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8 fY%aKsh

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

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m<uqjk uqøKh 2016

fojk uqøKh - 2017

f;jk uqøKh 2018

isjqjk uqøKh 2019

ish¨ ysñlï weúß‚

ISBN 978-955-25-0291-0

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska

u,ajdk" jvqfõ.u mdr" wxl 765$2 ork ia:dkfhys msysá wd¾' tia' m%skafgla ^mqoa.,sl& iud.fuys

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jeõ neïu ;ekùfï § jefõ c,

Odß;dfõ mSvkhg Tfrd;a;= fok f,i jeõ

neïu ks¾udKh lsÍu jdß Ys,amSka uqyqK ÿka

m%Odk wNsfhda.hls' neïu .s,d neiSu je<elaùu

i|yd msysá ., f;la mdod" t;eka isg úúO

j¾.j,g wh;a mia ;Ügq jYfhka mqrjd neïu

ks¾udKh flßKs' mia ;Ügq fh§fï § ukd

f,i ;,d neïug c,h Wrd .ekSu b;d wju

jk f,i yd c, mSvkhg Tfrd;a;= fok f,i

ks¾udKh lr ;sfí' neïfï Wi m%udKh yd

È. m%udKhg idfmalaIj tys m<, m%udKh

;SrKh l< nj fmfka'

jejla ks¾udKh lsÍfï § uqyqK ÿka

;j;a wNsfhda.hla kï ta i|yd wjYH Y%uh

imhd .ekSu hs' ie;mqï .Kkla È. wä ;sy

y;,syla Wi jeõ neïula mia mqrjd ilia

lsÍug oyia .Kka Y%ñlhka jir lsysmhla u

fiajfha fhoúh hq;= úh' j¾;udkfha fuka

kQ;k hka;% iQ;% Ndú; fkdjQ hq.hl ñksia

oE;ska tn÷ ymkalï lsÍu ienúka u uú;h

okjk lreKls' jeõ neïula yd we< ud¾.

;ekSfï § Y%ñlhka imhd .ekSu" Tjqka

yeisrùu" wdydrmdk iemhSu" mia tla /ia

lsÍu" mia ;,d neïu ieliSu wdÈ lghq;=j,g

fyd| ie,iqula yd ixúOdk Yla;shla o

wjYHj ;sìK' fuu wNsfhda. ch .ekSug

w;S; ,dxlslhka iu;a jQ nj wog;a ±l .ekSug

yelshdj ;sfnk úYd, jeõj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

jejl fidfrdõj" ìfidafldgqj" r<mkdj"

we;=`Mjdk" msgjdk jeks úúO wx. ks¾udKh

flrefKa o" jeõ ;kjd mj;ajdf.k hdfï §

u;= jQ wNsfhda.j,g ms<s;=re jYfhks'

j.=j 1'1 jeõ lsysmhl m%udKh


fidfrdõj

wêmSvkhla iys;j jej ;=<

mj;sk c,h jeõ neïu yryd we< ud¾.h

fj;g .ekSug fidfrdõj ks¾udKh lr

we;' fndfydaúg uv fidfrdõj yd f.dv

fidfrdõj jYfhka jejl fidfrdõ j¾.

folla ;sfí' uv fidfrdõj jefõ m;=,a

uÜgfuka ;kjd we;' tu.ska jefõ ish¨

c,h ksïkhg uqodyeßh yels h' jefõ

uv bj;a lsÍug o fuh WmldÍ fõ' f.dv

fidfrdõj uv fidfrdõjg ;rula Wiska

;kjd ;sfí' we;eï úg l=vd jeõj,

ìfidafldgqjla fkdue;sj fidfrdõj

u.ska u c,h msg;g .efka'

