Peandechat@ohn I&in%a-ishe&ch/&aToto+encie

The People e''ectiel- lost all rihts concedin the oern+ent holds their lands in tr&st! The prete8t o' $ein ien special stat&s 'ro+ trespass, $- non*atie and $- $ein 'reed 'ro+sei:&re 'or nonpa-+ent o' de$t or ta8es are cited as the #&sti'ication 'or loss o' rihts! A $an onsale o' li/&or to Indians is also leislated! o%er Canada de'ined an Indian to incl&de all personso' Indian ancestr- and all persons +arried to s&ch persons, $elonin to or reconi:ed as

$elonin to an Indian $and and liin %ith that $and! 6&$se/&ent eislation %o&ld +odi'-this de'inition to the +ale line and +arriae onl- i' a nonIndian %o+an +arried an Indian! It isesti+ated the "#i$%a lost 'o&r h&ndred +en to the Dakota 6io&8 in the last ten -ears in $attles'ro+ Red Rier settle+ent to the .isconsin Rier so&th and 'ro+ ake 6&perior to theississippi Rier! In April, a %ar part- o' Dakota 6io&8, is led $- the son o' Chie' .hite 2isher,%ho+ last 'all scalped his o%n %i'e! The part- is 'ro+ the illae o' ittle Cro% and Red .in!The- attacked a s+all enca+p+ent o' "#i$%a enaed in +akin s&ar! The- killed three +en,si8 %o+en and 'o&r children, takin one s+all $o- prisoner! <e clai+ed the attack is to re+oe



the disrace o' killin his %i'e and the p&nish+ent that 'ollo%ed! oernor Ra+se- said+eas&res %o&ld $e taken to $rin the o''enders to #&stice so that the Dakota 6io&8 and "#i$%a%ar does not $reak o&t aain!

Bishop Tache noted that the Plains Cree is %arlike and contrasted the+ %ith the peace loin.oods Cree! The Plains Cree and .oods Cree onl- di''erence is their +ethod o' lielihood!

There is no eidence to s&pport this +isconception! Tache is pro$a$l- appl-in this perceptionto i+pl- it is the res&lt o' Enlish Protestantis+!

The .apiti, a +a#estic elk %ith a hea- dark +ane d%indled o&t o' e8istence in eastern Canadaand not lon a'ter $eca+e e8tinct!

A $attle $et%een the Red ake and Pillaer "#i$%a and the Dakota is reported $- @!E! 2letcher,the .inne$ao Aent! The $attle %as in the icinit- o' Crass ake, eech ake and.inni$ioshish ake that res&lted in the last %ithdra%al o' the Dakota so&th%ard and %est%ard!

The Territor- o' innesota is 'or+ed!

The in'a+o&s @a+es <! Carleton and ?it Carson alias Christopher <o&ston (140F1434) enteredCan-on de Chell- to start a si8 +onth +assacre! Carleton saidJ HThis %ar %ill $e p&rs&ed

aainst -o& i' it takes -ears!!!&ntil -o& cease to e8ist or +oe!H The- started the ca+pain $-destro-in ho+es, liestock, crops, irriation and orchards! 2inall- 3,000 *aa#os s&rrenderedand are 'orced +arched 00 +iles to prisoner o' %ar ca+ps and h&ndreds died on the trip!D&rin their incarceration the ar+- contin&ed to destro- their ho+es and propert- to ens&rethose %ho +a- hae escaped and 'o&nd their %a- $ack %o&ld 'ind nothin!!

140

Cra:- <orse (1401477) is $orn o' the acota clan o' the Dakota!

Treaties sined this decade ae 50 .ashinton tri$es hal' the 6tates haresta$le sal+on andshell'ish!

The "#i$%a *ation had eoled 'ro+ 'ie Tote+s, Clans or Dodai+ in 10 to so+e 51 this-ear!

Crane (U#e#a&k) oriinall- B&sinasseeCat'ish (an&+ai) oriinall- A%a&seBear (&k%ah) oriinall- *okaarten (.a&$ishashe) oriinall- onsone.ol' (aheen&n) oriinall- Dakota ()oon (on) oriinall- Ahah%a&k

These a$oe noted clans represent 4K10th>s o' the total "#i$%a *ation!

Reindeer (Addick) oriinall- o&sonee $&t a$sor$ed into the onsone

er+an (*e$a&nna&$a-) oriinall- A%a&sePike (?eno&shs-) oriinall- A%a&se-n8 (Beshe&)Eale (ei::ee) oriinall- B&sinasseeRattlesnake (Cheshe%a)oose (o&s) oriinall- o&sonee $&t a$sor$ed into the onsoneBlack D&ck or Cor+orant (&k&dashi$) oriinall- Ahahna&koose (*ekah) oriinall- Ahahna&k6&cker (*&+a$in) oriinall- A%a&se



6t&reon (*&+a) oriinall- A%a&se.hite 2ish (Udek&+ai) oriinall- A%a&seBeaer (A+ik) &ll (-a&shk) <a%k (?akaik)

=er- rare tote+s at this ti+e, not enerall- kno%n $- +an- ake 6&perior "#i$%a and are+ostl- located north o' the lake!

() The %ater spirit or er+an Clan o' the Dakota 6io&8 is traced to "#i$%a %ho inter+arriedinto the Dakota *ation!

The B&sinassee (Crane) clai+s chie'tainship oer the other clans o' the "#i$%a, the A%a&seclai+ed this chie'tainship thro&h their pree+inence at Co&ncils, the Ahah%a&k clai+ed thischie'tainship as a ro-al 'a+il- (inspired $- the 2rench)! These clai+s 'ind their oriin inE&ropean tradition not natie tradition! The "#i$%a historicall- practiced a 'or+ o' sharedleadership!The h&ntin leadership di''ered 'ro+ the %ar leadership, di''ered 'ro+ the treat- leadership as ane8a+ple! E&ropeans co&ld not &nderstand this de+ocratic s-ste+ and ar$itraril- created

chie'tainships to +eet their o%n 'oolish needs! Un'ort&natel- +an- o' the People clai+ed to $echie' to satis'- ario&s needs! Eer- 'a+il- leader had $eco+e an Indian Chie'!

This -ear on orders o' Ale8ander Ra+se- a s&$ Indian aenc- o' a Pointe is re+oed to 6and-ake!

oon2oot an "#i$%a 'ro+ the 2ond D& ac Band clai+s an ancestr- $ack to a$o&t 1F0 &sin 1eneration 0 -earsJ

1F0 V1 i#iossekot1;0 V5 isk%andi$aon170 V; iti&akosh1310 V 6cha%anaitik

130 V .a#ki13F0 V3 .a#a%ada#koa17;0 V7 atchinai#an1770 V4 Ba#ass%a1410 VF ?ada%i$ida140 V10 oon2oot

The chie'tainship a+on the Red ake and Pe+$ina $ands %as in con'lict! The oern+ent%anted to reconi:e .a%an#e&on $&t he %as not o' hih in'l&ence %ith his $and nor is he o'the hereditar- 'a+ilies o' chie's! .a%&shkinika (Crooked Ar+) %as the hereditar- chie' atRed ake and %as said to $e +&ch respected $- his 'ello%s! It is note%orth- that hereditar-chie's is an E&ropean tradition not an Indian tradition! The oern+ents 'orced the Indians into

acceptin an E&ropean 'or+ o' oern+ent to replace their de+ocratic process o' oernin!<istorical r&les de'ined Indians as $oth $orn and $- adoption into that c&lt&re and had norelationship to land, creed or color! This -ear the oern+ent restricted onl- those %ith a proper $loodline co&ld occ&p- Indian resere lands! This is no di''erent than enactin a la% that sa-sonl- persons %ith an a$oriinal $lood line can occ&p- Canada! This chane in la% is $ased &ponecono+ic considerations not o' %hat is riht, e/&ita$le or #&st!



The .ishosk o' the coast o' *orthern Cali'ornia %ere e8ter+inated $- the %hite A+ericansettlers! Those 'e% %ho escaped $eca+e %anderers and lied %itho&t oern+ent s&pport!These Alonkin speakin people +iht represent the ancestors o' the Canadian .ishosk!

The ichian Constit&tion read *either slaer- nor inol&ntar- serit&de, &nless 'or the p&nish+ent o' cri+e, shall $e tolerated in this state!H 6o+e $eliee the- didn>t reali:e this

constit&tion leali:ed slaer- &ntil 1F3; %hen it %as 'inall- reoked!The 140>s %itnessed $ands o' Cali'ornia +iners and iilantes +&rder Indians %ith i+p&nit-!

141

D&rin the %inter o' 1401 'a+ine isited the "#i$%a o' Red Cass, eech and 6and- akes asthe- had onl- receied partial treat- pa-+ent last 'all! an- died and a reports o' canni$alis+s&r'aced!

=ario&s esti+ates o' the n&+$er o' $&''alo ar- 'ro+ 7 +illion to 100 +illion and $- 1F00there is less than 1,00 ani+als thro&ho&t the U!6!A! "' all the $i a+e that has roa+ed theearth %ithin recorded histor-, no species has eer e/&aled in n&+$ers the ani+als that are kno%nas Bison or B&''alo!

oernor Ra+se-, Dr! Tho+as 2oster (6ecretar- o' the Indian Co++ission), and <&h T-ler,special aent and actin Co++issar- le't 6t! Pa&l A&&st 14 to concl&de a Treat- %ith the Redake and Pe+$ina "#i$%a! The- %ere to p&rchase ,000,000 acres o' land in the =alle- o' theRed Rier o' the *orth 'or M5;0,000! Thirt- tho&sand o' this %as to $e paid to the hal' $reedsand M5,000 ann&all- 'or aric&lt&ral and ed&cational p&rposes! This treat- %as not con'ir+ed $-the 6enate at this ti+e! The "#i$%a on the north side o' Red ake n&+$er so+e three h&ndred!The Red ake and Pe+$ina $ands o'ten #oin the Red Rier hal'$reeds on the $&''alo h&nt %esto' the Red Rier! The $&''alo are still plenti'&l at this ti+e! The Red ake and Pillaer $andsclai+ed, $- riht o' con/&est and act&al possession, a lare tract o' land l-in %est o' the RedRier!

Cali'ornia passed a la% to allo% settlers to keep Indians as slaes 'or 1 -ears!

@&l- At Traerse des 6io&8 the eastern 6io&8 sined a%a- all their lands in Io%a and innesotae8cept 'or a 50 +ile %ide reseration alon the innesota Rier! The treat- %as a 'ra&d as the6io&8 ot al+ost nothin 'ro+ innesota 'or their lands! 6o+e consider this the +ost traicinterl&de in innesota>s histor-!

145

?ati+in a illae o' the ?arok People on the $anks o' the ?la+ath Rier a$o&t a +ile 'ro+ the+o&th o' the 6al+on Rier in Cali'ornia is $&rned $- the %hite people! The ?arok $elieed thislocation %as the center o' the earth and %as a er- sacred area! It %as the scene o' +an- -earl-cere+onies!

14

D&rin A&&st a or+an part- in transit alon the *orth Platte Rier, in .-o+in, lost a co%and erroneo&sl- reported, in 2ort ara+ie, that it is stolen $- the Indians! This incident escalatedand ie&tenant @ohn @! ratten insisted on the arrest o' the innocent <ih 2orehead! ratten ledan a+$&sh 'orce o' thirt- +en %ith t%o cannon to the Br&le =illae! The- open 'ired a ho%it:erinto the illae killin +an- %o+en and children! Chie' Con/&erin Bear, one o' thespokes+en o' the Dakota 6io&8 *ation is +ortall- %o&nded in the 'irst &nprooked ho%it:erolle-! Enraed at this $ar$aric attack the naties la&nched a co&nter attack in %hich the-



co+pletel- destro-ed the detach+ent, killin rattan and his ;0 soldiers pl&s the interpreter!ahtoio%a a Br&le Teton 6io&8 chie' led his +en on to attack 2ort ara+ie in .-o+in %herehe is killed! ittle Th&nder ho%eer contin&ed the %ar!

"ne o' the larest h&ntin part- 'or pleas&re is '&nded this -ear $- a %ealth- Irish+an 6ireore ore %ho spent a hal' a +illion dollars on the h&nt! The- departed 6t! o&is and coered

3,000 +iles oer the ne8t three -ears! <e had 0 serants and a n&+$er o' scienti'ic co+panions!The- traeled in reat l&8&r- $rinin their o%n +ilk co%s! The h&nted $e-ond 2orteaen%orth and p&shed deep into the *orth%est! At 2ort ara+ie he enaed @i+ Brider alias"ld a$e a +o&ntain +an as a &ide into Gello%stone and the +o&ntains! The- then h&ntedRose$&d and into the Black <ills! This part- killed 5,000 $&''alo, 1,300 deer and elk, 10 $earsand endless prairie hens and other %ild 'o%ls! This destr&ctie e8pedition ca&sed reatresent+ent a+on the People o' the northern plains! The- co+plained to the o''icials in.ashinton, $&t it did the+ little ood! The oern+ent o'ten assined hih rankin Ar+-o''icers and detach+ents o' caalr- to assist the pleas&re h&nters! Ar+- soldiers on 'rontiero&tposts o'ten %ent on dr&nken $&''alo h&ntin parties!

2o&r tho&sand Chippe%a +et at a Pointe (.isconsin) 6epte+$er ;0 to consider treat-! Eiht-

'ie chie's eent&all- sined the treat-! The A+erican oern+ent 'or treat- p&rposesreconi:ed the Chippe%a ("#i$%a) as 'o&r distinct clans!

Chippe%a o' ake 6&perior ?eche&++e%inine%& (en o' the reat .ater)Chippe%a o' the ississippi ?echese$e%inine%& (reat Rier +en)Chippe%a o' the Pillaer &k+ed&n%inine%& (Pillaers)Chippe%a o' Red ake and Pe+$ina Beton&keenain&$e#i (those %ho sit on the $orders,

Red ake Pe+$ina $ands)!

The "#i$%a had 'iner destinations that separated the &no+inikasheenh& (Rice akers on 6t!Croi8 Rier), .ahs&ah&ne%inine%& (en o' the Torches %ho lie on the <ead .aters o' the.isconsin and the "tta%a ake +en %ho occ&p- the head%aters o' the Chippe%a- Rier) and6&%a&nd&ah%inine%& (+en o' the Thick 2ir .oods or Bois 2orts (hard%oods))!

ittle Th&nder a chie' o' the Br&le 6io&8 %ho %as in co++and o' the $attle o' ratten near 2ortara+ine, .-o+in %as in 'act si8 'eet si8 inches tall!

Ale8ander .ard led 51 e+irants into the Boise =alle-, Idaho and are killed $- the 6nake RierIndians!

A&&st The co++issioner o' Indian A''airs eore .! an-penn- directed aent <enr- C!il$ert o' Detroit to arrane a treat- co&ncil %ith the Chippe%a o' ake 6&perior!

14

The Chippe%a esta$lished reserations aro&nd their historic Che/&a+eon Ba-, .isconsin! Tothe *orth o' Ba-'ield a resere called Red Cli'', east on adeline Island and to the so&theast theBan Rier Reseration! Reerend eonard <! .heeler had a +ission co+ple8 at Bad Rier(.isconsin) so&th o' adeline Island! The Ba- ills Resere near the historic "#i$%a to%n o'6a&lt 6te arie is also esta$lished!

A+ericans relentlessl- seekin +ore and +ore o' their territor- $- repeatedl- cheatin andde'ra&din the+ s&rro&nd the 6antee Dakota 6io&8 on the innesota Rier! A ro&p o' 'o&r-o&n $raes 'orced the iss&e $- killin 'ie settlers! ittle Cro%, a 6antee Chie' %ho preio&sl-ar&ed 'or peace took &p the ca&se o' %ar! <e had $een re'&sed credit %ith the 'ollo%in %ordsJHas 'ar as I a+ concerned, i' the- are h&nr-, let the+ eat rass!H This $eca+e the rall-in cr-



'or all the 6antee 'actions! In 6epte+$er ;,000 troops o&t o' 2ort ?earn-, in *e$raska, &ndereneral .illia+ <arne- s%ar+ed oer a Br&le =illae at Bl&e .ater! The- +assacred 4 o' thescatterin Dakota 6io&8 takin 70 %o+en and children captie!

oernor Isaac 6teen o' the .ashinton Territor- atte+pted treat- %ith the *e: Perce(Chop&nnish) o' "reon! "le @oseph o' the .allo%a =alle- %o&ld not sin %arnin his people

not to take presents 'ro+ the %hites or the- %ill clai+ that -o& hae accepted pa- 'or -o&rco&ntr-! The *e: Perce raised horses and cattle, lied in 'ine lodes and took pride in+aintainin 'riendl- relationships 'or the past 7 -ears %ith the %hite people!

@&l- ;1 Detroit, in the 6tate o' ichian, Treat- %ith the "tta%a and Chippe%a Indians o'ichian, parties to the treat- o' arch 54, 14;3!

A&&st 5 eore .illia+ 6! <arne-, called the A+erican B&tcher, saidJ $- od, I>a+ 'or $attle, no peace, as he +arches o&t o' 2ort ?earn-, *a$raska to sla&hter so+e Dakota 6io&8!

6epte+$er near Ash <ollo%, .-o+in eore .illia+ 6! <arne- thinkin to aene the 14killins near 2ort ara+ie $- the +assacre o' oer 500 innocent Br&le Indians! This res&lted in aeneral state o' %ar! <e %as ien the title o' The A+erican B&tcher as a res&lt o' this st&pidit-!

143 It is reported that eore 6i+pson had %ritten to @ohn Ross sa-in i' the destr&ction o' theIndian Race is necessar- or desira$le, the %ithdra%al o' the protection receied 'ro+ the <&dsonBa- Co+pan- %o&ld $e the readiest +eans o' arriin at that end! The Indians are standin inthe %a- o' the <&dson Ba- Co+pan- polic- o' sellin land to %hite settlers and it is $elieed asthe '&r $&siness declines the *aties %ill $eco+e a lia$ilit- to the Co+pan-!

eschi died 2e$r&ar- 1F, 147 chie' o' the *is/&alli and Gaki+a led an ar+- o' 1,000 +enaainst 6eattle, .ashinton! The- %ere drien o'' $- a %arship in the har$or! eschi %ascapt&red and haned!

