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CONTENTSGOVERNMENT & GOVERNANC1. E CONCEPTS ...............................07-10

Introduction1. ...............................................7

Good Governance2. ........................................7

The Concept of Government3. .........................8

Attributes of Governance4. .............................8

Recent Developments5. ................................ 10Public Affairs Index1. ......................................... 10

INTRODUCTION TO GOVERNING 2. INSTITUTIONS ..........................11-12

Constitutional Bodies1. ................................ 11

Statutory Bodies2. ....................................... 11

Quasi-Judicial Bodies3. ................................ 11

INSTITUTIONS TO FACILITAT3. E COOPERATIVE FEDERALISM ......13-15

Inter-State Council (ISC)1. ............................ 13

Zonal Council2. ........................................... 13

NITI3. Aayog .............................................. 14

CONSTITUTIONAL BODIES4. .........16-19Union Public Service Commission1. ............... 16

State Public Service Commission2. ................ 17

Joint State Public Service Commission3. ........ 18

Election Commission4. ................................. 18

Finance Commission5. ................................. 19

INSTITUTIONS & SCHEMES RELATED 5. TO SOCIAL WELFARE .................20-39

National Commission for Scheduled Castes1. .. 20

National Commission for Scheduled Tribes2. ... 20

National Commission for Women3. ................. 21

National Commission for Protection 4. ............... of Child Rights ......................................... 21

Human Rights Commission5. ......................... 22

Recent Developments6. ................................ 23Draft Social Security Ccode1. ......................... 23National Council for Senior Citizens2. ........ 23National Foundation for Communal 3. Harmony ............................................................. 24National Commission for 4. Safai Karmacharis ............................................ 24Universal Social Security Scheme5. .............. 24Rashtriya Vayoshri Yojana6. ............................. 25Atal Pension Yojana7. ......................................... 25Pradhan Mantri Jeevan Jyoti 8. Bima Yojana........................................................ 26Pradhan Mantri Suraksha Bima Yojana9. ... 26National Pension Scheme10. ............................. 27Varishtha Pension Bima Yojana11. .................. 27Sampoorna Bima Gram (SBG) Yojana12. ...... 27Aajeevika Grameen Express Yojana13. .......... 28Pradhan Mantri Vaya Vandana Yojana14. ..... 29Housing for all (URBAN)15. ............................... 29Start Up India Scheme16. ................................... 29Stand Up India Scheme17. ................................. 30Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana18. ................... 30Krushak Assistance for Livelihood 19. & Income Augmentation (KALIA) .............. 31Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana20. ................... 32Pradhan Mantri Rojgar 21. Protsahan Yojana ............................................. 32Udyam Abhilasha22. ............................................. 33Startup Village Entrepreneurship Program23. ..... 33Prime Minister’s Employment Generation 24. Programme (PMEGP) ..................................... 33Self-Employment & Talent Utilisation 25. (SETU) ................................................................... 34Atal Innovation Mission26. ................................ 34Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana27. ..... 35Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Kendra for 28. Skilling in Smart Cities ................................... 35Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen 29. Kaushalya Yojana ............................................. 36National Skill Development Mission30. ........ 36National Skill Development Fund (NSDF) 31. and National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) ........................................ 37YUKTI32. .................................................................... 37

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Udaan33. ................................................................... 37TREAD34. .................................................................. 38PM Yuva Scheme35. .............................................. 38National Apprenticeship Training 36. Scheme (NATS) ................................................. 38Garib Nawaz Skill Development Centres37. 39Swachhta Udyami Yojana38. ............................. 39

REGULATORY BODIES6. ................40-45Reserve Bank of India1. ................................ 40

Security & Exchange Board of India (SEBI)2. .... 41

Insurance Regulatory & Development 3. Authority (IRDA) ....................................... 42

Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)4. . 42

Competition Commission of India (CCI)5. ........ 43

Pension Fund Regulatory & Development 6. Authority (PFRDA) .................................... 44

Central Electricity Regulatory Commission7. .... 44

Recent Developments8. ................................ 45Bureau of Indian Standards1. ......................... 45Institute of Cost Accountants2. ..................... 45Bureau of Energy Effi ciency3. ......................... 45

Quality Council of India4. ................................. 45

INSTITUTIONS FOR MAINTAINING 7. TRANSPARENCY .......................46-52

Information Commission1. ............................ 46

Central Information Commission2. ................. 46

State Information Commission3. .................... 47

Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI)4. ........... 47

Central Vigilance Commission5. .................... 49

Lokpal and Lokayukta6. ................................ 50

Press Council of India7. ................................ 51

Recent Developments8. ................................ 51Defence Acquisition Council1. ....................... 51Anti-Graft Amendment Bill2. .......................... 52