ìfidafldgqj

rEmh 1'3 fidfrdõj

rEmh 1'4 ìfidafldgqj

jefõ c,h ukd md,khlska hq;=j

msg;g .ekSu i|yd ìfidafldgqj ks¾udKh

lr we;' ìfidafldgqj hkq fidfrdõfõ u

tla wx.hla jk w;r

fidfrdõ lsysmhla

we;s úYd, jeõj,

ìfidafldgq o tmuK

olakg ,efí' jefõ

we;=`M me;af;ys

jeõ neïug iómj

fldgqjl wdldrfhka

ìfidafldgqj ;kjd

we;' ìfidafldgqjg

jefõ c,h we;=`M

lrkqfha k< ud¾.-

hlsks' ìfidafldgqj

;=< Wia my;a l< yels

mshkam;la mj;shs' th

Wia my;a lsÍfuka

ìfidafldgqj ;=<ska

jeõ neïu yryd c,h

msg;g .ekSug ;kjd

we;s k< ud¾.hg md,khlska hq;=j c,h

ksl=;a l< yels h' ìfidafldgqqj ,dxlsl jdß

Ys,amSkaf.a u ks¾udKhla hehs ms<s.efka'

jejl m%Odk wx.


we;=`Mjdk yd msgjdk

fjk;a c, uQ,dY%hlska

jejg c,h ,nd .ekSug

we;=`Mjdk ilia lr we;'

neyeßka jejg .,d tk c,fha

frdkauv jejg tl;= ùu j,lajd

.ekSug frdkauv ;ekam;a jk

l=vd j<la ks¾udKh lr ;sfí'

jejg msg;ska .,d tk c,h

kj;d ±uQ úg fuu j< ;=<

;ekam;aj we;s frdka uv bj;a

l< yels h'

jefõ w;sßla; c,h msg lsÍu i|yd msgjdk ;kjd we;' úYd, jejlg msgjdka folla

jqj;a ;sìh yels h' msgjdk u.ska msg flfrk c,h" jeõ neïug fyda j.d ìïj,g ydks fkdù

fjk;a jejlg fyda iajdNdúl c, ud¾.hlg fyda yrjd hefjk f,i msgjdk ;kjd ;sfí'

rEmh 1'6 jefõ c,h msg lrk msgjdk

r<mkdj

jeõ neïu fia§hdu

j<lajd .ekSu i|yd jeõ

neïfï we;=`M me;a; .,a

w;=rd ilia lr we;' th

r<mkdj f,i ye¢kafõ'

iq<`. ksid jeõj, l=vd Èh

/,s we;s fõ' fkdlvjd jeõ

neïu lrd tk fuu Èh /,s

ksid mia neïu fia§ hdfï

wjodkula mj;sk fyhska

neïu wdrlaId lr .ekSug

r<mkdj w;HjYH fõ'

rEmh 1'5 r<mkdj


c,fha mSvkhg yd iajdNdúl fidaodmd`Mjg

Tfrd;a;= fok f,i .,a l=Üá f.k neïu bÈ

lr ;sîu fndfydaúg ±lsh yels ,laIKhls'

fuys § fõ,a, bÈ lrk ia:dkfha iajdNdúl

.,a ;,djla fyda msysá ., mdodf.k fõ,af,a

w;a;sjdru tu .,a ;,dj iu`. noaO lr

;sfí' jõkshd - ukakdru m%Odk uxikaêh

wi, u,aj;= Th yryd bÈ lr we;s f;alalï

wuqK ia:djr fõ,a,la iys; mqrdK wuqKlg

fyd| WodyrKhls' fuu wuqfKa isg wdrïN

jk we< u.ska ie;mqï 17la muK ÿr f.jd

ukakdrfï fhdaO jejg c,h f.k f.dia

we;'