147

The British <o&se o' Co++ons passed a la% called HAn Act 'or rad&al Ciili:ation!H That la%on $ehal' o' the Canadian Colonies %as to enco&rae Indians (2irst *ations People) to relin/&ishtheir lands, lan&ae, c&lt&re and e8istin rihts in e8chane 'or '&ll British Citi:enship! It isnote%orth- that '&t&re Enlish, .elsh, 6cottish and Irish %o&ld $e asked to ie &p so+e o' theirrihts 'or E&ropean Citi:enship!

eislation 'or Indian Assi+ilation contained criteria 'e% E&ropeans co&ld +eet, the a$ilit- toread and %rite Enlish or 2rench, 'ree o' de$t and o' hih +oral character! I' the saae is +oreciili:ed than the E&ropean he %o&ld receie an allot+ent o' t%ent- hectare o' resere land, placed on a one -ear pro$ation to ie '&rther proo' o' his $ein ciili:ed and then to $e ienthe 'ranchise! R! @! Penne'ather, head o' the Indian Depart+ent receied o$#ections 'ro+ theIndians! <e replied Hthe Ciili:ation Act is no rieance to -o&!H In short sh&t &p its not -o&r

concern! "ne Indian aent ad+itted that the o$#ectie 'or %hich the Indian Act o' Assi+ilationis passed is not likel- to $e attained, 'or all practical p&rposes, it is a dead letter!

The oern+ent ca+e &p %ith the &lti+ate interation tool, i' an Indian ot the ote, he %asstripped o' his Indian stat&s, his c&lt&re and all associated rihts and $ene'its!

144

The Black Ro$e 2rancis Naier arried 2ort 6i+pson in A&&st to do $attle %ith the predator-Anlicans, the Dene edicine en and the In&it 6ha+an, the *orth>s indieno&s spirit&al



priest! The "$late $elieed the children o' nat&re, co&ld not $e ciili:ed or Christiani:ed &ntil'reed 'ro+ a per'ect net o' s&perstitions! Doed pers&asion &s&all- acco+plished the #o$, $&t'istic&''s are &sed as a last resort!

Indian PortaeThis paintin is titled Indian Portain 2&rs $- Cornelio&s ?rieno''! The

location is &nkno%n! .e so+eti+es 'oret that the *atie people %ereer- actiel- inoled in the '&r trade, as erchants, =o-aers, E8plorersand Trappers! <istor- has not $een kind to their al&a$le contri$&tion inthe trade! The Indians and etis &sed +ad&+$i an A$naki pack strap!

The leather head strap is &sed to carr- s+all loads on their $ack, %hile their sho&lders s&pportedthe canoe!

@&an *epo+&ceno Cortina led a Te8as +ilitar- 'orce to %ipe o&t the last $and o' ?aranka%asand $- 1430 the- %ere an e8tinct peoples!

The or+ons o' Utah are +iratin north into Idaho %hen attacked $- the Bannock People at2ort e+hi, Idaho! T%o or+ons are killed $e'ore $ein drie $ack into Utah!

The esti+ated pop&lation o' *e% Caledonia (B!C!) is 0,000 to 0,000 natie Peoples!

arch 1; T%ent- si8 Dakota Chie's %ere taken to .ashinton to +eet president @a+esB&chanan to disc&ss their rieances! The- %ere held 'or 'o&r +onths $e'ore $ein told the- hadto +oe o'' +ore o' their lands! This is tanta+o&nt to an act o' %ar $- an- diplo+atic standards!

14F

Pe&is a 6a&ltea&8 Chie' o' the Indian settle+ent at Red Rier is +&ch dist&r$ed %ith the<&dson Ba- Co+pan-! <e proclai+ed arch 51, 14F that the- neer sold their lands to theco+pan- or to the Earl o' 6elkirk and -et the Co+pan- +arked o&t and sold lands %itho&t o&r per+ission, and %itho&t o&r receiin pa-+ent 'or sa+e! I hae asked the Co+pan- aent 'or pa-+ent and I asked r! cTaish last sprin $&t still I et nothin! .e hae had eno&h o' all2&r Co+panies! A&&st 1, reports reached Red Rier that the Dakota 6io&8 had started on the

%arpath to aene the recent +assacre o' their $rethren at 6t! @oseph! The Dakota 6io&8threatened to s%ar+ into Chippe%a Co&ntr- (Red Rier) and clai+ed s&pport 'ro+ theChippe%a, Cree and Assini$oine as alread- $ein &nited! The Dakota 6io&8 are reported to haeattacked a part- o' seenteen %aons on their %a- 'ro+ Io%a to "reon! It is reported the-killed all $&t t%o +en %ho escaped! T%o %o+en ho%eer are adopted into the tri$e and one iseent&all- ret&rned to her people! "ne do 'ace $l&e coat %rote I %o&ld 'eel the sa+e as @ohnIndian does i' a pack o' Chippe%a had sco&red do%n on Boston co++on and then told +e toet o'' the rass!

The 6ton- People told Doctor <ector o' the Pallisar e8pedition that the $&''alo co&ld not $edepended on as $e'ore!

<!! <all a cattle s&perisor 'or the Ro&nd =alle- Reseration in Cali'ornia took a iilantero&p o' +en on a h&nt that killed 50 G&ki in reene 'or the alleed killin o' a stallion! <e%as neer $ro&ht to #&stice,

@&l- 54 .itnessed the sale o' so+e lands in the ake 6&perior Reion as %itnessed $- R!@!Penne'ather, eore Ironside, Ro$ert a% "il-, 2! Assikinack, interpreter and 'or the "#i$%a@oseph *a$ahnaoo#in o' 6a&lt 6te arie and o&rlais Ba-, Ed%ard *a$ahnaoo#in,ekahdok%ahnah-a, a:h&ke-nosh o' Batche%an, o&ison *a$ah%aoo#in, .ah$eh&k%a,






1431

A Do 2east is per'or+ed this -ear at Red Rier %ith an o$#ectie o' +akin +edicine andinitiatin noices into the +edical pro'ession! The cele$ration oes on 'or t%o or three da-s andthe noices +&st 'ast 'or ten da-s $e'ore the cere+on-!

1435

anito&lin Island Treat-, ake <&ron, "ntario is sined $- the "#i$%a (Chippe%a) and "tta%a!anito&lin +eans the ho+e o' the spirit!

The Prairie Dakota 6io&8 are presentl- classi'ied as the Gankton and Tenton! The 6antee o' the.oodland Dakota 6io&8 are o' 'o&r diisions, the da%akanton, .ahpeton, .ahpek&te and6isseton! The- are 'orced into a narro% strip o' territor- alon the innesota Rier! Bi Ealereported Hthat +an- %hite +en o'ten a$&sed the Indians and treated the+ &nkindl-! 6o+e %hite+en a$&sed the Indian %o+en in a certain %a- and disraced the+, and s&rel- there is no e8c&se'or that!H ore than 10,000 %hite settlers are p&shin into 6antee Co&ntr- and Hall these thins+ade +an- Indians dislike the %hites!H There are a$o&t 3,000 Dakota liin on li+ited reseresalon the innesota Rier! The- %ere he++ed in $- %hite settlers! A crop 'ail&re in 1431 le't

little 'ood!A&&st The Dakota 6io&8 co+plained that the oern+ent is $ehind in their ann&al pa-+entsand staration is pendin! .illia+ 2or$es, post trader, told the Dakota 6io&8 that the- are not+en! This %ide spread $elie' had $een n&rt&red and circ&lated $- +an- cler-+en o' earlierti+es! At this ti+e o&is Ro$ert, a post trader, stands acc&sed o' de'ra&din the Dakota 6io&8 o'their +one-! A'ter a lon strin o' $roken A+erican pro+ises the 'inal ins&lt is deliered $- anIndian Aent Andre% -rick to the Dakota 6io&8 Chie' o' the da%akanton, Tao-ated&ta(ittle Cro%), >so 'ar as I a+ concerned, i' -o&r people are h&nr-, let the+ eat rass or their o%nd&n!H ittle Cro% %as the son o' ittle Cro% and his rand'ather %as ittle Th&nder!

A&&st 14 The in'a+o&s Andre% -rick la- dead in 'ront o' the tradin post his +o&th st&''ed'&ll o' rass! The Indians said -rick is no% eatin rass hi+sel'! The 6antee killed t%ent-

+en and capt&red ten %o+en and children! 2ort-seen people %ith assistance o' their 6antee'riends 'led across the rier to 2ort Ridel-! @ohn arsh led a troop o' 'ort-'ie soldiers aainstthe 6antee! "nl- t%ent-'o&r escaped $ack to the sa'et- o' their 'ort! The 6antee opened the %ar%ith raids on tradin posts and settle+ents like Ul+ alon the innesota and 6ank Riers! T%otho&sand A+ericans died and +ore than three h&ndred %o+en and children are capt&red %ithin'ort-eiht ho&rs! Incl&ded is a detach+ent o' 5; in'antr- o&t o' 2ort Ridel-! The Dakota6io&8 had concentrated their e''orts +ainl- alon the innesota Rier =alle- a$o&t t%o h&ndred+iles lon!

A&&st Ale8ander Ra+se- the oernor o' innesota appoints <enr- <! 6i$le- o' theA+erican 2&r Co+pan- Eale Chie' o' the innesota Rei+ent! <e led his +en &p theinnesota Rier north%ard into 6antee Co&ntr-! on Trader 6i$le- o' the A+erican 2&r

Co+pan- stands acc&sed $- the 6antee o' stealin M1,000 o' their treat- +one-! Indian AentAle8ander Ra+se- %o&ld not accept the 6antee acco&nt records indicatin &nder pa-+ent $&t pre'erred to accept 6i$le- acco&nt records o' oer pa-+ent! oernor Ra+se- instr&ctions areHthe Dakota 6io&8 Indians +&st $e e8ter+inated or drien 'oreer $e-ond the $orders o' the6tate!H

A&&st 14 The "#i$%a o' &ll ake arrested seeral %hite people and talked o' attackin a#or!C! .alker! The a#or 'led Cro% .in and +et troops 'ro+ 2ort Riple-, ret&rned and arrestedthe chie' o' &ll ake! a#or .alker 'earin a +a#or &prisin co++itted s&icide on his %a- to



6aint Clo&d! ean%hile the "#i$%a o' eech ake had risen and arrested all %hites $&t t%o,seen in n&+$er and $ro&ht the+ do%n to &ll ake %here the- are released!

A&&st At ankato an inenio&s A+erican hoisted a British 'la and he is the sole %hite +anto escape $ein killed $eca&se the Dakota 6io&8 considered the Canadians kinder and there'orespared his li'e!

A&&st 50 ittle Cro% led an assa&lt on 2ort Ridel- %here +an- settlers had taken re'&e!Three ho%it:ers killed +ore than 100 *aties $e'ore ittle Cro% called o'' the siee!

A&&st 5; Another ro&p o' 6antee stor+ed the illae o' *e% Ul+ and a'ter three da-s o''ihtin %ith hea- cas&alties on $oth sides a third o' the to%n is destro-ed! The ne8t da- *e%El+ is a$andoned! eneral <enr- <astins 6i$le- the A+erican 2&r Co+pan- +an reached2ort Ridel- %ith an additional 1,00 troops!

6epte+$er 5 <astin sent o&t a $&rial part- o' 1; +en and t%ent- %aon thirteen +iles toBirch Co&lee! ittle Cro%Ls %arriorLs attack the detach+ent and the troops held o&t 'or thirt- onho&rs $e'ore a relie' 'orce arried 'ro+ the 2ort! T%ent-three soldiers are dead and no onerecorded the Indian ca&salities! A staecoach traelin 'ro+ 6aint Pa&l to Red Rier is reportedattacked $- the Dakota 6io&8! The A+erican passeners are killed and scalped! 2ortA$ercro+$ie is attacked $&t did not 'all! The Canadians a$andoned eoreto%n and all oodsand proisions are transported $ack to Red Rier $&t their stea+$oat had to $e a$andoned!an- 'leein A+erican settlers le't poisoned cakes so that the starin saaes sho&ld arrie to pl&nder +iht deo&r the+ and die!

6epte+$er 15 T%o %hite +en $&rned the ho&se o' "#i$%a <ole in the Da-!

6epte+$er 5; 6een h&ndred 6antee attacked $&t are no +atch 'or the A+ericans artiller-!The- %ithdre% in de'eat %ith their t%o h&ndred prisoners o' %ar, +ostl- %o+en and children!The- also had a considera$le n&+$er o' +i8ed $lood that is kno%n to $e %hite s-+pathetic!

6epte+$er ittle Cro% neotiated %ith the other Dakota 6io&8 leaders to #oin the %ar! <eco&ld not ain s&pport $eca&se o' the indiscri+inate killin o' %hite settlers on the north side o'

the innesota Rier! ittle Cro% is also conte+pt&o&s o' those %ho +ade %ar on thede'enseless settlers $&t it is too late to t&rn $ack! an- o' the scatterin settlers had so&htshelter %ith the Dakota 6io&8 'riends in the tri$es not inoled in the %ar!

6epte+$er 15 ittle Cro% ae on Trader an opport&nit- to end the %ar clai+in the prisoners o' %ar are $ein treated kindl-!

6epte+$er 55 The last +a#or $attle is lost and $- 6epte+$er 53, the 6antee stopped 'ihtin andret&rned 107 %hite prisoners and 135 +i8ed $lood! an- o' the scatterin 6antee 'led to theDakota Territor- or Red Rier %here ittle Cro% so&ht re'&e! Canada %as considered therand+others land north 'ro+ the 6alt 2ork o' the Red Rier across the edicine ine!

6epte+$er The Dakota 6io&8 killed the A+ericans in the old Co&ntr- o' Idaho $&t spared

Ed%ard 6hell- $eca&se he is Canadian! At 6t! Pa&l, innesota orna+ents are $ein +ade 'ro+the $ones o' killed saaes and is $ein sold at hih prices! Ten -ears later the Dakota 6io&8 arestill liin a+on the Assini$oine in Canada! a%rence arnea& (1401F51) and hisco+panions are a+on those %ho 'led to the Dakota>s and on to the Red Rier settle+ent!

6epte+$er ean%hile 700 "#i$%a are at Red ake Rier and Red Rier in a spot called therand 2orks %aitin on the United 6tates Co++issioner to enter into treat- 'or lands l-in onthe Red Rier as 'ar north as Pe+$ina! r! Dole the Co++issioner is at 6t! Clo&d and co&ld not proceed $eca&se o' the Dakota 6io&8 .ar! The treat- oods and proisions are at A$ercro+$ie



that is controlled $- the Dakota 6io&8 and pro$a$l- lost! The "#i$%a and etis r&nnin short o' proisions intercepted r! ?ittson and &rr- %ho are transportin the eoreto%n oods to RedRier! The- pillaed the oods 'or the 'ood as the- had $een %aitin a lon ti+e 'or r! Dole!In ret&rn the- instr&cted r! ?ittson in the art o' de'ense aainst the Dakota 6io&8! A'ter the %arended the A+ericans %o&ld +ake ood t%o tho&sandpo&nd>s sterlin 'or the loss!

Dece+$er 53 ankato, innesota, A$rahan incoln orders the larest +ass e8ec&tion inA+erican histor-! Thirt-eiht 6antee Dakota 6io&8 are si+&ltaneo&sl- haned $eca&se the-dared to protect the rihts to their lands! T%o o' the +en haned are not on incoln>s list and oneinnocent +an haned had saed a %hite %o+anLs li'e d&rin the raidin! 2&t&re enerations%o&ld consider this ca+pain as one o' the $lackest +arks on A+erican <istor-! 2&t&reco+position o' 10,000,000 dollars %o&ld $e o''ered as co+position $&t re#ected as the natiesonl- %anted their sacred Black <ills o' Dakota ret&rned! This %o&ld happen a cent&r- later!

an- o' the Dakota 6io&8 %ho 'led to the *orth .est Territories re+ained to settle in lands at"ak Rier, "ak ake and Bird Trail Creek in present da- anito$a! "thers settled at .hite Cap,.ahpoten and 6tandin B&''alo in 6askatche%an!

143;

Chie' o' the da%akanton, Tao-ated&ta (ittle Cro%), #oined the etis $&''alo h&nt in theDakota>s to i+press on their $rothers that the peace treat- is $ein taken serio&sl- $- theDakota! innesota orani:ed =ol&nteer 6co&ts to take Dakota 6io&8 scalps 'or $o&nt-! <o% theA+ericans are to distin&ish Dakota hair 'ro+ other Indian, etis or E&ropean is not recorded!The o$#ectie clearl- s&pports the Dakota concl&sion that e8ter+ination is the o$#ectie!

6enator Ra+se- o' innesota +et %ith 5,000 Red ake "#i$%a to concl&de the 1435 treat- thatis de'erred d&e to the 6i$le- .ar! The settle+ent %o&ld cost ten +illion dollars! Ale8anderRa+se- also entered into treat- %ith the Chippe%a ("#i$%a) o' Pe+$ina and T&rtle o&ntain%ho are descendents o' Red ake! The- preio&sl- descended 'ro+ the ake 6&perior "#i$%a! *o distinction is +ade $et%een Indian and etis at this ti+e!

The *e: Perce co+plained to the oern+ent that settlers %ere encroachin on their lands andasked 'or help to en'orce the treat- o' 14! The oern+ent response is to iss&e a ne% treat-takin a%a- another ;K o' their treat- lands and 'orcin the+ o&t o' .ashinton, "reon toClear%ater Rier in Idaho! *earl- 5K; o' the *e: Perce re'&sed to sin this p&nitie treat-!

"ld @oseph o' the .allo%a =alle- *e: Perce in "reon still had not sined treat- %hen the- are'orced 'ro+ their lands into Idaho to +ake roo+ 'or the adancin %hite settlers! "ld @oseph isso o''ended that he tore &p the Bi$le a %hite +issionar- had ien hi+ to conert hi+ toChristianit-! To let the %hite +en kno% the- still clai+ed the .allo%a =alle- he planted polesall aro&nd the $o&ndaries o' the land %here his people lied!

A+erican Indian aent Tho+as @! al$raith %rote, Christianit- and its hand+aid or da&hter,ciili:ation %here at %ar %ith the c&sto+s o' the Indians! <e deplored %ith %hat tenacit- these

saaes clin to their ha$its and c&sto+s!

6o+e e+alchis o' ?&per Island, B!C! killed a settler and his da&hter on 6at&rna Island!oernor 6ir @a+es Do&las ass&+ed the e+alchis &ilt- and sent a &n$oat to apprehend thee+alchis! At the e+alchi illae the People re'&sed to s&rrender and an e8chane o' 'ireres&lted in a sea+an $ein killed! The &n$oat then destro-ed the illae, cas&alties are&nkno%n! A lare naal 'orce capt&red the e+alchis, hanin three o' their n&+$ers and $asicall- destro-ed this tri$e o' Peoples!