INSTITUTIONS & SCHEMES RELATED 8. TO HEALTH ...............................53-73

Medical Council of India1. ............................ 53

Food Safety and Standards Authority of India2. .. 53

Codex India3. .............................................. 54

Indian Council of Medical Research4. ............. 54

National Medicinal Plants Board5. .................. 54

Recent Developments6. ................................ 55National Pharmaceutical and Pricing 1. Authority (NPPA) .............................................. 55National Accreditation Board for Hospitals 2. & Healthcare Providers (NABH) ................. 55National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA)3. ... 56Central Adoption Resource Authority4. ..... 56HIV/Aids Act, 20175. .......................................... 56National Medical Commission Bill, 20176. .... 57Allied & Healthcare Professions Bill, 20187. .. ................................................................................ 58Ayushman Bharat8. ............................................. 58National Health Mission9. ............................... 59Integrated Disease Surveillance 10. Programme (IDSP) ........................................... 60Nikshay Poshan Yojana (NPY)11. ..................... 61Zero Hunger Programme12. ............................. 61India Health Fund (IHF)13. ................................. 62Pradhan Mantri Jan Aushadhi Pariyojana14. .... 62Pradhan Mantri Swasthya Suraksha 15. Yojana (PMSSY) ................................................. 63National Health Resource Repository 16. (NHRR) Project .................................................. 64National Viral Hepatitis Control 17. Programme ........................................................ 65National Ayush Mission18. ................................ 65Swasthya Raksha Programme19. ..................... 66Mission Madhumeha20. ..................................... 66Swachch Bharat Mission21. ............................... 66Swachhata Hi Seva (SHS) 201822. ................... 67Indian Human Microbiome Initiative23. ....... 68National Medical Devices Promotion 24. Council ................................................................. 69The 25. National Accreditation Board for Certifi cation Bodies (NABCB) ........................70Ujjawala Yojana26. ................................................. 71Integrated Management of Public 27. Distribution System (IM-PDS) ..................... 72Project Dhoop28. ................................................... 72

NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS & SCHEMES 9. RELATED TO EDUCATION ...........74-92

Central Advisory Board of Education1. ............ 74

All India Council for Technical Education 2. (AICTE) ................................................... 74

The University Grants Commission3. .............. 75

Central Board of Secondary Education 4. (CBSE) .................................................... 75

National Knowledge Commission5. ................. 75

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Recent Developments6. ................................ 76Higher Education Financing Agency 1. (HEFA) ................................................................... 76Indian Institute of Skills2. ................................. 76Institution’s Innovation Council3. ................. 76Institutions of Eminence4. ............................... 76National Council for Vocational Education 5. and Training (NCVET) ..................................... 77Integrated School Education Scheme 6. (Samagra Shiksha Scheme) .......................... 77Revitalization Infrastructure and System 7. in Education (RISE) .......................................... 79Happy School Project8. ..................................... 80Startup Academia Alliance Program9. ........ 81IMPRESS (Impactful Policy Research in 10. Social Sciences) ................................................ 82SPARC (Scheme for Promotion of 11. Academic & Research Collaboration) ...... 83Teacher Associateship for Research 12. Excellence (TARE) ............................................. 84Leap & Arpit Initiatives13. .................................. 85Pradhan Mantri Vidya Lakshmi 14. Karyakram (PMVLK) ........................................ 87Institutes of Eminence Scheme15. .................. 87Unnat Bharat Abhiyaan16. ................................. 88National Testing Agency17. ............................... 89Global Initiative of Academic Networks 18. (GIAN)................................................................... 89Uchchtar Aavishkar Abhiyan19. ....................... 90Vittiya Saksharata Abhiyan:20. ......................... 90Shodhganga Repository21. ............................... 90Vidya-Veerta Abhiyan22. .................................... 91JIGYASA23. ............................................................... 91Maitreyi Yatra24. .................................................... 92Shaala Sarathi25. .................................................... 92All School Monitoring Individual Tracing 26. Analysis (ASMITA) ............................................ 92

CIVIL SERVICES REFORM10. ..........93-97Components of Civil Service Reform1. ............ 93

Right Sizing Government2. ............................ 94

Stability of Tenure3. .................................... 94

Professionalism4. ....................................... 94

Mobility for the Services and Lateral Entry of 5. Professionals ........................................... 95