we< ud¾. ;ekùu

furg jdß ud¾. b;sydifha uq,a u

wjêfha § l=vd jejl fyda wuqKl isg flá

we<j,a u.ska j.d ìïj,g c,h f.k .sh

nj ksiel h' tfy;a úYd, wuqKq yd uyjeõ

bÈ lsÍfï ;dlaIKfha ÈhqKqj;a iu`. §¾>

yd m<,a we< ud¾. bÈ lsÍfï ;dlaIKh o

ÈhqKqjg m;a úh' Èjhsfka uyjeõ bÈ lsÍfï

mqfrda.dñhd jQ jiN rcq we<j,a fod<ila

;ekù hehs uydjxih lshhs' tfy;a

kï jYfhka tys i|yka jkqfha wd<sidr

fyj;a we<yer we< .ek muKls'

rEmh 1'7 u,aj;= Tfha iajdNdúl .,a ;,dj u; fõ,a,la ne| ks¾udKh flreKq f;alalï wuqK ^jïmi&

tu wuqK c,fhka msreKq miq msgdr .,k whqre ôl=Kq mi&

1'1'2 we< yd fõ,s ;dlaIKh

fl;aj,g c,h ,nd .ekSu i|yd we<

fod< yd .x.d wdÈh yria lr n¢k wdjrK

neïu wuqKla jYfhka ye¢kafõ' tn÷

neïula ye¢kaùug fõ,a, hk moh o fhfoa'

fï wkqj fõ,a, hkq fndfyda úg c,h

r|jd ;nd .ekSug bÈ l< neïug fhfok

kuls' Y%S ,xldfõ uq,a ld,fha l=vd Èh

myrj,a yria fldg fõ,s ne£fuka ,enQ

w;a±lSï ksid .x.d fyda Th yria fldg fõ,s

ne| úYd, c,dY ;ekSu olajd ;dlaIKh

ÈhqKq úh'

Èjhsfka fõ,s ne£fï ;dlaIKh

foi n,k úg ;djld,sl fõ,s yd iaÓr

fõ,s jYfhka j¾. folla mej;s nj

fmfka' jeis iuh wjidkfha § l=vd .x.d"

we<" fod< wdÈfha c, myf¾ fõ.h wvq jQ

úg Èh myr yryd fl<ska w;g ,S lKq isgqjd

je,s" mia" w;=len,s wdÈh fhdod ;djld,sl

fõ,s ;kjd ;sfí' tu.ska wi, fl;a hdhlg

j¾Ihg fyda lkakhg wjYH c,h ,nd

.ekSu wruqK úh' B<`. j¾Id iuh;a iu`.

tu fõ,s úkdYhg m;a fõ'

iaÓr fõ,s" ;djld,sl fõ,sj,g jvd

l,amj;akd wdldrhg ia:djrj ;kjd ;sfí'


wUka .`. yryd fõ,a,la ne| t;eka isg W;=re

m%foaYhg c,h f.k hdug ;ekjQ fuu we<

ie;mqï 30la muK §¾> jQ nj fmfka' uyfika

rc;=ud ñkafkaßh jejg c,h ,nd .ekSug

;s,j;a:ql fyj;a ;,aj;= we< kñka we<la

;kjd we;'

Od;=fiak rc;=ud l,d jefõ isg

wkqrdOmqrfha ;sid jejg c,h f.k hdug ch

.`. fyj;a fhdaO we< kñka we<la ;ekù h'

we;eï ;ekaj, wä 40la muK m<, fuu wef<a

È. ie;mqï 54ls'

m<uqjk w.a.fndaê rcq jQ uyje,s .f`.a

isg c,h f.k hdug ;ek jQ ñksfma we< o

wkqrdOmqr hq.fha we<j,a ;ekùfï úYsIag

yelshdj fmkajk idlaIHhls' fufia úúO

ld,j, §¾> we<j,a ;ekùfï wjYH;d

lsysmhla mej;s nj fmfka'

we<j,a ;ekùfï wjYH;d

z jeõj, fyda wuqKqj, isg j.d ìï lrd

c,h f.k hdu'

z wuqKl isg jejlg fyda jeõ moaO;shlg

c,h f.k hdu'

z z z z z z z z z z z z z

z jejl isg jejlg fyda jeõ lsysmhlg

c,h f.k hdu'

we< ud¾. ;ekùfï ;dlaIKh yd

uqyqKÿka wNsfhda.