@an&ar- *e% e8ico, anas Co#oradas (Red sleees) is arrested and killed tr-in to escape!It is said that his escape %as ca&sed $- $ein #a$$ed $- a red hot $a-nonet and he %as shot %hiler&nnin! The *aa#o o' Ari:ona and *e% e8ico an Athapascan tri$e %ere er- %arlike and&s&all- %on their $attles aainst the E&ropeans! The- ho%eer %ere $eaten $- Colonel ?itCarson %ho attacked the+ this -ear killin +ost o' their sheep and +ore or less stared the+into s&$+ission! B- 1437 there %as 7,;00 *aa#os $ein held in prisons!

a- 5F ittle Cro%, 6hakopee and edicine Bottle took their $ands into Canada! The-arried 2ort arr- and sta-ed three da-s! The- e8pressed a desire to re+ain on 'riendl- ter+s%ith the Canadians! The- stated their people had s&''ered +&ch 'or -ears! ood 'aith had not $een kept %ith their people! The- had $een de'ra&ded o' their lands and the adantae is $eintaken o' the rash $ehaior o' their -o&n $raes to ain a pretense 'or e8ter+ination o' their people! <e had $een &n'airl- ind&ced to ie &p A+erican prisoners in his possession &nder prete8t o' e''ectin an e8chane! %hereas his 'riends in the hands o' the ene+- had $eenhaned! <e asked oernor Dallas to talk to eneral 6i$le- to co+e to ter+s $&t i' re'&sed the-had no alternatie to 'iht a rihteo&s sel'de'ense! ittle Cro%>s re/&est 'or 'ood is i++ediatel-acco++odated! <is re/&est 'or a++&nition s&''icient to h&nt is denied! All Canadian propert-incl&din $&ildins and stea+$oat in Dakota 6io&8 Co&ntr- is respected and &n+olested! ittleCro% said the Dakota %ith '&ll intention o' his people did not %ant to in#&re an- one 'ro+Canada in his person or his propert- and this %ill contin&e into the '&t&re! D&rin the peace+ission the Dakota 6io&8 ran 'oot races %ith the 6a&ltea&8 ("#i$%a) to rea''ir+ the peace treat-%ith the+!

@&l- The A+ericans clai+ed that on @&l- ;, Chie' o' the da%akanton, Tao-ated&ta (ittleCro%), is killed on an alleed horsestealin e8pedition o&t o' Red Rier to innesota! *athana+son and his son Cha&nce- a+son, re'&ees at <&tchinson ad+itted to the shootin o' ittleCro%! Cha&nce- a+son %ho 'ired the 'atal shot collected a $o&nt- o' seent-'ie dollars 'orthe scalp! "ther so&rces contend he is shot $- s/&atters %ho are paid $o&nties 'or scalps and thehorse stealin stor- is tr&+peted &p to s&pport their clai+ 'or $o&nt-! "ther so&rces clai+ hiso%n people shoot hi+ $&t that acco&nt doesn>t hold +&ch s&pport!

@&l- Ahchee%&n and t%o other e+alchi, 6alish *aties are e8ec&ted and their illae on?&per Island, British Col&+$ia is destro-ed and ended their e8istence as a tri$e!

@&l- This +onth eneral 6i$le- p&shed into *orth Dakota on a p&nitie e8pedition aainst thescattered Dakota and 6antee re+nants alon %ith their Teton kins+en at Bi o&nd, DeadB&''alo ake, and 6ton- ake! @&l- 53, at 6ton- ake that is *orth East o' Driscoll, 6i$le-+assacred an Indian h&ntin part- %ho had held ro&nd so their 'a+ilies co&ld escape across theisso&ri Rier! The Dakota $od- co&nt is placed at 150 to 10 dependin &pon %ho+ -o&talked %ith!

A&&st ;1 At .hitestone <ill in *orth Dakota eneral 6&ll- enco&ntered an &ns&spectinIndian ca+p and his ar+- e8ter+inated 10 to 500 %o+en and children still in their tents! The

Dakota reported he killed 'e% +en and took no prisoners! <e had taken so+e Gankton on thistrip and let the+ o! 6i$le- then sent his +en o&t oer the co&ntr- to kill and destro- an-thinIndian! The 6t! Pa&l and Red Rier etis scorned his actions as $ein ine''ectie! The RedRier etis %ith 2ather Pere Andre +et %ith eneral 6i$le- in *orth Dakota in an atte+pt tostop the indiscri+inate +assacre! The atte+pt at peace +akin is 'r&strated $- the poor cond&cto' eneral 6i$le->s o''icers! The %ar contin&es and a Dakota part- entered the 6a&k =alle-killin a n&+$er o' s/&atters! .est o' 6t! Clo&d there are onl- deserted or $&rned ho&ses,e+iration had 'inall- stopped!



Dece+$er 1 T%ent- o' <atch>s troopers s&rro&nded a s+all Dakota ca+p near 6t! @osepha$o&t 0 +iles %est o' Pe+$ina and sla&htered seeral Indians!

143

A'ter t%o -ears o' killin and pl&nderin on @&l- 54 at ?illdeer o&ntain that is 6o&th East o'.at'ord, *orth Dakota the 5,500 +an ar+- led $- 6&ll- attacked a Dakota illae +assacrin100 to 10 people! The prospectors and +iners in 6hasta and Teha+a Co&nties in Cali'orniasla&htered 5,F0 Gana People +en, %o+en and children %ithin a 'e% da-s %ith onl- 0escapin $rinin these people to e8tinction as a tri$e!

143

The cens&s o' the "#i$%a is as 'ollo%s

ake 6&perior ,00Red ake Pe+$ina 5,000Pillaer .inni$ioshish 1,F33ississippi 5,00

The people o' Benton, ontana clai+ed that a $and o' Blood and Peian took 0 horses! Inretaliation the- capt&red and h&n three Peian Indians! It %as onl- later the- learned that the-had +&rdered innocent people! To add to the tro&$les three Blood People are +&rdered atBenton $- dr&nken %hite saaes! In retaliation the Blood killed ten %oodc&tters 'ro+ Benton!The Breton>s in retaliation l&red $loods to a 'ar+ and +&rdered the+! The Bloods destro-ed ane8peri+ental 'ar+ and killed the instr&ctor!

The 6anta 2e>s B&''alo @ones clai+ed there re+ained onl- 1 +illion $ison do%n 'ro+ oer 0+illion $e'ore the arrial o' the E&ropeans! This -ear alone oer 1 +illion $&''alo aresla&htered!

"cto$er 5 2ort 6&ll-, 6o&th Dakota the 6ans Arcs a diision o' the <&nkpapa and TetonDakots 6io&8 +ade peace %ith the A+ericans!

1433

A olcano at o&nt <ood, "reon er&pted this -ear!

@&l- 1; The A+erican Ar+- $&ilt 2ort ?earn- $et%een the 'orks o' the ittle Pine- and BiPine- creek in ontana aainst the orders o' the land o%ners! A &errilla %ar o' resistance iscond&cted endin in the $attle o' the h&ndred slain in Dece+$er! Cra:- <orse, <&+p and ittle.ol' co++and the con'ederation o' the Dakota, Che-enne and Arapaho! The $l&e coats areco++anded $- Col! .illia+ @! 2etter+an! The $l&e coats lost 41 +en and the Indian continentlost oer 500 +en!

Dece+$er 51 Cra:- <orse (Tash&nca Uitco (14F1477) 'o&ht the Col .illia+ 2etter+an2iht %ith Red Clo&d aainst the constr&ction o' the Bo:e+an Trail near 2ort ?earne- (near

Banner, .-o+in)! Col .illia+ 2etter+an and his 41 soldiers diso$e-ed orders to sta- o'' theBo:e+an Trail in .-o+in! <e and his +en %ere killed! The Bo:e+an Trail %as closed andthe +ilitar- %ithdre% &ntil a ne% peace co&ld $e esta$lished in 1434!

1437

The British *orth A+erican Act is desined to protect, ciili:e and assi+ilate natie people intoa British and 2rench $elie' and al&e s-ste+! It hoped 'or a rapid eli+ination o' an- Indian or2rench special stat&s!





The Indian En'ranchise+ent Act piloted $- <! anein 'or the @ohn acDonald oern+entshi'ted lon ter+ assi+ilation into lon ter+ en'ranchise+ent to shi't Indian Co&ncil po%ers to aoern+ent centrali:ed po%er $ase! It also incl&ded the po%er to re+oe d&l- elected $adCo&ncil +e+$ers %ho+ the- considered &n/&ali'ied or &n'it! anein deceied the people%hen he said the intent is to ie Indians &nicipal oern+ent!

eneral 6her+an is /&oted as sa-in, eer- $&''alo dead is an Indian dead, and this is nots&rprisin ien the A+erican oern+ent enocide polic-!

1470

There is a leend in so&thern Al$erta a$o&t an Indian +aid o' a%eso+e $ea&t- %hose na+e isChinook! "ne cold %inter da- she %andered into the 6tone- o&ntains and did not ret&rn! Asearch part- o' $rae %arriors h&nted and called in ain &ntil all are hal''ro:en and neare8ha&stion! 6&ddenl- 'ro+ oer the +o&ntains ca+e a %ar+ caressin $ree:e! The sno% andice $ean to +elt and the %arriors, no% happil- %ar+, a:ed at each other in %onder and%hispered >it is Chinook>s $reathJ all is %ell %ith her!H The leend o' Chinook>s $reath is still

o$sered to the present da-!The Black'oot %ho discoered >the nest o' the Cro%> close to the 6ton- o&ntains, on a horsestealin raid, %hile hidin in the pass the- killed eer- Cro%! Therea'ter the place is calledCro%snest Pass!

A s+allpo8 epide+ic hit Al$erta, and partic&larl- 2ort Ed+onton, hard, killin +ore than hal'the natie pop&lation!

A$o&t this ti+e the A+erican Conress %as serio&sl- de$atin %hether the United 6tates co&ld%rest the .est a%a- 'ro+ the Indians, or %hether it %o&ld $e $etter to ie the idea &p ashopeless! The- concl&ded the ke- to the sit&ation %as the $&''alo ($ison)! ?ill the $&''alo andthe Indians %ill stare!

The United 6tates Ar+- is ordered to strike the Indians hard! A Peian illae is attacked and17; +ostl- %o+en and children are +assacred! The ar+- stole ;00 horses! The- laterdiscoered that the- had attacked the %ron illae as these People %ere 'riendl- and %eres&''erin 'ro+ s+allpo8! The 'olks o' ontana ho%eer ie%ed the +assacre o' the saaeIndians, 'riendl- or not, as necessar- 'or the adance+ent o' ciili:ation!

@an&ar- 5; "n the arias Rier in ontana, a#or E&ene ! Baker led a caalr- o&t o' 2ortEllis and +assacred ;; +en, F0 %o+en and 0 children o' the Piean, Black'oot *ation, as the-ran 'ro+ their lodes in dis$elie'! Their chie' Red <orn %as c&t do%n! The prete8t is thealleed the't o' a 'e% +&les 'ro+ a %aon 'reihter! At this ti+e the Piean illae %as hit $- as+allpo8 epide+ic!

1471

The "#i$%a press&red the oern+ent to enter into treaties to protect their interests!

Treat- V1, Red Rier 6o&th, sined $- the "#i$%a (Chippe%a) and 6%a+p- Cree (&scaoe)A&&st ;rd at 6tone 2ort (2ort arr-)! The akeland 6a&ltea&8 %ho lie $et%een ake 6&periorand Red Rier %o&ld not sin!

6ined $- iskookana% or Red Eale (<enr- Prince)?akokapenais or Bird 'or eer .illia+ Penne'atherashakepenais or 2l-in Do%n Bird





other %a-! "nl- %hen the Indians $eco+e a$sol&tel- dependant &pon &s 'or his eer- need %ill%e $e a$le to handle hi+! Eer- $&''alo -o& kill no% %ill sae a %hite +an>s li'e! Tho&sands o'other to&h -o&n +en entered the killin spree! .riht ooar clai+ed to hae killed 50,000 $&''alo in nine -ears o' h&ntin! The *e$raska dentist %ho starred in the B&''alo Bill>s .ild.est 6ho% clai+ed to hae killed ;0,000 $&''alo d&rin his h&ntin career!

.alkin Co-ote, an Indian in ontana, saed 'o&r $&''alo cales and the- are the 'o&ndation o'the $&''alo herds o' toda-! Canada %o&ld $&t their descendents in 1F0!

A stone +a++oth is discoered near Do-lesto%n, B&ck Co&nt-, Penns-lania and a seconds+aller piece %as 'o&nd 1441! There are h&+an 'i&res and the s&n cared on the stone $&t theae or %ho did the carin is &nkno%n!

Dece+$er 1 A 7! +anit&de earth/&ake hit the .ashintonBritish Col&+$ia $order!

147;

The Indian pop&lation in the *orth .est Territories is esti+ated as $et%een 'ort- nine tho&sandto si8t- eiht tho&sand!

The $&''alo sla&hter reached it peak in 1475147; %hen the rail%a-s ha&led 1,50,000 hideso&t o' ?ansas alone! The h&nters considered 'or eer- hide shipped %ere %asted $- poorskinnin or pleas&re h&nters!

The *e: Perces had 3 lodes at C-pr&s <ills hain traeled 1,00 +iles and arried indeplora$le condtion, %orn o&t, no shoes, no cloths, no 'ood and al+ost all %ere %o&nded!

arch ; The Pe+$ina "#i$%a is re+oed to the .hite Earth Reseration!

a- The A+erican .oo'ers, headed $- @ohn Eens o' 2ort Benton, ontana, are in p&rs&it o'horse thiees! It +attered not the the alleed stolen horses %ere 'o&nd!

a- 55 Captain @ack (?intp&ash) a leader o' the odoc resistance +oe+ent (1475147;)s&rrendered his ar+- o' 40 +en aainst 103 +en o' the A+erican re&lar ar+-! The odoconce occ&pied the area $et%een Cali'ornia and "reon!

@&ne The .oo'ers a'ter hea- drinkin adanced on a ro&p o' Assini$oine ca+pin nearoses 6olo+on>s tradin 'ort! The- +assacred the Indians at ittle 6oldier>s *orth Assini$oineca+p! The A+ericans raed into the ca+p at C-press <ills and killed ittle 6oldier, c&t o'' hishead, and set it &p on a pole! The- raped the %o+en and sle% the children alon %ith the ad&lts,killin thirt- +en, %o+en and children in all! 6o+e s&ested 5 to 40 are +assacred! "therss&est it %as closer to 500 and still others less than 50! It is note%orth- that ittle 6oldiers part-had nothin to do %ith the horse stealin! The Irish 2enians in 2ort Benton are all in 'aor o' the+assacre as it %as necessar- to keep the Indians in order! @a+es <&hes, eore Bell andPhilander =ole are capt&red %hen theco+e to Canada and are sent to .innipe 'or trial! In@&ne 1473 the- are ac/&itted o' the +assacre and rapes! It is o$io&s the Canadians didn>t reall-care a$o&t the Indians either! 6o+e s&est that hal' the %ool'ers inoled %ere or %o&ld

$eco+e Canadians! It is s&ested that the oern+ent o' @ohn A! acDonald is o&traed oerthe traed- and created the *orth .est o&nted Police! This is likel- not correct or thecri+inals %o&ld hae $een h&nted do%n and retried! It is +ore likel- the- %ere concerned theA+ericans +iht anne8 the .est!

@&ne 13 The President o' the United 6tates iss&ed an E8ec&tie "rder %ithdra%in .allo%a=alle-, "reon 'ro+ settle+ent $- %hite +en! The Indian Aenc- tried a di''erent tactic to deal%ith the *e: Perce! <e esta$lished schools and ch&rches to de+orali:e the people! <ein+otToo-alaket Chie' o' the *e: Perce ho%eer re'&sed the esta$lish+ent o' schools and ch&rches in



the .allo%a =alle-, $eca&se the Hch&rch teaches &s to /&arrel a$o&t od! .e do not %ant tolearn that! .e +a- /&arrel %ith +en so+eti+es a$o&t thins on this earth, $&t %e neer /&arrela$o&t od! .e do not %ant to learn that!H It is note%orth- that the *e: Perce hae $een 'riendl-to the A+ericans 'ro+ e%is and Clarke da-s &ntil c&rrent ti+es! The *e: Perce +et thetraelers on the "reon trail %ith 'ood and 'resh horses!

6epte+$er 5 Chie' ac 6e&l drea+ed o' a $etter '&t&re %hen he saidJ Hthe ti+e +a- co+e%hen I %ill ask -o& to lend +e one o' -o&r da&hters and one o' -o&r sons to lie %ith &sJ and inret&rn %ill I lend -o& one o' +- da&hters and one o' +- sons to lie %ith -o& to teach %hat isood, and a'ter the- hae learned, (the- %ill) teach &s!H HGo& +&st re+e+$er that o&r hearts ando&r $rains are like paperJ %e neer 'oret!H The inorant Enlish+en called it historic ho%eer+an- Canadians re+e+$er, Has lon as the s&n shines and the riers 'lo%H Canada %ill honor itsco++it+ent to the a$oriinal peoples!

"cto$er Treat- V;, ake o' the .oods, sined "cto$er 1; $- the "#i$%a and 6a&ltea&8 %hode+anded h&ntin and 'ishin rihts as %ell as the incl&sion o' Treat- V1 and V5 ter+s! Aninorant Enlish+an at the sinin o' the treat- o' 147; %rote o' the Indians -o& can kick the+till the- are hal'dead i' -o& ie hi+ one hal'po&nd salt pork a'ter! <e is a loathed c&ss

a$o&ndin in er+in and dirt- tricks and I spend +ost o' +- spare ti+e tr-in to s%indle thed&sk- $raes!

147

Treat- V, at &>Appelle in 6o&thern 6askatche%an, is sined 6epte+$er 1, $- the 6a&ltea&8("#i$%a), Cree and Assini$oine! The Cree de+anded assistance in deelopin a ne% aric&lt&ral%a- o' li'e as part o' the treat-!

The Reerend 6tephen Bonnald and Bishop randin are crossin the plains %hen Bonnaldreco&nted that in 2rance the- called the Indians les saaes! The Bishop areed these people %esa% are saaes in the tr&e sense o' the %ord, in essence Bonnald %ent on to sa- $eca&se o' theclothin the- %ore or lack there o'!

