8.0 WATER QUALITY€¦ · Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2012), Geology and Geotechnical Reports (prepared by Emay

AECOM Final Report Environment

Final ESIA 2 August 2013

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8.0 WATER QUALITY

8.1 Introduction

This chapter of the ESIA presents the findings of the assessment of impacts of the Project on water quality and hydrology. It provides a detailed description of the existing water environment conditions including surface water courses, and water quality.

In addition, it predicts the potential impacts of construction and operation of the scheme may have on water quality features and identifies mitigation to be incorporated into the construction and design of the scheme. The potential impacts during construction activities are generally short – term impacts, on the other hand, the impacts during operational and development activities may be permanent. There are mitigation measures that decrease the impact or prevent the impact and these are discussed in this chapter.

Residual Impacts, that are likely to remain after mitigation measures have been put in place, have been identified and assessed.

In the scope of project, water quality sampling study and survey has been realized with ARTEK Mühendislik Çevre Ölçüm ve Danışmanlık Hizmetleri Ltd. Şti. as subcontractor. Following a preliminary desktop study by AECOM, ARTEK officials were accompanied by AECOM‟s engineers for the water sampling study. The field activities during this visit include identification of potentially important locations for the baseline study and collection of water samples from identified sampling locations. During this study, a total of 20 locations were sampled.

Note that only terrestrial (freshwater) impacts are discussed in this chapter. Impact on the marine environment including the Bosphorus itself is not considered as the Project is not intended to impinge directly on marine waters.

8.2 Approach and Methods

8.2.1 Scope of Assessment

The geographical scope of the assessment is based on the route of the proposed scheme and any water courses it may impact in the vicinity of the works, which includes sections up and downstream of each water course discussed.

The magnitude and significance of impacts on the surface water environment that are predicted both during the construction period and, in the longer term, during the operational period are evaluated in this chapter. The impacts predicted during the operational period of the project are referred to as long term or “permanent”, for the purposes of this project.

In summary, this chapter:

Identifies all surface water bodies near to the proposed route; Considers the potential for impacts on the surface water environment arising from the proposed

development; and Describes options for the mitigation of impacts on the surface water environment.



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8.2.2 Subcontractor Services

In the scope of baseline surface water monitoring program, ARTEK was charged with conducting the sampling study and preparing a factual report presenting the analysis of the sampling survey. Following a preliminary desktop study by AECOM, ARTEK officials were accompanied by AECOM engineer Mert Onursal Çatak in water sampling study. The field activities during this visit include identification of potentially important locations for the baseline study and collection of water samples from identified sampling locations. Also during the site activities, identified locations are photographed and some of them are presented in photolog which is available in the Appendix 8-2.

During surface water monitoring studies, a total of 20 locations are sampled by ARTEK under the guidance of AECOM. Each sampling locations were sampled with 5 HDPE containers (a total of 3.75 liters for each sample) for the mentioned analyses. The detailed report and table regarding the sampling bottle and preservations and the field equipment list which was used during the field activities is given in Appendix 8-3 and Appendix 8-4.

8.2.3 Identification of Baseline Conditions

Baseline conditions have been established via a detailed desktop study and review of relevant subject reports; including Hydrologic Survey Report (Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2012), Geology and Geotechnical Reports (prepared by Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2012-2013). Where such information has been available, the desktop study has included the following:

Hydrological Survey Study which includes the details of water quality and sensitivity of any surface water bodies which may be influenced by the site or activities on the site,

Culvert Sizing, Planned Culvert Types, Existing Infrastructures, Hydrogeological Survey which includes the details of aquifers in the vicinity of the site and their

level of vulnerability, Istanbul Environmental Plan, Hydrology Map of the Project.

There are no monitoring activities for surface water at this level; however, after the desktop study and site reconnaissance it was decided that the monitoring study for existing surface water bodies should be conducted within the scope of this report. Hence, surface water locations, which were defined as the first priority for the project site, were sampled. This sampling study was carried out in 3rd – 4th of April 2013.

8.2.4 Approach to Assessment

The assessment follows the guidance set out in the related regulations listed in Section 8.3.1. and IFC General EHS Guidelines. In assessing the significance of potential impacts on the water environment the following key factors are considered:

Identification of the water environment attributes that could be affected by the scheme and an evaluation of their importance or sensitivity;

Identification of potential impacts and estimation of their magnitude;



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The likelihood of a potential impact occurring based on a scale of certain, likely or unlikely; and The significance of the predicted effects.

The significance of impacts on surface watercourses has been assessed using the impact definitions as discussed below. The methodology used to assign impact scores has been based upon a qualitative assessment approach. Effects have been assessed by predicting the changes that would be caused by the construction and operation of the scheme in relation to the baseline situation.

8.2.4.1 Receptors

Surface water receptors along the Project alignment include rivers and water courses, ponds and catchment areas associated with dams (Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II) supplying drinking water to the Istanbul area. All of these receptors are vulnerable to physical disturbance, for example from construction of the road and any river crossings, introduction of pollutants, including sediment, to rivers that will affect their water quality, which in turn will affect their ecology and economic importance, or contamination of runoff that may eventually reach drinking water supplies.

In terms of this assessment the most vulnerable surface water resource are those that the Project route crosses directly. In addition, where the route passes through the catchment areas of rivers and lakes then these water bodies may be vulnerable during construction and operational phases.

The criteria used to define the importance or sensitivity of water environment attributes are described below.

Table 8-1 Receptor Sensitivity Criteria

Importance Criteria Typical Examples

Very High Attribute has a high quality and rarity on regional or national scale

Water quality is Class I, High quality water and/or the water body forms part of the regional drinking water supply. Site is designated under a national level designation of protection.

High Attribute has a high quality and rarity on local scale

Water quality is Class II, slightly contaminated water and/or the water body forms part of the local drinking water supply. Site is designated under a local level designation of protection

Medium Attribute has a medium quality and rarity on local scale

Water quality is Class III, contaminated water.

Low Attribute has a low quality and rarity on local scale.

Water quality is Class IV, highly contaminated water.

8.2.4.2 Impact Magnitude

The impact magnitude considers the scale of the predicted change to baseline conditions resulting from a given effect, for example a major change in water quality. It also takes into account the duration of the effect; whether it is temporary, permanent or reversible.



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Table 8-2 Impact Magnitude Criteria

Magnitude Criteria

Highly Adverse Results in loss of attribute and/or quality and integrity of the attribute.

Moderately Adverse Results in effect on integrity of attribute, or loss of part of attribute.

Slightly Adverse Results in some measurable change in attributes quality or vulnerability

Negligible

Results in effect on attribute but of insufficient magnitude to affect the use or integrity.

Slightly Beneficial

Results in some beneficial effect on attribute or a reduced risk of negative effect occurring.

Moderately Beneficial Results in a moderate improvement of attribute quality.

Highly Beneficial Results in a major improvement of attribute quality.

8.2.4.3 Assessing Impact Significance

A predominantly qualitative approach has been taken to the determining the significance of the potential effects. The significance of effects is assessed on a seven point scale as shown below.

Table 8-3 Criteria for Assessing Impact Significance

Outcome Criteria for Assessment of Impact Significance

Major Beneficial Impact The proposal is predicted to result in very or highly significant improvements to water attribute(s) with insignificant adverse impacts on other water attributes.

Moderate Beneficial Impact

The proposal provides an opportunity to enhance the water environment, because it results in a moderate improvement for an attribute.

Minor Beneficial Impact

All other situations where the proposal provides an opportunity to enhance the water environment or provide an improved level of protection to an attribute.