Accountability6. .......................................... 95

Recent Developments7. ................................ 95Performance Appraisal System in 1. Bureaucracy........................................................ 95

Lateral Entry in Civil Services2. ...................... 96New Cadre Policy for IAS, IPS and other 3. services ................................................................ 97

POLICE REFORMS IN INDIA11. ...... 98-107Introduction1. ............................................. 98

The Organisational Structure2. ...................... 98

Duties and Responsibilities of the Police3. ...... 99

Issues in the Police Organization in India4. ...... 99

Recommendations5. .................................. 101

National Police Commission6. ..................... 101

Other Committees7. ................................... 102

The Supreme Court directives8. ................... 103

Second ARC Recommendations9. ................. 103

Recent Developments10. .............................. 105Police Modernization Scheme1. ..................105Prison Reforms in India2. ...............................106Data Protection Law3. .....................................106

CITIZEN CHARTER12. ................ 108-111Benefi ts of Citizen Charter1. ....................... 108

Problems Faced in Implementing the Charters2. 108

Steps to Improve Citizen Charters3. ............. 109

Sevottam Model4. ..................................... 110

Recent Developments5. .............................. 110Consumer Protection Bill 20181. .................110Public Accountability Concept2. .................111

E-GOVERNANCE13. .................... 112-125Types of Interactions in e-Governance1. ....... 112

Major e-governance Initiatives in India2. ....... 113

Challenges3. ............................................ 115

Recent Developments4. .............................. 115Door Step Delivery Scheme (DSD)1. ..........115E-portal and apps2. ..........................................115Google-RailTel3. .................................................118E-Governance initiatives of the Ministry of 4. Coal .....................................................................119Swachh Iconic Places (SIP)5. .........................119National Digital Library6. ...............................119Digitization of Crime Records Bureau7. ...119Coal Mine Surveillance & Management 8. System (CMSMS) ............................................119Common Service Centre9. .............................120

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DigiLocker10. .........................................................120National Database of Arms Licenses 11. System ................................................................120Innovate India Platform12. ...............................120National Mission for Manuscripts13. ...........121UPI 2.014. ................................................................121Parivesh15. .............................................................121Pragati16. ................................................................121Goods and Services Tax Network 17. (GSTN) ................................................................122Government e-Marketplace18. ......................122Bhudhaar19. ...........................................................122Integrated Government Online Training 20. Programme (iGOT) ........................................122BIMS21. ....................................................................123 Public Financial Management System 22. (PFMS) ................................................................123E-Prison23. .............................................................123Cyber Crime prevention against Women 24. and Children ....................................................123E-Court Service25. ...............................................124Corruption Perception Index26. .....................124River Information System27. ...........................124National Data Repository28. ...........................125Operation Digital Board (ODB)29. .................125Rail Drishti Dashboard30. .................................125National Common Mobility Card 31. (NCMC) ..............................................................125

RIGHT TO INFORMATION14. ....... 126-129Salient features of the Act1. ........................ 126

Recent Developments2. .............................. 129Right to Information (RTI) Act1. ..................129

CENTRAL SECRETARIAT15. ........ 130-133Structure of the Ministries/Departments1. ..... 130

Functions of the Secretariat2. ..................... 132

IMPORTANT POLICIES 16. .......... 134-150National Electronics Policy 20191. ............... 134

National Mineral Policy, 20192. ................... 134

3. National Capital Goods Policy .................. 135

Draft Defence Production Policy 20184. ........ 136

National Manufacturing Policy5. .................. 137

Agriculture Export Policy, 20186. ................. 138

Food Processing Policy7. ............................ 139

Draft National Forest Policy, 20188. .............. 140

National Tariff Policy9. ............................... 141

National Digital Communications Policy 10. - 2018 ................................................... 141

National Civil Aviation Policy11. .................... 142

National Transit Oriented Development (TOD) 12. Policy ................................................... 143

Draft National Energy Policy13. ..................... 144

Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing 14. Policy ................................................... 145

National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy15. ............. 145

National Health Policy16. ............................. 146

National Mental Health Policy17. ................... 147

Draft National Child Protection Policy18. ........ 148

National Child Policy, 201319. ....................... 148

National Action Plan for Children, 201620. ...... 149

National Student Startup Policy21. ................ 150

MISCELLANEOUS17. ................. 151-158NITI Forum for North-East1. ........................ 151

Blue Aadhaar Card/Baal Aadhaar2. ............... 151

e-Shodh Sindhu3. ...................................... 151

Transformation of Aspirational Districts 4. Programme ............................................ 152