"ne %riter contended that the Cree lan&ae is the richest and certainl- the +ost &niersal $einspoken 'ro+ a$rador to the ac?en:ie Rier! <e $elieed the Cree is the +ost intellient o'the Canadian Indians, a'ter all, the Plains Indians are steadil- d-in o&t $&t the 6%a+pies(&scaoe) and Rockies ($oth Cree) are s&rel- increasin! 2ather Bonnald %ent on to sa- thata'ter his +an- -ears a+on the Cree he can sa- con'identl- that the paan Indian once tr&l-conerted enerall- $eco+es a ood and stead- %hite +an that I did not kno% the- %ere Indian&ntil told! It is enerall- harder to +orali:e the Indian %ho has once $een a ethodist than a paan! The ethodist does not teach the co++and+ents o' od $&t the co++and+ents o' theethodist s&ch as -o&>re not s&pposed to catch 'ish on 6&nda- nor la- o'' and take a sleep orche% to$acco! As to the Es/&i+a&8 it is not possi$le 'or a +issionar- to lie a+on the+ asthe- are so dirt- and so i++oral and it is seldo+, indeed, that there is a tr&e Es/&i+a&8 conert!2ather Bonnald is pressin 'or a residential school as it is di''ic&lt to et the children to speakEnlish a'ter the- ret&rn to their ho+es $&t he does not $eliee the Indians %ill eer chane er-radicall- 'ro+ their present +ode o' li'e! 2ather Bonnald echoes a teachin o' the CanadianRo+an Catholic Ch&rch that %o&ld re+ain in o&e 'or the ne8t seent-'ie -ears or +ore!

eneral 6heridan %hen challened concernin the %holesale sla&hter o' the $&''alo said Hletthe+ kill, skin, and sell &ntil the $&''alo is e8ter+inated, as it is the onl- %a- to $rin lastin peace and allo% ciili:ation to adance!H eneral 6heridan is '&ll- a%are o' the Indiandependenc- on the $&''alo and s&pports the oern+ent enocide prora+!



In 6t! Pa&l <a+lin R&ssell said -o& co&ld $&- a $ea&ti'&l '&r ro$e oercoat, %ell +ade and lined%ith 'lannel 'or M10!00!

The A+ericans spend M50 +illion ann&all- 'ihtin the Plains Indians %hereas Canada onl-spends M00 tho&sand on the RCP! The RCP ho%eer did not protect the rihts and interestso' the indieno&s pop&lation, $&t rather colla$orated closel- %ith "ntario interests, $&siness

interests and ch&rch interests! The RCP considered the Indians as al%a-s la:-, a dirt- n&isanceand are #&ded as in'erior! This attit&de is enerall- held $- the %hite co++&nit-! As ane8a+ple Inspector orrison o' the RCP reported that %hen an Anlican issionar- %as asked $- an RCP "''icer 'or per+ission to +arr- a natie %o+an, the +issionar- declined, sa-in,Hhe %o&ld pre'er reportin to "tta%a that the o''icer had $lo%n his $rains o&t, tho&h he did notat all protest the c&rrent relationship!H

This +arks the $einnin o' the creation o' special o''ences applica$le onl- to Indians! Theass&+ption $- the ch&rches and oern+ent is that Indians are considered children o' the6tate!

147 Treat- V, *orthern anito$a is sined 6epte+$er 50 to 5 $- the 6%a+p- Cree (&scaoe)and 6a&ltea&8 ("#i$%a)! anito$a is na+ed $- the Cree anito%apo% and "#i$%a anito $a% +eanin the strait o' the anito or spirit! The Assini$oine called it ineto$a +eanin the%ater or lake o' the prairies!

To+ *i8on on the head %aters o' Bl&'' Creek in %estern ?ansas killed 5,17; $&''alo $et%een6epte+$er 1 and "cto$er 50th this -ear!

B- the close o' the $&''alo h&ntin season the reat so&thern herd %as co+pletel- annihilated!illions o' ani+als %ere co+pletel- one! E8pensie $&''alo e8peditions in 1473 %ere &na$le to'ind a sinle ani+al!

Cra:- <orse (Tash&nca Uitco (14F1477) #oined 'orces %ith 6ittin B&ll>s <&nkpapa 6io&8!This is the %ar o' the 6acred Black <ills (1471477)!

Daid Pharaoh the last '&ll$looded chie' o' the onta&k People died! The oriinall- lied onthe e8tre+e eastern end o' on Island, *e% Gork! Their +ain illae %as located at 2t! Pondnear onta&k Point! These People %ere closel- related to the assach&setts People!

6epte+$er 5F A+erican <orse an "lala 6io&8 chie' is killed at 6li+ B&ttes, 6o&th Dakota, he'o&ht %ith 6ittin B&ll in the 6io&8 resistance +oe+ent!

1473

The Indian Act creates Indian Aents %ho control all areas o' *atie li'e o' Indian Bands and6tat&s Indians! The Indian Reserations are patterned a'ter the @e%ish hetto>s esta$lished

thro&ho&t E&rope!It %as concl&ded that >The Indian Act> 'orced the People into poert- and p&rposelessness, it

• Isolated Indians 'ro+ other c&lt&res

• ed to i+poerish+ent

• Destro-ed traditional reliion and c&lt&re

• The $reakin &p o' 'a+ilies





oriin!H 6ittin B&ll aka Tatanka I-otake in 147 had a di''erent perspectie H.e %ill -ield too&r neih$ors, een o&r ani+al neih$ors, the sa+e riht as %e clai+ to inha$it the land! B&t %ehae no% to deal %ith another $reed o' people! oe o' possessions is a disease %ith the+!The- %o&ld +ake r&les to s&it the+seles! The- hae a reliion that the- 'ollo% %hen it s&itsthe+! The- derade the land %ith their %aste! .e cannot lie the %a- o' these peoplethe- haelittle respect 'or *at&re and the- o''end o&r ideals!H HGo& hae taken o&r land and +ade &so&tcastsH!

Chie' Papaschase, the .oodpecker also kno%n as @ohn lad&&inn $orn 14;4 esser 6laeake, Al$erta +arried @&lia Batoche is Chie' 'ro+ 1473 to 144! "ne h&ndred and ninet- 'iePapaschase tri$al +e+$ers $eloned to the Indian Reseration V1;3 so&th o' the arnea&holdins in 6trathcona! 6o+e 2ort Ed+onton citi:ens clai+ed the $and is +ade &p o' %orthlessIndians 'ro+ other $ands, and the old s/&a%s and pensioners o' the <&dson Ba- Co+pan-! TheEd+onton citi:ens are not co+'orta$le hain Indians as neih$ors and co++enced a hateca+pain to hae the+ re+oed 'ro+ their treat- lands!

This -ear the Canadian oern+ent s&ppressed the c&lt&ral and reliio&s cere+on- o' the .estCoast Indians, the Potlatch Cere+on- is $anned! Eent&all- all reliio&s serices o' the Indians

%o&ld $e classi'ied as illeal! This reliio&s persec&tion is '&eled $- the E&ropean Ch&rchesdesire 'or reliio&s +onopol- and econo+ic $ene'it!

Chie' 6ittin B&ll and his 'ollo%ers took re'&e in Canada 'ollo%in the de'eat o' eneralC&ster at the ittle Bi <orn! The +a#orit- %o&ld ret&rn to the United 6tates $&t so+e %o&ldre+ain and settle at .ood o&ntain, 6askatche%an!

This -ears 6&ndance cere+on- attracted 15,000 people o' %hich 3,000 %ere %arriors! Thisreliio&s cere+on- %o&ld $e $anned as part o' the assi+ilation polic-!

ord D&''erin to&red British Col&+$ia and enco&ntered a little Paci'ic s+elt &sed $- the natiesand said Hcandle 'ishJ so '&ll o' oil that it can $e lihted at one end and &sed as a candleH! Thenaties called the candle 'ish, oolichan!

@&ne 17 Cra:- <orse (Tash&nca Uitco (14F1477) #oined 'orces %ith 6ittin B&ll>s <&nkpapa6io&8 and their %arriors de'eated the U6 Caalr- at the Battle o' the Rose$&d, in ontana! Eihtda-s later he helped annihilate C&ster>s caalr- at the ittle Bihorn!@&ne 5, At the =alle- o' the reas- rass (ittle Bi <orn) Cra:- <orse (14F1477) atheredhis ar+- to de'end aainst the A+erican oern+ent encroach+ent! eneral C&sters inadinar+- o' 53 +en are &na%are the Dakota has 'ielded 1,000 +en! The $attle didnLt last loneno&h to liht a pipe and the Bl&e Coat ar+- is destro-ed!

6epte+$er F Cra:- <orse (Tash&nca Uitco (14F1477) is de'eated $- Cook at 6li+ B&ttes!

Bet%een +id "cto$er and +id Dece+$er Brick Bond killed ,4 $&''alo, that is an aerae o'100 per da- and he e+plo-ed 'ie skinners! The carcasses %ere le't to the %oles, een theton&es %ere not re+oed!

1477

Treat- V7, 6o&thern Al$erta is sined 6epte+$er 55, $- the Black'oot, Blood, Piean, 6arcee,6ton-, Chipe%-an and Assini$oine! The treat- proided 'ar+in e/&ip+ent so that the Indiansco&ld ret&rn to 'ar+in! ittle Pine sa% the treat- as $asicall- enslain his people! The entireIndian pop&lation o' 6askatche%an, this -ear receied t%o plo&hs, t%o harro%s, thirteen spades,eihteen a8es, 'ort-one hoes, 'o&r o8en, one $&ll and one co%!"&t o' the eleen Indian Treaties sined in Canada the "#i$%a *ation sined nine o' the+!



Cra:- <orse (140>s1477) is $a-oneted in the $ack $- a soldier %hile &nder the protection o'the A+erican Bl&e Coat ar+-! This in'a+o&s act t&rned Cra:- <orse into an Indian +art-r andicon! <e %as /&oted as sa-, Hone does not sell the Earth &pon %hich the people %alk! A Dakota prophet s&++ari:ed the sit&ation $etter, Hthe %hites are like $ees, 'irst one then the s%ar+!

The 6io&8 clai+ their oriin to the Black <ills %hich the U6 oern+ent illeall- sei:ed this

-ear! In 1F40 the 6&pre+e Co&rt a%arded co+pensation to eiht 6io&8 tri$es $&t there'&sedinsistin on the ret&rn o' at least 1!; +illion acres!

@oseph <in+ato%-alaht/it (th&nder co+in &p oer the land) the chie' o' the *e: Perce sa-s inhis lon career he cannot acc&se the oern+ent o' one sinle act o' #&stice! - heart is sickand sad!

@an&ar- 7 eneral iles destro-ed Cra:- <orse (Tash&nca Uitco (14F1477) illae at .ol'o&ntain!

a- 3 Cra:- <orse (Tash&nca Uitco (14F1477) is a+on the last o' the akota *ation tos&rrender to the A+erican oern+ent at Red Clo&d Aenc- near 2ort Ro$inson (Cra%'ord), *e$raska!

@&ne @oseph>s $and o' *e: Perce are 'orced 'ro+ their lands and the settlers stole theirliestock especiall- their horses! 6o+e *e: Perce 'ro+ another $and attacked and killed 1F%hite settlers in 'r&stration! @oseph>s $and %as not inoled and the- ret&rned to .hite BirdCan-on!

@&ne 1 eneral <o%ard a er- inco+petent +an at apnai sent Captain Daid Perr- %ith anar+- o' 110 +en to deal %ith the Indian pro$le+! At .hite Bird Can-on the *e: Perce sentseeral +en &nder %hite 'la to e8plain the- had nothin to do %ith the %hite killins! Be'orethe- co&ld disc&ss the iss&e! Daid Perr- ordered his troops to 'ire on the diplo+ats! The *e:Perce onl- had 3 +en, so+e er- old, 1K; ar+ed %ith $o% and arro% and +an- %ith old+&::leloaders as the- %ere not considered an aressie Peoples! The *e: Perce ro&ted the110 +an ar+-, c&t the+ into sections and one 1F +an ro&p %ere pinned do%n and destro-ed!

"er all the- killed ; soldiers, %o&nded %hile onl- s&''erin 5 %o&nded the+seles! DaidPerr->s +en thre% do%n their %eapons and s&pplies and 'led in in panic! The *e: Perceathered &p 3; +&ch needed ri'les and a lare a+o&nt o' a++&nition as the soldiers 'led! It isnote%orth- that there %as no scalpin, +&tilation or the't 'ro+ the dead as the *e: Perce %ere aciili:ed People! ean%hile eneral <o%ard intent on creatin a %ar ordered Captain .hippleto attack the *e: Perce on the Indian Reseration %ho %ere not een re+otel- inoled in theresistance +oe+ent killin people and destro-in their illae! eneral <o%ard>s rational isthat the- +iht #oin the resistance +oe+ent! As a res&lt o' this $ar$aric action 500 reseration%arriors #oined the 3 eore *e: Perce %arriors!

@&l- 11 eneral <o%ard %ith his shoot 'irst polic- called in another 00 soldiers, 140 sco&ts,tea+sters and packers to 'iht a %ar he had created! <e s&rprised the Indians at Clear .ater,

Idaho $- openin 'ire %ith a ho%it:er and t%o atlin &ns! Toohoolhool:ote %itho&t hesitationtook 5 +en and dashed across the rier and &p the $l&''s to hold o'' the 40 +an ar+- %hile his'ello% %arriors s%in aro&nd <o%ard>s 'lank and rear! The pinned <o%ards ar+- do%n 'or ada- killin 1; and %o&nded another 5; (others s&est the %o&nded n&+$ered 0)! The *e:Perce lost killed and 3 %o&nded! R! Pernell %rote the opposin 'orces %ere a$o&t e/&al (40to 53), the troops had the adantae in n&+$ers as %ell as position! The *e: Pearces retreat%as +asterl-, deli$erate and &n+olested, leain &s %ith a ictor- $arren o' res&lts!



@&l- The *e: Perce crossed the Bitterroot o&ntains and enco&ntered 2ort 2i::le %ith ;soldiers and 500 h&ndred ol&nteers %ho had $een told the Indians %ere a$o&t to attack theirsettle+ents! .hen the *e: Perce told the 500 ol&nteers that the- had no /&arrel %ith an-one $&t eneral <o%ard and %o&ld har+ no one i' per+itted to pass! The ol&nteers kne% the *e:Perce %ell and 'aora$l- 'ro+ their co++on $&''alo h&ntin trips and kne% the+ as honora$le+en o' their %ord, so the- dis$anded and ret&rned to their ho+es! This is note%orth- that thesettlers did not consider the oern+ent as $ein honest nor honora$le +en! 2ort 2i::le onl-had 30 +en to stop the *e: Perce as ordered $- eneral <o%ard and %isel- let the+ pass%itho&t incident!

@&l- 17 Daid Perr- %ith 100 soldiers attacked the *e: Perces in .hite$ird Can-on, Idahos&''erin a h&+iliatin de'eat losin ; soldiers and onl- %o&ndin 5 *aties! The *e: Perceshad sent a peace co++ission &nder %hite 'la to aoid $lood shed $&t the- %ere 'ired &pon $-the Perr- troops! "nl- 0 *e: Perces had &ns the re+ainin 50 %ere ar+ed %ith $o% andarro%! This so&nds like another ersion o' the @&ne 1 incident!

@&l- The *e: Perce entered 6teensille settle+ent to p&rchase s&pplies, not +olestin an-onein the to%n! The +erchants had raised prices sk- hih 'or the occasion 'eedin on other peoples

+is'ort&ne!A&&st F The *e: Perce tho&ht the- %ere no% sa'e! Colonel @ohn i$$on 'ro+ 2ort 6ha%had asse+$led a 500 +an ar+- and attacked the sleepin *e: Perce illae! .o+en andchildren %ere &nned do%n, een $a$ies heads %ere kicked or cl&$$ed $- ri'le or so an ar+-o''icer reported! The soldiers occ&pied in pillae didn>t see the+seles $ein o&t 'lankedres&ltin in ;; dead and ;4 $ein %o&nded! The sla&hter onl- stopped %ith the arrial o'eneral <o%ard>s ar+-! The ar+- clai+ed 4F saaes %ere killed, 15 +en and 77 %o+en andchildren! ean%hile d&rin the 'ihtin the Indian ca+p %as $ein +oed to sa'et-! TheIndians also took ti+e to $&rr- their dead $&t eneral <o%ard the &nciili:ed $ar$arian allo%edhis +en to di &p and scalp and +&tilate the dead! It is note%orth- that Colonel i$$on hadordered the +assacre o' %o+en and children and not eneral <o%ard altho&h its possi$le this

%as a eneral order! Another acco&nt reads i$$on attacked the *e: Perces at Bi <ole losin504 soldiers and 0 %ere %o&nded, 4F *e: Perces are reported killed $&t the- 'ailed to reportthat 70 *e: Perces killed %ere sla&htered %o+en and children in an &nde'ended illae!eneral <o%ard did not stop his +en 'ro+ diin &p and scalpin the dead *e: Perces!<istorians %rote that #&din $- all the eidence the A+ericans ca+e o'' the Bi <ole $attle'ield%ith an-thin $&t a lorio&s record! This sha+e'&l practice o' $od- co&ntin $- the A+ericans%o&ld contin&e into the 51 Cent&r-, lest %e 'oret =ietna+!

A&&st 50 The *e: Perce raided eneral <o%ards ca+p driin o'' his +&le herd andscatterin his horses th&s ca&sin seeral da-s dela- $e'ore the- can aain take &p p&rs&it! The *e: Perce 'o&ht their %a- thro&h Gello%stone *ational Park and near Billins, ontana'o&ht a rear &ard action to allo% their ca+p to +oe to sa'et-!

6epte+$er Cra:- <orse (Tash&nca Uitco (14F1477) altho&h pro+ised li+ited 'reedo+, he%as threatened %ith i+prison+ent and then shot, thesa-, %hile tr-in to escape! Cra:- <orse%as considered $- $oth sides o' the %ar as a $rilliant tactician!

6epte+$er ;0 The *e: Perce are spotted #&st ;0 +iles 'ro+ the Canadian $oarder and'reedo+! Colonel *elson E! iles %ith 00 +en attacked the ca+p! The 'irst olle- sa% 5o''icers and 55 soldiers dead %ith o''icers and ;4 soldiers %o&nded! The *e: Perce onl- had150 +en to de'end their ca+p! The siee contin&ed 'or the ne8t t%o da-s d&rin a $lindin sno%



stor+! Colonel iles atte+pted deception &nder a %hite 'la o' tr&ce capt&red @oseph $&t theIndians in retaliation capt&red an ar+- o''icer and a trade %as +ade!