Negligible The net impact of the proposal is neutral, because it has no appreciable effect, either positive or negative, on the identified attributes.

Minor Adverse Impact Where the proposal may result in a degradation of the water environment because it results in a predicted slight impact on one or more attributes.

Moderate Adverse Impact

The proposal may result in a degradation of the water environment, because it results in predicted moderate adverse impacts on at least one attribute.



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Outcome Criteria for Assessment of Impact Significance

Large Adverse Impact

The proposal may result in a degradation of the water environment, because it results in predicted highly significant adverse impacts on a water attribute and/or on several water attributes.

Adverse effects may be predicted where the scheme is considered to negatively affect the water environment baseline conditions, for example a reduction in water quality or an increase in flood risk. Adverse residual effects identified as minor or negligible are considered to be environmentally acceptable whilst residual impacts assessed as moderate or higher are considered to be significant.

Beneficial effects may be predicted where the proposed development is considered to result in an improvement to baseline conditions, for example a reduction in existing flood risk or an improvement in water quality. The significance of an effect is based on a combination of the sensitivity or importance of the receptor and the magnitude of that effect, as illustrated in the table below.

Table 8-4 Impact Assessment Matrix

Impact Magnitude

Sensitivity

Very High High Medium Low Negligible

High Major Major Moderate Moderate Minor

Medium Major Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible

Slight Moderate Moderate Minor Negligible Negligible

Negligible Minor Minor Negligible Negligible Negligible

The results of this assessment are presented as residual impacts; i.e. the impact remaining taking into account the mitigation measures that would be adopted through construction and operation of the Project. A hierarchical approach has been taken to developing mitigation measures i.e. to avoid, reduce or offset the impact. Mitigation has been developed based on current best practice and established standards and construction techniques.

8.3 Baseline Conditions

8.3.1 Relevant Legislation

The State Hydraulic Works (DSI) structured under the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs is the state agency responsible for the planning, management, development and operation of all water resources.

The freshwaters in Turkey are regulated by the laws and regulations listed below:

Environmental Law (No:2872) published in Official Gazette No: 18132, dated August 11, 1983; Groundwater Law (No:167) published in Official Gazette No:10688, dated December 23, 1960; Aquatic Products Law (No:1380) published in Official Gazette No:13799, dated April 4, 1971; Water Pollution Control Regulation published in Official Gazette No. 25687, dated December 31,

2004; Management of Surface Water Quality Regulation, Official Gazette No. 28483 dated 30.11.2012;



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Communiqué on Procedures and Principles for Determination of Special Provisions in Basins published in Official Gazette No. 27274, dated June 30, 2009; and

Aquatic Products Regulation published in Official Gazette No. 22223, dated March 10, 1995.

Management of Surface Water Quality Regulation (MSWQR) defines surface water quality classes and utilization purposes, planning principles and prohibitions concerning protection of water quality. According to the MSWQR, the surface water resources are classified into four classes.

Class I, High quality water: A water source regarded as a potential water supply for drinking after disinfection, recreational use (including body contact), trout propagation, animal production, and farming needs.

Class II, Slightly contaminated water: A water source regarded as a potential water supply for drinking after proper treatment, recreational use, propagation of fish other than trout, irrigation water if meets the irrigation water quality criteria.

Class III, Contaminated water: A water source that could be used for industrial water uses after appropriate treatment, except for those industries that require high quality water like food and textile industry.

Class IV, Highly Contaminated Water.

The Water Pollution Control Regulation (WPCR) sets protection zones for the drinking water reservoirs;

The absolute protection zone is a 300 m wide zone extending from the maximum water level of a drinking water reservoir. Housing and industrial activities are not allowed in this zone and expropriation shall be carried out in this zone.

The short-range protection zone is a 700 m wide zone extending from the boundaries of absolute protection zone. No residential areas, tourist and industrial facilities are allowed in this zone.

The medium-range protection zone is a 1,000 m wide zone extending from the boundaries of the short-range protection zone. No residential areas are allowed, yet summer houses with a maximum height of 6.5 m and total construction area of 250 m2 shall be permitted. No mining operations and industrial facilities are allowed in this zone.

The long-range protection zone is the ultimate watershed above the dam. In a 3,000 m wide zone extending from the boundaries of medium-range protection zone; industrial facilities producing no hazardous wastes and industrial waste waters are allowed in this zone.

When the boundaries of above mentioned protection zones cut across a catchment area of a drinking water reservoir, the protection zone ends at the catchment area boundary. The boundary of the protection zone then coincides with the catchment area boundary.

8.3.2 Surface Watercourses

8.3.2.1 Basins and Rivers

As described by the General Directorate of Renewable Energy (YEGM formerly known as EIE), Turkey has been divided into 25 major surface water basins and according to the Istanbul Environmental Status Report (2009), Istanbul District is located on two major basins called the Black Sea Basin to the north and the Marmara Basin to the south. The district does not have a major river basin system, but instead of that there are numerous small river basins. The Istranca River drains into Terkos Lake, the Karasu and Çakıl Rivers drain into Büyükçekmece Lake; the Sazlıdere, Nazlıdere, Nakkaş Rivers drain into Küçükçekmece



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Lake; the Çırpıcı, Ayamama Rivers drain into the Marmara Sea; the Alibey and Kağıthane Rivers drain into the Golden Horn; the Göksu and Küçüksu Rivers drain into the Bosphorus; the Riva, Türknil, Kabakoz, Göksu, ve Ağva (Yeşilçay) Rivers drain into the Black Sea. Thus; there are four different types of micro-basins in these two major basins:

The Marmara Sea Basin that includes small rivers flowing towards the Marmara Sea. The Black Sea Basin that includes small rivers flowing towards the Black Sea. The Bosphorus Basin that includes small rivers flowing towards the Bosphorus. Lake and Dam Basins that include small rivers flowing towards different lakes and dams.

Therefore there are large numbers of rivers that flow towards the Marmara Sea, the Black Sea, the Bosphorus, and natural lakes or dams. Flow rates of these rivers are irregular and some of the rivers dry up in summer seasons. For example, the Riva River Basin shows dendritic drainage pattern whereas the Çakıl River Basin has fault related linear drainage. Furthermore, eastern tributaries of Küçükçekmece Lake Basin reveal parallel drainage while the Ağva River Basin shows distorted karstic drainage pattern.

Each side of the Bosphorus displays an asymmetrical catchment area in terms of elevation differences and distribution of their disturbances. However, the overall tendency of the Çatalca-Kocaeli Plateau resembles a concave shape that has a major depression at the Bosphorus. Higher elevation points of the western side like Kocataş Hill and Belgrade Forest Region are located at the Black Sea Coasts while Çamlıca Hills, Kayış Hills, and Aydos Hills are located on the Marmara Sea coast. These conditions result partly because of young deformations and partly due to lithological dissimilarities. In fact, Çatalca Kocaeli Plateau was affected by young Alpine tectonism in a NW-SE direction and it formed an arch shape structure from the Belgrade Forest towards Aydos Hill. This arch shape structure affects slope and eventually flow regimes of rivers. Furthermore, most rivers in Çatalca Peninsula flow towards the Marmara Sea while significant amount of rivers in Kocaeli Peninsula flow towards the Black Sea.

Substantial rivers starting from west to east are the Istranca River, Karasu River, Çakıl River, Sazlıdere River, Nazlıdere River, Nakkaş River, Alibey River, Kağıthane River, Göksu River, Küçüksu River, Riva River, Türknil River, Kabakoz River, Göksu River and Ağva (Yeşilçay) River. Although these rivers have river bottom deposits the geography does not allow them to form large flat areas or plains.

