822 INAN95

commission for environmentaLimpact assessment

8 22—95—13718

Advisory review of theenvironmental impact statement

Andhra Pradesh groundwaterbore well irrigation schemes (APWeII)

andrecommendations for the Inception Report

of the APWeII project, India

14 July 1995

011-1 33

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CIP-DATA KONINKLIJKE BIBLIOTHEEK, DEN HAAG

Advisory review

Advisory reviewof the environmentalimpactstatementAndhraPradeshgroundwaterborewell Irrigation schemes(APWeII) andrecommendations

for theInception Reportof theAPWeII project, India /iCommisslevoor demIileu-effectrapportageJ.

- Utrecht: Commisslevoor demffleu-effectrapportageISBN 90-5237-896-7

Subjectheadings:environmentalImpact assessment: India / groundwater:India / Irrigation : India.

commission for environmental impact assessment

Ministry of DevelopmentCooperationDirectorateGeneralof InternationalCooperationAttn. Mr J.A. KoekkoekP.O. Box 200612500EB ‘s-GRAVENHAGE

your reference our referenceWW/92/850 JRC 381-93; MER/94/009 U020-95/Kh/eb/Ol 1-134DST/ML 93/1995

subject direct phone number Utrecht (the Netherlands),ReviewEIAAPWeII, Indiaandrecommen- +31-30-347604 14 July 1995dations for Inception report

By letterdated6 AprIl 1995,the Minister of DevelopmentCooperationhasrequestedtheCommissionfor EnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA) to adviseon a reviewof theEnvi-ronmentalImpactStatementandto formulaterecommendationsconcerningthe executionof theAndhraPradeshGroundwaterBore Well Scheme(APWeII).

Herewith, I submitthe advicepreparedby aworking groupof the Commissionfor EIA.

In the advicethe Commissionfocusedontherecommendationsfor two reasons.Firstly, theadditionalvalueof the recommendations,which canbe includedIn the Inceptionreportislargerthanthe reviewof the EIS for aprojectwhich hasbeenalreadyapproved.Secondly.it becameclearduringthe field visit In AndhraPradeshthat the EIS is not specificenoughfor thestudy area.Therefore, the reviewconcentratesonly on main points.

The main findings of the recommendationsare:

• TheCommissionfindsthattheimpactsof theprovisionof groundwaterfacifitles (drffllngof 5400borewellsby APWe11)aresuch, thatwateravailability on the longterm Is notguaranteedfor alargepart of theprojectarea.Therefore,theCommissionadvisesto putmore emphasison rechargeImproving measuresandthe installation of waterusersorganisatlonsby meansof adoptingawatershedmanagementapproach.

This mayresult in a reconsiderationof projectpriorities of APWeII. If the watershedmanagementapproachis adoptedby theproject.It is not realisticto maintainthequan-titative goalof drillIng 5400borewells.This hasconsequencesfor the Implementationof the project. - -~ - -

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your letter6Apr11 1995

Secretariat: Arthur van Schendeistraat 800Utrecht, the Netherlandstel.: 00-31-30 - 347 660Telefax 00-31-30 - 304382

M4ng addressP.p. Box 2345

NL 3500 ~H Utrecht,the~NetherIands

Reference : U020-95/Kh/ebIOll-134Page nr. : 2

In addition, the Commission brings the following Issues to your attention:

• The APWe11project could act asan exampleof groundwater developmentby makinguseof the watershedmanagementapproach In the hardrock areaof AndhraPradesh.

• At the endof the field visit of the Commissionto AridhraPradesh awrapup sessionwasorganisedat the Ministry of Irrigation in Hyderabad where nearlyall parties involvedwerepresent.During thediscussionMr SamarajitRay,PrincipalSecretaryof Irrigationof the Ministry of Irrigationstated: “AP feelscomfortablewith the findings,which are inline with theGovernmentandstateIrrigationpolicy.” This statement wasconfirmed bythe other partiespresent.The findingsas presentedat thewrapup sessionarecopiedIn the Main points of the adviceunder theheadingRecommendationsfor the Inceptionreportpp. 1-2.

• During thevisit of the Commissionto Anantapurdistrict, It appearedthat theexperien-ceswith watershed development are very encouraging. The Commission advises that theNetherlands support the approach by watershed development in the hard rock area ofAndhraPradesh.

de Zeeuwchairmanof the workinggroupAPWeII, India

Secretariat: Arthur van Schendelstraat 800Utrecht, the Netherlandstel: 00-31-30 - 347 660Telefax: 00-31-30 - 304382

Mailing address~P.O. Box 2345

NL 3500 GH Utrecht,the Netherlands

Yourssincerely,

Advisory reviewof theenvironmentalImpactstatement

AndhraPradeshgroundwaterborewell in-Igatlon schemes(APWe11)

and

recommendationsfor the InceptionReport

of theAPWe11project, India

Advice submittedto the Minister for DevelopmentCooperation,by aworkinggroupof the

Commissionfor EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentIn the Netherlands.

the technicalsecretary

A.J. Koihoff

thechairman

,

D. de Zeeuw

Utrecht (the Netherlands), 14 July 1995

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AFPRO Action for FoodProgramme

ANTWA AndhraPradesh Trainingof WomenIn Agriculture

APRWSS AndhraPradeshRuralWaterSupplyandSanitation

APSEB AndhraPradeshStateElectricityBoard

APSIDC AndhraPradeshStateIrrigation DevelopmentCorporation

APRSAC AndhraPradeshRemoteSensingApplicationCentre

ASCI AdministrativeStaffCollegeof India

CGWB CentralGroundwaterBoard

DGIS DirectorateGeneralInternationalCooperationof the Netherlands

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

DPAP DroughtProneAreasProgramme

EIA EnvironmentalImpactAssessment

EIS EnvironmentalImpactStatement

GIS GeographicInformationSystem

GO GovernmentalOrganisation

1PM Integrated Pest Management

IRDAS Institute for ResourceDevelopmentandSocialManagement

ITC Institutional TrainingCentre(Enschede,the Netherlands)

MCB Mini Circuit Breaker

MIS ManagementInformation System

NAP Netherlands Assisted Programme

NGO Non Governmental Organisation

O&M OperationandMaintenance

RS RemoteSensing

SPP SinglePhasePreventer

TA/IDC TechnicalAssistanceby Irrigation DevelopmentCooperation

UNDP Umted NationsDevelopmentProgramme

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Main points of the advice 1

1. Introduction 31.1 The initiative: Realizationof groundwaterborewell irrigation schemes

In AndhraPradesh,Indlia 31.2 MotIve for andobjectives of this review advice 41.3 Justificationof the approach 51.4 LimItationsencountered 5

2. Main points of the review of the EIS 62.1 Generalconclusion 62.2 Reviewof the EIS 6

3. RecommendatIons for the Inception report 93.1 IntroductIon 93.2 Site selection 93.3 Implementationat site level 10

3.3.1 PhysicalenvIronment 103.3.2 Socioeconomicenvironment 113.3.3 InstItutionalenvironment 12

3.4 MonitorIngandevaluation 14

Bibliography

Appendices

1. Letter of DGIS dated6 April 1995, In which the Commissionhasbeenaskedto

submitanadvisoiyreview

2. ProjectInfonnatlon

3. Working programmemissionAndlira Pradeshgroundwaterbore well Irrigationschemes,India

4. Reviewframeworkof EIS AncthraFradeshgroundwaterborewell irrigation

schemes.India

5.1 Observations In supportof the recommendations

5.2 Illustrationof the spatialvariationof hydrogeologyandIrrigation potentialIn the

APWeII projectdistricts

6. Informationon legislationof landownership

7. Map of AndhraPradesh

8. Geologicalmapof thestudyarea

MAIN POINTSOF TilE AI)VICE

TheCommissionfor EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentconsidersthe followingpointsIn her adviceascrucial for theAndhraPradeshGroundwaterBoreWellIrrigationSchemeproject.In theadvicetheCommissionfocusedon therecom-mendationsfor the Inceptionreport.

Review of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)TheCommission finds,with referenceto thepreparedframework(seeappendix4 to thIsadvice), theEIS Incompleteandthe qualityof the presentedInforma-tion Insufficient.Thefollowing subjectsarenotdescribedoraddressedadequa-tely: the autonomousdevelopment,the availability of groundwater,thesocio-economic-andInstitutional aspects.During the field visit it becameclearthatthe two sitesfor whichpilot studiesaredonearenot representativeforthestu-dy area.

Recommendationsfor the Inception reportThe Commissionis convincedthat the impactsof the projectedprovision ofgroundwaterfacifitles (drilling of 5400borewells by APWell) will be suchthatwateravailability In the long termis notguaranteedfor alargepartof thepro-j ectarea.As aconsequenceIt is fearedthatthe anticipatedwaterscarcitywillunequallyaffect the various social stratapresentIn the area.Therefore, theCommissionadvises:• to put moreemphasison rechargeImproving measuresandinstallationof

waterusersorganisations by means of adoptingawatershedmanagementa,~proach.

This approachis assumedto be well known. Therefore,componentsof thisapproachareonly elaboratedIf theyarerelatedto the APWell project.

Thefollowing recommendationsarenot relatedto watershedmanagementex-clusively.

1. Site selectionSite selectionfor borewell clustersshouldconcentrateon:• mlcro-catchments In which no or little groundwaterdevelopmenthasbeen

donesofar;• micro-catchmentswith goodpotentialfor artificial rechargethroughwater-

shedmanagement;no adverseImpacton landunderforestmayoccur;• presenceof the targetgroupswho haveno possibffitiesto developground-

waterresources;scheduledcastes,scheduledtribesandbackwardclassesshouldbe consideredwith priority m the givenorder;

• micro-catchmentsIn which farmersand/or Governmentalorganisations(GOs)/NonGovernmentalOrganisatlons(NGOs)startedwithwatershedma-nagement.

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2. Implementation of bore wellsat site level

PhysicalenvironmentThe availability of groundwater is a conditionfor furtheragriculturaldevelop-ment. Sustaineduseof groundwatershould be achievedby the preparation ofa plan for integrated andcomprehensivewater development.Considerablere-gional variations In catchmentwater budgetsshould be taken into account.

SocioeconomicenvironmentTo ensurea sustaineduse of andaccessto groundwater APWe11 shouldcon-centrate on:• Participation of the peopleconcerned.• Application of the following measures:improving rechargeandefficiencyof

wateruse, andsustainableagriculturalpractices.• Gender issuesduring all stagesof Implementation,ensuringparticipation

of women.• Prudent consideration of the relation betweenaccessto groundwater and

land ownership. (Women’s ownershipshould be emphasizedin caseofgovernment assignedlands.)Femaleheadedhouseholdsand farm house-holdsjointly owning the land should be consideredwith priority.

InstitutionalenvironmentTo ensurea sustaineduseof, andaccessto groundwat~rAPWeII should con-centrate on:• Participatoryplanningby the beneficiary andnon-beneficiary farmers.• Developmentof watershedmanagementcommitteesandinformalborewell

usersgroups; thesegroups shouldbe representedin the committees.• Trainingof male andfemalefarmersby extensionIn order to improve the

effective useof groundwater andto avoid groundwatercontamination.• Setup of amonitoringandevaluation system.• Thepresent mining’ofgroundwater underlinesthe needofimplementation

legislationon groundwaterutilization in AndhraPradesh.