"cto$er eneral <o%ard arried %ith his ar+- +akin the sit&ation hopeless! @oseph said+- heart is sick and sad! 2ro+ %here the s&n no% stands, I %ill 'iht no +ore 'oreer! TheA+erican ar+- neer 'o&ht a +ore &n#&st %ar than the %ar that eneral <o%ard created

aainst the peace'&l *e: Perce People! <istor- has concl&ded that the A+erican Ar+- is&nciili:ed, $ar$aric and %itho&t #&sti'ication 'or their actions!

1474

The proisions 'or 'ar+in assistance are still not $ein proided as pro+ised and co+plaintsincreased! "ne +e+$er o' the Canadian <o&se o' Co++ons clai+ed HI do not see ho% a 6ittinB&ll can cross the 'rontier!H The in'a+o&s @ohn A! cDonald replied Hnot &nless he rises, thenhe is not a sittin $&ll!H *o aid is o''ered not een $asic 'ood, clothin and shelter! 6ittin B&ll%anted to re+ain in peace in %hat he called his rand+others land! @ohn A! acDonalddeeloped a polic- to stare the Dakota 6io&8 o&t o' Canada and %o&ld e+plo- this tactic &ntil1441, driin +ost o' the+ o&t o' Canada! The Ed+onton Papaschase Cree sined Treat- V3 atEd+onton 6epte+$er 14, 1474 'or Reseration V1;3!

147F

.illia+ 2rederick Cod- $143 Io%a a!k!a! B&''alo Bill, said eer- Indian o&t$reak that I haeeer kno%n has res&lted 'ro+ $roken pro+ises and $roken treaties $- the oern+ent!

The A+erican oern+ent e8ec&ted their 'inal sol&tion $- $&rnin the prairies not allo%in the $&''alo herds into Canada! eneral iles deplo-ed his troops $et%een the $&''alo and theCanadian $o&ndar-! It is esti+ated that the last o' the one h&ndred and 'i't- tho&sandhead herdis e8ter+inated! B- 144 onl- three h&ndred $&''alo %o&ld re+ain and $- 1444 the United6tates a+e report stated onl- si8 $&''aloes are kno%n to e8ist! The Black'oot is red&ced tokillin their pri:ed horses and are killin ophers and +ice 'or 'ood! Co&ncil is called %here Bi

Bear, Piapot and ittle Pine +et %ith 6ittin B&ll! The- de$ated the 'ail&re o' the oern+entto lie &p to the ter+s and conditions o' the treaties! The- de$ate their pendin staration andthe e8ter+ination o' the $&''alo! The B&''alo 6kinners said that a $ron:e +etal sho&ld $e +ade'or each skinner %ith a dead $&''alo on one side and a disco&raed Indian on the other! TheIndian noted that %hen the $&''alo are e8ha&sted the .hit+an shipped the $ones east 'or'ertili:er! .hen the $ones pla-ed o&t the- e8h&+ed dead Indian $ones and shipped the+ east to+ake $&ttonhooks! Bi Bear and ittle Pine rel&ctantl- took their people to the ilk Rier,isso&ri Rier and +ost o' the others, the Cree and Assini$oine also %ent %ith the+! There+ainin Cree re+ained %aitin on the pro+ised e/&ip+ent and proisions 'acin slo%staration! The oern+ent 'inall- responds %ith +ini+&+ rations and &sed the+ to 'orce landconcessions and s&$#&ation or slae la$or rihts!

It is dee+ed that so+e %estern Indians are still resistin ciili:ation so the Indian Act is reisedto allo% the inister to depose an- Chie' or Co&nselor, de+ocraticall- elected or not i' the-resisted an- chane $- Ch&rch or 6tate! The $ands had preio&sl- re'&sed to allot resere landsto indiid&al +e+$ers there$- th%artin the oern+ents o$#ectie o' slo% disinteration o'resere lands! The inister is ien the a$sol&te po%er to allot Resere ands incl&dine8propriation po%ers!



Chie' @oseph o' the *e: Perce People o' "reon noted that to$acco %as not kno%n $- his people $e'ore this ti+e! It %o&ld appear this %as not a trade ite+ this 'ar %est! <e also said"&r 'athers ae &s +an- la%s

• Treat all +en as thetreat &s!

• *eer $e 'irst to $reak a $arain

• It is a disrace to tell a lie

• 6peak onl- the tr&th

• It is a sha+e 'or one +an to take 'ro+ another %itho&t pa-in 'or it

• The reat 6pirit sees and hears eer-thin

• The reat 6pirit neer 'orets

• <e %ill ie each a 6pirit <o+e accordin to his desserts

In 147F the Papaschase Band alias the Beaer <ills people 'ro+ 6askatche%an %intered at

Beaer <ills! The- o'ten %ent on the h&nt %ith the etis o' 6aint Al$ert, Ed+onton and6trathcona! Their n&+$ers totaled 53 %ith so+e +e+$ers $ein 'ro+ the ittle <&nter andapotoc Bands! The- also spent part o' the -ear at Trail Creek!

icholas 2lood Dain sa-s residential schools are the +ost e''ectie +eans to >ciili:in> theIndian pop&lation! <e sa-s to taret children $eca&se ad&lts co&ld not $e 'reed 'ro+ their presentstate o' inorance, s&perstition and helplessness! (I)@ohn A! acDonald (14114F1) a&thori:ed11 residential schools $- 1440!

1440

Canada creates the Depart+ent o' Indian A''airs to control the assets, c&lt&re and reliion o' the2irst *ation Canadians (Indians)!

A riot $roke o&t at 2ort .alsh %hen the 'ar+in instr&ctor re'&sed to ie rations to the starinIndians! The Indian Act +ade it er- clear Hthe ter+ person +eans an indiid&al other than anIndian!H This si+ple proision allo%ed Canadians to treat Indians as ani+als! The Indians aree''ectiel- re+oed 'ro+ all $asic h&+an rihts! A oha%k s&++ed &p the Indian Act this%a-J Hthe Indian Aent>s d&ties are $eco+in +ore and +ore like the co++ander o' anintern+ent ca+p o' a de'eated ene+-!H Each Indian, like an- prisoner o' %ar is ien a treat-n&+$er that oer ti+e $eca+e like a s&rna+e! <is +oe+ents are restricted and oerned, heco&ld not $&- or sell the prod&cts o' his la$or, he co&ld not practice his reliion nor raise hischildren in his reliio&s tradition! The Indian Act 'ailed to co+pletel- s&$#&ate the People andreliio&s cere+onies are cond&cted in isolated places! These Canadian hettos $eca+e a +odel'or the #&sti'ication o' the er+an hetto 'or the @e%s! The onl- di''erence is the @e% is dee+edciili:ed $&t killers o' Christ %hereas as the Indians are saae!

(I)@ohn A! acDonald (14114F1) a&thori:ed 11 residential schools $- 1440! 6o $eins F0-ears o' c&lt&ral enocide, ph-sical, e+otional, +ental, spirit&al and se8&al a$&se! All thehorrors o' the E&ropean tradition %ere in'lected &pon innocent children!

6o+e $eliee the Residential 6chool 6-ste+ started this -ear as a Canadian oern+entassi+ilation polic-! This ho%eer is not tr&e, the Residential 6chool 6-ste+ $ean in Earl- *e%2rance $- the Ro+an Catholic Recollects @es&it "rder! The oern+ent and Ch&rches %ere



%ell a%are that these earl- atte+pts in *e% 2rance and *e% Br&ns%ick %ere a$-s+al 'ail&res!The Anlican and ethodist instit&tions in Upper Canada instiated Residential 6chools 'ro+the 14;0>s on%ard! The residential 6chools %ere in 'act +ore like re'or+ 'ar+s %ere thechildren %ere 'orced to spend hal' the da-s toilin in the 'ields to proide cheapl- r&n schools!The 'ood proided to the prisoners %as lo% in /&alit-, o' poor /&alit- and did not +eet +ini+&+s&$stance standards!

1441

eroni+o>s Resistance (14411443) the oern+ent 'ielded ,000 +en to capt&re 5 Apaches!eroni+o aka o-aathle (one %ho is %a%nin) died a +art-r and prisoner o' %ar in 1F0F! <esaid HI neer do %ron %itho&t ca&seH, HI think I a+ a ood +an, $&t all oer the %orld thesa-I a+ a $ad anH!

The 6&pre+e Co&rt o' the U!6!A! r&led the- had no #&risdiction oer cri+es co++itted on IndianReserations!

The 2ederal oern+ent had a polic- H 'eed the Indians one da-, stare the+ on the ne8t da-Hthe res&lt %as that 10 died the 'irst -ear o' operation!

@an&ar- 1; The ood citi:ens o' Ed+onton passed a resol&tion to relocate the Papaschase (Pap pa) Cree Band in iolation o' Treat- V3! Bi Bear and ittle Pine plan a rand Co&ncil inontana 'or all %estern Indians! The A+erican oern+ent is %arned and the- preent +ostCanadian Cree and Assini$oine 'ro+ enterin ontana! The- sei:ed their horses, &ns and carts'orcin the+ $ack into Canada! The Canadian oern+ent responded $- closin 2ort .alsh andall 'acilities in C-press <ills to 'orce the saaes into dispersin! The- had lost all &ns, horsesand proisions to the A+ericans and are 'orced to dis$&rse! In 2e$r&ar- 100 citi:ens o'Gello%stone %ent o&t a'ter $&''alo hides! "ne local 'ir+ reported the- had ,000 hides and other'ir+s had an e/&al n&+$er!

1445

The oern+ent o' Canada 'or+ali:es its partnership %ith reliio&s orani:ations to r&n theresidential schools!

The TenCent Treat- that eli+inated +an- +i8ed $loods 'ro+ the tri$al rolls is enacted on theT&rtle o&ntain "#i$%a! A reseration is esta$lished in Rolette Co&nt-, Dakota and theoern+ent %o&ld contin&e to disco&rae its e8istence! The "#i$%a o' T&rtle o&ntain hae atenacio&s a$ilit- to s&rie contin&o&s oern+ent attacks on their interit-!

The %inter o' 144145 %as seere cold and deep sno% in ontana! <!2! Do&las shipped 5,000 $&''alo hides to +arket! The larest herd in the northern plains is esti+ated at 7,000 head!6+aller $&nches %ere reported scattered here and there thro&ho&t the ontana territor-!

The Canadian oern+ent contin&es to 'orce the Indians to settle north o' &>Appelle,Battle'ord and 2ort Pitt! Piapot tried to adapt $&t ret&rned to C-pr&s <ills %ith stories o'+istreat+ent! <e is coninced the Indians %ill co+pletel- lose their a&tono+- i' the- +oe!

6ha%akalcoosh son o' Chie' .hite Bear at anor, 6askatche%an approached Ed%ard Pierce 'orthe hand o' his da&hter! <e is %illin to e8chane his ri'le 'or her hand! Pierce is indinantdriin the -o&n +an a%a-, leain the Indian perple8ed not kno%in %hat he had done %ron!



The total annihilation o' the so&thern $&''alo droe the $&''alo +en deep into the northernreion! It it is esti+ated that ,000 h&nters %ere eli+inatin the northern $&''alo herds!

144;

This -ear +arks the annihilation o' the northern $&''alo!

"tta%a aain closed 2ort .alsh 'orcin the Indians north! ittle Pine and &ck- an +oedtheir people to Battle'ord ne8t to Po&nd+aker! Bi Bear and his people %ent to 2ort Pitt! Piapot+oed to Indian <ead concentratin so+e one tho&sand Indians and called 'or eneral Co&ncilo' all tri$es! Co++issioner De%ne- th%arted Piapot>s plans $- threatenin to c&t o'' rations andarrest and dispose an- chie' %ho attended! Bi Bear and ittle Pine called 'or rand Co&ncil in144 and sent +esseners to 2ort Ed+onton, Carlton and D&ck ake! a%rence =anko&hnet,District 6&perintendent eneral o' Indian A''airs and a 'riend o' @ohn A! acDonald c&t Indianassistance in retaliation! At Battle'ord st&dents rations are c&t 'ro+ a po&nd and a hal' o' $ee' per da- to a /&arter po&nd! The resere polic- is to 'eed the+ one da- and to stare the+ thene8t da-! At Crooked ake the 2ar+ Instr&ctor is ordered to 'eed onl- the aed and sick! 2ieh&ndred and si8t- seen +en, %o+en and children are c&t 'ro+ rations and the %inter is a seereone!

ontana>s $iest $&''alo herd o' oer 10,000 ani+als are e8ter+inated in #&st a 'e% da-s!6harpshooters &arded eer- %ater hole d&rin the $&rnin s&++er ho&rs and $- 'ireliht atniht! .hen the thirst +addened ani+als chared to et %ater, not a sinle ani+al escaped! Thissla&hter %as 'or the sake o' the hides alone! The +eat %as le't to rot! =ick 6+ith clai+ed he $aed ,000 $&''alo this season!

At 2ort Pitt, Ed+onton and Crooked ake the 2ar+ Instr&ctors are assa&lted and oern+entstoreho&ses $roken into and rations taken! @ohn A! acDonald>s 'inal sol&tion is 'ailin!Co++issioner De%ne- concl&ded that the oern+ent polic- o' starin the Indians intos&$+ission is not the +eans to $reak their %ill and control the+!

The 6arcee n&+$erin a$o&t seen h&ndred are ca+pin alon the $anks o' the "ld+an Rier,

near 2ort aceod! 6o+e Blood and Black'oot are a+on the+ %hen the chie' is asked %hatland he %anted 'or his 'ollo%ers and enerations to co+e! <is repl- is, %e %ant 'ro+ the 'oot o'the Rock- o&ntains to %here the El$o% 'lo%s into the Bo%! Their Resere is set aside this-ear $&t does not incl&de do%nto%n Calar-!

144

an- traditionall- elected Indian leaders are dee+ed &nsatis'actor- as $ein inco+petent,i++oral or inte+perate and are dis+issed &nder the Indian Act! These +en are i++ediatel-reelected there$- th%artin the intent o' the Act! The Act is a+ended to prohi$it personsdeposed 'ro+ o''ice 'ro+ standin 'or reelection! Co++issioner De%ne- asked theoern+ent to pass an order in Co&ncil to increase his po%er to +ake it a cri+inal o''ense 'or a $and +e+$er to +oe to a resere o' his choice! This e''ectiel- eli+inated the tradition o' the

+an leain his tri$e to #oin the tri$e o' his %i'e! This enco&raed tri$al incest an E&ropeantradition! Co++issioner De%ne- &sed the o&nted Police to arrest Chie's %ho did not con'or+to ciili:ation polic-! De%ne- is pro+oted to ie&tenant oernor $esides $ein the IndianCo++issioner! <e is ien the po%er to arrest an- Indian %ho is on another $and>s resere%itho&t the Indian Depart+ents per+ission!

D&ck ake Co&ncil is called to list Treat- iolations 'or redress 'ro+ the oern+ent! Theconcl&de the re+edies +&st $e concl&ded $- s&++er 144 or the- %ill take %hateer +eas&resnecessar-, short o' %ar, to et redress! De%ne- i++ediatel- ordered &ns and a++&nition



nor+all- allocated 'or h&ntin to $e %ithheld! Indian Co&ncils are prohi$ited and additionaloern+ent recr&its are called &p! Ela$orate sp- net%orks are esta$lished in eer- $andincl&din the e+plo-+ent o' the Reliio&s Priests and inisters to act as a sp-! The "$latesesta$lished a per+anent +ission at <o$$e+a this -ear!

issionar- .illia+ D&ncan %rote a$o&t Potlatch H$- 'ar the +ost 'or+ida$le o' all o$stacles in

the %a- o' Indians $eco+in Christians or een ciili:edH! "thers s&ested it %as Ha %orsethan &seless c&sto+H, a %aste'&l &nprod&ctie actiit-, and Hnot o' ciili:ed al&esH!

T% POTLATC% CRMON$

The Potlatch is a Chinook @aron %ord +eanin >to ie a%a-> and %as practiced $- the <aida, *&8alk, Tlinit, Tsi+shian, *&nch&hn&lth, ?%ak%a>%ak% and coast 6alish! It %as a reliio&scere+on- o' ratit&de, cele$ration o' li'e, +arriae and death! ost rep&nant to the Christians%as the >redistri$&tion o' %ealth> or >reciprocit- o' %ealth> an earl- Christian Principle that %aslon lost a+on Christians! It %as not &nco++on 'or the richest +an o' the tri$e to ie a%a-all he o%ned to other tri$al +e+$ers d&rin Potlatch! HThe 'aith'&l all lied toether and o%nedeer-thin in co++onJ the- sold their oods and possessions and shared o&t the proceeds a+onthe+seles accordin to %hat each one needed!H Acts 5,

The 2ederal oern+ent $anned the Potlatch Cere+on- a+on the coastal Indians o' BritishCol&+$ia! OEer- Indian or other person %ho enaes in or assists in cele$ratin the Indian'estial kno%n as the HPotlatchH or the Indian dance kno%n as the HTa+ana%asH is &ilt- o' a+isde+eanor, and shall $e lia$le to i+prison+ent 'or a ter+ not +ore than si8 nor less than t%o+onths in a #ail or other place o' con'ine+entJ and, an- Indian or other person %ho enco&raes,either directl- or indirectl- an Indian or Indians to et &p s&ch a 'estial or dance, or to cele$ratethe sa+e, or %ho shall assist in the cele$ration o' sa+e is &ilt- o' a like o''ence, and shall $elia$le to the sa+e p&nish+ent! This $an %as not li'ted &ntil 1F1!

April 1F The 2ederal oern+ent this -ear $anned the potlatches cere+on- 'ro+ 144 to 1F1!The +ain reason 'or the $an %as it de+onstrated that the People did not place the sa+e hihal&e o' +aterial oods as did the E&ropeans! The potlatches %as a reliio&s, political andtheatrical de+onstration o' the Peoples c&lt&re! reat potlatches co&ld take -ears in the planninand %ere +ainl- cond&cted in the *orth%est coast! The act reads Eer- Indian or other person%ho enaes in or assists in cele$ratin the Indian 'estial kno%n as the HPotlatchH or the Indiandance kno%n as the HTa+ana%asH is &ilt- o' a +isde+eanor, and shall $e lia$le toi+prison+ent 'or a ter+ not +ore than si8 nor less than t%o +onths in a oal or other place o'con'ine+ent!

@&ne 7 the Papasta-o Resere hosted a Thirst Dance that e8tended Th&rsda- to 6at&rda-!Ad+ission is a pl& o' to$acco to a po&nd o' tea! The dance is 'or the sick chie'Ls da&hter"peta/&ash %ho is not e8pected to lie! 6i8t- to seent- 'a+ilies are in attendance! The6hinin El$o%s Dance held on 6&nda- is %ell attended $- the to%n and is a 'inancial s&ccess!