Disregard of the district hydrological cycle and drainage networks for unplanned urbanization has caused periodic floods and overflows. According to the Municipality of Istanbul, drainage problems in the Istanbul district can be defined within two main categories comprising area problems and point problems. Area problems originate by over flow of excessive rainfall towards the outside of river beds. Point problems, however, originate from inadequate construction of bridge and highway cross sections, waste materials, sedimentation, or illegal urbanization in river beds that restrict floodplain capacity. There are different laws which try to organize flood control systems in the Büyükyalı, Küçükyalı, Esenyurt, Pendik, Sarıyer, Çırpıcı and Ayamama rivers since1970‟s.

Although the production rate of the drinking and potable water of Istanbul District is not quite redundant, there are large numbers of small river systems that feed surface water basins and groundwater systems. These rivers are often used as waste discharge areas or sewerage systems by industrial facilities and settlement areas. Even though some of the discharges to rivers are controlled and orientated by pre-treatment methods, some of river discharges are unauthorized and represent illegal procedures.

Lakes, ponds, dams, rivers, streams, creeks, natural springs, caisson wells, and drilled water wells are formed hydrological structures in Istanbul District. Rainfall which initiates the hydrologic cycle is an important parameter that may have impact on water resources in the district and according to Turkish



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State Meteorological Service annual average rainfall is 787 mm (IBB Report, December 2011). 760 million m3 of this annual rainfall amount is gathered in lakes, ponds and dams and it fulfils 76.3% of the water demand. Residual water demand, which is about 245 million m3 is provided from outside of the district. Although only 23.7% of water demand is provided from other districts, this amount is planned to increase in the future.

8.3.2.2 Lakes, Ponds and Dams

There are 19 lakes within Istanbul District‟s boundary according to ISKI (IBB Report, December 2011) (see Table 4-14 of that report, reproduced below). 16 of them are fed from different rivers and they are formed by using concrete structures whereas Terkos, Büyükçekmece, and Küçükçekmece lakes are naturally formed lagoon lakes. Although these three lakes are not fed from rivers today, their boundaries were built and their water amounts are used for different purposes. Total area of lakes, ponds, and dams is 127, 86 km2 and Terkos Lake has the largest surface area of 31.77 km2.

Table 8-5 Lakes, Ponds, and Dams in Istanbul District

Lakes, Ponds, Dams Area (km2)

Terkos Lake 31.77

Ömerli Dam Lake 21.07

Küçükçekmece Lake 19.57

Büyükçekmece Lake 15.14

İsaköy Dam Lake 11.38

Sazlıdere Dam Lake 9.91

Darlık Dam Lake 5.93

Sungurlu Dam Lake 5.32

Kabakoz Dam Lake 2.30

Alaçalı Dam Lake 2.09

Alibeyköy Dam Lake 1.66

Elmalı Dam Lake 1.13

Büyük Pond 0.21

Kömürcü Pond 0.13

Valide Sultan Pond 0.087

Ayvat Pond 0.06

II. Mahmut Pond 0.05

Kirazlı Pond 0.05

Topuzlu Pond 0.033

(Taken from IBB Report December 2011)

8.3.2.3 Important Surface Water Bodies at the Project Site

The following watercourses are present in the project area. These are described in order from west to east, starting on the European side of the Bosphorus.

Siyavuşpaşa Creek

This is the first surface water body that could be affected by the proposed Project. The Siyavuşpaşa Creek flows from north to south. The length of the creek is approximately 3-5 km and it emerges from Sultançiftliği District, passes through Ataköy and finally reaches the Marmara Sea at Bakırköy shores. It is vulnerable to any effect from pollution because of its presence inside the metropolitan area. Although this



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creek is not located inside the Project area, the southern part of the proposed project route will be inside the catchment area of the creek. There is no information of the water quality of the creek according to the MSWQR, however; almost ninety percent of the creek is located inside the metropolitan area and due to this condition it is believed that water quality of the creek is relatively low.

Ayamama Creek

The Ayamama Creek emerges from Esenler – Baştabya Kışlası and flows from north to south. The length of the creek is approximately 2.2 km and it drains north of İkitelli towards the west of Ataköy where it reaches the Marmara Sea. In fact, the creek has been located inside the metropolitan area for almost 50 years. The pollution level measurements show that there are significant exceedances of water quality parameters, and thus a stream remediation and rehabilitation program is being conducted by the municipality. Regardless of the fact that the creek is located outside of the Project area, the water catchment area of the creek may be affected from activities related with the Project if proper mitigation measures are not implemented. According to the bacteriological pollution level study by Gurun, S. and Erdem, K. A. (2013), Ayamama Creek is the source for the pollution due to Fecal Coliform, Total Coliform, Fecal Streptococci, Salmonella Spp. and total mezophilic aerobic heterotrophic bacteria. Hence, the water quality of the creek is relatively low due to proximate metropolitan area.

Pirinççi Dam Lake

Pirinçci is a village that is located between Habipler and Kemerburgaz. According to the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs database, a dam will be constructed near the village and this dam will be an upstream continuation of Alibeyköy Dam and Alibey River Valley. The Pirinçci Dam will be located in close proximity to the Project area and if the dam is planned to provide drinking and potable water, the buffer zone and water catchment area may be impacted by the proposed Project. However, this dam is in the project development phase and further interaction between proposed dam area and the project route need to be evaluated according to Water Pollution Control Regulation (WPCR).

Taşlı River

This river emerges from the north-western part of Belgrade Forest and after 7-8 km of flow it joins one of the tributaries (Kağıthane River) of the Golden Horn and eventually discharges into the Bosphorus. The river, which flows parallel to and to the south of the Alibey River, flows from northwest to southeast. Although it drains to a distant location from the Project Site, the spring locations of the river are close to the Project area at the north westernmost part.

Odayeri – Kömürcüpınar Villages Ponds

This major water basin system changes from the Marmara Sea to the Black Sea at the northern part of the Project area. The surface water flow regime changes drastically and the direction of the river alters from south to north. Terkos Lake, which has been used for drinking and potable water purposes more than 100 years, is located approximately 15 km northwest of the Project area. Although Terkos Lake may not be directly affected by the Project, small ponds that are related to the Terkos Lake arrangement are located in the south-eastern part of Terkos Lake near the project site. According to the Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs Database some of these ponds are actually old quarries that have flooded, so they are artificial. Although these ponds are not used for drinking and potable water purposes they are important as wetland areas for migrating wildfowl.



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Sulu Creek

This creek emerges from 3 km north of Ayvat Pond which is a small historical pond located inside Belgrade Forest. It flows from south to north and it reaches to the Black Sea at Kısırkaya Village. According to proposed Project plan, it crosses this watercourse.

Belde (Orhaneli) - Gümüşdere Creek

The creek emerges from a location between the northern boundary of Belgrade Forest and Bahçeköy-Gümüşdere Road. It flows from south to north and it reaches to the Black Sea from an area between Adile Sadullah Mermerci Police Training Center and Bosphorus University Sarıtepe Campus. According to the proposed Project plan, it crosses this watercourse.

Tatlısu Creek

This watercourse emerges from near a quarry which is located to the south of Gümüşdere – Uskumruköy Road. It flows from south to north and although the creek is quite short (1-2 km), it forms a small scale delta structure at the Black Sea coast.