Schemes of North Eastern Council (NEC)5. .... 152

Videsh Aaya Pradesh ke Dwaar6. ................. 153

Pradhan Mantri Jan Vikas Karyakram7. ......... 154

Seva Bhoj Yojana8. .................................... 154

Concessional Financing Scheme (CFS)9. ....... 155

Global Counterterrorism Forum (GCTF) Terrorist 10. Travel Initiative ...................................... 156

Safe City project11. ..................................... 156

Coal Swapping Scheme12. ............................ 157

Coal Swapping Scheme13. ............................ 157

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GOVERNMENT AND GOVERNANCECONCEPTS

Introduction

The concept of Governance was highlighted for the very fi rst time in the World Bank Document (1989), in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa. Good governance elucidated the parameters of sound development management. Four key dimensions of good governance identifi ed in this context were:

Public Sector Management Legal Framework for Development Informa on Transparency

The World bank document, on Sub-Saharan Africa, wrote “Improving governance would begin with an assessment of the institutional environment (with emphasis on the key governance elements accountability, rule of law, openness and transparency) which determines the patrimonial profi le of the country high when all other factors are absent and low when they are present.”As per the World bank, “Governance is defi ned as the manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources for development.” Good governance is instrumental in “creating and sustaining an environment which fosters strong and equitable development and it is an essential complement to sound economic policies.” Three distinct aspects of Governance enumerated in it are:

The form of political regime (parliamentary or presidential, military or civilian, and authoritarian or democratic);The process by which authority is exercised in the management of a country’s economic and social resources; andThe capacity of government to design, formulate and implement policies and in general, to discharge government functions.

Good Governance

Good governance encompasses an array of issues in the socio-economic order of the country. Broadly, good governance can be measured by the rising level of people’s participation, free and fair elections, accountability of elected representatives, people’s role in decision-making, availability of information, women’s participation, fulfi lling the aspirations of the marginalized and disadvantaged sections of the society etc. Various features of good governance, as elucidated by the United Na ons emphasize on system where the authority and its ins tu ons are accountable, eff ec ve and effi cient, par cipatory, responsive, transparent, equitable and consensus-oriented.Good governance is associated with effi cient and effective administration within a democratic framework. It indicates the adoption of new values of democratic governance that would establish greater effi ciency, legitimacy and credibility of the system.

1CHAPTER

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The term “Governance” is a qualitative expression, a normative concept and is different from “government” that is physical entity. It is a requirement of good governance that the government must be representative as well as responsive to the needs of government.Governance comprise a substantive part of the functioning of state’s organizational life and is more inclusive. Since governance is the process of decision-making and also decision-implementing, the focus of governance is on the formal and informal actors involved in decision making and implementing the decisions made. Governance is not government as such and government is merely one of the factors involved in governance. Good governance entails good government which serves the people, is citizen-centric, accountable and participatory. Other actors involved in governance vary and depend on the level of government that is under consideration. These other actors can include association of peasants, co-operatives, NGOs, religious associations, political parties, self-help groups, lobbyists, multinational corporations, media etc. All these institutions play an active role in the decision-making and infl uencing the decision- making process.

The Concept of Government

The state and government is the product of historical evolution. With the emergence of the state, the importance of effective government increased. The government has been created to meet certain common and basic needs of the people formed into a political community. The history of political philosophy from Hobbes to Locke or Mill to Rawls, all have emphasized on the fact that government is indispensable.The machinery of the government comprises of three organs, political executive, legislature and judiciary. Government means an established legal framework based on the Rule of Law and independence of Judiciary to protect human rights, secure social justice and check abuse of power. For good governance, the structure of government and an ideal form of government is very important. The measures to bring in transparency in the government and public bodies should be formulated to ensure successful functioning of government. In the federal setup, both the central and state governments require to work in a manner that it ensures responsive, accountable, transparent, decentralized and people friendly administration. The government should be citizen friendly and citizen-centric. There is a signifi cant difference between the concepts of the government and governance. The term ‘governance’ has a wider meaning than that of the term ‘government’. Government refers to the machinery and the institutional arrangements of exercising the sovereign power of serving the internal and external interests of the political community, whereas, governance means the process, as well as the result of making authoratative decisions for the benefi t of the society”.