The watershed managementapproachshould be elaboratedfor eachdistrict.The District Collectorhasacrucialrole toplayashehastheopportunityto sti-mulate andcoordinatecooperationbetweenthevariousdepartmentsInvolved,makinganIntegratedapproach successful.

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 The initiative: Realization of groundwater bore well Irrigationschemesin Andhra Pradesh, India

Thegovernmentof IndiaIntendsto construct5400groundwaterborewell Irri-gationschemescoveringa totalnet areaof 16,200hectares,In sevendistrictsin AndhraPradesh,India.The projectIs knownastheAPWell project(APWe11).Thegovernmentof the Netherlandshasbeenrequestedto providefundingforthisinitiative. In July 1994 thisrequestwasapprovedby theNetherlandsMi-nister for DevelopmentCooperation.

Objectivesof the project:• Themainobjectiveis to increaseagriculturalproductionof smallandmar-

ginal farmersin anumberof districts In AndhraPradeshthroughthepro-vision of groundwaterIrrigation facifities.

• Thelong-termobjectiveIs to Improvethe living conditionsof the smallandmarginalfarmersIn theprojectarea.Thiswill beachievedthroughsustain-able (environmentallysound)interventions,In suchaway thatboth menandwomencanobtainequalconditionsandopportunitiesin agriculturalandotheractivities.

Project area:The project aimsatthosedistrictson hard rock In which groundwater canbeusedfor Irrigation. SevendistrictsIn AndhraPradeshhavebeenselectedac-cordingto apriority Index Issuedby the StateFinanceandPlanningDepart-ment.The following issuesareconsideredfri this Index:• non-Irrigatedcroppedareas;• geographicalareaof droughtprone sub-districts:• tribal populationandnumberof small andmarginalfarmers;• operationalconvenienceof AndhraPradeshState li-rigation Development

Corporation (APSIDC, the developer of the project).Thedistricts,all situatedIn thecentralandsouthwesternpartof theState,areselectedon thebasisof theindex(seeappendix7 formapof AndhraPradesh):1. Kumool2. Mahbubnagar3. Anantapur4. Pralcasam5. Nalgonda6. Chittoor7. Cuddapah

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1.2 Motive for and objectivesof this reviewadvice

In aletterdated6 April 1995 the Minister for DevelopmentCooperationin theNetherlandshasInvited the independentCommissionfor EnvironmentalIm-pactAssessmentIn theNetherlandsto performanadvisoryreviewof theEnvi-ronmentalImpactAssessment(EIA’) andto formulaterecommendationscon-cerningtheexecutionofAPWe11(appendix1).Fundingoftheprojectwasappro-vedby the Minister in July 1994 andstartedthe

1th of April 1995wIth anin-ceptionphase,for a periodof five months.The aim is to include the results ofthe reviewandrecommendationsin the inception report. The inceptIon reportwill be availablein September1995.

Objectives of this adviceare:• review of the EnvironmentalImpact Statement(EIS);• recommendationsconcerningtheexecutionof the projectfocusingon: cri-

teria for site selection, sustainableuseof groundwater andmonitoringandevaluation.

This advicehasbeenpreparedby aworking group of the Commission.Thecompositionof thisworkinggroupIspresentedin appendIx2. Thegrouprepre-sentsthe Commissionandwill thereforebereferredto as‘the Commission’. Inthe Commissionthe following disciplinesare represented: geohydrology, civilengIneering(Irrigation), agriculture,agronomy, rural sodology(gender),institu-tional aspects,resourcemanagementandhealth.

The Commissionvisited India in theperiod6— 15 June 1995.Theobjectiveofthevisit wasto checktheInformationaspresentedIn the EIS andgatheringofadditionalinformationtoenablespecificrecommendations.Theworkingpro-grammeis presentedIn appendix3.

HerewiththeCommissionwishesto expressgratitudeforthe excellentsupportandcourtesyextendedto the Commissionby the Irrigation DevelopmentCo-operativein Hyderabad,the staffof the APWe11project, all Indianpartiescon-tactedandby theRoyal NetherlandsEmbassyin Delhi during her visit.

EnvironxnentaiImpact Assessment.AndhraPradeshGroundWaterBoreWell IrrigationSchemes.APWeII Pro-ject. preparedby. AdministrativeStaff Collegeof India Hyderabad. April 1994.

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1.3 Justificationof theapproach

The Termsof Reference(ToR)2 which servedas abasisfor the preparationoftheEISdo not coveradequatelythesubjectswhichneedto be addressedin theEISaccordingto therequestby theMinisterfor DevelopmentCooperation.Thefollowing subjectsarenot describedor addressedadequately:alternativesatsite level, theautonomousdevelopment,andthesocioeconomicandinstitutio-nal aspects.

Therefore,the Commissionpreparedher own framework for the review of theEIS, whichis presentedin appendix4. In the preparationof the reviewframe-work, useis madeof theTermsof Reference.Furthermore,duringthefield visitit becameclearthat thetwo sitesfor whichpilot studiesare donearenot re-presentativefor thestudyarea.

In chapter2 themainfindings of theCommissionarepresentedconcerningthereviewof the EIS. Recommendationsfor the inceptionreportareelaboratedinchapter3.

1.4 LimItations encountered

The Commissionhasnot beeninvolved in thescopingandformulationof thespecificproject guidelinesthat resultedin the T0R. As therewas no formalagreementbetweentheCommissionandtheDirectorateGeneralfor Internatio-nalCooperationof the Ministry for ForeignAffairs (DGIS) duringthe time theToR were made. Despitethis fact sheappreciatesthe opportunitygiven byDGIS to prepare this advice.

2 Termsof Referencefor theEnvironmentalImpactStatement.AppendIx4. In: ProjectdocumentAndhraPradesh

GroundWaterMinor IrrigationSchemes.AndhraPradeshStateIrrigationDevelopmentCorporation& Directo-rate Generalfor InternationalCooperatIonMarch 1992Checklistof environmentalparametersfor projectsIn Irrigation. pp 15-16 In Environmentalguidelinesfor se-lectedagriculturalandnaturalresourcesdevelopmentprojects.AsianDevelopmentBank, 1991.

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2. MAIN POINTSOF THE REVIEW OF THE EIS

2.1 Generalconclusion

As statedbeforethereviewof theEIS is limited to mainpoints.The framework

preparedby the Commission(seeappendix4), is usedfor the review.

TheCommissionappreciatesthe ideaof executingwell clustersInsteadof indi-vidualwellsasworkedout in theEIS. Despitethe limited time available to pre-pare an EIS a lot of Information wasgathered. Furthermore, sheappreciatesthe fact thatan EIA wasexecuted.

However, the Commissionfinds the EIS incomplete andthequality of thepre-sentedInformationInsufficient.Thefollowingsubjectsarenot describedor ad-dressedadequately: the autonomousdevelopment,the availability of ground-water andsocioeconomicandInstitutional aspects.During thefield visit it be-cameclear that the two pilot studiesarenot representativefor thestudyareaas well.

2.2 RevIew of the EIS

Site selection for bore well clusters• Criteria for the selectionof sitesfor borewell clustersandindividual bore

wellsarenotclearlyspecified.Somecriteriaarementioned,butnot elabora-ted andscatteredthroughoutthe text. In addition, theproceduresfor siteselectionwhich are mentionedaregeneralandIncomplete.

• Therecouldwell be aninverserelationshipbetweentherelative‘backward-ness’of theareasor subcatchmentsselectedandthe generalavailabilityofgroundwater. (It Is less risky to exploreareas with knowngroundwater,asevidencedby existinggoodwells.) Therefore,theapriori site selectionmayrequire more analysis of existingdataandvalidatingdatato becomeavail-ableduringthe project, thanIs mentioned.

• Before selectinga specificclustersite, Informationshouldbegatheredonthe local effects on groundwateras a resultof the Installationof the borewell cluster. Not only the annual balanceof withdrawal and rechargeshouldbereviewed,but alsoshorttermeffects.Theeffectson domesticwa-ter supplyshouldhavebeenassessed.

• The ElS approachto select two districts and in thesedistricts two pilotclusters— moreor lessrepresentativefor theproject— which were describedIn detail, is acknowledged.Thisapproachwaschosenbecausenot all pros-pectiveclusterscanbedescribedin suchdetail. In adoptingthisapproach,however,It is necessarytoIndicatehowthejudgementof theenvironmentalImpactof the establishmentof otherclustersshouldbe extrapolatedIn apracticalway. This aspect is missing.

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Selectionof the two pilot clusters• TheEISdoesnot indicatewell whyAppaipallyvillageIn MahbubnagarDis-

trict andKhambampaduvillageIn PrakasamDistrict havebeenselectedforthe developmentof bore well clusters, andhowthenumberof prospectedborewellswasdetermined(Appaipally200andKhambampadu20).

• Thereis no agreementbetweenAPSIDCandAndhraPradeshRemoteSens-ing ApplicationCentre(APRSAC) on the possibility to developaclusterof200borewells in Appalpallyvillage. The EIS statesthat calculationsIndi-cate that possibly 40 bore wells maybe installedwithout risks of over-pumping the area. It remainsunclearin the ElS whether,andIf so, howmanyborewells canbe establishedIn this pilot cluster.

• Theaboveuncertaintyconcernsabasicquestionfor the site selectionof aclustersite. It wouldhaveenhancedthestrengthof theEISIf thisissuehadbeenelaboratedin detail,Includingsuggestionshowtoimproveonground-waterassessmentproceduresandmethodson behalfof futureclustersforwhich no detailedEIS will be made.

• Basedontwo pilot EISsIt is notpossibleto judgewhethertheproposedac-tivities at thesetwo siteswill be sustainable(ecologicallyaswell as socio-economically).

Physical environment• Thebasisfortheavailabilityof groundwaterIs theMandal-wiseassessment

of groundwaterpotentialby theAP StateGroundwaterDepartment.Crite-rion is the classificationper Mandal into either ‘white’, ‘grey’ or ‘black’areas.However, the classificationshaveto take into accountthe environ-mentalfactorsInfluencingthe rechargeconditions,which differ widelyac-cordingto thevariedhydrotopesof thedistrictsconcerned.Continuousup-datingandrefinementof theclassificationarerequired,wherebytheresultsof ongoingmonitoringandevaluationeffortsshouldbeused

• Assessmentof ongoinggroundwaterextractionIn thestudyarea(privateorpublic) Is lacking.

Socioeconomicenvironment• Althoughsocioeconomicaspectsaredescribedin the EIS, this Is not done

consistently.A majoromissionis the lack of differentiationbetweensocio-economicgroupsandbetweenmenandwomen,althoughbotharementio-nedexplicItly astargetgroupin thedatacollectionandanalysis.

• A genderperspectiveis lacking. For example,gender/women’sIssuesareaddressedunderfoodhabitsandImpactsof pesticides,while It will be clearthat thehealthof womenwill be affected(agriculturallabourersareoftenwomen, traditional food habits). The time allocationfor productiveandre-productivetaskscarriedout bywomenwill changedueto changesin cropsandfoodhabits.The EIS doesnot Indicateto whichextentandhowwomenwill be includedIn documentationof Indigenoustraditional knowledge.

• Concerningproceduresingroundwaterdevelopment,theEISdoesnot clari-fy: criteriaandconditionsforapplication(page64. 65); whowill haveaccessto andcontroloverborewells;which socioeconomiccategoriesdifferentiatedinto menandwomenwill benefitandwill not benefit;which specificcon-straintswill be metby the targetgroup (differentcategoriesof small and

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marginal maleandfemalefarmers)In order to ensuretheir accessto andcontrol overwater/borewells.