w;S; ,dxlslfhda we< ud¾. u.ska

jeõ wuqKq iïnkaO fldg úh<s l,dmfhys

jdß ud¾. moaO;shla ìys l<y' tfia u c,h

mj;sk m%foaYj, isg ys`. m%foaYj,g ie;mqï

.Kka È. we< ud¾. ;kjd c,h f.k

hdug o Tjqyq iu;a jQy' fun÷ ld¾hkays §

tajdfha ks¾udK Ys,amSka úúO wNsfhda.j,g

uqyqKÿka nj ksiel h' tfy;a furg

uQ,dY%j, we< ud¾. ;ekjQ wdldrh fyda

tys § u;= jQ .eg¨ ms<sn| m%udKj;a mßÈ

f;dr;=re i|ykaj ke;' fï ksid b;sßj

we;s we< fõ,s yd tajdfha kgnqka wdY%fhka

tod mej;s ;dlaIKh yd uqyqKÿka wNsfhda.

ms<sn| jegySula we;s lr .ekSug isÿ fõ'

by; i|yka l< ch .`. jeks

§¾> yd m<,a we< ud¾.hla ;ekùfï

§ N+ úIu;dfõ mj;sk fkdfhl=;a

;;ajhkag uqyqK §ug isÿ úh'

rEmh 1'8 fhdaO we<" wfma w;S; uq;=ka ñ;a;ka l< úiañ; ks¾udKhls'


fun÷ ld¾hhl § we< wdrïN jk

ia:dkfha isg wjika flfrk ia:dkh olajd

N+ñfha Wi ms<sn| b;d u kssjerÈ ñkqï ,nd

.; hq;= h' ch .f`.a uq,a ie;mqï 17 § c,

neiau ie;mqulg w`.,l muK m%udKfhka

mj;ajdf.k f.dia ;sfí' fuh ìu uekSu

ms<sn| w;S; ,dxlslhka i;=j mej;s úYsIag

±kqu fmkajk wjia:djls'

§¾> we< ud¾. ;ekSfï § fmdf<dj

ydrd we< lemSu" wef<a m<, yd .eUqr ksis

f,i mj;ajdf.k hdu" ,sys,a mia ia;r

iys; ia:dkj, me;s neñ fhdod bjqre fia§u

j,lajd,Su" N+ñfha úIu;djkag .e<fmk

f,i we< ;ekùu jeks wNsfhda. /ila ch

.ekSug isÿ úh' we<yer we< ;ekùfï §

fun÷ wNsfhda. chf.k we;s wdldrh" ,laÈj

mqrd;k jdß ud¾. hkqfjka m%Yia; lD;shla

iïmdokh l< wd¾' t,a' fn%daysh¾ uy;d

fmkajd § we;' we<yer we<g wjg Wia

ìïj,ska c, myrj,a tlaùu ksid j¾Id

ld,fha § wef<a c, Odß;dj jeä ù th msgdr

.e,Sfï § bjqre fia§ hdu je,elaùug we<

;ekùfï oS u mshjr f.k ;snqKs' tn÷

Èh myrj,a tla jk ia:dkj, wef<a bjqre

.,a neñ fhdod Yla;su;a lr we;' tfia u

l=Uqrej,g c,h yerùug wef<a ;kjd we;s

fidfrdõ yeu úg u .,aj,ska ilid ;sfí'

wef<a msgdr .,k ia:dkj, § bjqr wdrlaId

lr .ekSug .,a w;==rd jdk ms<sfh, lr

;sìK'