Attributes of Governance

The aspects of good governance have assumed signifi cance for developed and developing countries to facilitate the development of people and society, at large. “Good governance is a dynamic concept encompassing fast changing political, social and economic milieu along with international environment and conditions of operational governance.” Good governance, broadly aim at cohesive, responsive and responsible democratic society. The attributes of good governance are enumerated as below:

Good Governance means:Making administra on responsive

Making administration citizen-friendly

Making administra on transparent

Making administration ethicalMaking public services excellent

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Participation

Participation means that the people should have a voice in the decision-making by participating in the organs of the state, i.e., Executive, Legislative and Judiciary. In the representative democracy, the citizens participate in government through the electoral process and the representatives are ultimately responsible to the electorate. There is-general discontentment with the governance as , the governmental policies are unrelated to the priorities of the people and representatives are unaccountable for their actions. The people constitute the heart of the development and they are not only, the ultimate benefi ciaries of the development process, but also, should act as active agents of development.

The periphery of participation is expanded through the involvement of the people in civil society groups like, various voluntary agencies, NGOs, self-help groups, religious groups, trade or business unions, cultural groups, professional groups etc. These institutions are instrumental in mobilizing public opinion and preparing people to support their interests.

Transparency

Another major premise of good governance is transparency. This implies a features like, free fl ow of information/ separation of powers, adequate checks and balances between Legislative, Executive and Judicial branches, check on Bureaucracy etc. Transparency facilitates and provides information required for formulation of sound public policies and decisions and their implementation in accordance with rules and regulations and evaluation of governmental performance.

Administration should be-transparent for secrecy in governmental affairs breeds corruption, uncertainty and ineffi ciency and weakens democracy. Secrecy leads to misuse of public money, whether it is in hands of Legislature, Executive, Judiciary, Defence or Bureaucracy. A number of schemes introduced by the government are for the poor, unprivileged, marginalized and disadvantaged sections of the society and due to corruption; these sections do not receive the desired benefi ts.

Accountability

Accountability is related to participation, which ensures and safeguards transparency. In representative democracies, the representatives should be answerable for their governmental behaviour through regular elections and to legitimize the exercise of political power, these representatives should be accountable to the large sections of society from whom they derive their authority. Bureaucratic accountability aims to devise and ensure a system that can control the performance of government offi cials whose aim is to perform and deliver quality of service.

Accountability should be used to remove hindrances in the functioning and to achieve results rather than just avoiding lapses. In the Indian scenario, P.R. Dubhashi remarks, “Unfortunately the latter is often highlighted while the former is neglected. If this happens, public accountability may even be counter-productive. Public servants would like to err on the safe side rather than take decisions, which would expose them to errors and pubic enquiries. Public servants should have full confi dence that bonafi de mistakes would not expose them to persecution while positive achievement would be recognized and rewarded. “Accountability also covers the role of government as a facilitator for the growth of the private sector and civil society organizations.”

Rule of Law

A major premise of good governance is that the legal framework should be fair, enforced in an impartial manner for protecting human rights, check excesses, secure justice etc. An established legal framework should be based on rule of law, independence of judiciary to protect human rights, check against abuse of discretionary power and exploitation etc.

In addition to above-mentioned parameters, good governance also includes the following features:

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Responsiveness: Good governance requires that the institutions and process should aim to serve stakeholders with a reasonable time-framework.

Consensus-oriented: The objective of good governance should be to arrive at a broad consensus through mediation between interests that are different, which is in the best interest of the whole community and sustainable human development.

Equity: To secure honour and dignity of all human beings, men or women and to provide them ample opportunities to maintain their weir-being. The vulnerable and disadvantaged sections of the society should not feel that they are excluded from the mainstream of the society

Effi ciency and Effectiveness : The processes and institutions that are responsible for administration should make optimum use of the available resources to improve the well-being of the society, at large. This would, in turn, reduce the cost of government. The concept of effi ciency would broadly cover the sustainable use of natural resources and protection of environment.

Strategic Vision : It is important that the leaders as well as public, both have a long-term perspective on good governance and human development. In order to visualize the depth of the problem, they Should be able to comprehend the historical, cultural and social complexities of the society.

Recent Developments

Public Affairs Index The index has been developed by Bengaluru-based think tank Public Affairs Centre.

It ranks States in India based on 10 themes 30 focus subjects and 100 indicators.

The themes include,

Essential infrastructure,

support to human development,

social protection,

women and children,

crime,

law and order,

delivery of justice,

environment, transparency and accountability,

Fiscal management and economic freedom.

The current edition 2018 focus on the subject “The Children of India”.

The latest index released by PAC shows that Kerala has been ranked as the number one state in terms of governance for the past three years, followed by Tamil Nadu.

Telangana, Himachal Pradesh and Karnataka follow the top two states.

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