• Relatedto health,the following commentshaveto bemade:Thetextsuggeststhatthemalariavectorthrivesin denseforest.Accord-ing totheMalaria Research Centre in Delhi, theprincipalmalariavectorsin theregionappearto beAnophelesstephenstandAnophelescullclfacles.The first breedsin placessuchas wells, artificial containers,pondsetcetera.The secondin e.g.borrowplts,irrigationchannelsandrice fields.In otherwords, contraryto what is suggestedin the EIS, the principalmalariavectorsin theregionprobablydo notdependon denseforest,butratheron the typeof habitatsthatarelikely to be expandedasa resultof the projectactivities.The dlseasesfilarlasisandJapaneseencephahllitesarespecificallymen-tionedin theToRon basisof which the EIS is preparedbut theyarenotconsideredin the EIS.In Mahbubnagardistrict,only positive(favourable)healthImpactsareex-pected.§ 12.4.1. (page131) states:“Irrigated agriculturewouldalsore-sult in higherproductionandIncomes,therebynutritional levelswill in-creaseImproving thehealth status”. However, experiencein Asia andAfrica IndicatesthatmalnutritionmayIncreaseafterIntroduction/expan-sion of Irrigation when the Irrigatedcashcrop reducesthe resourcesavailablefor foodcropsandvegetablescultivatedfor domesticconsump-tion.§ 12.4.2describesadverseImpactsin the Prakasamdistrict, dueto (I)(ground)waterquality,and(ii) highlevelsof Inorganicfertilizersandpesti-cidesusedin cotton cultivation. The sectionadvocatesastrict vigil onwaterquality during thefirst threeyearsof theproject andgivesanex-tensivelist of precautionsintendedfor operatorshandlingpesticides.However,it doesnot Indicatewho will be responsiblefor monitoringandfor conveyingtheseprecautionsto theoperators.Informationon howthehealthriskswill be takeninto considerationIs lacking.

Institutional environment• The Institutional aspectsof the project are insufficiently describedand

elaboratedIn theEIS. A numberof Institutionsandorganizationsaremen-tioned, but In the last chapterno Indication is given which institution(s)shouldcarryout therecommendations.Alsomattersof cooperationandco-ordinationbetweenthe differentImplementingGOsandNGOsarenot ad-dressed. -

• The Informationandguidanceof waterusersgroupsis essential,andwillbeoneof the majorsubjectsof the projectintervention.Thesubjectof theorganisationofwaterusersandtheir participationin areaselection,designandmanagementis rathernewin India andexperiencesare still limited.Moreover,thesheernumberof prospectedborewellsandthusthenumberof water usersgroupsIn the project will Increasethe complexity of thisprojectelement.TheEIS acknowledgestheimportantrolewhIchNGOswillplay in the project In thisrespect,but discussesthesubjectonly in generalterms.

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3. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE INCEPTION REPORT

Recommendationspresentedin this chapterreferto aspectswhicharenot, orInsufficiently elaboratedIn the APWe11 projectdocumentation.Theserecom-mendationsaremadefor two differentstepsIn theexecutionof the project:• selectionof sitesfor theInstallationof borewell clustersfor thestudyarea

(~3.2);• implementationof borewells if asite Is selectedat local (watershed)level

(~3.3).

In appendIx5 (technical)remarksare madeto underlineandsubstantiatetherecommendationsaspresentedIn chapter3. Theseareprimarilybasedon ob-servatIonsmadeduring the visit of the Commissionto AndhraPradesh.

3.1 IntroductIon

In order to ensurethe groundwateravailability In thelong term theCommis-sionadvisesto adoptawatershedmanagementapproach.It is assumedthatthisapproachIs well known.Therefore,componentsof this approachwill onlybeelaboratedIn thischapterII theyarerelatedto theproposedproject.Thefol-lowing componentsareworkedout:• measuresto Improverecharge;• installationof waterusersorganisations.Thewell yield canbecomesustainableatahigherlevelby adequateapplicationofthesecomponents.Otherrecommendationselaboratedarenotrelatedto wa-tershedmanagementexclusively.

3.2 SIte selection

Main criteriaObviously,the availability of sufficientgroundwateris apreconditionfor anygroundwaterdevelopment.Masterplansfor integratedandcomprehensiveWa-terdevelopmentshouldbepreparedfor eachdistrict. Further,thesiteselectionof thewell clustersshouldconcentrateon:• micro-catchmentsin whichno or little groundwaterdevelopmenthasbeen

donesofar;• mnicro-catchmentswith goodpotentialfor artificial rechargethroughwater-

shedmanagementIn mlcro-catchments,to be executedby the community(no adverseImpacton land underforestmayoccur);

• targetgroupswho haveno possibilitiesto developgroundwaterresources;scheduledcastes,scheduledtribesandbackwardclassesshouldbecon-sideredwith priority;

• micro-catchmentsIn which farmersand/orGOs/NGOsstartedwith water-shedmanagement.

Thereis no competitionbetweenareaswith naturalvalue (biologicaldiversity)andpotentialareasfor Installationof borewells becausetheseareashardlyInterfere.If theydo interfere land underforestshould be excludedfrom siteselection.

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Consideringthetargetgroup,women’slandownershipis aselectioncriterion.Furthermore,female headedhouseholdsthat havemanandwomen’sjointownershipshouldhavepriority. Otherelementsfor considerationare:topogra-phy; soil conditions;electricitysupply;accessibilityof the area;opportunitiesfor trickle Irrigationandpossibleotheravailablesourcesof Irrigation supply,notablypublic canalsystemsandtanks.

Clustering of bore wellsTheadvantagesof theprojectsapproachof clusteringborewellsdominatesandshouldbe followed. However,flexibility should be practisedandin contraven-tion of the rule:• promisingopportunitiesfor single borewells shouldbe honouredwhere

possible.

Oneor two clustersof borewells shouldbe establishedIn Nalgondadistrict,after the groundwatermanagementplanwill havebeenprepared.This willserveas apilot activity which Indicateshowborewell selectioncanbebasedon a largerscalegroundwatermanagementplan.

Field visit/groundwater developmentreportsTo include the environmentalaspectscf the Installationof a cluster of borewells thoroughlytheCommissionadvisesto prepareafield visit/groundwaterdevelopmentreport. Such a reportshouldbe preparedfor eachsite selectedandshouldbe basedon acomprehensivefield visit andashort deskstudy,particularlyon the availability of groundwater.The guidelinesaspresentedInappendIx 4 could be used as a checklist. This report should be used as an In-put atthestart of the processof participatoryplanningwith the farmners.

3.3 ImplementatIon at site level

3 3.1 Physicalenvironment

Groundwater availabilityIn view of themain findings of the Commission,astrongandconcertedeffortshouldbe made to plan for andimplementsustaineduseof the groundwaterresourcesby the APWe11project.This maybe achievedby:• Preparationof masterplansfor integratedandcomprehensivewaterdeve-

lopmentIn the districts.A functionaLhydrogeologicaldifferentiationof thedistrictsconcernedshouldbeprepared,which alsoplaysa centralrole inthe monitoring, see§ 3.4 for datacollection.

• Closecoordinationwith thecurrentprogrammesofwatershedmanagementin order to bring about sustaineduse of groundwater,I.e. withdrawalshouldnot exceedrecharge;stimulationof rechargefacilities.

• Raisingtheawarenessof thefarmingcommunityandtheauthoritiesaimingatthe preventionof adverseeventstakingplace(depletionof groundwater).

• Stimulateandsupportthe effortsmadefor introductionof newlegislation,becauseexistinglegislationis lacking.

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ThetargetsIzeof 3 hectaresIrrigatedlandperwell Is only acrudeaverage;ne-gativeor positivedeviationsfromthisaverageshouldbeanticipatedandaccep-ted.The Commissionis of theopinionthatthe targetsizeof 3 hectaresshouldbeassumedasamaximumwhich maybe achievedif rechargeandwatereffi-ciencyimprovingmeasuresareexecuted.

The fluoridecontentof all productionwells shouldbe tested,becausefluoridehazardmaybe presentin nearlyall hydrogeologicregions,with the exceptionof the areaswherequartzltesdominate.

3.3.2 Socioeconomicenvironment

Participation andfarmers’ (women)needsA systematiceffortmustbemadeto designagender-specificstrategywhichac-tually addressesgenderissuesatvariousstagesof theschemeimplementationandensureseffectiveparticipationof small andmarginal farmers(Includingwomen).To ensurewomens’ participationandneedsIn the planningprocess,a list of remarksis made,seeappendIx5, § 2.2.1 and2.2.2).

LandownershipSincewomen’sownershipIs a selectioncriterion, asdefinedIn theprojectdo-cument,assistancehasto be givenby thelocalNGOIn transferringtheowner-ship of governmentassignedlandto women.Accessto irrigation Is relatedtoownershipof land.The policy of the governmentof AndhraPradeshis to givegovernmentassignedlandto women(see§ 2.2.3andappendIx6). However,inpracticemainly menreceiveownership.

Irrigation efficiencyThefollowing practiceswill Increasethe efficiencyof wateruse:• Lining of distributionchannelsor the applicationof subsurfacepvc pipe-

lineswith anoutletfor eachfannerwould reducewaterlosses,which arerelativelyhigh dueto the verysmall flows concerned.Both channelliningandsubsurfacepvcpipeshavetheirdistinctadvantagesanddIsadvantages.It is proposedto explainprosandconsto the concernedfarmersandleavethe choiceto them.

• A higher priority should be attributed to land levelling andbunding offields. Landlevellingandbundingwithin theborewell commandswouldIn-creasethe effectivenessof irrigation andthecontributionof rainfall to cropwaterrequirementsconsiderably,andis recommendedwherenot yet car-ried out.

• Improvementof landlevelling shouldbe anintegralelementof schemede-velopment.Since landlevelling involves relativelyhigh costs,consIderingthe incomeposition of small andmarginal farmers,a contributionof theprojectto landlevelling is expectedto increaseInterestamongfarmers.

• Theprojectcouldidentifyborewell locationsontheadditionalcriterionthattrickle Irrigationwill alsobe applied.

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SustainableagricultureSustainable(Irrigated)agriculturalpracticesshouldbeappliedto guaranteetheproductivityof the land, thehealthsituationof thefanners,andto avoid soilerosionandpollution of soil andgroundwaterIn thelong term.On requestoftheAPWeU projectstaffexamplesof thesepracticesarepresentedIn appendix5, § 2.2.6.

3.3.3 Institutional environment

Rechargeimproving measures.To Improve the recharge of the groundwater directly, all kinds of physIcalworkscanbeprepared.Theseworkshaveto besituatedwheretheeffectof in-ifitration is maximal.Thesesitesareoften locatedon hillsIdesor In riverbedsandare not owned by the farmerswho are benefittingfrom theserechargemeasuresthroughhigherwateryields. To enablethe preparationof rechargemeasurescommitmentof the ownersof thesesites(often non-beneficiaries)isnecessary.Therefore,the differentownersof landandusersof watershouldprepareaplanat thewatershedlevel to ensurethe Involvementof all farmersandownersconcerned.A WatershedCommitteeshould be installed to dealwith suchaplan.

Furthermore,measurescouldbeImplementedcontributingto rechargeImpro-vementindirectly, like reforestationandmanagementof commonlands.