1'1'3 fmdl=Kq ;ekùu

ñksidf.a úúO wjYH;djka i|yd

c,h tla /ia lr ;nd .ekSug fmdf<dj

leK ;kjd we;s ks¾udK úfYaIhla fmdl=Kq

jYfhka ye¢kafõ' jejl fuka idudkH

fmdf<dj u; by<g neïula ne| c,h /ia

lr .ekSfï ,laIKh fmdl=Kqj, olakg

fkd,efí' fndfyda úg fmdl=Kq ;ekùfï

§ idudkH fmdf<dj uÜgfï isg hgg ydrd

bjqrej, wdrlaIdj i,id c,h /ia lr

;eîfï l%uhla Ndú; lr ;sfí'

rEmh 1'9 we,yer wuqK


Y%S ,xldfõ fmdl=Kq ;ekùu ms<snò

b;sydih úch mqrdjD;a;h ;rï wE;g Èj hhs'

úch l=ure furgg f.dvnisk úg l=fõKsh

fmdl=Kla wi, lmq lák ;eke;a;shlf.a

ú,difhka isá mqj;la uydjxifha ±lafõ'

ta jk úg;a furg fmdl=Kq bÈ lr ;snQ nj

fï l;dfjka fmfka' Èjhsfka jeõ yd we<

ud¾. ;ekùfï ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq ùu;a iu`.

fmdl=Kq ;ekùfï Ys,am l%uj, o ÈhqKqjla

we;s úKehs ie,lsh yels h' k.rfha

w,xldrh i|yd jiN rcq fndfyda fmdl=Kq

;ekù hehs uydjxifha i|ykaj ;sîu thg

WodyrKhls'

fmdl=Kq ;ekùfï wjYH;d yd fmdl=Kq

j¾.

z c,h mßfNdackh i|yd ;ekjQ

fmdl=Kq

furg merKs fmdl=Kqj,ska jeä

m%udKhla c,h mßfNdackh i|yd bÈ l< tajd

fõ' iakdkh yd mdkSh c,h /ia lr .ekSu

i|yd we;eï úg fjk u fmdl=Kq ;kd ;snQ

nj fmfka' wNh.sßfha we;a fmdl=K iakdkh

i|yd ;ekjQ úYd, fmdl=Kla f,i ie,lsh

yels h' wkqrdOmqr rkauiq Whfka fmdl=Kq

iakdkhg yd c, l%Svd lsÍug fhdod .;a tajd

fõ'

z jeis c,h l%udkql+,j neyer lsÍfï

fmdl=Kq

wdrdu N+ñj, j¾Id ld,fha /ia fjk

c,h ;eka ;ekaj, tl;= ùfuka we;s jk

mßir .eg¨ wju lr .ekSug Wux fyda u;=msg

ldKq u.ska tu c,h fmdl=Kqj,g fhduq lr

;sfí'

wkqrdOmqr wNh.sß od.en u;g m;s;

jk j¾Id c,h od.en Èf.a fíÍ i,m;<

u`Mjg tla /ia fõ' i,m;< u`Mfõ msg;ska

;kjd we;s c, msys,s u.ska tu c,h wk;=rej

je,s u`Mjg .,d hdug i,iajd we;' je,su`Mj

Èf.a .,k c,h msg m%dldrh wi, ;kd we;s

.,ska ;ekQ wdjdghlg tl;= ù t;eka isg

fmdf<dj háka .,ska ;ekjQ Wux ud¾.hla

Tiafia msg;ska ;kjd we;s fmdl=Klg tla/ia

fõ' fun÷ fmdl=Kq y;rla wNh.sß od.eng

isjq foiska ;kjd ;sfí' fï wdldrhg bÈ l<

fmdl=Kq fndfyda od.eí yd wdrdu wdYs%;j

±lsh yels h'