Küçükhavza Creek

This creek emerges from the Belgrade Forest area which is located between Bahçeköy and Zekeriyaköy districts. It flows from the south to the north and it reaches to the Black Sea at Kumköy Village. According to proposed Project plan, it crosses this watercourse.

Sazlıdere Creek

This creek emerges from south of Zekeriyaköy district and flows from south to north and eventually it reaches the Black Sea at east side of Demirci Village. Moreover, the creek forms an important surface water way that drains the region.

Ketendere Creek

Ketendere Creek is located parallel with Tatlısu Creek and Küçükhavza Creek and it also reaches the Black Sea coast. It drains south and west of Rumelifeneri and Garipçe villages and it is the last surface water body that is located inside the Project area.

Poyrazköy Creek

This is the first surface water structure on the Asian side that is affected by the project and it drains the southern forestry areas towards Poyraz Village. Moreover, it has 2-3 km in length and it is observed that significant amount of sedimentary material is carried by the creek.

Halayık Creek

This creek emerges from south of Kaynarca Village and flows from south to north. Additionally it is observed that Halayık Creek is the main reason for a small delta plain that is located east of Anadolu Feneri Village.

Milko Creek

This is formed by two small tributaries called Şirindere and Yeniçiftlik and it drains near Mahmut Şevket Paşa Village. It flows from south to north and it forms a significant tributary of Riva River.



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Riva River

This river emerges from Tepecik Village of Gebze District and reaches the Black Sea coast in Beykoz District. Generally, the river flows in a south to north direction and forms the Ömerli Dam Lake in Pendik District. After the Ömerli Dam Lake, forestry, agricultural plains and meadow areas are drained by the Riva River towards the Black Sea. It has sufficient surface and flow rate to support local fishery. However, although it is one of the important surface water courses in Kocaeli Peninsula, it is reported that industrial facilities and residential areas have polluted the river.

Alibeyköy Dam

Alibey Dam River is also called as Alibeyköy Dam. It was built in Istanbul over the Brook Alibey (also called Alibeyköy Brook or Malova Brook) between the years 1975-1983, in order to supply potable, usable and industrial water. The dam volume of this earth fill dam is 1.930.000 m³, the height of its stream bed is 30,00 meters, its reservoir volume at normal water level is 66,80 hm3 and its lake area at normal water level is 4,66 km². It supplies 39 hm3 of potable-usable water per year. This surface water body is located on the European side and it collects water from the Alibeyköy River.

Ömerli Dam

The Ömerli Dam is the most significant and the largest existing water body that is close to the Project alignment. According to the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI), it was built during 1968-1973 for drinking water supply purposes. It is an earth fill embankment type dam and the dam volume is 2,198,000 m3. The height of the dam is 52 m and the lake volume is 386.50 hm3 whereas the lake area is 23.10 km2. Annual water supply of the dam is 180 hm3. Even though it is not directly located in the Project area, the buffer zone of the water catchment is in vicinity of the proposed Project area. The Ömerli Dam is the most significant and the largest existing water body that is close to the Project alignment and therefore, any impact possibility to water quality from the Project Site must be carefully considered.

Elmalı – II Dam

This is the second surface water body located on the Asian side and it collects water from the Çavuşbaşı River. According to the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works DSI, it was built during 1952 - 1955 for drinking water supply and industrial supply purposes. It is a concrete fill embankment type dam and the dam volume is 103,000 m3. The height of the dam is 42.5 m and the lake volume is 10 hm3 whereas the lake area is 2.80 km2. Annual water supply of the dam is 10 hm3. Even though it is not directly located close to the Project alignment, the buffer zone of the water catchment is in close proximity to the project area. Therefore, any impact possibility to water quality from the Project Site should be investigated in detail.

8.3.2.4 Surface Water Sampling Locations

During surface water monitoring studies, a total of 20 locations are sampled by ARTEK under the guidance of AECOM. Each sampling locations were sampled with 5 HDPE containers (a total of 3.75 liters for each sample) for the mentioned analyses. The detailed report and table regarding the sampling bottle and preservations and the field equipment list which was used during the field activities is given in Appendix 8-3 and Appendix 8-4.

Detailed information about the surface water sampling locations (see Appendix 8-5) can be found in the following items. These samples have been analyzed and classified according to Management of Surface Water Quality Regulation (MSWQR) detailed in Section 8.3.1. Classifications of samples are given after water sampling location.



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S1S1

The first sampling point of the project route is located in the proximity of Mahmutbey Junction. It is located on Ayamama Creek which is already known due to seasonal flooding and industrial pollution problems according to ISKI. S1S1 is located at 1 km south of the project starting point. Thus, baseline conditions of the creek could be determined and potential impacts due to the project could be followed in the future.

S1S2

This second sampling point is located in the southern tributary of the Alibeyköy River in the proximity of Pirinççi District. According to the database of Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs there is a planned dam (Pirinççi Dam) within the water catchment area of existing Alibeyköy Dam. Furthermore, this potential dam will be constructed in order to control flooding towards Alibeyköy Dam. On the other hand, Alibeyköy Dam is used as the source of drinking water according to DSI. Therefore, baseline condition and future impacts in this location should be determined and followed in a regular basis to assess and avoid creating any adverse impacts.

S1S3

This third sampling point is located in the northern branch of the Alibeyköy River and it is also located in the proximity of Pirinççi District. Conditions designated for second sampling point are also valid and effective for S1S3. Therefore, baseline condition and future impacts in this location should also be determined and followed in a regular basis to assess and avoid creating any adverse impacts.

S1S4

The fourth sampling point is located in the proximity of Odayeri and on the Taşlı Dere Creek. This creek, which is flow in NW-SE direction, is one of the largest surface water courses converging with the project route. Therefore, baseline condition of the creek in the downstream side of the project route should be determined and due to this necessity this location was sampled.

Sampling locations in the place which is starting from Odayeri Junction towards the end point in the European Side, are located on relatively shorter creeks flowing in S-N direction. Although these creeks are shorter and not used as source for drinking purposes, they are valuable for their environmental significance as wetland areas. Therefore, sampling study was maintained in this part of the project.

S2S1

Sampling point is located on Sulu Creek and it was chosen at the downstream side of the creek due to determine the baseline condition in the location.

S2S2

S2S2 sampling point is located on Belde Creek and it was chosen at the downstream side of the creek due to determine the baseline condition in the location.

S2S3

S2S3 sampling point is located on Tatlısu Creek and it was chosen at the downstream side of the creek due to determine the baseline condition in the location.



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S2S4

S2S4 sampling point is located on the other tributary of Tatlısu Creek and it was chosen at the downstream side of the creek due to determine the baseline condition in the location.

S2S5

S2S5 sampling point is located on the other tributary of Küçükhavza Creek and it was sampled due to determine the baseline condition in the location.

S2S6

S2S6 sampling point is located on the other tributary of Ketendere Creek and it was chosen at the downstream side of the creek due to determine the baseline condition in the location.

S2S7

S2S7 sampling point is located on the Sazlıdere Creek and it was chosen at the downstream side of the creek due to determine the baseline condition in the location. It is the last sampling location in the European Side.

S3S1

S3S1 sampling point is located on the Poyrazköy Creek and it was chosen at the downstream side of the creek due to determine the baseline condition in the location.

S3S2

S3S2 sampling point is located on the Halayık Creek and it was chosen at the downstream side of the creek due to determine the baseline condition in the location.

S3S3

This is located on Milko Creek which was formed by Yeniçiftlik and Şirindere creeks. Besides, Milko Creek is one of the two main branches of Riva River. It was sampled at the downstream side of the creek due to determine the baseline condition in the location.