Water usersgroupsTo ensuresustainedgroundwateravailabilityandtheeffectiveparticipationoffarmers,waterusersgroupsshouldbeInstalled.Theseorganisationsbecomeresponsiblefor controlofgroundwateruseanddistribution.Thefollowingorga-nisationswith differentaimscanbedistinguished:• At the individualborewell level, InformalBorewell UsersGroupsshouldbe

Installed.The membershipof thesegroupsshouldconsistof menandwo-menfarmersusingwaterfrom oneborewell. Thesegroupsshouldnot beregisteredofficially andbe representedIn the watershedassociationandcommittee.

• At theWatershedlevel, aWatershedAssociationandaVillage WatershedDevelopmentCommitteeshouldbe installed. In this organisationbenefi-ciary(groundwaterusers)andnon-beneficiaryhouseholdsshouldberepre-sentedandspecialattentionshouldbe given to the representationof wo-menfrom smallandmargInalfarmhouseholdsandthe landlesslabourers.

To enablefemalefarmersto voicetheir concernsandallow them anactiveroleIn decisionmakingprocessesandto participatein non-stereotyperoles, theirparticipationshouldbe ensuredIn the overall analysis,planninganddecisionmakingregardingthedevelopmentof the watershedandthe borewells.Theirtrainingshouldbe organizedby the NGOs.

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Electricity• Beforetakingup the developmentof aclusterof borewells,commitmentof

AndhraPradeshStateElectricityBoard (APSEB)shouldbe assuredon thetimespanwithin whichelectricityconnectionto thegrid is guaranteed,theavailablecapacityof thegrid andon the minimum,maximumandaveragedaily hoursof electricitysupply.

• It is Imperativefor the successfuloperationandmaintenance(O&M) of theborewell by farmers,that thequalityof theelectricalequipmentanditsin-stallation is optimal. Specialcareshouldbe given by the project to thispoint.

Training andextension• As the bore wells wIll be privatisedandwill be completelymanagedby the

farmersafter oneyear, trainingmustbe given to the borewell waterusersgroupsto beself-supportingIn handlingconflictsarisingfrom sharingwa-ter, collectingwatertariffs, keepingaccountsandin O&M. Thelocal NGOscouldplay a role in organizingborewell waterusersgroupsastheyworkcloselywith the farmersandknow their targetgroup well. The technicaltraining for O&M shall be organizedby APSIDC for male andfemalefar-mers.

• Trainingin sustainableagriculturalpracticesfor thefarmersandfield staffof governmentalorganisations(GOs) andNGOs is necessary.Train assis-tancecouldbeaskedfromthe DutchassistedprojectAgriculture,ManandEcologyat Bangalore.

• NGOsshouldprovideInformationonloanandcredit facilities thatcouldbepractically accessibleto farmers.Farm women should be organizedandtrainedto makeproductiveuseof their increasedIncome.Theyshouldbeorganizedto form self-helpgroupsby developing,savingandthrIft habits.

• Women’sparticipationin Irrigation projectsdoesnot comeby itself, it hasto be facilitated.NGOsInvolvedIn fannersorganizationsneedto developaspecIalstrategyto reachwomen

Institutional linkagesThe District Collectors coordinate various governmental programmes andtheycould play an importantrole to link the projectwith specificwatershedma-nagementprogrammes,like: theDroughtProneAreasProgramme(DPAP) ofthegovernmentof AndhraPradesh,theUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP)andothergovernmentschemeslike IntegratedRuralDevelopmentPro-gramme(IRDP), Developmentof WomenandChildrenin RuralAreas,AndhraPradeshTrainingof WomenIn Agriculture (APTWA) andMabila Samatha.

Institutional capacitiesandrolesexpectedof implementingorganizations• A sound Institutional frameworkwith clear responsibilitiesneedsto be

workedout for smoothcollaborationbetweenAPSIDC,the NGOs andtheNetherlands Assisted Programme (NAP).

• NAP shouldmakeacarefulassessmentof NGOs existingtrainingcapacitiesandof needsfor strengtheningsuchcapacities.

• NGOsshouldrecruitfemalefield staff fortrainingin thecontextof thispro-gramme.

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• It Is thereforerecommendedthattheprojectshouldstartwith participationin generalandwomen’sparticipationIn particularIn a smallernumberofborewells on apilot basis.The tangibleresultscanbe expectedfor thesebore wells andtheseresultsshould serve aspositive examplesfor othersites.

3.4 MonItoring and evaluation

Monitoring andevaluationshouldbe executed to control if theprojectobjec-tivesasmentionedIn § 1.1 wIll berealized.Two stepsshouldbedistInguished:• the site selection;• the implementationof aclusterof bore wells ataselectedsite.

Informationof sufficientqualityanddepthto assessthehydrogeologicalsitua-tion is notavailable.Thiswifi hampertheplanningof thesustaineduseof thegroundwaterresourceby the project. The Interrelatedcomponentswhichshouldreceiveattentionare:• Hydrogeological differentiation by a mappingand descriptionof ‘hydro-

topes’.• Establishmentof amonitoringsystem,In closecoordinationwith an inde-

pendentorganization,suchastheregionalOffice of the Central Groundwa-ter Board (CGWB).

• Analysisofthedataforproperrechargeestimation(effectsofwatershedma-nagement),coupledto socioeconomicdata/indicatorspertainingto thetar-getgroupparticipatingm the well clusterprogramme.

Theseeffortsareindispensablefor the developmentof the MasterPlanfor theutilization of thewaterresourcesin the districts.

The expertisefor the planningandmonitoringfunction is largely availableinIndia,butrequireslinkagesoftheInstitutionsinvolvedandatrainingprogram-megearedtowardstheabovementionedfieldsof attention.Thetechnicalassis-tanceunit of IDC couldhaveacoordinatingrole,but thestatusof thecoopera-tion shouldbeInstitutionalizedby authoritiessuchasthe (Principal)SecretaryIrrigation of the AP Mlmstry of Irrigation.

OverviewMore attentionshouldbepaid to the hydrogeologicdifferentiationof thedis-tricts becauseof the largevariatIonsof associationsof lithology, geomorpho-logy, soils andlandcover (i.e. hydrotopes).The necessarytechnicalexpertiseIs availableIn India, but could besupplementedby the technicalassistanceandthetrainingprogramme.This overviewshouldconsistofa ‘hydrotopemap’at 1:250.000scale,whichservesasthebasisfor the planningandmonitorIng.

Monitoring functionAn independent organization,such asthe CGWB, through Its Regional OfficeIn Hydrabad,shouldprovidethe leadershipin thegroundwatermonitoring.(AnewmonitoringprogrammewIth World Bank assistancewill startsoon;about200wells in AndhraPradeshwill be equippedwith automaticgauges).TheAPWe11projectmayinitiateandstimulatethe Incorporationof socioeconomic

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dataandperformanceIndicatorsIn the monitoringprogramme,not only tech-nically (database)but alsoin the domainof institutional linkages.

Monitoring setupTherearethreeinterrelatedcomponents(A, B andC);A. Technical

Thecomprehensivedatabase(hydrogeologicandsocioeconomicdatausing

e.g. relationaldatabasemanagementsystem).GeographicInformation System(GIS) andRemoteSensing(RS).Spreadsheetoperationsandgraphics.

B. Establishmentofproceduresto transformdatainto Informationrequiredforthe monitoring.

C. Feedbackmechanisms;adjustmentsto the planningandfield actions.

GeophysicsTheadditionalvalueof applicationof geophysicsIs limited, with respectto theexperienceof the hydrogeologistsin the ADSIDC/APWe11projecton the onehandandthecostson theotherhand.Therefore,geophysicsshouldbeappliedonly on:• Areas,wherebecauseof the criteria for sIteselectionfor the weilciusters,

thesuccesspercentageof goodwellswifi fall belowmentionedtargets,whilethewell clusterconceptshouldbemaintained(manywells inaclustermayhavelow yields).

• Locationof highyieldingwells,becausethesehavegenerallylargerrechargeareas,hencethe effectsof watershedmanagementwill beIncreased.

• Locationswherethe conceptof severalfarmingfamilies working togethermaybe difficult in view of expectedlow yields per well.

SocioeconomicdataA baseline studyto identifyprionty targetsgroupsandrelevantvillagelevel in-stitutionsshouldbeundertakenby theNGO field staff, usingtheRapidRuralAppraisaltechniques.Baselineinformationshouldincludevillagesocioecono-mic profiles,croppingpatterns,genderdivisionof labour,householdeconomy,accessto Institutionsandpriority needsof menandwomen.

A positive impactof Irrigated agriculturalpracticeis Increasedincome.How-ever,increasedincomedoesnot automaticallyleadto IncreasesIn well beingofall family members.It isrecommendedto developanumberof qualitativeIn-dicatorsto measuretheimprovementsIn living conditions,Includingthehealthsituation(seeappendix5, § 3.5).

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Project information on APWeU

Administrative Staff College of India — 1992: Environmental impactassessmentAPMIS &

APLift Inigation schemes.Hyderabad.

AdministrativeStaffCollegeof IndIa- 1994:EnvironmentalImpactassessmentAndhraPradesh

groundwaterborewell Irrigation schemes(APWe1J)annexures.

AdministrativeStaffCollegeof India- 1994:EnvironmentalimpactassessmentAndhraPradesh

groundwaterborewellIrrigation schemes(APWeI1) main report.

AsianDevelopmentBarilc — 1991:EnvIronmentalguidelinesfor selectedagriculturalandnatu-ral resourcesdevelopmentproject.Checklistofenvironmentalparametersforprojectsin irriga-tion, pp. 15- 16.

Delft hydraulics- 1994:AssistancetoenvironmentalImpactassessmentsIn APWe11andAPLIIt.

Directorate-Generalfor InternationalCooperation& AndhraPradeshStateIrrigationDevelop-mentCorporationLtd. — 1993:AndhraPradeshgroundwaterborewell Irrigation schemesAP-Well project. Projectdocument(draft).

Directorate-General for InternationalCooperation& AndhraPradeshStateIrrigationDevelop-mentCorporationLtd. — 1992: AndhraPradeshgroundwaterminor well h-ligationschemes(APMIS). Projectdocument.

Euroconsult— 1994, a: APWeUproject, India. Technicalproposal.

Euroconsult- 1994,b: APWeII project, India. Technicalproposal,Addendum(2p.).

Other information

AsianDevelopmentBank, Office of the environment- 1992: GuidelInesfor thehealthImpactassessmentof developmentprojects.

BechtR. — 1995:ResistIvitymethodappliedto rechargestudies(write to theauthor:ITC, P.O.Box 6, 7500AA Enschede,The Netherlands).

CentralGroundWaterBoard,NewDelhi, yearof publicationisunknown:memorandumAssist-ing thestatesfor groundwaterrecharge.

ETC Foundation— 1993: GenderImpactstudyIn theAndhraPradeshsurfacewaterlift irriga-tion schemes& borewell irrigation schemes.A pilot studyIn India.

ETC Foundation— 1993:Genderimpactstudyin theAndhraPradeshsurfacewaterlift Iniga-lion schemes& borewellIrrigation schemes.Reporton the methodology.

ICCO/DGIS- 1993:Matchingpovertyalleviationwith sustainablelanduse- programmeeva-luation India.

IntegratedDrought Relief andResourceDevelopmentAgencyAnantapur: Integratedmicrowatersheddevelopment,AnantapurDistrict. Draft annualactionplan 1995 - 1996.Time se-quenceimpactanalysisVanjuVankawatershed.

