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8/4/2019 8. Support and Movement
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SUPPORT AND
MOVEMENT
A N I M A L
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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN ANIMAL
Human and animals have a good support systemenables them to move and protect their bodytissues
There are three support system;
1. Endoskeleton
2. Exoskeleton
3. Hydrostatic skeleton
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The main functions of the skeletonare
Give them structure, strengthand shape
to provide support,
Protect their soft tissues andinternal organs
enable movement
The Skeleton
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COMPARISON BETWEEN THE SUPPORT SYSTEM IN LANDS
VERTEBRATES AND AQUATIC VERTEBRATES
similarity
Land vertebrates Internal skeleton(endoskeleton)
Aquatic vertebrates
Difference
Internal skeleton
system
Type of support
system
Buoyancy of water
Big Size of pectoral andpelvic girdle
Comparatively small
Very strong Strength of pectoraland pelvic girdles
Comparatively weak
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DIFFERENT BETWEEN EXO AND ENDO
SKELETON
Exo- means outer, and Endo- means inner. So anexoskeleton means that the "framework" of thecreature is on the outside, like the lobster. Anendoskeleton is inside the creature, so the soft parts
are outside, like the bear or man.
Endo means "inside", exo means "outside", and askeleton is a structure that provides a rigid structurefor the body.
So, humans have endoskeletons (our rigid bones areinside our body), while crabs and lobsters haveexoskeletons (their rigid shells are outside their body).It's simply a matter of where your support structure is -inside(end) or outside(exo).
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SUPPORT SYSTEM OF LAND
INVERTEBRATES
Invertebrates that have no backbone aresupported by
1. Hard exoskeleton
2. Body fluids (hydrostastic skeleton)
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EXOSKELETON
Also called the external skeleton
Has hard outer skin or shell
Maintain body shape Support body weight
Protect internal organs
Allows movement
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The Hydrostatic Skeleton
Examples of the hydrostatic skeleton can be seen in
molluscs and nemotodes or worms. These soft bodiedanimals rely on pressurised fluid held incompartments within the body to act as a skeleton. Byusing muscles surrounding these compartments, theanimal is able to change its shape and producemovement.
In earthworms, the hydrostatic skeleton consists offluid held in a compartment called the coelon. The
coelon is divided into segments and by using musclessurrounding these segments to push the fluid theearthworm is able to change shape. By squeezingsome segments but allowing others to relax, the wormcan generate a peristaltic motion.
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SUPPORT SYSTEM IN PLANTS
Two types of supports system:
a) Woody plants
b) Non woody plants
Woody plants
Are supported by woody tissue. Woody tissue is hard andgives the plant shape and provides it with strength to holditself upright
Woody plants are also supported by special structure suchas thorns, buttress roots or clasping roots
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Non-woody plants
There are two types of support systems in non-woody plants(herbaceous plants). These plants are supported by turgid
pressure and special structure such as prop roots or tendrils Non woody plants (herb) such as balsam, mustard
kangkung are supported by cell turgidity.
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