144 Co++ander De%ne- '&ll- $elieed an Indian &prisin is possi$le! In 2e$r&ar- he p&$licl-ad+itted that the oern+ent had iolated eer- treat- and ordered delier- o' all oods that thetreat- stip&lated and a dra+atic increase in their rations! <e said i' this 'ails to placate the+ thathe %ill arrest all their leaders! @ohn A! acDonald s&pported Co++ander De%ne- and areedto $rin press&re on the aistrates to i+pose lon prison ter+s 'or an- Indian conicted o'incite+ent! @i+ 6een&+ $eca+e Chie' Pakan +eanin to&h n&t, hard to crack %hen he re'&sedto #oin Riel! In arch Riel proided Co++ander De%ne- the opport&nit- he is %aitin 'or to





thro&ho&t the reion s&pported the Ed+onton Aents position! The oern+ent Polic-ho%eer stood and 'or+ed the $ases 'or the contention that all *atie people are la:-, notind&strio&s and inclined to $e si+ple in tho&ht and action! ost Canadians and reliio&sleaders $elieed this oern+ent created $elie' and al&es into the 1F70>s and $e-ond!

B- this -ear the reat Plains %as cleared o' $&''alo and een their $ones! It %as as tho&h 0 to

100 +illion $&''alo neer e8isted!144F

The Red ake "#i$%a sined a declaration o' Independence and re'&sed to accede tooern+ent allot+ent plans and there$- +aintained the interit- o' their reseration! The@an&ar- 1 Chippe%a Co++ission listed ornea& or ernea& as a chie' or head+an o' the Redake Band!

*a+pa %o+an is a $aked cla- 'i&re a$o&t an inch and a hal' hih p&+ped to the s&r'ace 'ro+ a%ell drillin operation at *a+pa, Idaho 'ro+ a depth o' ;00 'eet! This is a pro$le+atical 'i&re%ith no rational e8planation $eca&se it %as not discoered %ithin its conte8t!

14F0

Tho+as Cros$- (1401F1) an icon and 'o&nder o' the United Ch&rch o' Canada and .estCoast +issionar- deno&nced the coastal natie reliion o' the Tsi+shian! <e is ada+ant that thenaties ie &p all their crests, +asks and poles, incl&din so+e o' the oldest, +ost reliio&sl-sini'icant arti'acts in e8istence! Anthropoloists are shocked to learn that Tho+as Cros$- andhis descendents had collected and sold oer three h&ndred natie arti'acts! Ro$ert Cros$-ad+itted sellin 14 pieces in 1F77 'or M5F0,000!

2rank Ba&+ %rote The Pioneer has $e'ore declared that o&r onl- sa'et- depends &pon the totale8ter+ination o' the Indians! <ain %roned the+ 'or cent&ries %e had $etter, in order to pro#ect o&r ciili:ation, 'ollo% &p $- one +ore %ron and %ipe these &nta+ed and &nta+a$lecreat&res 'ro+ the 'ace o' the earth! In this lies sa'et- 'or o&r settlers! This eil +an %hen on to%rite HThe .i:ard o' ":H!

<&nkpapa Dakota 6io&8 is +&rdered this -ear, he had led 5,000 people into Canada! <e %asre+e+$ered as sa-in HI hate all %hite people! The- are thiees and liars!H

14F1

Inspector Ale8 ci$$on a'ter to&rin the %est is critical o' Reed and the oern+ent Polic-statin it is contrar- to co++on sense to $an &niersall- the &se o' +achiner- $- Indians!6taration tactics had 'ailed and Co++issioner <a-ter Reed re+ains coninced that econo+ic priation is the $est ciili:in polic-!

E&ropean $ar$aris+, cr&elt- and racis+ %as not con'ined to the natie peoples o' A+erica!D>Arc- Island near =ictoria, British Col&+$ia (14F11F5) is esta$lished as a leper colon- pri+aril- 'or Chinese! Their %ere no +ore than nine people on the island, the- lied in +eaershacks and %ere $asicall- le't to die! "ne +an is kno%n to hae s&ried 'or 1 +onths! AnA+erican +issionar- %as denied per+ission to care 'or the lepers! A s&ppl- ship %ith s&ppliesonl- isited the Island eer- three +onths! The AntiAsian ea&e '&elled t%o riots aainstChinese! In 1445, a Chinese +an discoer %ith lepros- %as stranled, stripped naked, h&n $-his ankles and $&rned!

14F;



D&ncan Ca+p$ell 6cott (14351F7), o' Indian A''airs ai+s at assi+ilation o' the IndianPeoples! It +atters not that the Canadian atte+pts at assi+ilation 'or 50 -ears did not %ork!This in essence is a >c&lt&ral enocide Polic->! <e %as a h-pocrite %ho pro'ited 'ro+ hisro+antic %ritins a$o&t Indian c&lt&re %hile at the sa+e ti+e tr-in to destro- this ancientc&lt&re!

an- petitions reach the <o&se o' Co++ons concernin the restrictions on Indian 'reedo+especiall- the per+it s-ste+! Co++issioner <a-ter Reed response is that Indians are la:-,%o&ld s/&ander their reso&rces and s&ppresses the +arket price! Besides the- hae no ote, noecono+ic or reliio&s po%er and their n&+$ers are decreasin accordin to oern+ent polic-!The Reina Post ho%eer stated last -ear that it %o&ld $e pre'erred to +ake 'ar+ers o' Indiansand hae the+ settle on e+pt- lands than to $rin R&ssian and @e%s into the co&ntr-! The res&lto' the petitions is and a+end+ent to the Indian Act to allo% the 6&perintendent to lease Indianlands to nonIndians as a co+pro+ise to the per+it s-ste+! This encroach+ent tactic allo%edeneration o' reen&e 'or the Depart+ent o' Indian A''airs and did nothin 'or the Indians!

14F3

There are residential schools in operation 'or natie children in Canada!!

6epte+$er ;0, 14F3 a Blood na+ed 6iokskitsis or Charcoal, killed his %i'e>s loer! Charcoal>s%i'e a''air %ith her co&sin, edicine Pipe 6te+, $roke one o' the +ost '&nda+ental r&les o'Blood societ-! .hen the- %o&ld not end their relationship, Charcoal 'elt he had no choice!?illin edicine Pipe 6te+ +ade Charcoal a +&rderer in the e-es o' the *orth .est o&ntedPolice and the oern+ent, $&t it %as not a si+ple cri+e o' passion or reene! Coninced thathe 'aced onl- e8ec&tion i' he s&rrendered, Charcoal $eca+e a '&itie! 2or %eeks his the'ts o''ood and horses and seeral ar+ed con'rontations terrori:ed so&thern Al$erta 'ro+ Porc&pine<ills to the U!6! $oarder! Patrols o' o&nted Police and Indian sco&ts tried in ain to 'ind hi+!

*oe+$er ;0, 14F3, a patrol led $- 6ereant .!B! .ilde o' the *orth .est o&nted Policeca&ht &p %ith Charcoal in the 'oothills #&st so&th o' Pincher Creek, 6ereant .ilde %as&ndo&$tedl- a $rae and capa$le police o''icer, $&t he pro$a$l- did not &nderstand #&st ho%desperate Charcoal had $eco+e! Threatened %ith arrest, Charcoal shot .ilde! B- the 'ollo%inda- Charcoal %as capt&red and $ehind $ars! <e %as transported to 2ort aceod and p&t ontrial 'or the +&rders o' edicine Pipe 6te+ and 6ereant .ilde! <e %as /&ickl- conicted ande8ec&ted at 2ort aceod on arch 13, 14F7!

14F7

Co++issioner <a-ter Reed, $orn 14F, Prescott Co&nt-, "ntario, a 6atanic ilitar- +an isdis+issed as Dep&t- 6&perintendent eneral o' Indian A''airs! <e $oasted %ith reat pride that&nder his ad+inistration the oern+ent Polic- o' destro-in the tri$al s-ste+ is assailed ineer- possi$le %a-! <is leac- %o&ld lie on 'or +ost o' the ne8t one h&ndred -ears and een2ather aco+$e %o&ld s&pport the Reed Polic- o' seerel-!

a- ;0 Al+iht- =oice (?ahkeesa-+anetoo%a-o) +eanin =oice o' the reat 6pirit %asacc&sed o' stealin a co% and escaped 'ro+ the D&ck ake @ail and shot and killed *.P ColinCole$rook! *ineteen +onths later later he %as cornered in a poplar $l&'' %ith 5 -o&n relaties!An ar+- o' 100 *.P and ciilian ol&nteers tried to 'l&sh o&t the trio! Those reported deadincl&de Corporal <ockin, @!R! ?err, and Ernest r&nd-! The 'inall- $o+$arded the $l&'' %ithcannon 'ire killin the three Indians!

14F4



The Indian chaned there protest tactics to ciil diso$edience! The- re'&sed to e8ercise policeand p&$lic health po%ers! The 6&perintendent responded $- e8pandin his o%n po%ers to prohi$it the sale o' an- prod&ce and $anned all reliio&s cere+onies s&ch as the 6&n Dance,Potlatch (iin cere+onies) $eca&se the- contin&ed to pro+ote paan $elie's o' sharin and%orked aainst the Christian principles o' priate propert-! 6&n Dance represents rene%al, thea''ir+ation o' tr&st in the .a-, and the ti+e 'or reass&rances o' peace $et%een +en and nations!The Atlantic sal+on disappeared 'ro+ ake "ntario $ein the res&lt o' oer 'ishin! 2e% paidan- attention!

The last "#i$%a %ar %as cond&cted at eech ake, innesota! eneral @ohn os$- Bacon andhis +en %ere pinned do%n %ith nearl- a do:en +en dead or %o&nded! The "#i$%a clai+ed theA+erican Ar+- o' 70 +en &nder co++and o' eneral .ilkinson opened 'ire on a canoe o'Indian %o+en! It %as called the $attle o' 6&ar Point!

@&ne ; The Philippines declared independence 'ro+ 6pain!

Dece+$er The United 6tates p&rchased the Philippines 'ro+ 6pain 'or 50 +illion $&t it %asn>ttheirs to sell! 6o+e consider this the $irth o' United 6tates I+perialis+, atte+ptin to create ane+pire in Asia, %hich %as the start o' a icio&s, racist and nast- &errilla %ar d&rin %hich the

U!6! killed &p to a +illion 2ilipinos!

14FF

Treat- V4, *orthern Al$erta and *orth .estern 6askatche%an are sined $- the Cree,Chipe%-an and Beaer!As the cent&r- ends, i' one enerali:ed the attit&de o' the saae Indians to%ards E&ropeans itco&ld $e that in earl- enco&nters the Indians acted %ith peace'&lness, c&riosit- and enerosit- $e'ittin a sociall- adanced ciili:ation! The Christian E&ropeans acted %ith aressieness,conte+pt and reed $e'ittin a saae paan ciili:ation! The- &sed their s-ste+s, oern+entand reliion to %ae an ideoloical %ar on the A$oriinal Canadians &sin eer- political,econo+ic, reliio&s and social perersion kno%n to +an clearl- de+onstratin their lack o'h&+anit- and ciili:ation! Their actions s&est little adance+ent since the Ro+an E+pire philosoph-! The E&ropeans ass&+ed technolo- s&periorit- represents ciili:ation! Those %hoare less deeloped in the techni/&es o' killin are $r&shed o&t o' the %a- o' ciili:ation! The *orth A+erican Indian had shr&nk 'ro+ oer a h&ndred +illion people to so+e t%o h&ndred and'i't- tho&sand as a res&lt o' the E&ropean enocide polic-!

The oern+ent deposed the Cree Chie' Piapot (Pa-ip%at) (14131F04) $eca&se he per+itted aCree cere+on- to %hich the Indian Depart+ent o$#ected! The People contin&ed to reard hi+ astheir chie' &ntil his death!

The laciers in the Rock- o&ntains, Ban'', Al$erta adanced in the late 1400>s

1F00

As %e enter the t%entieth cent&r- let &s re'lect on so+e o' the in'a+o&s /&otes o' the pastcent&r-!

• .e cannot acc&se the oern+ent o' one sinle act o' #&stice!

• As lon as the s&n shines and riers 'lo%, Canada %ill honor its co++it+ent to the

Indians!

• The B*A act is one o' assi+ilation $&t it is hoped a rapid eli+ination o' an- Indian or

2rench special stat&s!



• The 6cottish and Enlish hae s+ooth %ords on their lips and deceit in their heart!

• I' the Indian people are h&nr- let the+ eat rass or their o%n d&n!

• The onl- ood Indian is a dead Indian!

• Residential schools are +andated 'or the s-ste+atic atte+pt at c&lt&ral, reliio&s and

deelop+ental enocide o' natie children!

• .hen the- rad&ate 'ro+ o&r instit&tions, the children hae lost eer-thin natie e8cept

their $lood!

• The Ch&rches teach the Indians to /&arrel a$o&t od!

• All Indian reliio&s serices are classi'ied as illeal!

.illia+ Penn said he kne% o' no E&ropean lan&ae that hath +ore %ords o' s%eetness andreatness than theirs (the Indian)! The reatest losers o' the trail o' sorro% has $een the Peoplethe+seles!

It is $elieed that onl- 1,05 $&''alo ($ison) s&ried into the 50th cent&r-! It is $elieed that 70

+illion $&''alo %ere killed! This represents the reatest ani+al sla&hter in the histor- o' +an!At the t&rn into the 51st cent&r- there are ;0,000 ani+als!

1F05

The entire pop&lation o' In&it at 6o&tha+pton Island in <&dson Ba- is %iped o&t $- t-ph&s!

1F0

Treat- VF, *orthern "ntario is sined $- the "#i$%a and Cree!

The A+erican Bison ($&''alo) 6ociet- is orani:ed to cond&ct a cens&s on re+ainin $&''alo!artin 6! arretson %as selected to +ake the co&nt! <e 'o&nd 4; %ild $&''alo and 53 incaptiit-!

1F03

Treat- V10, *orthern 6askatche%an is sined $- the Chipe%-an and Cree!

1F0F

Theodore Rooseelt President o' the United 6tates (1F011F0F) said, I don>t o so 'ar as to thinkthat >the onl- ood Indians are dead Indians>, $&t I $eliee nine o&t o' ten are, and I sho&ldn>t liketo in/&ire too closel- into the case o' the tenth!

1F10

The Al$erta Black'oot s&rrendered 11,000 acres o' resere land 'or 1 dollars per acre!

1F11

The Indian Act o' Canada is a+ended to allo% the 2ederal oern+ent to oerride Indiantreaties and take Indian lands a%a- 'ro+ the People!

1F15

The Proince o' &e$ec co++ences a ca+pain to %ipe o&t all Indian na+es 'ro+ the &e$ec+aps $&t 'ails to eli+inate &e$ec and Canada 'ro+ the oca$&lar-!

1F1;



The *isa>s *ation petition the 2ederal oern+ent, oer o%nership o' their *ass Rier =alle-,B!C!! Their petition is inored!

1F1

a- In "tta%a the oern+ent allo%s e8propriation o' an- Indian land near a to%n or cit- o'eiht tho&sand or +ore inha$itants reardless o' an- preio&s treat- or %ritten aree+ent! The"#i$%a resere at 6arnia, Ca&hna%aa near ontreal and the 6arcee o' Calar- are tareted!2rank "lier, i$eral inister o' the Interior sa-s reso&rces $lockin &r$an ro%th +&st $eeli+inated!

1F13

@an&ar- 54 The anito$a oern+ent allo%s %o+en to ote in Proincial elections $&t 2irst *ation %o+en %ho hae had the riht to ote since ti+e i++ortal are re'&sed this od ienriht as are their Asian sisters! As o' Dece+$er 17, 1F17 %o+en in the ar+ed serices, or %iesor sisters o' serin soldiers are allo%ed to ote in eneral Elections $&t all other %o+an arestill classi'ied as nonpersons!

arch Ishi the last person o' the Gahi tri$e a $ranch o' the Gana Indians o' Cali'ornia died!The- lied in the 'oothills aro&nd assen Peak in *orthern Cali'ornia! B- 1475 onl- 15 s&riedo&t o' a ;,000 people tri$e $ein e8ter+inated $- A+erican soldiers and iilante $ands o'+iners!

1F14

a- 5 Eer- 'e+ale British s&$#ect oer t%ent- one +a- no% ote in 2ederal elections proidin she +eets propert- re/&ire+ents %here the- e8ist! A si8 h&ndred -ear old a$oriinalriht and tradition that %as taken a%a- 'ro+ Indian .o+en is $ein ien to %hite %o+en $&tnot Indian .o+an!

2rancis Peah+aa$o%, an "#i$%a 'ro+ Parr- Island on eorian Ba-, is decorated a 'irst %orld

%ar hero! <e is a sniper and sco&t in the second $attle o' Gpes at Passchendaele and A+iens! <ehad a reat pride in his Indian c&lt&re and heritae and cha+pioned the old Indian al&es and'o&ht to protect land rihts o' others as %ell as Indian treat- rihts! Cli''ord To$ias ho%eero$tains an ed&cation to %ork %ith his people as an Indian teacher! The Indian A''airs Branch inChatha+ on Dece+$er 1, %rote in response to the Dep&t- inister! Indian Children re/&ire tohae the HIndianH ed&cated o&t o' the+, %hich onl- a %hite teacher can help to do! An Indian isal%a-s and onl- an Indian and has not the social, +oral and intellect&al standin re/&ired toeleate these Indian Children!

1F1F

This historic call 'or &nit- read in part As peacea$le and la%a$idin citi:ens in the past and

een in the late %ar, %e hae per'or+ed d&ti'&l serice to o&r ?in, Co&ntr- and E+pire! .ehae the riht to clai+ and de+and +ore #&stice and 'air pla- as a reco+pense, 'or %e, hae'o&ht 'or the sacred rihts o' #&stice, 'reedo+ and li$ert- so dear to +ankind, no +atter %hattheir color or creed! The 'irst ai+ o' the ea&e then is to clai+ and protect the rihts o' allIndians in Canada $- leiti+ate and #&st +eans! 6econd, a$sol&te control in retainin possessionor disposin o' o&r lands! That all /&estions and +atters relatin to indiid&al and *ational %ell $ein o' Indians shall rest %ith the people and their dealin %ith oern+ent shall $e $- andthro&h their respectie Band Co&ncils!