JosephA.D. - 1992: Evaluationandintegrationof datafor groundwaterexplorationin hardrocks(Msc thesisITC).

Meijerink A.M.J., D.P. RaoandJ. Rupke- 1984: Stratigraphlcandstructuraldevelopmentofthe PrecambriumCuddapahBasin,S.E.India. PrecambriumResearch26,57- 104, Elseviersd. publ.

MInistry of RuralDevelopment,Governmentof India — 1994:GuidelInesfor watersheddevelop-ment.

OomeJ.M.V. e.a.— 1994: HealthandIrrigation. Incorporationof disease-controlmeasuresinirrigation, amulti-facetedtaskin design,construction,operation.

Royal Tropical Institute,V. Glanotten,V. Groverman,E. v. WalsumandL. Zuldberg,- 1994:Assessingthegenderimpactof developmentprojects.Casestudiesfrom Bolivia, BurkinaFassoandIndia.

SAWA— 1993:GenderandIrrigation. A manualfor theplanningandassessmentof smallscaleIrrigation projects.

APPENDICES

Advisoryreviewof theenvironmental Impact statementAndhraPradeshgroundwater

borewell irrigation schemes(APWeII)and

recommendations for the Inception ReportoftheAPWeI1project,India

(appendIces1 to 8)

APPENDJX 1

Letter of DOISdated6 Apr11 1995,in which the Commigalonbaabeenasked to submitanadvisoryreview

Ministry of Foreign Affairs

TI~ICOm~L~.J~~OO~ 6~~

L1fi~Kffl!1FN - 7 ~

I~~l~nw~Commissievoor de mdieu-effecirapportagec a v de heerdrs .1 J ScholtenPostbus23453500 GH UtrechxNederland

Directorate-General Date 6 April 1995InternationalCooperation

Re ReviewELA APWELL/India Ref DST/MLWW/92/S50 93/1995JRC381-93,MERI94/009

During 1993/94 art EnvironmentalImpact Stsiement(EIS) hasbeen preparedfor theAndhra PradeshGround Water &re Well Irrigation Schemesproject (APWELL) inIndia In July 1994 the project was approvedby the Minister for DevelopmentCoop-eration At that time it was decidedto ask theCommissionfor EnvironmentalImpactAssessmentto review the EnvironmentalImpact Statement(EIS) in detail during theinceptionphasewith the aim to includethe resultsof the review and recommendationsin the reception report The project will start the I~of April 1995 with an inceptionphase,for a period of five months In this phasea managementinformation system(MIS) a o will be setup and a workplan for the next two yearswill be elaborated Theinceptionreport will be available in September1995

ThereforeI would like to askthe Commissionto setup a working group to drawup anadvisoryreport on the review of theEIS, basedon

* theEIS and the backgrounddocumentssentto you (seeannex 1),

* the preliminary discussionon 30 March 1995 betweenE van Lent (DAJJZZ),L Verbeek(DST/ML), D. de ZeeuwenA. Koihoff (Commissionfor EtA)

For the reviewframework usecan be made of

* the Termsof Referenceof the EIS in Annex 4 of theAPMIS projectdocument,

the checklist of the AsiandevelopmentBankregardingirrigation projects.* the checklist for irrigation project preparedby the Governmentof India,

• the susiainabilityconceptas definedin theNetherlandspolicy document ‘Worldof Difference’

Furthermore,I invite recommendationsof theCcmrnissionconcerning

1 theexecutionof theproject focusingoncriteria for site selection,

- imgation designalternativeswith a view to the conservationof groundwaterresourcesand the potentialproblem of salinity,institutional aspectsof water management,including water userspartici-pation,

• health aspects;social (gender)aspectsas far as relevantto theenvironmentalaspectsofsustainabledevelopment.monitoringand evaluation

2 thestrenghteningof theIndian EIA potential in the field of capacitybuildLng infururem with referenceto your experiencesin reviewing theAPWELL-EIS

With regard to the gender aspectsI refer to he gender impact study executedforAPWELL in 1993

Iii view of the wide scopeof the impacts it is recommendedto include the follo~ingmain disciplines in the working group (geo)h~drolosy,irrigation (agriculture), ruralsociology (gender),institutional aspects/(water)managementandhealth In coordinationwith the Royal NetherlandsEmbassyin New d~lhithe Commissionwill have to visitthe location In accordancewith the normal piocedure,you are requestedto ensureconsultationand participationof the ~ariousindian interestgroupsas muchaspossible

With referenceto the EIA agreementbetweenDOIS and the Commission, I wouldappreciatereceiving informationconcerningmembershipof the working groupand thebudgetfor theaforementionedadvisoryreport

THE MINISTER FOR DEVELOPMENT COOPERATIONFor the Minister

HeadEnvironmentProeramnie

KA oekkock

AppendIx1, pageIi

Annex 1

DocumentationAPWELL

• 1)015& APSIDC; Andhra PradeshGroundwater mtnor well irrigation schemes(APMIS) Projectdocument,March 1992

• ASCI, EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentAPMJS & APLIFT. projectproposal,October1992.

• DGIS & APSIDC. APWELL, projectdocument,January1993• ASCI, EIS. APWELL, main report and annexures,April 1994.• Delft Hydraulics, Assistanceto EnvironmentalImpact Assessmentin APWELL

andAPLIFT. June1994• Euroconsult,APWELL project. India. Technicalproposal.November1994• Euroconsult Annex 7, Environmental Issues APWELL project, of revised

financialproposal, January 1995

Appendix 1, pageill

APPENDIX 2

Project Information

ProposedActivity: Thegovernmentof IndiaIntendsto construct5400groundwaterborewellIrrigation schemescoveringa totalnetareaof 16,200haIn sevendistrictsIn AndhraPradesh,India. Thegovernmentof theNetherlandshasbeenrequestedto provide fundingfor thisIni-tiative. Mainobjectiveof theprojectIs to increaseagriculturalproductionof smallandmarginalfarmersin the projectareathroughthe provision of groundwater facilities. The long termob-jectiveIs to Improvetheliving conditionsof thesmallandmarginalfarmersin theprojectarea.Thiswifi beachievedthroughsustainableInterventions,In suchawaythatbothmenandwo-mencanobtainequalconditionsandopportunitiesIn agriculturalandother activities.

Projectnumbers:WW/92/850;JRC381-93;MER/94/009;Cle m.e.r. 011

Progress:An EIA wasexecutedIn 1994.Theprojectwasapprovedby theMinister in July 1994andstartedthe

1th ofApril 1995wIth aninceptionphase,for aperiodof five months.In aletterdated6 April 1995the Minister for DevelopmentCooperationIn the NetherlandshasInvitedthe Commissionfor EIA In the Netherlandsto reviewtheEIS andformulaterecommendationswith the aim to includethesein the inceptionreport.A reviewadvicehasbeensubmittedtothe NetherlandsMinister for DevelopmentCooperationon 14 July 1995.The inceptionreportwiU beavailableIn September1994.

Compositionof the working groupof the Commissionfor EIAMrs PrabhaMahaleMr K.K. BhattarchayyaMr R. KuiperMr A. MeijerinkMr D. de Zeeuw(chairman)

Mrs V. GrovermanandMr W.B. Snellenhaveparticipatedasresourcepersons.

Technical secretary: Mr A.J. Koihoff.

APPENDIX 3

Working programmemissionAndhraPradeshgroundwater bore well

irrigation schemes,India

Tuesday6 June 2220 hrs. Arrival Dutch membersof the Mission (Mr D. deZeeuw,Mr A. Meljerlnk andMr A. Kolhofl) with KLM inDelhI.

Wednesday 7 June 09.00hrs. Briefing at theRoyal NetherlandsEmbassywith MrP.J.Kuperus,Headof the DevelopmentCooperationSectionandMs MonaSharan,ProgrammeAssistant,LandandWater.

11.00hrs. Meetingwith Mrs N. Bhatof the Ministry of Environ-mentandForests.

13.30hrs. Meetingwith Mr RajendraMlshra, DeputySecretary,Ministry of WaterResources.

16.40hrs. Departureto Hyderabad.18.40hrs. Arrival In Hyderabad.

Thursday 8 June 09.00hrs. Meetingwith Mr Satishformerlyworkingwith Admini-strativeStaffCollegeof India (ASCI).

11.00hrs. Meetingwith Mr Murali Khrlsna, ManagingDirectorandVice-chairmanof IDC.

11.10hrs. An-ival of fourth Dutchmemberof Mission, Mr R.Kulperwith British Airways in Delhi.

12.00hrs. Meetingwith Mr BabuRao,Director of GroundwaterDepartmentin AP.

12.40hrs. Meetingwith Mr Bhattacharya,Secretaryof Imgatlon,Departmentof Irrigation & CommandAreaDevelop-ment.

13.00hrs. Meetingwith membersAPWe11projectteam:Mr C.Isles; Mr Capt. M.S. DIllon IN; Mrs V.R. Pineda;MrsJ.JalrathandMr C.S.Rao.

14.15hrs. Meetingwith Mr T.L. Shenkar,Directorof ASCI.15.30hrs. Meetingwith Mr RS. Rao, DIrector of APRSAC.16.40hrs. DepartureMr R Kulper from Delhi to Hyderabad.18.40hrs. Arrival Mr R. Kuiper in Hyderabad.

Friday9 - Monday 12 June FIELD VISIT

Personswhojoined the workinggroupduring the field visit:• Mr Chalamaiah(working with APSIDC)• Mr C.S. Rao(working with IRDAS)• Mr Capt. M. S. Dhillon IN (APWeII project)• Mr B. vanLavieren(APWeII project!Euroncorisult)

FrIday9 June 07.30hrs. Pickup at Gal:ewayHotel. Visit borewells In Mahbub-nagardistrict:

Farooqnagarborewell In Mr P. Pentalah’sfieldRailcar64 borewell In Mr Y. Ramalah’sfieldBorewell in Mr Jangath’sfarmBorewell in Mr V. Chenniah’sfarmBorewell In Mr V. Thimaiah’sfarm

Night halt at Nandyal.

Saturday 10 June

Sunday 11 June

Monday12 June

Visit borewelJsin Kurnooldistrict togetherwith Mr K.Raju, DIstrIct Collector of Kurnool:

Bore well In PeddatekuavillageBore well In TammarajupallivillageBorewell In SugalimettavIllageBore well In Yagantlpalllvillage

18.00hrs. Meetingwith Mr Malla Reddy,Directorof AccionFraterna.NIght haltatAnantapur.

Visit borewellsandwatershedsin Anantapurdistrictwith Mr Malla ReddyandMr R. SundarVadan,ProjectDirector IntegratedDroughtReliefandResourceDeve-lopmentAgency:

Atmakur KuderawatershedVanju BankaWatershedBorewell at MuktapuramvillageGudduru/Vlshaka watershed

07.30hrs. Meetingwith Mr ManmohanSingh,District CollectorofAnantapur.

17.00hrs. Meetingwith Mr R. SundarVadan.Night halt in Anan-tapur.

Return journey to Hyderabad.

AppendIx 3, pageII

Writing of the advice.Mr Uday Shankar,Director of AFPRO.Meetingwith Chair of APSIDC, Mr Murall Khrlsna,ManagingDirectorandVice-chairmanof IDC; Mr Cha-lamaiah,ChiefengineerandMr N.S.JagannadhaRao,Executiveengineer.