S3S4

This is the first junction and sampling location of the Riva (Çayağzı) River and it was sampled at the downstream side of the creek due to determine the baseline condition in the location.

S4S1

This is the second junction and sampling location of the Riva (Çayağzı) River and it was sampled in the northern side of Öğümce which will be passed by a tunnel and therefore it was sampled in order to determine the baseline condition in this location.

S4S2

This is the last junction and sampling location of the Riva (Çayağzı) River and it was sampled at the downstream side of the creek and proximity of Cumhuriyet District due to determine the baseline condition in the location.



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S5S1

This is located in the proximity of the Çekmeköy District and the position of the sampling location coincides with the downstream side of planned viaduct construction. Therefore, it was sampled to determine baseline condition of that specific location. Although there is no specified name for this sampled watercourse, it is one of the small tributaries Çayağzı (Riva) River which flows from west to east direction.

S5S2

This sampling point is located on the tributary of the Ömerli Dam in the proximity of Sancaktepe and Sultanbeyli Districts. According to DSI database, this dam is used as the source of drinking water and this sampling point is located in the water catchment area of Ömerli Dam. Therefore, baseline condition and future impacts in this location should be determined and followed in a regular basis to assess and avoid creating any adverse impacts.

S5S3

This sampling point is located on the tributary of the Elmalı II Dam in the proximity of Ümraniye and Beykoz Districts. According to DSI database, this dam is used as the source of drinking water and this sampling point is located in the water catchment area of Elmalı II Dam. Therefore, baseline condition and future impacts in this location should be determined and followed in a regular basis to assess and avoid creating any adverse impacts.

Table 8-6 Water Classification According to MSWQR

Sample Ref. Name of Watercourse Classification according to MSWQR

S1S1 Ayamama Creek Class IV S1S2 Alibeyköy River (southern tributary) Class III S1S3 Alibeyköy River (northern tributary) Class III S1S4 Taşlı Dere Creek Class III S2S1 Sulu Creek Class IV S2S2 Belde Creek Class IV S2S3 Tatlısu Creek Class III S2S4 Tatlısu Creek (tributary) Class III S2S5 Küçükhavza Creek Class IV S2S6 Ketendere Creek Class IV S2S7 Sazlıdere Creek Class IV S3S1 Poyrazköy Creek Class III S3S2 Halayık Creek Class III S3S3 Milko Creek Class III S3S4 Riva (Çayağzı) River Class IV S4S1 Riva (Çayağzı) River Class IV S4S2 Riva (Çayağzı) River Class III S5S1 tributary of Çayağzı (Riva) River Class IV S5S2 tributary of the Ömerli Dam Class IV S5S3 tributary of the Elmalı II Dam Class IV

The results show that all watercourses sampled are classified as either „contaminated‟ or „highly contaminated‟. This includes those watercourses that drain into the Ömerli Dam and the Elmalı II Dam.



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8.4 Value (Sensitivity) of Resources

The following table provides a summary of the water environment features within the study area and their sensitivities. The sensitivity takes into account the quality and status of the water environment feature, where:

Class I Water Quality = Very High Sensitivity Class II Water Quality = High Sensitivity Class III Water Quality = Medium Sensitivity Class IV Water Quality = Low Sensitivity

Note that water bodies used for drinking water supply are automatically defined as being of very high sensitivity.

Table 8-7 Sensitivity of Identified Receptors

Water Resource/Receptor Receptor Sensitivity

Siyavuşpaşa Creek Low

Ayamama Creek Low

Pirinççi Dam Lake (to be constructed) Very High

Taşlı Dere Creek Medium

Odayeri – Kömürcüpınar Villages Ponds High

Sulu Creek Low

Belde (Orhaneli) - Gümüşdere Creek Low

Tatlısu Creek Medium

Küçükhavza Creek Low

Sazlıdere Creek Low

Ketendere Creek Low

Poyrazköy Creek Medium

Halayık Creek Medium

Milko Creek Medium

Riva River Medium

Alibeyköy Dam (and catchment) Very High

Ömerli Dam (and catchment) Very High

Elmalı – II Dam (and catchment) Very High



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8.5 Potential Impacts

8.5.1 Construction

The construction of the project may cause temporary disturbances and negative effects on surface water resources. These negative impacts could increase without proper scheduling or programming of the works or particular activities. In other words, there are likely to be impacts of construction of the project on water quality where required mitigation activities are not implemented correctly.

The proposed project includes bridges, viaducts and tunnels on various sections of the route that will cross some surface water resources. Therefore flows and beds of small river systems near or within the project site could be physically affected, for example watercourse may have to diverted or altered, or catchments may change. There may therefore be direct or indirect impacts on flows and courses of small river systems near to project route and shoreline of the Bosphorus, during the construction phase.

Untreated contaminated leaking water from the excavation area, stockpile area and other construction areas may enter rivers or any other surface water resources near to the Project site where there are inadequate containment measures. Such leakage of waters and surface runoff may carry sediments or harmful wastes and these may collect in rivers or any other surface water resources and therefore there will be negative impacts of leakage waters on water quality.

Moreover, during the construction activities temporary plant will be constructed and machinery will be used. Pollution may occur because of these. Some concrete wastes, materials and chemicals may cause contamination, and wash water from the facilities may cause pollution of the surface water resources. In other words, construction site runoff from plant and machinery can cause pollution. Therefore, plant and machinery may have impacts on water quality.

In addition, in the project site there will be storage areas for chemicals, fuels, oils, etc., used for construction activities including refueling of plant and other vehicles. These materials should be stored according to the regulatory requirements, including the related regulation. Otherwise, there may be risk of leakage of all chemicals to the surface water resources, and so there may be impact on water quality

In addition, all chemicals, fuels, oils etc used for construction activities should be handled, transported and used according to related regulation and procedures. Otherwise there may be risk of spill of these by accidents etc. Therefore, there may be impact on water quality.

According to the Hydrologic Survey Report (Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2012), culverts are planned to be constructed. These culverts will be made to allow water to flow safely under the project road, connection road and junctions. These culverts should be designed on suitable sized; otherwise drainage system may work correctly. Therefore, there may be impact on water quality. Final designs have not been completed for drainage systems but it has been assumed that the drainage main pipe will be connected to the main drainage system of Istanbul or to a proper collector that leads to water treatment facilities.

The proposed project crosses a number of water catchment areas (Alibeyköy Dam, Ömerli Dam, and Elmalı II Dam) and in a close proximity of drinking water protection areas (i.e. Elmalı II and Ömerli Dam) mentioned in section 8.2.4.3. This situation .is stated on hydrogeology section of the Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013). This report claimed that the project site coincides with all of the above mentioned water reservoir basins; however; according to the Map of the Istanbul Environmental Plan the project site crosses over the



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catchment area of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams. Hence, there may be impact on the water quality during either the construction or operational activities, which may affect water quality within these reservoirs and therefore the drinking water supply to Istanbul.

During the construction activities, wastewater will be generated at the camp sites and plant areas. It is expected that the JV will require the contractors to have proper wastewater collection and treatment systems as described in the relevant Turkish legislation and also the recommendation provided in the IFC General EHS Guidelines. With proper implementation of the collection and treatment structures and wastewater management procedures, the proposed Project should not discharge any wastewater without treatment to receiving media. Thus, a negligible adverse impact is expected during the construction phase of the proposed Project.