6epte+$er 5 6a&lt 6te arie, "ntario the ea&e o' Indians o' Canada held its 'irst Conress!The President and 6ecretar- Treas&rer is ie&tenant 2!"! o't, a oha%k Chie'!

1F50

Dr! Peter Br-ce reports that $et%een 1F011F50 the death rate at residential schools s&rpasses0 at so+e %estern Canadian schools! In reaction in 1F50 attendance is +ade co+p&lsor- 'ornatie children ae 713 and the report on the death rate is $&ried &ntil 1F55!

1F51

The Indian Act is a+ended, %here an- Indian oer t%ent- one %ho Indian A''airs thinks 'it 'oren'ranchise+ent or 'or citi:enship! D&ncan Ca+p$ell 6cott, Dep&t- 6&perintendent o' IndianA''airs sa-s the Canadian oern+ent o$#ectie is to contin&e &ntil there is not a sinle Indianin Canada that has not $een a$sor$ed into $od- politics and there is no Indian /&estion and noIndian Depart+ent! 6ince 147 &nder the Indian Assi+ilation Act onl- t%o h&ndred and 'i't-Indians are en'ranchised! The Act is a+ended to per+it Indians o'' the reseration to $een'ranchised %itho&t the re/&ired land and 'ie h&ndred are reported to hae applied! The etisare e8cl&ded as are Indian %o+en %ho +arried nonresere Indians!

The ea&e o' Indians o' Canada +et at Elphinstone, anito$a and the 'ollo%in -ear atTh&nderchild, 6askatche%an! In 1F55 the- +et at 6a+son Resere, <o$$e+a, Al$erta %hereoer 1,00 Black'oot, 6ton-, Cree and Assini$oine deleates asse+$led! The 6addle akeResere near 6t! Pa&l des etis sponsored later con'erences (1F;1;5) attended $- 1,;00deleates!

Treat- V11, *orth .est Territories is sined $- the 6lae, Dori$, o&che&8 and <are! Chie'Dan Cran+er and the ?%aki&ti near Alert Ba-, near Port c*eill, =anco&er Island, despite aoern+ent $an held a +a#or reliio&s Potlatch! 6o+e participants are later arrested and their propert- is con'iscated! This reliio&s inspired $an %o&ld not $e li'ted &ntil 1F1!

"ne o''icial this -ear descri$ed liin conditions in Indian Residential 6chools as a *ationalcri+e!

April 1 It is reported o' the 4 6tates in the United 6tates 5 $ear na+es 'ro+ Indian oriin, 15are Enlish, 3 6panish, ; 2rench and onl- 5 hae U!6!A! na+es, .ashinton, and Indiana!

1F55

As a res&lt o' ro%in ciil diso$edience the 6&perintendent eneral at his discretion canen'ranchise an- person aainst his %ill, ie title to resere lands and $and +one-! The Indiansare prohi$ited 'ro+ appearin in a$oriinal ar$ and per'or+in traditional dances at 'airs andsta+pedes &nder &ise o' entertain+ent! This r&lin is later a+ended to incl&de an- t-pe o'dress, &nless prior approal in %ritin is ien $- the Depart+ent o' Indian A''airs!

1F5;

The .illia+>s Treat-, 6o&th East "ntario is sined $- the "#i$%a and ississa&a "#i$%a!

1F5

=irinia tried to leislate naties o&t o' e8istence $- $arrin +arriae $et%een %hites and non%hites! It $eca+e a cri+e to identi'- -o&rsel' as Indian! This leislation %as not oert&rned&ntil 1F37!



An act o' Conress 'inall- rants the A$oriinal People citi:enship in the United 6tates! Be'orethis la% %as passed onl- those ranted citi:enship $- speci'ic treaties %ere considered asciti:ens! The- %ere classi'ied as Do+estic Independent *ations!

1F5

The United Ch&rch o' Canada $ean operatin Indian Residential 6chools and %o&ld contin&e&ntil 1F7!

1F;0

The etis are onl- one o' seeral protest +oe+ents that deeloped in .estern Canada! Indian parents and children protested aainst the Residential 6chool 6-ste+, thesa$otaed theoperations, pil'ered 'ood and an-thin not nailed do%n, ran a%a- and een $&rnt do%n theschools! *atie political leaders protested the harsh treat+ent o' their children $&t %ere larel-inored!

This is the peak o' the Residential 6chools %ith 40 instit&tions r&nnin at this ti+e! A$o&t 7o' all natie children are in residential schools! The Ro+an Catholic Ch&rch ran ;Kth o' the6chools, The Anlicans 1K and the ethodists and Pres$-terians the re+ainder (ost

Pres$-terians schools $eca+e United Ch&rch in 1F5)! The reliio&s sta'' laished ti+e andattention on reliio&s o$serances %hile deniratin a$oriinal reliio&s traditions! The teachers%ere ill prepared and lacked c&rric&la and +aterial to ade/&atel- ed&cate the natie st&dents!The oerseers %ere o'ten harsh, +an- %ere se8&al predators and their e+otional 'riidit- %as+ade %orse $- their c&lt&ral deniration the +issionaries in'licted on the children! *atielan&ae %as 'or$idden, a$oriinal %a-s %ere disparaed and the E&roCanadian +anner isconstantl- held o&t as s&perior! This E&ropean s&periorit- co+ple8 %o&ld preail into the closeo' the t%entieth cent&r-!

1F;5

Re/&ests to a$olish speci'ic sections o' the Indian Treat- o' 1473 'ro+ the ea&e o' Indians o'Canada is +et %ith an illte+pered repl-J too a&e, %hat a+end+ents are to $e a$olished9The- hae all $een care'&ll- tho&ht o&t! "ther resol&tions are also inored $- the oern+ent!

The A+erican P&$lic <ealth Depart+ent is coninced that $lacks and other +inorities haelesser intellience and are +ore s&scepti$le to diseases than %hite 'olks! To proe their point+edical e8peri+ents to allo% s-philis to r&n its co&rse a+on 'o&r h&ndred $lacks is notdiscontin&ed &ntil 1F75! Een in 1F75 +ost leadin doctors in A+erica $eliee this +edical practice is #&sti'ied! *o one ho%eer co&ld proide eidence o' $ene'it 'ro+ these +edicalind&ced deaths and dis'i&re+ents! *o +edical person is chared or $ro&ht to #&stice!

1F;

an- *atie people despair as traditional c&sto+s $ein to 'ade! The elders ho%eer contin&eto rea''ir+ their $elie's at 6&n Dance, thro&h <and a+es, at Bi 6+oke and 6inin Practice!

The- relied the past $elie's and al&es in the 6acred ode o' the <orn 6ociet-! The- $eanappl-in one ancient philosoph-, kno% -o&r seles $- kno%in -o&r relaties! The old peoplesa- the Residential 6chools are s-ste+aticall- destro-in the children, their sel'respect, respect'or those thins the- traditionall- held sacred! an- $eliee a ne% $irth is re/&ired or all Indiantradition %ill $e lost!

1F;F



The Indian Association o' Al$erta is created 'ro+ the ea&e o' Indians o' Canada! The2ederation o' 6askatche%an Indians %o&ld $e created in 1F! 2ort&natel- the econo+ic crisis $et%een 1F;; and 1F;F did not allo% deelop+ent o' ne% Indian A''airs Polic- and the %ar%o&ld contin&e the stat&s /&o!

1F0

A residential school near Ta&ro, *oa 6cotia echoes %ith the atrocities o' that instit&te! Thenatie children %ere incarcerated 'ro+ ae si8! I' the parents didn>t t&rn their children oer toa&thorities the- %ere arrested and sent to #ail! These children s&''ered ph-sical, se8&al, c&lt&raland lan&ae a$&se! The- $elittled the children tellin the+ the- %ill neer s&cceed $eca&setheir ancestors %ere saaes!

1F

Unkno%n to +ost peoples the Indian political con'ederac- is &sed as a +odel 'or the charter o'the United *ations! =eteran orani:ations that no% &nderstand the er+an treat+ent o' the@e%s $ean to de+and a Ro-al Co++ission to inestiate the ad+inistration o' Indian A''airs!6o+e een $eins to /&estion the role o' the ch&rch, especiall- the Ro+an Ch&rch! *o Ro-al

Co++ission is appointed $&t a #oint co++ittee o' the 6enate and <o&se o' Co++ons is createdin 1F3 to st&d- Indian A''airs and %o&ld +ake proposals in 1F4!

1F3

It is esti+ated that $et%een 3,000 to 0,000 Canadian Indians entered the %ar! The n&+$ers are&nkno%n $eca&se +an- are re/&ired to ie &p their stat&s to enlist, ancestr- listed as 2rench,6cottish or Enlish! A'ter the %ar the- are not allo%ed to /&alit- 'or lo%interest ho&sin loans+ade aaila$le to nonnatie Canadian eterans! an- %ere handed +eaer rat&it- $ene'its!

1F7

April 51 2or the 'irst ti+e in Canadian histor- a parlia+entar- co++ittee had cons&lted Indianleaders 'or their ie%s on Indian Polic-! Tedd- Gello% 2l- a Black'oot 'ro+ leichen, Al$erta

spoke critici:in this e8cessie rei+entation!

1F4

The Indian A''airs Co++ittee proposal restated the Assi+ilation oals and 'or all intent iscos+etic! The real intent is to $&- ti+e 'or people to 'oret past transressions o' theoern+ent and Ch&rch! The- did not reali:e that past transressions are still $ein practicedinto the '&t&re!

6c&lptor ?orc:ak Niolko%ski and 'a+il- $ein the constr&ction o' a Cra:- <orse co++e+orialthat %ill d%ar' the o&nt R&sh+ore presidents! The stat&e is to $e constr&cted in the ro&nd not #&st a +&ral! B- the t&rn o' the cent&r- oer one +illion people per -ear isit the Cra:- <orsee+orial! Cra:- <orse %ith o&t stretched ar+ sini'ies an ans%er to a %hite +ans /&estion

H%here are -o&r lands no%H Cra:- <orse replied H- lands are %here +- dead lie $&ried!H1F0

The Canadian 2ederal oern+ent cond&cted health e8peri+ents on 2irst *ation Children inresidential schools d&rin the 1F0>s and earl- 1F0>s! *atie children %ere denied $asic dentaltreat+ent and scientists also tinkered %ith the children>s diets! The doctor %ho headed the st&d-tried to de'end the alidit- o' the e8peri+ents on the children that lacked parental consent, soreports the Anlican @o&rnal in a- 5000! The n&+$er o' 2irst *ation persons s&in theCh&rches and oern+ent stands at a$o&t 7,000!



*atie leaders contin&e to de+and that Residential 6chools $e taken a%a- 'ro+ the Ch&rchesand ien to the 6tate! A constant the+e 'or the past t%ent- -ears has $een to et the Ch&rch o&to' the *atie 6-ste+! The oern+ent proposed the- $e interated into the P&$lic 6chool6-ste+! This is ie%ed as a lesser eil!

The Black'oot *ation is no% con'ined to leichan, Cardston and Brocket, the 6ton- are at

orle-, ake .a$a+&n and ac 6te Anne and the 6arcee at Calar-! The A+ericanoern+ent placed the T&rtle o&ntain Reseration as the n&+$er three taret 'or eli+ination!

*oe+$er 50 The 6&pre+e Co&rt oerr&led the "ntario Co&rts that restricted the sale o' landto %hite entiles! The coenant had $een desined to $ar people o' @e%ish, <e$re%, 6e+itic, *ero or colored race or $lood 'ro+ o%in land! Bernard .ol', a @e%, had oert&rned theselonstandin polic- that had also $een s&ccess'&ll- &sed aainst the Indians!

1F1

arel- $eca&se o' ro%in Indian press&re the Indian Act is reised in @&ne! The oern+entreali:es the- are on /&icksand and in a $old act to spread the +assie in#&stice $eins the processto trans'er responsi$ilit- and /&ilt to the Proinces! The Proinces re'&se to accept

responsi$ilit-! It is ho%eer no loner necessar- to o$tain per+its $e'ore sellin Indian prod&ctsor liestock! .o+en>s historic rihts to ote in $and elections is restored $&t %o+en still loseIndian stat&s rihts i' the +arr- nontreat- Indians! Indians hae the riht to ote in *ationalElections $&t not Proincial elections! The 1F57 prohi$ition to p&rs&e land clai+s is li'ted!Reliio&s cere+on- s&ch as the potlatches are no loner illeal a'ter seent-'ie -ears o' persec&tion!

1F

The Indian +oe+ent $ean to e8pose the terri$le cond&ct o' the Ch&rch r&n residential 6chool6-ste+! The Ro+an Catholic Ch&rch i++ediatel- re+oed s&pport 'ro+ the Indian oe+entand created a co&nter orani:ation called the Catholic Indian ea&e! Under Ch&rch press&re theoern+ent 'or$id the &se o' $and '&nds or +one- $elonin to a resere as contri$&tions to

Indian "rani:ations! The oern+ent 'ollo%ed the Ch&rch lead and created co&nteraric&lt&ral and econo+ic deelop+ent con'erences %here all e8penses are paid o&t o' Indian'&nds! The- ho%eer are told the- represent no one and are not allo%ed '&nds to solicit ideas orco++&nicate res&lts! As a co+pro+ise the hal' da- o' 'orced la$or o' the children in the 'ieldsis re+oed! This ho%eer did not silence the ro%in resent+ent aainst Ch&rch andoern+ent!

1F3

The people o' *&tak, a$rador are relocated $- the oern+ent aainst their %ill! The +oe%as to +ake it easier 'or the oern+ent to proide schools and health serice! In Dece+$er 5,500 M3;,000!00 in co+pensation is paid to the s&riors!

The 6ini8t, a 6alish speakin People, %ho %ere considered the +other tri$e is declared e8tinct $- the Canadian oern+ent! Their ho+e lands 'or tho&sands o' -ears incl&ded the head %aterso' the Col&+$ia Rier north o' *ak&sp, to ?aslo in the %est, Reelstoke in the east, and do%n to.ashinton 6tate! Despite %hat the oern+ent sa-s these people are not e8tinct!

1F4

@a+es ladstone is na+ed the 'irst Canadian Indian 6enator, act&all- a etis Cree o' 6cottishancestr-! 2ort- In&it, one 'i'th o' the local pop&lation o' arr- ake, *!.!T! stared to deathand the oern+ent is indi''erent!



1FF

The people o' <e$ron, a$rador are relocated $- the oern+ent aainst their %ill! The +oe%as to +ake it easier 'or the oern+ent to proide schools and health serice! In Dece+$er 5,500 M3;,000!00 in co+pensation is paid to the s&riors!

1F30

arch 10 Indians et the '&ll riht to ote $&t +an- are s&spicio&s and skeptical 'earin loss o'their land clai+s and special stat&s!

1F3;

The aerae ae o' death 'or Indian +ales is ;;!;1 -ears and Indian 'e+aleLs ;!71 -ears!Contrast this %ith %hite +ales as 30! -ears and %hite 'e+ales as 3!1 -ears! The +edical pro'ession is %ell a%are that the Indians hae $een chronicall-, desperatel- sick 'or oer oneh&ndred -ears! The- considered this nor+al 'or their race!

1F34

The Indian Adisor- Co&ncils ca+e to an end %hen the Indians reali:ed the- are a sha+!

1F3F

The i$eral Tr&dea& oern+ent proposed that a$oriinal rihts are so eneral and &nde'inedthat it is not realistic to think o' the+ as speci'ic clai+s capa$le o' re+ed-!

The *iska People aain rene% their speci'ic land clai+s 'or title to the *ass Rier =alle-!

Dece+$er <arold Cardinal, President o' the Indian Association o' Al$erta, has %ritten aCanadian $est seller, the Un#&st 6ociet-, the traed- o' Canada>s Indians! <e attacks PierreTr&dea& and @ean Chretien as proposin a $l&eprint 'or c&lt&ral enocide! The oern+entso%n report concl&ded that the Residential 6chool 6-ste+ didn>t %ork! The "$late "rder is +orecritical, the- said the A'rican>s acco+plished +ore in thirt- -ears than Canada achieed in oneh&ndred -ears o' Indian ed&cation! The %hite paper on Indian A''airs that %o&ld a$sole central

oern+ent 'ro+ the +ess it created $ro&ht s&ch a protest 'ro+ the *aties that the proposal is%ithdra%n in 1F7;! A decision this -ear ho%eer is to close all Residential 6chools!

1F70

"ne Bishop ho%eer declared that all Indians are like retarded children, and the- hae to $etreated as s&ch! Another "$late s&ested that %hat the Indians need is a ood ar+- sereant tokick their ass %ith his hea- st&dded $oots! The Dene co+plained that the "$late is stripintheir dinit-, their lan&ae and their pride in their o%n c&lt&re! The oern+ent $ean to stoplistenin to the Ch&rch! The- $ean the process o' phasin o&t the Indian Residential 6chool6-ste+! The real actiities o' these schools %o&ld take another t%ent- -ears to s&r'ace d&e tosha+e and 'ear! The 6ecretar- o' 6tate 'or Canada still denied that the etis e8isted as a ro&p!

The i$eral oern+ent ho%eer still chooses the path o' %e did nothin %ron een %hen the6&pre+e Co&rt o' Canada $eins to r&le aainst their s-ste+icall- eil s-ste+s! The *atie+o+ent&+ %ill not a$ate as co&rt case a'ter co&rt case is pain'&ll- and slo%l- p&shed 'or%ard!

An esti+ated 100,000 children o' +i8ed$lood A&stralia children %ere taken 'ro+ their parents'ro+ 1F10 to 1F70 $ased on the pre+ise that A$oriines %ere a doo+ed race! It is called theH6tolen enerationH as +an- o' the children %ere se8&al a$&sed, nelected and cr&elt- %aseident, leain a leac- o' pain and shattered lies! A$o&t 1;,000 people identi'- the+seles as+e+$ers o' the >6tolen eneration> in 5004 %hen the oern+ent plans to ie it>s 'or+al



apolo-! 6o&nds like a $l&e print o' Canada incl&din Residential 6chools, +onke- see +onke-do!

2e$r&ar- 5; The Canadian .heat Board re'&sed to rant per+its 'or trans'er o' s&rpl&s %heatto 'ie tho&sand starin etis in northern 6askatche%an! Perd&e, 6askatche%an 'ar+ers are so'&rio&s thede'ied the oern+ent, ro&nd the %heat, statin s&rel- it is not a cri+e to 'eed

h&nr- people!1F71

"cto$er 4 A Canadian co&rt r&led that, &nder the Bill o' Rihts, an Indian %o+an co&ld not $edepried o' her Indian stat&s $eca&se o' her +arriae to a nonIndian!