12.00hrs. Meetingwith Mr P.J.ShastriRetd.DirectorGeneralWaterandLandManagementandTrainingInstitute(Walamtari).

18.00hrs. Meetingwith Mr ShashiKumar. Director of Thlnksoft.

Writing of the advice.11.00hrs. Wrap-up sessionin the office of APSIDC.

In consultationwith Mr SamarajitRay. PrincipleSecre-tary of Irrigation; Mr Bhattacharya,Secretaryof Irriga-tion, Mr Sathyanarayana.Joint Secretaryof IrrIgation;Mr BabuRao, Directorof GroundwaterDepartmentandthe APWeII projectteam.

15.00hrs Meetingwith Mr J. Hart Prasad,Mahila SamathaSociety(Indo-Dutchprogrammefor Women’sempower-ment througheducation).DepartureMission from Hyderabadto Delhi.Anival at Delhi.

09.00hrs. Debriefing at the Dutchembassywith Mr P.J.KuperusandMs MonaSharan.

10.00hrs. Meetingwith Mr Jeurissen,Ambassador.10.30hrs. Meetingwith Mrs N. Bhatatthe Ministry of Environ-

mentandForests.

00.30hrs. DepartureMr R. Kulper from Delhi to AmsterdamwithBritish Airways via London.

00.50hrs. Departurerestof DutchMission from Delhi to Amster-damwith KLM.

09.30hrs.11.00hrs.

Tuesday13 June

Wednesday 14 June

Thursday15 June

FrIday 16 June

19.30hrs.21.30hrs.

AppendIx 3, pageIII

APPENDIX 4

Reviewframework for the EIS AndhraPradeshgroundwater bore well irrigation schemes,India

Guidelines prepared by the Commission for EIA which areusedto reviewthe EIS asdescribedInchapter 2.

Structure of this appendix page

1. Introduction

2. Project setting

3. Approach of the study and site selection i3.1 Approachof thestudy i3.2 Site selectionfor borewell clusters

4. Development of alternatives and mitigating measures v4.1 Developmentof alternatives (physical planningof a clusterof borewells) v4.2 Mitigating measures vi

5. Description of the environment, autonomous development and impacts vii5.1 Physicalenvironment vii5.2 Socioeconomicenvironment viii5.3 InstitutIonal environment viii

6. Comparison of the impacts of the intended activity and Its alternatives lx

7. Remaining gaps in knowledge and, monitoring and evaluation lx

8. Representativeness of the pilot EIA studies x

1. INTRODUCTION

Problemanalysisandproject objectivesThe EIS shouldcontain:• ananalysisof theconstraintsfor increasingagriculturalproduction and improving the living

conditionsof the smallandmarginalfarmers;• the rationaleof theprojectrelativeto the analysisof constraints;• a defInitionof the objectivesof theproposedactivitiesto enablethe Identification andformu-

lation of alternativesandto furnish criteria for monitoringandevaluation.

2. PROJECTSETTING

Policiesand legislationThe EIS shoulddescribeNationalandStatepolicies,laws,rulesand regulationsconcerningthepro-posedproject, I.e. in the field of water resourcesand(In-Igated)agriculture.

Institutional settingTheEIS should:• describethe institutional framework (organizations and institutionswhich are dealingwith

waterresourcesandagriculture,in the governmental,non governmentalandprivate sector)at the stateanddistricts level andat mandal level as far as relevant, Including competentauthoritiesdirectly involved In the executionof the project andthe control of the executedworks; the Interrelationsbetweenthe different institutesshouldbe Indicated;

• indicatewhethermstitutesandorganizationsInvolved In theproject havecapacities(In staffquantity andquality) andpoliciesto dealadequatelywith environmentalIssues.

3. APPROACH OF THE STUDY AND SITE SELECTION

3.1 Approach of the study

Considering that the current framework of EIS review Is drafted after the Project DocumentandtheEIS Itself wasprepared.the executionof the EIS shouldat leastfulfIll the following threesteps:

1. Decisionon delineationof the projectareaA selectionof the districtsIn which the projectIs to be carriedout.This Is a policy decisionbasedon the projectsobjectiveto concentrateon smallandmarginal farmers.Criteria arethesocioeconomicconditionsofthedistricts,theavailabilityof groundwaterandtheexistingIrriga-tion facifities. A practicalcriterlum maybe the desireto chooseadjoiningdistricts.PerdistrIcta roughestimationof thenumberof wells to be establishedshouldbe made.

2. Potentiallocationsfor borewell clustersTheprojectareais mappedbasedon smallscaletopographicmapsof the Surveyof India anddivided Into homogeneousregionsin respectto geohydrologyandgroundwater,topography,ecology,socioeconomicconditions,agriculturalconditions,availableIrrigationfacifitiesandsoilconservation.Basedonthesemapspotentialareasfortheestablishmentof clustersareidenti-fied.

• In two potentialareasaclustershouldbe selected.Criteriafor selectionaredescribedin §3.2. A detailedpilot EIS should be can-ledout for two clusterswhich areconsideredto betypical for the projectarea.

• A summaryof all otherpromisingpotentialareasshouldbepresentedIn the EIS.• In threeotherpotentialareasaclustershouldbeidentifiedfor whicharapid EIA will bepre-

pared.A detailedmethodologyfor a rapid EIA Is to be developedIn the framework of thisstudy.

3. SItespecificEISTwo detailedpilot EIAs shouldbeelaborated.For eachof thetwo selectedclustersites,controlsitesshould be found in the samepotentialarea.Eachof the two pilot cluster-EISsitesaresubjectof detailedstudy, first the potentialsitewheretheborewells will be Installedandse-condly the control site In which borewells havebeenInstalledalreadyseveralyearsago.Thecontrol site will actasareferenceto measurewhetherthe (expected)projectImpactsareare-sultof borewell installationorfrom otherdevelopments(aswell). The physicalandsocloecono-mical conditionsof prospectedclustersite andcontrol sitesshouldbe comparable.

Theguidelinespresentedin chapters4, 5, 6, 7 and8 shouldbeusedfor the preparationof the pilotEJAs.The CommissionrecommendsthisapproachsinceIt holdstheopinionthat it Isnot possibleandnotusefulto makeacompleteInventoryof potentialclustersitesfor the entireprojectareawithin thescopeof this study.

Consideringthefact thattheAPWe11sprojectwasalreadyapprovedandtheprojectIsproceeding,theabovethree-stepapproachseemspractical. Step1 hasalreadybeentaken.Step2 hasnot beenmade,but Is neededto aniveatasystematicwayof Identificationof the mostpromisingareasforborewell installation.Step3 haspartlybeentaken,sincetwo detailedpilot ElAs havebeenprepared,but the questionhow to deal with the environmentalImpactson othercluster areasstill remainsopen.

A nextstepIs the Identification of indivIdual borewell sites.However,actualborewell site selectionis not within theframeworkof this study,alsonot on pilot basis.Concerningborewell siteselectiononly the proceduresandcriteria for site selectionareto be covered

Theproceduretobe followed by fannerswhoareInterested in the Installationof aborewell(s)shouldbe elaborated.

Appendix4. pageU

Sustalnability’

To realizethelongterm objectiveof theproject,whichIsmentionedin § 1.1, it is necessaryto makeclearin theEISwhatIsmeantwith sustainableandenvironmentallysoundInterventionsandwhichwill be the consequencesfor the projectimplementation.Thereforeconditionsfor the selectionofpotential sites and conditions for the implementation of Irrigationschemes(e.g.numberofborewells,locationanddesignof schemeset cetera)shouldbedefinedfor eachclusterof borewells, becausethe physical-,socioeconomic-andInstitutional conditionsmaydiffer per site.

3.2 Site selectionfor bore well clusters

The EIS should:• Motivate the selection of the seven districtsin AP wheretheprojectwIll operateandthedistri-

butionof the 5400borewells over thesesevendistricts.Motivationmaybein partsocioecono-mic andtechnical,but will be stronglyguidedby policy considerations,I.e. povertyalleviation.If so, thispolicy hasto be explained.

• Motivate the conceptof clusteringborewells.• Provide the criteria to be appliedfor clusterselection.The Itemsmentionedbelowareto be

addressedandotheritemsmaybeaddedwhereneeded.Thecriteriaandtheirnumericalvaluesareto bedrawnup for eachdistrict separately.

Cluster selectioncriteriaThe following itemsshouldbeaddressedwhendrafting selectioncriteria for clusters.Criteriashouldbegiven aridtheir importanceranked.Criteriamentioned areprovisional:duringthecourseoftheprojectcriteriaandvaluesof criteriamayhavetobeadaptedwhenexperienceisgained.

Sizecommandarea• minimum commandareawhich shouldbe available;• contiguousness of bore well commands.

Phystcalconditions• groundwateravailability (to checkif theminimumnumberof borewellscanbe installed):cur-

rentexploitationaccordingto the classificationof the Departmentof GroundwaterperMandal(“white, greyor black”), minimumdischargepertubewell allowed,availabilityof the minimumallowabledischargewithin anacceptabledrilling depth(30-80meters),long-termequilibriumbetweenwithdrawalandrecharge,local effectson the groundwaterlevel;

1 To definesustalnabiiitythe Commission recommends to makeuseof the following definitions

Sustainable land usedevelopmentcan be defined as the developmentof land usesystems that meet theneedsofthepresentpopulations without causingenvirorinientaldegradationandconsequentlossofecosys-tem production potential In such a way that theselandusesystemscanbemaintainedwith the meansofthesepopulations determinedby the limitations of their socio-economlcenvironment This definition canbe split up Into

• Ecoloflical sustalnability impliesthat land Is usedIn such awaythat productionlevels(output) canbemain-tainedfor actual andfuturepopulations,without causingenvironmentaldegradationand consequentlossof ecosystemproduction potential.

• Soclo-cultural sustalnabilityof an activity (e.g useof land) meansthat such an activity cancontinue to becarried out andsupportedby a specific target group by their ownmeansandwithin the limitations setbytheir soclo-economicenvironment, also whenoutside support from developmentorganlsationshasceasedor been limited to an Importantextent (sowithout aneverlastingsubsidizedexternalinput).

• Economic sustalnabifity Is defined asthe maximum flow of income that could be generatedwhile at leastmaintaining the stock of assets(capital) which yield thesebenefits.

Appendix4, pagelii

• groundwaterquality: occurrence of salinegroundwater, fluoride content;• wells: number of wells per subcatchment,successrate of well drilling in the area;• topography: maximumallowableslopes,allowablelandlevelling requIrements;• hydrologicalcondition: drainagecondition(percolationof the subsoil,naturaldrainagechan-

nels), incidenceof waterloggingandflooding, minimumdepthof post-monsoongroundwaterlevel;

• soil: rockiness,soil texture,occurrenceof usar(sodicsoils), soil salinity.

InfrastructureandfactUtlesavailable• allowabledistanceofthe clusterto the 11 Ky electricitygrid;• poweravailability In thearea(I) yearlymean,in hoursper day(II) during critical croppingpe-

riods, particularlyIn Rabi;• availablesparecapacityof thesub-stationcoveringthe prospectedcluster;• distanceto thenearesturban area;• distanceoftheareafrom metalledroadsandavallabffityandqualityof unmetalledroadsto and

In the clusterarea;• presenceof othersourcesof Irrigationsupply, notablypubliccanalsystemsandtanksystems;• availabilityof maps,particularlyair photos,toposheets1:50.000andchadarsheets16” to the

mile.