Construction of paved roads increases the amount of impermeable surface area which increases the rate of surface water runoff. High stormwater flow rates can lead to stream erosion and flooding. Stormwater may be contaminated with oil and grease, metals (e.g. lead, zinc, copper, cadmium, chromium, and nickel), particulate matter and other pollutants released by vehicles on the roadway, in addition to deicing salts (e.g. sodium chloride and magnesium chloride) and their substitutes (e.g. calcium magnesium acetate and potassium acetate) from road maintenance facilities. Stormwater may also contain nutrients and herbicides used for management of vegetation in the rights-of-way.

Ditches, berms, dikes and swales are used to intercept and direct surface runoff to an over side/slope drain or stabilized watercourse, away from the road. Ditch treatments can be used on roadsides, trails, parking areas, urban and rural settings, and any other place where managing runoff is important.

The JV is expected to prepare a detailed Stormwater Management Plan for the proposed Project that will be implemented during the construction and operations periods. It is also expected that the project design will include stormwater management issues and mitigation measures.

The proposed Project crosses a number of water catchment areas (Alibeyköy Dam, Ömerli Dam, and Elmalı II Dam) and in a close proximity of drinking water protection areas (i.e. Elmalı II and Ömerli Dam). Thus, it is very crucial that the proposed Project design will include sound stormwater management measures and procedures. The IFC EHS Guidelines recommend:

Use of stormwater management practices that slow peak runoff flow, reduce sediment load, and increase infiltration, including vegetated swales (planted with salt-resistant vegetation); filter strips; terracing; check dams; detention ponds or basins; infiltration trenches; infiltration basins; and constructed wetlands;

Where significant oil and grease is expected, using oil /water separators in the treatment activities; Regular inspection and maintenance of permanent erosion and runoff control features.

Depending on the type of crossing, its size, method of installation, and maintenance, a road crossing may have many or relatively few adverse impacts on surface water quality and therefore river or stream ecosystems. It is generally believed that culverts are more detrimental to streams than are bridges; consequently, wildlife biologists routinely recommend installation of bridges instead of a culvert and it is recommended that this design element is incorporated where possible.

According to Impact on Water Resources Section of World Bank Technical Paper No 376, planning and construction of water crossings needs to be coordinated with local aquatic conditions such as flow regimes, fish movement, and human use. Lack of planning can have severe long-term effects; for



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example, an improperly sized bridge culvert could cause flooding, leading, in turn, to interruption of fish migration, erosion, and siltation.

Construction activities can have significant effects on surface water resources and good environmental management, including control of runoff, sediments, storage of fuels and good practice (such as not driving across watercourses with construction vehicles) should be followed. If these practices are followed the impacts on watercourses should be minor.

8.5.2 Permanent and Operational

According to the Hydrologic Survey Report (Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2012), permanent culverts are planned for the project. These culverts will build to allow the safe flow of water under the project road, connection road and junctions. These culverts should be designed on suitable sized; otherwise drainage system cannot work correctly. Therefore, there may be impact on water quality.

With further reference to the hydrogeology section of Geological, Hydrogeological, and Engineering Geological Survey Report prepared by Emay and Protek (2013), the project site is located on some of the important drinking water basins. Although this report claimed that the project site coincides with all of the water catchment areas, according to the Map of the Istanbul Environmental Plan the project site only crosses over the catchment areas of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams. However, there may be a long term impact on the water quality during the operational activities.

There will be impacts associated with maintenance and repair of project components. Maintenance and repair process can increase local pollution, if adequate measures are not put in place. In addition, amounts of materials that may cause pollution and the concentrations of some chemicals may increase, including leakage and scattering of these into watercourses so as to affect water quality.

Furthermore, in the project site there will be storage areas for chemicals, fuels, oils etc used for operational and development activities. These materials should be stored according to the regulatory requirements, including the related regulation, otherwise, there may be risk of leakage of all chemicals to the surface water resources, and so there may be impact on water quality.

Finally, all chemicals, fuels, oils, etc., used for operational and development activities should be handled, transported and used according to related regulation and procedures. Otherwise there may be risk of spill of these by accidents etc. Therefore, there may be impact on water quality.

Wastewater will also be generated during the maintenance and operations periods. Wastewater discharges from maintenance facilities and from service and rest areas should be managed according to the Turkish legislation and also the recommendations provided in the IFC General EHS Guidelines. Some of the mitigation measures should be addressed in the design and may include connection to centralized wastewater collection and treatment systems and/or use of properly designed and operated septic systems. With proper implementation of wastewater management procedures, negligible impact is anticipated for the proposed Project.



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8.6 Mitigation Measures

8.6.1 Approach to Mitigation

Mitigation has been developed taking into account current best practice and all relevant legislation. The local legislation does not contain interrelation tables for impacts and mitigations. However, this is needed to develop such an evaluation table due to follow international guidance.

The proposed mitigation methods seek to control or reduce the impact at the source as much as possible. This includes incorporating mitigation into the construction and design of the road to reduce the risk of impacting on the water environment. The project components such as water crossings and road drainage have been developed iteratively through the design process in order to reduce impacts.

8.6.2 Construction

8.6.2.1 General Measures

The project will be conducted in accordance with all relevant legislation for the protection of surface and resources. In order to mitigate potential impacts during the construction phase, all works will be conducted regarding to related regulations.

Furthermore, an Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) will be implemented by ICA in order to ensure adequate protection of water resources. This EMP should include delivering of all the mitigation measures presenting in the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment. As part of the site ESMS construction works will carefully phased to:

Reduce the periods for which soils are exposed and stockpiled thereby reducing the risk of generating silt laden runoff;

Avoid undertaking specific activities such as earthworks during prolonged and heavy rainfall thereby reducing the risk of sediment or pollutants becoming entrained or suspended in excess runoff; and

Develop permanent elements of the proposed drainage mitigation in early phases to allow for their use during the construction period as part of the temporary drainage system.

A temporary construction drainage system will be developed in order to manage surface runoff and prevent it draining directly to adjacent ditches and field drains. All untreated and potentially contaminated drainage from the temporary site compound and construction site including pumped water resulting from dewatering of excavations will be prevented from directly entering drains, ditches and rivers.

Provision will be made to collect and treat drainage and to remove any sediment and other contaminants prior to discharging the treated water. This will include the use of temporary ditches or channels and temporary settlement pond. Silt traps will also be installed during the construction period in order to ensure the effective removal of silt.

Stockpiled soils and rock from earthworks arisings will appropriately stored away from known drainage pathways and will be contained within an appropriately bunded area. This will include the use of silt traps and geotextile mats in order to prevent the potential suspension of sediment within runoff. Temporary access tracks shall be designed and constructed to prevent surface water ponding and drain surface runoff into appropriately sized trenches.



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In order to prevent pollutants leaking from static plant, such as pumps and generators, contaminating the ground and being washed into the drainage system and potentially surface waterbodies, static plant will be placed on drip trays. Similarly, in order to prevent materials leaking from parked or stored vehicles or plant these will be stored on impermeable areas in order to collect and appropriately manage any leakages of fuels or oils. Refueling will be similarly controlled.

Facilities for washing plant and equipment contaminated with concrete or other chemicals will be provided. Wash water from the facilities will be managed so as to prevent pollution of surface water and groundwater. Waste water will be collected and taken off site for disposal.

Emergency procedures to be implemented in the event of a spillage or leakage of any polluting material such as fuel, oil or silt-laden drainage, will be in place on-site and incorporated into the ESMS. Provision for containment and clean-up of the material will be made.