1F7;

The last Residential 6chool , %hich %ere the scene o' terri$le acts o' ph-sical and se8&al a$&se,%as closed in anito$a

The Dene *ation clai+ that 10 o' Canada>s *orth .est Territories %as no incl&ded in treaties 4

and 11!arch 1 Al$erta Indians %on M1F0,000 settle+ent in $ack pa-+ents o' a++&nition +one-! As&+ o' M5,000 %as to hae $een paid to the+ ann&all- accordin to an 1477 treat-!

arch 55 The 6aint a%rence 6ea%a- A&thorit- ranted M1,00,000 and 7F acres to theCa&hna%aa Indians as co+pensation 'or 1,;00 acres o' land e8propriated 'or the 6t! a%rence6ea%a- in 1F!

@&l- 15 The 6&pre+e Co&rt o' Canada r&led aainst historic Indian co++on la% that ies%o+en central rihts and responsi$ilities %ithin societ-! The co&rt r&les %o+en lose their stat&s%hen the- +arr- nonstat&s Indians $&t +en do not lose their stat&s %hen the- +arr- nonstat&sIndians! This r&lin 'inds its $asis in erroneo&s Ch&rch teachins that still e8ist in present ti+es!The r&lin ho%eer +ade a historic #&d+ent sa-in the Indian Act discri+inates aainst a racialro&p in Canada and is there'ore inoperatie!

@&l- 1; The "ntario 6&pre+e Co&rt r&led that the 2ederal Indian Act %as inoperatie! The6&pre+e Co&rt o' Canada /&ickl- &pheld the Indian Act on A&&st 57!

A&&st 4 The 2ederal oern+ent sets &p an o''ice o' *atie clai+s to considerco+prehensie clai+s $ased on nontreat- areas, British Col&+$ia re'&ses to participate! The2ederal oern+ent proides +one- to research and leall- present their clai+s!

A&&st ;0 6o+e 500 Indians occ&pied the Indian and *orthern A''airs $&ildin in "tta%a to protest >-o&th liaison> prora+s and to de+and a halt to the @a+es Ba- po%er pro#ect &ntil landclai+s are settled!

"cto$er @ohn Die'en$aker disp&ted a 6&pre+e Co&rt r&lin that +ade it leal 'or an Indian%o+an, $&t not a +an, to $e denied Indian stat&s i' +arried to a nonIndian! The 6&pre+e Co&rtde+onstrated the- are se8ist $- their r&lin!

1F7

2e$r&ar- 1; The &e$ec Co&rt o' Appeals re'&sed to allo% and IndianIn&it coalition to proceed in their re/&est 'or a per+anent in#&nction aainst the @a+es Ba- h-droelectricdeelop+ent!



arch 1 The B!C! Co&rt o' Appeals r&led that an Indian child co&ld $e adopted $- nonIndian parents %itho&t losin Indian stat&s!

*oe+$er 15 The etis Association o' the *!.!T! o''ered M130 +illion 'or the oern+ent>sonethird interest in I+perial "il>s *or+an .ells operation!

1F7

The Dene Declaration o' Independence states in part .e the Dene o' the *orth .est Territoriesinsist on the riht to $e rearded $- the %orld and o&rseles as a *ation! .hat %e seek then isindependence and sel'deter+ination %ithin the co&ntr- o' Canada! This is %hat %e +ean %hen%e call 'or a #&st land settle+ent 'or the Dene *ation!

The United Ch&rch o' Canada closed the last o' its Indian Residential 6chools that operated $et%een 1F5 to 1F7! The n&+$er o' la%s&its o' se8&al, ph-sical and c&lt&ral a$&se aainst theCh&rch passed the 1,00 +ark and threatens to $ankr&pt the Ch&rch! 6o+e sa- the Ch&rch $eana slo% sli+- slide into senilit- a$o&t this ti+e! B- the t&rn o' the cent&r- 40 no loner attendserice!

*oe+$er 11 @a+es Ba- and *orthern &e$ec Aree+ent, Cree and In&it %in +a#orconcessions to allo% h-droelectric %orks

1F77

Do %e still hae a racial discri+ination pro$le+ in Canada9 Canadians %ere asked to rank 53ethnic and racial ro&ps in Canada, Canadian Indians ranked 5th, *eroes 5th, not +&ch haschaned in 00 -ears! The st&d- concl&ded that isi$le +inorities %ere held in lo%er estee+!

Parlia+ent re#ects a re/&est $- the In&it 'or a political territor- in the north!

The United *ations Co++ittee on <&+an Rihts critici:es Canada 'or takin a%a- Indian stat&s'ro+ %o+en %ho +arr- nonstat&s Indians!

"cto$er ;1 The @a+es Ba- naties s&rrendered a$oriinal rihts to a$o&t 30 o' &e$ecterritor- 'or M5 +illion and co++&nit- o%nership o' s+all areas o' land $&t the- retainede8cl&sie h&ntin, 'ishin and trappin rihts oer lare areas!

1F40

April The "$late 6&perior eneral stated that %e +&st resin o&rseles to this 'act atinA+erica is not 2rance, the +issionaries +&st 'irst $e eaneli:ed $- the people! 6o+e "$late $elieed this also applied to Canada!

1F41

A'ter nearl- 'o&r h&ndred -ears on @an&ar- ;0, the A$oriinal (Indian, In&it, Dene and etis)treat- rihts are reconi:ed, the start o' a lon process to riht cent&ries o' illeal and i++oraldecisions and actions!

*oe+$er 1F Indians across Canada staed de+onstrations, incl&din ;,000 on Parlia+ent<ill, to protest the e8cl&sion o' a$oriinal rihts 'ro+ the constit&tional resol&tion!

Dece+$er The oern+ent anno&nced its intention to set aside M $illion and lare tracts o'land in the G&kon and *!.!T! to settle natie land clai+s $- 1F4!



1F45

The Aree+ent on A$oriinal rihts in the 1F45 constit&tion e8plicitl- incl&ded the etis and *onstat&s Indians! This %ill s&pport the 1470 anito$a Act that con'erred on the +i8ed $lood pop&lations o' Red Rier a clai+ to land $ased on their share o' Indian $lood! 6ection ; o' theConstit&tion Act de'ines Hthe a$oriinal peoples o' CanadaH as the Indian, In&it and etis

Peoples! The three ro&ps ho%eer do not share e/&al rihts and responsi$ilities! Theoern+ent also does not accept e/&al responsi$ilit- in dealin %ith the three ro&ps!

@an&ar- 5F Canadian Indians %ere re'&sed per+ission to take their case, o' reaterentrench+ent o' their rihts in the ne% constit&tion, to the British <o&se o' ords!

1F4

"ne dr&nk Dene said that he kne% he is killin hi+sel' %ith drink! <e said that>s the onl- %a-he kne% ho% to sa- >shit> too %hite people, to sho% the+ that their s-ste+ doesn>t %ork! I don>thae an- skills all I can do is et dr&nk and $e a liin conde+nation o' their %a-s!

1F4

2ather =an de =elde an "$late +issionar- in the Arctic 'or 'ort-eiht -ears said the po%er o' the%hite +an is destro-in the *atie>s pride and cons&+in their c&lt&re! <e co&ld not accept thetrans'or+ation in his li'eti+e o' a once pro&d people into a tro&$led people!

The Canadian Indian Act 'ro+ 143F to 1F4 serio&sl- discri+inated aainst *atie %o+en $-strippin the+ o' their treat- and a$oriinal rihts i' the- +arried nonstat&s Indians! The $aseso' this r&lin %as that %o+en are not persons and there'ore are propert-! Bill C;1 reinstated73,000 %o+en %ho had lost >Indian 6tat&s> thro&h +arriae res&ltin in 100,000 people $einadded to the Reistered Indian pop&lation o' Canada! It is note%orth- that the nonIndiana&thorit- ret&rned an ancient Indian .o+an>s rihts! This $ill ca&sed reat resent+ent o' $oth

those on tri$al lands and those o'' tri$al lands especiall- %ith the 6econdeneration C&t"''r&le!

@&ne 3 The Indian Act is chaned to allo% 13,000 Indian %o+en, %ho lost their Indian 6tat&sand $and +e+$ership $eca&se the- +arried nonIndians, to reain their stat&s! Indian +en %ho+arried nonIndian %o+en did not lose stat&s!

1F47

@an&ar- 1 2ro$isher Ba-, *!.!T! is o''iciall- chaned to I/al&itJ +eanin %here the 'ish are, inthe In&ktit&t lan&ae!

1F44

The last t%o Indian residential schools in Canada are closed this -ear! The c&lt&ral atrocit-aainst the natie peoples is $einnin to &n'old!

1F4F



Dece+$er 4 The 2ederal oern+ent settled a lon standin land clai+ in the *orth%estTerritories! The Canadian In&it receied 100,;30 s/ +iles in land, the larest land clai+ eerneotiated! Its a$o&t 1Kth o' all Canadian lands! The 17,000 In&it (Eski+o) %ere represented $- the T&naik 2ederation o' *&na&t (+eanin "&r and)!!

1FF0

The Indian and etis $elie' in 'ree trade %o&ld $ein enterin into +ain line Canadian thinkin!This +a- +ark the end o' British and 2rench I+perialis+! ore '&nda+ental it +a- +ean theend o' the Ro+an E+pire Reliion!

@&ne Arch$ishop Alphons&s Penn- ($1F5) resined in 6t! @ohn>s, a'ter a report, $- ie&tenantoernor ordon .is+er, $la+ed the Ro+an Catholic Ch&rch o''icials 'or inorin andcoerin &p se8&al a$&se $- priests, at o&nt Cashel "rphane in *e%'o&ndland!

@&ne 1 anito$a *e% De+ocrat Eli#ah <arper, a Cree, re'&sed to consent to the eech akeAccord $eca&se it 'ailed to reconi:e the rihts o' a$oriinal peoples! It re/&ired &nani+it- 'orits introd&ction!

@&l- 14 The Ro+an Catholic Ch&rch is $la+ed 'or inorin and coerin &p se8&al a$&se $- priests at o&nt Cashel "rphanae in *e%'o&ndland! Arch$ishop Alphons&s Penn- $1F5resined in 6t! @ohn>s, *e%'o&ndland!

1FF1

The classi'ication o' A$oriinal an&aes prookes liel- de$ate! an&ae is a d-na+iceolin classi'ication o' People! It sho&ld onl- $e &sed to help &s &nderstand o&r eolinc&lt&res and the +irations o' the Peoples! an&ae is 'or co++&nicatin not an anchor 'orc&lt&re nor a $ade o' $elonin! The anchor 'or c&lt&re is o&r Principles, Belie's and =al&es! Itis note%orth- that the People o' A+erica as the- e8panded their tradin rane also deeloped a

tradin lan&ae! A co++on lan&ae i+proes prod&ctiit-, decreases +is&nderstandin and+ini+i:es e8cl&sion o' others! A '&nda+ental principle o' the People %as $rotherhood anddi''erent lan&aes are a disinterator o' $rotherhood! Di''erent dialects ho%eer are re/&ired'or people in specialt- occ&pations like doctors, enineers, co+p&ter scientists or the In&it %hohae 0 %ords 'or iceKsno%! an&ae sho&ld $e &sed to earn a liin not as an introertedatte+pt to keep a c&lt&re p&re! To keep a c&lt&re or lan&ae p&re is to stop ro%in! an&aeand c&lt&re sho&ld $e allo%ed to $e d-na+icall- eolin!

et &s hope that the People %ill not repeat the errors o' o&t E&ropean $rothers and adopt ane8cl&sie p&re lan&ae do+a to the detri+ent o' the People!

There are so+e 1 or 5 distinct indieno&s lan&aes spoken in Canada! The a$oriinal pop&lation represents so+e 400,000 people! 3;,000 reistered stat&s Indians, F;,000 nonstat&sIndians, 500,000 etis and 1, 000 In&it or a$o&t ; o' the pop&lation o' Canada! Thesestatistics are $ased on onl- a 50 sa+plin o' pop&lation! These lan&aes 'all into 11 separate'a+ilies o' lan&aes! Eiht o' the eleen lan&aes are 'o&nd in British Col&+$ia alone! Thiss&ests the %est is lin&isticall- older than the east and s&pports s&ccessie +irations o'speakers to the so&th and east! The 'ollo%in is 'ro+ the 1FF1 cens&s in Canada and is likel- notacc&rate $&t s&ests a trend! 6o+e reseres %ere inco+pletel- en&+erated and so+e choosenot to participate in a tr&th'&l %a- $eca&se the- 'elt it %as an intr&sion! People %ere asked toidenti'- their +other lan&ae that the- still co&ld speak %ell eno&h to &se in conersation!



A)*on+,ian speakin people n&+$er 10,000

Black'oot Piean, BloodCree Plains, .oods, 6%a+p-, Attikarnek,Dela%are &nsee"#i$%a Alon/&in, "tta%a, 6a&kea&8, 6eern

alecite aliseetPassa+a/&odd-ontanaisic+ac (n&+$er so+e 14,000 people on 5 reseres) *askapi,Pota%ato+i

Athaasan /Na-(ene0 speakin people n&+$er 57,00

Ba$ineBeaer CarrierChilcotinChipe%-an

Dori$%ich>in6ekani6lae-<are, Bearlake, <are, o&ntain, 6lae-T&tchone

simo-In,it-In,ia+ speakin people n&+$er 53,400("nl- A+erican lan&ae link to Asia, Ch&kotan, 6i$eria)

In&itIn&ktit&t Aiilik, 6o&th Ba''in, Tarra+&it, Ba''inIl&lik, Itii++i&t, a$rador In&it%estern 6ilit, Cooper, Cari$o&, *etsilik

'nidentified speakin people n&+$er ,050

#io,an (aotan speakin people n&+$er ,0 (so+e s&est this is Iro/&oian related)

Assini$oine6tone-

&aashan "ai,t)an 2 Nootan speakin people n&+$er ;,40 (so+e s&est this isAlonkin related)

<aisla<eiks&k"o%ok-ala *ootka

#a)ishan speakin people n&+$er ;,;0

Bella CoolaCo+o8 6lia++on<alko+ele+illooet,"kanaanTho+pson

Iro+,oian speakin people n&+$er 7;0 o&t o' so+e 4,000 people on 4 reseres



Ca-&aoha%k (so+e s&est there are 15,000 speakers o' oha%k alone)"neida

Tsimshian speakin people n&+$er 00

Tsi+shian

*assitksan

%aida speakin people n&+$er 550

6kideateasset

",tenai speakin people n&+$er 170 (so+e s&est this is Alonkin related)

T)in*it speakin people n&+$er 130 (so+e s&est this is Athapaskin related)

TOTAL Nati3e seain* eo)e 586 as )isted in 11 Canadian 9ens,s. (<o+e lan&ae, +ost o'ten spoken and &nderstood at ho+e)

1FF;

"er one +illion Canadians reported natie ancestr-! Those reportin Indian ancestr- n&+$ered74;,F40 and those reportin etis n&+$ered 515,30 and In&it n&+$ered F,5! Al$ertastatistics are FF,30 Indian, 3,;10 etis and 5,45 In&it! This rapid rise in people clai+intheir a$oriinal oriins is attri$&ted to the li'tin o' the sti+a attached to a natie identit-!6ince 1F70 the A+erican co&rts and Conress hae ret&rned ! +illion acres o' Indian land thathad $een con'iscated $- %hite +en d&rin the past cent&r-! The- also paid one $illion dollarsco+pensation 'or land that can>t $e ret&rned!

An act o' parlia+ent created *&na&t (o&r land) 'or the In&it o' Canada!

1FF

This -ear 5K;rd>s o' Canadians $eliee that so+e ro&ps in Canada are discri+inated aainst, this

co+pares %ith 0 in 1F40!

1FFF

The .orld <ealth "rani:ation reports that Canada>s 70,000 natie people s&''er poor healthconditions and are at reater risk o' t&$erc&losis, dia$etes, s&icide, iolent death and alcoholrelated illness and in#&r- than other Canadians! In +an- areas, health conditions are %orseninsaid .hillie ittlechild, Chie' o' Canada>s 2o&r Cree *ations! The Cree hae the hihest s&icide,s&$stancea$&se and iolence rates in the .orld! The Cree are no% $einnin to lead in theocc&rrence o' dia$etes $eca&se o' a chane to a nontraditional diet!The diet proposed $- <ealth Canada and the Canadian Dia$etes Association o' Canada hasca&sed the dia$etes epide+ic in Canada! The- %ere told in 1F75 i' the- contin&ed to pro+ote the

hih car$oh-drate diets it %o&ld ca&se a dia$etes epide+ic!Re! Bill Phipps the +oderator o' the United Ch&rch o' Canada s&ests settlin natie la%s&its!ore than 500 la%s&its seek da+aes 'or ph-sical and se8&al a$&se s&''ered at the hands o'ch&rch e+plo-ees in residential schools! Phipps said the ch&rch sho&ld %illinl- +oe 'or%ardand '&l'ill its leal and +oral o$liations and this co&ld lead the nation o&t o' its racis+!

The A$oriinal lan&aes spoken in Canada are

Cree 73,7In&ktit&t 53,40



"#i$%a 55,35ontanais*askapi 4,7ic+ac 3,750DakotaK6io&8 ,050Black'oot ;,06alish 5,506o&th 6lae 5,5Dori$ 5,0;0

The *&na&t Act is passed to esta$lish the *e% In&it Territor- o' *&naati (+eanin o&r land)!

a- The 6&pre+e Co&rt o' Canada r&led that the Indian Act iolated the Charter o' Rihts innot allo%in o''reseration 2irst *ation People to ote in $and elections! At least 500,000 people %ere denied $asic #&stice! The case %as raised $- the nonresere 2irst *ation People o'the Batche%ana Band near 6a&lt 6te arie! 6i8t- eiht percentae o' 1,53 o' the $and lie o''resere! The- hae $een 'ihtin 'or this $asic riht 'or ten -ears! All Indian $ands in Canadaare to co+pl- $- *oe+$er 5000!

5005

arch Indian Treat- *o! 4 pro+ised ta8 e8e+ption to the Cree and Dene *ations, accordin to2ederal Co&rt @&stice Do&las Ca+p$ell! <e conde+ned Can+ada>s s&prisinl- neatie anddisrespect'&l attit&de to%ards this constit&tional riht! @&de Ca+p$ell also lashed o&t at theCanadian ta8pa-ers 'ederation acc&sin it o' &n'airl- pla-in a race card to ain p&$licit-! <esaid the- %ere illin'or+ed, +is&ided and in'la++ator-!

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