Socioeconomicconditions• percentage smallandmarginal farmersof the total numberof Interestedfarmers;• percentage of the land to be Irrigatedowned by smallandmarginalfarmers;• percentage female headed households of the total numberof interestedfarmers;• percentagescheduledcastesandscheduledtribesof the total numberof interestedfarmers2• ownership of the lands to be Irrigated;• economic dependence on agriculture;• cultivation of the land to be Irrigated by the landowners.

Particular conditions• experienceof the local peoplewith watershedmanagement;• possibilitiesof artificial rechargeIn the area:• willingness of the localpopulation to join in suchaprogramme;• on-goinglandconsolidationprogrammes;• possiblejoint operationswith otherprojects/programmes,e.g.erosioncontrol,salinitycontrol.

2 Femaleheadedhouseholds,small and marginal farmerset cetera, have to definedclearly

AppendIx4, pageiv

4. DEvELoPMENTOF ALTERNATIVES AND MITIGATING MEASURES

4.1 Developmentof alternatives(physicalplanningof a cluster of bore wells)

If apotentialsite/villagefor the Installationof aclusterof borewells Is selectedthe following proce-dureshouldbe applied:The numberof borewells to beconstructedshouldbemotivatedIn the contextof sustainable

useof groundwater.Sustainableuseof groundwateris apreconditionwhich limit the scopeof theIntendedactivityandmeansextractionmaynot exceed(natural)rechargeandno irrever-siblechangeIn quality mayoccur.

2. The needs of the beneficiary farmers (categorized Into socioeconomicgroups)shouldbeinven-toried. Specialattentionshouldbe given to womerisneeds.

3. Basedontheneeds,alternatives(e.g. location,design,construction,maintenanceandmanage-ment)for oneclusterof borewells/irrigationschemesshouldbeworkedout, togetherwith thebeneficiaryfarmerswho arefully participatingIn thIsprocess.

Forasustainableuseof the Irrigatedland/landuse,conditionsshouldbe defined.Thesecon-ditionslimit thescopeof thealternativesto be elaborated.TheselectionanddelineationoftheIndividual borewithin aclustershouldallow for considerationson physicalandsocialaspects(selection criteria for bore wells per cluster):

Physicalaspects• wateravailability (to definethe maximumnumberof borewells);• averagesizeof holdings;• the fields in the commandareashouldbe adjoining;• crossingswith metalledroads;• local topography and soil conditions, local risks of erosion, salinization;• othersourcesof irrigation supply(canals,tanks,otherborewells)andthe reliability of li-ri-

gation supply;• minimum distanceof the well to anotherwell;• minimumdistanceto otherwells to avoid possEblelocal impact;

nearbydomesticwatersupplyhandpumps. India Mark II (withdrawingat 30 - 35 me-ters) andtraditionalpumps(reachingto 6- 8 meters);openwells;shallow(8 — 10 meters)boreholeswith dieselsetsfor Irrigation purposes;private electrictubewells (depthapproximately).

Socioeconomicaspects• minimumnumberof landowners;• presenceof landowners,I.e. not living abroador In otherpartsof thecountry;• the maximumpercentageof the total commandareaownedby onelandowner;• willingnessof thelandownersto cooperatewith eachotherandthe project;• willingnessto declaretheborewell site to becommunalland;• willingnessto contributeapercentageofthe constructioncosts;thispercentageisto bepre-

determinedby the project;• willingnessto participatein formal andinformalwaterusersassociation/farmerscoopera-

tive/anyothersuitable legal entity which ensurestheusersgroupa legalbasis;• willingnessto ensureadequateO&M afterhandingoverof thewell byAPSIDC to thefarmers

group.

AppendIx 4, page v

AlternativesIn thissectionIdeaswifi bepresentedfor the developmentof alternatives.The opportunitiesfor developmentof alternativesaresetby the (pre)conditons.• Location;

anInventoryshouldbe madeof possiblelocationsof borewells andIrrigatedfields.• Design andconstruction;• Management(operation& maintenance);

cropsgrown andsizeof Irrigation areamethodsof surfaceIrrigationsectoralwater(quantity)managementintegratedwatermanagementat clustervillageandwatershedlevelmethodsimprovingthe efficiency of waterusecontrol of pestsanddiseases

• Otherin theprojectdocumentIsstatedthattheborewellswill be suppliedbypublic electricity.Whatare the possibilitiesfor otherformsof (sustainable) energy supply, e.g. diesel setsor solarenergy?Infiltration (artificIal recharge)improvingmeasureslike e.g. terracing,checkdams,con-tour bundingat field level, cluster andwatershedlevel.

4. The alternativeshaveto bediscussedin aworkshopwithin andbetween the distinguishedbe-neficiarysocIoeconomicgroups(separatelyformenandwomen).To overcomepotentialconflictsaboutthe useof resources,it Is Importantthatnon-beneficiaryvillagersarerepresentedattheworkshops.

4.2 MItigating measures

The EIS shoulddescribemitigatingmeasuresto preventor reducenegativeenvironmentalimpactsinwhichbothsocioeconomicandinstitutionalaspectsareconsideredto ensurethattheprojectacti-vitiesbenefitthetargetgroup,menaswell aswomen.Moreover,mitigatingmeasuresshouldbe des-cribed to preventor reducenegativeeffects on non-beneficiaries.Existingknowledgesystemsandtechniquesusedbymenandwomenshouldbe considered,for exampleIn the field of waterandsoilconservation.

Mitigating measuresto preventor reducenegativeenvironmentaleffects of the project should bedescribed.

AppendIx4, pagevi

5. DEscRIPTIoN OF THE ENVIRONMENT, AUTONOMOUS DEVELOPMENTANDIMPACTS

Prevailing condition of the environmentTheprevailingconditionof theenvironment(with enviromnentIs meant,thenaturalandsocIoecono-mic environment)in thestudyarea(currentsituation)shouldbedescribedasfar asrelevantfor theforecastingof the impactsof theIntendedactivity or alternatives.This meansthat theexistingen-vironmentalconditionin the studyareashouldbedescribedfor aspectsasmentionedIn this chap-ter. Thestudy areais not fixed anddiffers for the variousImpacts.

AutonomousdevelopmentThe developmentof the environmentof thestudyareashouldbedescribedIn casethe intendedac-tivity will not beexecuted.Theinformationaboutthe autonomousdevelopmentof the environmentis importantto getclearwhatthe contributionof the Irrigation schemeswill beIn relationto theex-pectedfuturedevelopment.Theagriculturaldevelopmentandbroaderchangesin useandmanage-mentof naturalresourcesshouldbe describedtounderstandbetterpossibledevelopmentsIn irriga-tedagriculturedueto projectactivities.Different effectsof changesandtrendsfor womenandmenshouldbe Indicated.

Impacts of the intended activity andits alternativesThe way impactsaredescribedandmeasuredshouldbe motivated.Expectedimpactscanbepre-dictedby making useof the occurreddevelopmentsatthe control sites.It shouldbenoticedhowfarimpacts areirreversIble, temporarilyor permanentandIn how far cumulationoccurs.Negativeaswell aspositiveimpactsanddirect andindirect (Induced)impactsshouldbe described.

The Commissionasksattentionfor the following aspects.All theaspectsarementionedonceandifrelevanttheyshouldbedescribedfor thecurrentsituation,theautonomousdevelopmentandfortheImpacts.

c = thecurrentsituation/ prevailingconditionof the environmenta = theautonomousdevelopmentI = impactsof the intendedactivitiesandits alternatives

= meansno descriptionaskedfor

5.1 PhysIcalenvironment

Describe:ci.!. • The geologyandmorphologyof thestudyarea.c/a/i • Thewaterbalanceof the village(s),watershed(If possible)wherethe clusterof borewells is

situated.c/a/i • The availability via shallowwells, bore wells et ceteraandsuitability of groundwaterfor

domesticandagriculturalpurposes.c/a/. • Thesoil conditions.c/a/i • Thequality of thesoil, surface-andgroundwai:er.c/a/i • Ecosystemsandtheircharacteristicfloraandfauna,Identificationofvulnerableecosystems,

environmentallyvaluableareasandprotectedareas(dehydration).

AppendIx 4, page vii

5.2 Socioeconomicenvironment

Describe:c/a/I • Demographicsituation;total population,density,growth,pressureon land,migration, dif-

ferentiatedaccordingto caste,ethnicgroupandgender,percentageof female-headedhouse-holds (de facto,dejure)per district,mandalandof the villageswherethe selectedpotentialsitesarelocated.

c/a/i • Major typesof activities, of menandwomen, In the village.c/a/I • Socioeconomicgroupsin thevillagesin termsof landownershIpandmain sourceof Income

(own land, agriculturallabour,migration, formal/informal employmentetcetera);Indicatewhetherthe majority aremenor women.

c/a/I • Landusepatterns(presentedIn maps),indicatingtheareaandwhichsocioeconomicgroupsmen/womenmakeuseof thenatural resources.

c/a/i • The useof thenaturalresources(renewableandnon-renewable)regardingtherelationbe-tweenexploitationlevel andcarryingcapacity.Thiscanbedefinedasoneof under-exploit-ation, equilibriumor over-exploitation.

c/a/i • Agricultural situation;crops,indIcatingwhethercertaincropsaregender-related,croppingpatterns,production,subsistence-cashorientation.HYV-low externalInputorientation,app-lication of waterandsoil conservationtechniques,livestock.

Health, describe:c/a/I • Health situationandfacilities: availability of safedrinkingwater,treatmentanddischarge

of sewage,occurrenceofwaterborn diseasesin particular: malaria,filarlas(sandJapaneseencephalitis.

c/./. • Healthhazardsassociatedwith the projectbasedon healthrecordsatdistrict, mandalandvillage level.

• HealthrisksIncluding the following considerations:communityvulnerability; Identifysocioeconomicgroupswithin thecommunityto beaffec-tedby theprojectandassessthenature,magnitudeandlikelihood of exposure;estimatethe prevalencerate of eachhazardfrom healthrecordsand/oraspecialsurvey;environmentalfactors;considerthe environmentalfactorsandtheIr magnitudethatmaycontributeto achangeof healthrisk;capabilityof protectionagencies;establishthe capabilitiesof existingprotectionagencies,suchasthe environmentalandhealthagencies,changeIn food Intakeandfood habits.

5.3 Institutional environment

Describe:

c/a/i • Informalandformal organizationsof menandwomenIn thevillagehavingcontroloverna-tural resourcessuchaswater,land, forestet cetera.

c/a/i • Availability of facilities/Infrastructure:roads,transport,power,market,agriculturalInputs(shops),extension,education,servicesandsupportingNGOs/GOs.

AppendIx4, pageviii

6. CoMPARIsoN OF THEIMPACTS OF THE INTENDED ACTWITY AND ITS ALTERNATIVES

A comparisonshouldbe madefor everypilot EIA betweerLthe expectedImpactof developedalterna-tivesof thepotentialsitewith theexistingsituation(eventuallyIncludingautonomousdevelopment).To control the expectedimpactsuseshouldbemadeof control siteswhereborewells andschemesareInstalledseveralyearsago.

7. REMAINING GAPS IN KNOWLEDGE AND, MONITORING AND EVALUATION

A monitoringplanshouldbe developedIn order to be ableto comparethe predictedimpactwith theactuallyoccurrIngImpact.It shouldbe investigatedwhetherthe actual;environmentalImpactsaremorepositive/moreseriousorlesspositive/lessseriousthanthepredicted environmentalimpactandwhetherfuture measuresshouldbetaken.It shouldbeclearwhich organisationsarecapableto exe-cute the monitoring.The following parametersareimportantto monitor:

Groundwaterquantity and quality• groundwater levels;• well capacities;• salinity;• fluoride content;• nitrate content.