8.6.2.2 Watercourse Crossings

The main issues associated with watercourse crossing will include control of:

Silt and other runoff; Cement and concrete Chemicals, paints, solvents and herbicides; Fuel and lubricants and vehicle washings; Buildings materials, packaging, waste and general litter Physical disturbance of banks and the river bed due to vehicles or personnel entering

watercourses.

Most of these issues will be controlled by ensuring that temporary construction site drainage is put in place that does not discharge directly into adjacent watercourses. This will include provision of cut-off drains, settlement tanks, oil traps, bunded storage areas, correct control stockpiled soils, impermeable refueling areas, washing facilities, site offices and accommodation, adequate water and waste disposal facilities and other measures.

Works on river banks and within watercourses will be strictly controlled by the ESMS – particularly in terms of vehicles and personnel entering such watercourses and damaging banks and river beds, as well as introducing pollutants into them. Where possible temporary bridges should be put in place and work should where at all possible be undertaken from the bank rather than in the watercourse itself.

8.6.2.3 Other Measures

As a first step, before commencement of site activities, all the site workers will be trained about mitigations and procedures. As part of this, training will be given about all potential contaminants, spillage or leakage of any polluting material such as fuel, oil, etc., and impacts of these, so the mitigation measures of the impacts will be implemented correctly.

The impacts of construction of the project on water quality can be greatly reduced through the scheduling or programming of the works or particular activities. Works can be timed to avoid periods of low flow within watercourses, where dispersal and dilution rates will also be low. Works can also avoid periods of high flow where there will be an increased risk of flooding.

The scheduling of the works can also account for the development of mitigation.



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At the construction phase, temporary works required during the construction activities will be designed to minimize disruption to flows and disturbance to watercourse beds, adjacent small river systems, and shoreline of the Bosphorus with associated ecosystems. The construction and removal of all temporary works will be undertaken in accordance with good practice guidelines and the mitigation measures outlined in the ESIA.

All untreated contaminated drainage from site compounds and construction areas (including pumped water from excavations) will be prevented from entering the rivers adjacent to the Project site, or any other surface water drains and sewers. Provision will be made to collect and treat the drainage from all construction areas and compounds and to remove any sediment and other contaminants before discharging the clean water under an appropriate permit.

In order to prevent materials leaking from plant, such as pumps and generators, contaminating the ground and being washed into the drainage system, plant will be placed on drip trays. Facilities for construction and equipment contaminated with concrete or other chemicals will be provided. Wash water from the facilities will be managed so as to prevent pollution of surface water. Construction site runoff from plant and machinery will be prevented by suitable management systems.

Chemicals will be stored in secure designated storage areas and in accordance with the appropriate regulatory requirements, including the related regulation. Re-fuelling of vehicles and machinery will be undertaken in accordance with a specified procedure that will include the designation of refuelling areas. Spill contingency plans will be drawn up and included in the procedures.

Stockpiles of dry materials will be stored in locations that prevent contamination of surface waters. They must be located away from the banks of the any surface water courses that the Project site will be crossing over. Materials would not be stockpiled within areas vicinity of water resources.

Chemicals will be handled, transported and used suitably for preventing of spills of fuel, all chemicals used for project construction.

According to the Hydrologic Survey Report (Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2012), culverts are planned to be constructed. These culverts will be made to ensure the safe flow of water under the project road, connection roads and junctions. These culverts will be designed on suitable sized for working of drainage system correctly.

In addition, according to the Map of Istanbul Environmental Plan given in Appendix 8-1, the project site crosses over the catchment area of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams. There may be impacts during construction activities however there are no mitigation measures described in the Water Pollution Control Regulation (WPCR) for the catchment areas.

However, extra attention will be paid in these areas and water quality studies will be done regularly in theses catchments and no discharging of any liquid will permitted. Some elements of the project are located on the protection areas of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams according to WPCR. Therefore, the mitigation measures described in WPCR will be applied at these areas.

Some parts of the project are located on the long – range protection zones of the Alibeyköy Dam. There are no mitigation measures defined in the related clause of the regulation (clause 20 of the WPCR). On the other hand, some parts of the project are located within the medium-range protection zone of the Ömerli Dam. According to (h) article of clause 19 of the same regulation, in the sections of the roads that will situated in such areas as per zoning plans and at obligatory cases, only transportation – related



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functions shall be allowed, but construction of any facilities such as way station, fuel station etc., will not be permitted.

Moreover, some parts of the project are located on short-range protection zone of Elmalı II Dam. According to article (ı) of 18 clause of the same regulation, for obligatory roads, the same permits are applied. Therefore for the part of the project located on the protection zones, any facility except roads will not be constructed.

Apart from of all mitigation measures, emergency procedures to be adopted in the event of a spillage or leakage of any polluting material such as fuel, oil or any drainage will be in place on-site.


8.6.3.1 General

According to Hydrologic Survey Report (Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2012), culverts are planned to be constructed permanently. These culverts will be done to allow the unimpeded flow of water under the project road, connection road and junctions. These culverts will be designed to a suitable size to enable the drainage system to function correctly.

In addition, according to Map of Istanbul Environmental Plan given in Appendix 8-1 the project site crosses over the catchment area of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams. There may be impacts on these very sensitive receptors during operational activities and project development; however, there is no mitigation measures described in Water Pollution Control Regulation (WPCR) for the catchment areas. Therefore, extra attention will be needed and water quality studies will have to be done regularly and no discharging of any liquid will have to occur.

Some parts of the project are located on the protection areas of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams according to WPCR. Therefore, the mitigation measures described in the WPCR will be applied in these areas. Furthermore, some parts of the project are located within the long – range protection zones of Alibeyköy Dam.

There are no mitigation measures in the related clause of the regulation (clause 20) of the WPCR. Conversely, some parts of the project are located on medium-range protection zone of Ömerli Dam. According to article (h) of clause 19 of the same regulation, in these sections of the roads, which will be situated in such areas as per zoning plans only certain permitted development, comprising transportation – related functions shall be allowed, but construction of any facilities such as way station, fuel station etc. will not be permitted.

Furthermore, some parts of the project will be located on short-range protection zone of Elmalı II Dam. According to article (ı) of clause 18 of the same regulation, for obligatory roads, the same permits are applied. Therefore for the parts of the project located on the protection zones, any facility other than road will not be constructed.

During operational and development activities, maintenance and repairing processes will be undertaken. In order to prevent the negative impacts of these processes, drainage systems will be developed and culverts will be constructed. These culverts will be designed to be suitably sized for ensuring that the drainage system works correctly.

All calculations and plans are available in the Hydrologic Survey Report (Emay International Engineering Cons. & Trd. Co. Ltd. and Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic.



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Ltd. Şti.) (2012). The best designed drainage and culvert systems will prevent leakage to the water resources. In addition required materials used for maintenance and repairing processes will be stored in secure designated storage areas and will be used carefully to prevent indiscriminate release into the environment.

All chemicals, fuels, oils, etc., used for operational and development activities will be stored in secure designated storage areas and in accordance with the appropriate regulatory requirements, including the related regulation. In addition, these will be handled, transported and used appropriately in order to prevent spills of fuel and all chemicals used during operational and development activities.

8.6.3.2 Stormwater Management

Preparation and implementation of Stormwater Management Plan is in the responsibility of ICA. Thus any stormwater drainage plan or map can be provided only after a detailed Stormwater Management Plan has been prepared. However, measurements and standards are given IFC EHS Guidelines published in April 30, 2007 as:

Stormwater should be separated from wastewater streams in order to reduce the volume of wastewater to be treated prior to discharge.

Surface run-off from plant sites and camp sites or potential sources of contamination should be prevented.