Soil• input-output analyses (seeds, fertilizer, pesticides,labour et ceteraversusyields andrevenue);• assessment of the typesandareasof cropsgrown;• theIrrigatedarea;• the waterloggedarea;• areaaffectedby salinization;• irrigation efficiency.

Socioeconomicaspects(to be d~fferent1atedaccording to socioeconomicgroupsandgender):• accessto andcontrol overwaterfrom borewell;• accessto andcontrol over O&M of the borewell;• accessto anduseof safedrinkingwater;• changesin Income;• changesin cropscultivated;• changesIn croppingpatterns;• changesin landuseactivities;• changes in access to Irrigated land;• accessto anduseof extension and otherservicesfrom the project(NGO/GO);• extentof womenandmenmigratingfrom andto the villages;• changesIn womensworkload;• changesIn genderdivision of labour;• formation and existence of women groups/organlsauons;• nutritional stateof womenandchildren.

Public health• useof pesticidesandImpactson health;• occurrence of (water borne) diseases (malaria,diarrhoeaet cetera);• (infant) child mortality rate.

Appendix4, pagelx

Biotic environment(asfar as relevant)• occurrence pests and diseases;• availability of forest products (fuel et cetera).

8. REPRE5ENTATIVENESSOF TILE PILOT EIA STUDIES

A comparisonshould bemadebetweenthe Impactsof all pilot studies.It should becomeclearatwhich aspects/impactstheyarecomparableanddifferentiate,andhowthis canbe explained.

Appendix4, page x

APPENDIX 5.1

Observations in supportof the recommendations

This appendixconsistsof:• Informationto underlinethe recommendationsaspresentedin chapter3;• recommendations of lower order than the ones presented in chapter3;• technicalremarksandexamplesof sustainableagriculturalpractices,on requestof theAPWe11

project teamin Hyderabad.

Structureof this appendix Page

1. Site selection I1.1 Criteriaandproceduresof clustersite selection I1.2 Clusteringof borewells

2. Implementation at site level ii2.1 PhysicalenvIronment I~i

2.1.1 Presentavallabffity of groundwater 112.1.2 Futureavailability of groundwater iii

2.2 SocIoeconomicenvironment lv2.2.1 Farmersparticipation Iv2.2.2 Farmers(women’s)needs v2.2.3 Landownership vi2.2.4 IrrigatIon efficiency vi2.2.5 Technicalirrigation aspects vii2.2.6 Sustainableagriculture vii2.2.7 Healthaspects Ix

2.3 Institutional environment lx2.3.1 Governmentpolicy lx2.3.2 RechargeImproving measures x2.3.3 Waterusersgroups x2.3.4 The quality of electricitysupply xl2.3.5 Borewell maintenance xli2.3.6 Trainingandextension xli2.3.7 Institutional linkages xli2.3.8 Institutional capacitiesandroles expectedof implementing xiii

organizations

3. Monitoring and evaluation xlv3.1 Database xiv3.2 AnalysIsandevaluations xlv3.3 Rechargestudies3.4 TrainIngandImplementation XV3.5 Socioeconomicaspects xvi3.6 Borewell Irrigation3.7 Watershedmanagement xvii3.8 InstItutional linkages xvii

1. SITE SELECTION

1.1 Criteria andproceduresof cluster site selection

The selectionof suitablesites for groundwater developmentIsbasedon the 1:50.000geomorphologl-cal maps,which Is a joint product of 1:50.000topographicmaps and the interpretation of remotesensingimages.The preliminaryconclusionsare checkedduring field visits on the Inventory of openwells andborewells, andby the observationof geologicalfeatures.

TheCommissionadvisesto focuson areaswhereno or lithe groundwaterdevelopmenthasbeendonesofar. Becausethereare no opportunitiesfor installation of aclusterof borewells in areas!water-shedswerethereIsasituationof equilibrium(withdrawa]= recharge)or overexploltation(withdrawal> recharge) of groundwater.

As alreadystatedbefore,groundwateravailabifity, possibilitiesfor artificial rechargeandsocioecono-mic conditionsshouldbe themain criteria for clusterselection.However,otherelementsshouldbeconsideredaswell, lIke:• electricityposition, i.e.distanceof theclusterto powerlines, itslocationalongthatline, estimated

poweravailabifity in the area(annualmean- in hoursperday- andduringcritical croppingpe-riods), availablesparecapacItyof thesub-stationcoveringthe prospectedcluster;

• topography, i.e. maximumslopes,landlevelling requirements;• soil, i.e. rockiness,soil texture, occurrenceof usar (sodicsoils), soil salinity;• roads, I.e. distance of the area from metalled roads andavallabifity andquality of unmetalled

roadsto andin the clusterarea;• othersourcesof irrigation supply,notablypublic canalsystemsandtanksystems.

1.2 Clustering of bore wells

The borewellsareproposedto be clustered,theamountof borewells In oneclusterdependinguponlocalconditions,suchas:availabilityof groundwatersuitablelocations,interestof farmers,availabi-lity of electncityandotherrelevantfactors.APSIDChasexperiencewith clusteringandtheCommis-sion supportsthis approachfor a numberof reasons:• electricitysupplyIseasierandlesscostlyarranged;better arrangements canbemadewithAPSEB

in case of bore well clustering than in case bore wells arescattered;• agriculturalandwatermanagementextensionwill be moreeffectiveIn viewof the limited staffre-

sourcesof the involveddepartmentsandthe project;• clusteringcoincideswell with measuresfor rechargeandwatershedmanagement;• practicalprojectImplementationconsiderations.

2. IMPLEMENTATION AT SITE LEVEL

2.1 Physicalenvironment

2.1.1 Presentavailability of groundwater

Fromanenvironmentalpoint of view, thedevelopmentspointclearly to anon-sustaineduseof thegroundwaterresourcesin largepartsof thecultivatedareaof thedistrictsin thestudyarea.The de-clining water levelsandyields of mostof the bore wells,associatedwith reducedyields indicatethemagnitudeof the problem.It Is evidentthat the withdrawal exceedsthe natural recharge and thatmining of the water resource takes place.

The assumedrechargerates(without properwatershedmanagement)in the projectdocumentsareon the optimistic sideandare notbasedon actualfield studiesIn thevarioushydrogeologicregionsof theprojectarea.Thesefield studiesshouldconsiderthewellsaslocatedin hydrotopes’,i.e. natu-ral associationsof geomorphology,lithology, soils andland cover/parcel characteristics of micro-catchmentsin orderto assestherecharge.It maybe expectedthattherechargerateswithoutwater-shedmanagementare in the orderof 5 — 15 per cent of the annualrainfall, dependingon local con-ditionsandtemporalrainfall distribution.Examplesof thevartabifityof some‘hydrotopes’in thepro-ject areaare givenin appendIx5.2.

The situation of some30 years ago, when irrigation was practised from open, shallow, hand dugwells, maywell reflect asustaineduse,in whichwithdrawalequalledthe naturalrecharge.Studiesusingold aerialphotographshavedemonstratedthat the irrigatedareasgenerallyvariedfrom 1.2to 3.85hectaresperwell In thevarioushydrotopes(‘landscapes”in the tableof figure 5 of appendix5.2). Exceptin ‘productive’ hydrotopes,suchasthosefound on the Vempalli Dolomitesandmarls,the Irrigatedareaswerenot contiguousoverlargeareasandgenerallyweresurroundedby rechargeareasof appreciablesize (seeappendix5.2). In the Vempalli rock zonethe openwells had a depthof 4 to 6 meters;the first boreholeshave beendrilled till some 45 meters,Irrigating about2.5hectares, while now drilling till 80 or 90 meters occurs (with a — asyet — exceptionaldepthof 200meters).The limited depthsof the traditional openwells preventedoverdraftsduring low raInfallyears,when— of course— decreasedcropyields occurred.

Theabovefiguresmaybe consideredasthelower limit of the sizesIrrigatedareas,becausewith borewells a larger part of the saturatedzone canbe used,hencethe buffering capacity (or carry-over ef-fect) improves. Furthermore,properlysitedbore-wellswill haverelativelyhigh yieldsandthuslargerrechargeareas,reducingthe costsof operationperunit of Irrigatedarea.However,only amarginalIncreaseof the irrigatedacreageundersustaineduseshouldbe expectedunlessproperstudieswillprove otherwise,particularly In view of theeffectsof waterconservationin therechargeareas,whichare poorly known asyet. It Is difficult to estimatewhatthesize of the irrigatedareaperwell will beon asustainedbasis.Thiswill dependon theeffectivenessof watershedmanagement,apartfrom thelargespatialvariations,dueto geomorphology,lithologyandrainfall. Someexamplesof the latteraregiven in appendix5.2.

Thereare still many areasIn the project districtswith an under-utilizationof groundwater,andwheredevelopmentcouldoccurin asustainedmanner.Theknowledgeof identifyingsuchareasandthe evaluationof thehydrotopesis present(APRSAC/APSIDC/APGroundwaterDepartment!Regio-nal CentreCGWB). It canbe expectedthat mostof suchareaswill havewell yields belowtheave-ragedyield of all wellsquotedIn thedocumentspertainingto theAPWe11project.It shouldberemem-beredthatthe quotedaveragedyields pertainto anon-sustainablesituation.

AppendIx5.1,pageII

Theprojectdocumentsdo not mentionthepresenceof certainzonesIn theCuddapah Basin, whereimportantwell yields canbeexpected,suchasalongthe Gani-Kalawafundamentalfault zone,theRudravaramzoneor thedowndippartof the PaniarnquartzitesbelowNandyalshaleset cetera(seegeologicalmap,appendix8). Geophysicsanddetailedfield investigationsarerequiredfor well loca-tion, andcareshouldbetakennot to affectthedischargesof the existingspringsandthewaterlevelof the coconutgroves.

Thepresentpatternof groundwaterdevelopmentmaywell reflectroughlythe availability of wateratthetimeof drilling. Theareasto be selectedbytheprojectmaybelesspromisingfrom agroundwaterpoint of view, andtheymaybe remotefrom servicesand electricitybut such areasgenerallyhavepoorerfanners.In ordertoascertainasustainablegroundwateruse,aflexible approachtowardsthetargetof 3 hectaresmaybeadopted.Someof thepotentialareasareneartheforestsandduecareshouldbe takenthat theforest landsarenot affected.

All theseconsiderationsshouldbe includedIn the Master Plans (see chapter 3). However,It Isbelie-ved thatfor the MasterPlanthereis yet insufficient knowledgeconcerningthe actualareasunderIrrigation andthedrafts, the amountandthe availability In time of the surfacewater,aswell astherechargewith Its spatialvariations. Studiesof theseaspectsshouldprecedethe formulationof theplan.

Theestimatesfor rechargemadein theprojectdocumentsarebasedon crudeguidelinesandarenotsupportedby properstudiesin theprojectdistrictsItself. Moreover,the figurespertainto rocktypeonly, while it is knownthatin hard rockterrain, thegeomorphology,rainfall distributionandlandcovermayovershadowtheeffects of rock properties.

2.1.2 Future availability of groundwater

TheCommissionfinds thatthepresentdevelopmentof groundwate