Where this approach is not practical, run-off from plant sites and camp sites and storage areas should be segregated from potentially less contaminated run-off.

Run-off from areas without potential sources of contamination should be minimised (e.g. by minimising the area of impermeable surfaces) and the peak discharge rate should be reduced (e.g. by using vegetated swales and retention ponds).

Priority should be given to managing and treating the first flush of stormwater run-off where the majority of potential contaminants tend to be present.

When water quality criteria allow, stormwater should be managed as a resource, either for groundwater recharge or for meeting water needs at the facility.

Oil-water separators and grease traps should be installed and maintained as appropriate at refuelling facilities, parking areas, fuel storage and containment areas.

Sludge from drains or treatment systems may contain elevated levels of pollutants and should be disposed of in compliance with local regulatory requirements.

Motorway drainage design and implementation works will be in accordance with KGMs technical requirements.

8.6.3.3 Construction and Decommissioning

Measurements and standards relating to Construction and Decommissioning are given IFC EHS Guidelines published in April 30, 2007 as:

Segregating or diverting clean water runoff to prevent it mixing with water containing a high solid content, to minimize the volume of water to be treated prior to release.

Discharges of process wastewater, sanitary wastewater, wastewater from utility operations or stormwater to surface water should not result in contaminant concentrations in excess of local ambient water quality criteria or, in the absence of local criteria, other sources of ambient water quality.



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Receiving water use and assimilative capacity, taking other sources of discharges to the receiving water into consideration, should also influence the acceptable pollution loadings and effluent discharge quality.

Additional considerations that should be included in the setting of project-specific performance levels for wastewater effluents include:

Process wastewater treatment standards consistent with applicable Industry Sector EHS Guidelines. Projects for which there are no industry-specific guidelines should reference the effluent quality guidelines of an industry sector with suitably analogous processes and effluents;

Compliance with national or local standards for sanitary wastewater discharges or, in their absence, the indicative guideline values applicable to sanitary wastewater discharges;

Temperature of wastewater prior to discharge does not result in an increase greater than 3°C of ambient temperature at the edge of a scientifically established mixing zone which takes into account ambient water quality, receiving water use and assimilative capacity among other considerations.

8.7 Residual Impacts

8.7.1 Construction

The follow sections describe the significance of residual impacts on the water environment, taking into account the mitigation measures that will be implemented during construction of the project.

Table 8-8 Description of Impacts

Description of Impacts Residual

Significance

Impact because of working without scheduling or programming and not doing of required activities on right time

Negligible

(Not significant)

Impact because of crossing of the route of the project or parts on some surface water resources

Minor

(Not significant)

Impact because of untreated contaminated leaking water from the excavation area, stockpile area and other construction area

Negligible

(Not significant)

Impact because of runoff from plant and machinery in project site Negligible

(Not significant)

Impact because of leakage of all chemicals fuels, oils etc used for construction activities to the surface water resources

Negligible

(Not significant)

Impact because of spill of all chemicals, fuels, oils etc used for construction activities by accidents etc.

Negligible

(Not significant)



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Significance

Impact because of not designing of culverts on suitable sized, and not working of drainage system correctly.

Negligible

(Not significant)

Impact because of crossing over on the catchment area of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams.

Minor

(Not significant)

Overall there will be a Negligible to Minor impact on water resources, taking mitigation into account, from construction of the scheme. The activities posing the highest risk to deterioration in the surface water environment would be the temporary works associated with the construction of Project, particularly associated with culvert construction and release of contaminants, sediment loading and other runoff into watercourses.

There is also the potential for the major catchments associated with a number of dams and reservoirs important for Istanbul‟s drinking water supply to be affected. However, overall, the impacts during construction are likely to be Negligible to Minor and therefore Not Significant.


Table 8-9 Description of Impacts


Significance

Impact because of not designing of culverts on suitable sized, and not working of drainage system correctly.

Negligible

(Not significant)

Impact because of crossing over on the catchment area of Alibeyköy, Ömerli, and Elmalı II Dams.

Minor

(Not significant)

Impact because of pollution associated with maintenance and repairing process Negligible

(Not significant)

Impact because of leakage of all chemicals fuels, oils etc used for operational and development activities to the surface water resources

Negligible

(Not significant)

Impact because of spill of all chemicals, fuels, oils etc used for operational and development activities by accidents etc.

Negligible

(Not significant)

Overall it is considered that there would be a potential Negligible to Minor impact from the operation of the scheme. The potential operational impacts on water quality should be minimal. Impacts from vehicular emissions and related pollution of surface water runoff are considered to be low.



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Any runoff entering surface watercourses would likely be subject to high dilution and dispersal resulting in low concentrations with negligible impact to surface waters. In addition, increased surface runoff rates will be mitigated through the drainage design, reducing potential impacts.

The overall impact on water resources during operation of the scheme is therefore considered to be Not significant.

8.8 Summary

This chapter of the ESIA presents the findings of the assessment of impacts of the Project on water quality and hydrology. It provides a detailed description of the existing water conditions including surface water courses, and water quality.

It predicts the potential construction activities impacts and operation and development activities impacts. It also identifies mitigation measures. Mitigation has been developed taking into current best practice and all related regulations and rules. Applying of the mitigation measures will decrease potential impacts on the water quality during both construction, operational and development activities.

In addition there may be residual impacts that are likely to remain after mitigation measures have been put in place, have been identified and assessed.

There are a large number of watercourses in the vicinity of the Project that may be directly or indirectly affected by it during construction and operational activities. These receptors range from various watercourses to a number of dams that a drinking water reservoirs for Istanbul and surrounding areas. The water quality for most watercourses is quite low and this has been confirmed by sampling activities undertaken for this assessment. These receptors are considered to be less sensitive than the dams which have a very high sensitivity due to their use as drinking water reservoirs.

The project will be conducted in accordance with all relevant legislation for the protection of surface and resources. In the area, during construction activities, there may be impacts because of working without scheduling or programming and not undertaking the required activities at the right time. However, the scheduling of the works and working in accordance with all project plans and schedules will prevent the negative effect of this impact.

in addition, the project and some parts of it cross over some surface water resources and part of the project lies with the catchment area of some dams, which supply drinking water to Istanbul. However, there are measures that include implementation of the regulations, good practice guidelines and mitigation measures outlined in the ESIA, so the impacts can be minimized. For example, there may be untreated contaminated water or runoff from various facilities, and leakage, dispersion and spill of chemicals, fuels, oils, etc., used for construction and operational activities. However, use of the most appropriate drainage and culvert system will prevent the impacts on water quality during construction activities, as well as operational and development activities.

The mitigation measures have been developed, but before the commencement of construction and operational activities, all the site workers will be trained about mitigations and procedures. As part of this, training will be given about all potential contaminants, spillage or leakage of any polluting material such as fuel, oil etc and impacts of these, as well as contingency and clean-up procedures, so the mitigation measures of the impacts will imply correctly.



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As a conclusion, overall there will be a minor impact from construction, operational and development activities of the project. The activity that has the highest risk on the water quality will be the permanent works associated with the project parts crossing of the surface water resources. Extra attention will be needed during the operational project time. All required controls will require to be done regularly. In addition, according to related regulations, on-going mitigation measures will be implemented. Therefore, the negative impacts will be minimized during Project construction, operational and development activities.

Documents

8.0 WATER QUALITY€¦ · Protek Proje Danışmanlık Mühendislik Bilgi İşlem İnşaat Turizm San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.) (2012), Geology and Geotechnical Reports (prepared by Emay