z w,xldrh i|yd bÈ l< fmdl=Kq

wkqrdOmqrfha rkauiq Whfka fmdl=Kq

fuka u fmdf,dkakrefõ l=udr fmdl=K yd

fk`Mï fmdl=K wdÈh o w,xldrh i|yd ;ekQ

fmdl=Kqj,g WodyrK fõ' fuu fmdl=Kq

w,xldrh i|yd muKla u ;ekjQ tajd fkdfõ'

tajdfha c,h ñksia mßyrKhg .kakg we;'

fïjdfha úúO w,xldr ieris,s fhdod ;sîu

lemS fmfka'

z mßirh isis,aj ;nd

.ekSug ;ekjQ fmdl=Kq

rcrg m%foaYfha úh<s

foaY.=Khla mj;shs'

tneúka wdrdujdiS NslaIQka

jykafia,dg isis,a mßirhl

nK Ndjkd lsÍu msKsi

we;eï úydrdrduj, fmdl=Kq

;ekúh yels iEu ia:dkhl

u fmdl=Kq bÈ lr ;sfnkq

±lsh yels h'

rEmh 1'10 wNh.sß od.eng yd i,m;< u`Mjg jefgk c,h" fmdl=Klg

.,d hdug i,iajd we;s wdldrh


rEmh 1'11 l=Ügï fmdl=K

wlalr 500la muK jk wNh.sß úydr

N+ñfha muKla fmdl=Kq 65la muK ;kjd

;sfí' wïmdr rc., mqrdúµd N+ñfhka fun÷

fmdl=Kq 40lg jeä m%udKhla fidhdf.k

we;' tla m%foaYhl <`. <`. fmdl=Kq ;kjd

c,h /ia lr ;enQ úg c, jdIam fya;=fjka

tu m%foaYfha mßirfha isis,a

njla we;s fõ'

y÷kd.ekSfï myiqj

i|yd by; i|yka mßÈ

fmdl=Kqj,ska bgq jQ

ld¾h wkqj tajd j¾. lr

±lajqj o wjYH;d lsysmhla

tla fmdl=Klska bgq lr

.;a wjia:d o fldf;l=;a

we;s nj i|yka l< hq;=

fõ' wkqrdOmqrfha l=Ügï

fmdl=K Bg WodyrKhls'

wNh.sß NslaIQkaf.a c,

mßfNdackh" w,xldrh yd

mßirh isis,aj ;nd .ekSu

hk wruqKq ;=k u tu

fmdl=fKka bgq úKehs

z fmdl=Kq ;ekùfï ;dlaIKh

furg úh<s l,dmfha fkdfhla

ia:dkj, fmdf<dj leK ;kjd we;s

fmdl=Kq fndfyduhla ukd ie,eiaulg

wkqj bÈ l< tajd fõ' fmdl=Kq i|yd ia:dk

f;dard .ekSfï § c,h ,efnk wdldrh .ek

rEmh 1'12 l=Ügï fmdl=fK c, fmrkhla ^fuys msg; ldKqjg ,efnk

c,h ueo fldgqfõ ;nd we;s lfmd¨ yh ;=<ska we;=<g hefõ' we;=<;

fldgqfõ isg k<hla u.ska tu c,h fmdl=Kg hEug i,iajd we;'&

ie,lsh yels h'


rEmh 1'13

rc., merKs wdrdu

ixlS¾Kfha .,a ;,d u;

;kjd we;s fmdl=Kla

rEmh 1'14

fk¨ï fmdl=K

rEmh 1'15

wNh.sßfha we;afmdl=K


ie,ls,a, olajd ;sfí' j¾Id c,h /ia flfrk

fmdl=Kq fuka u lsishï c, uQ,dY%hlska Wux

u.ska fyda u;=msáka c,h iïmdokh lr

.;a fmdl=Kq o mj;S' .,a;,dj, neïulska

wdjrKh lr ;ekQ fmdl=Kq j¾Id c,h

/ia lr ;nd .ekSug ks¾udKh lr ;sfí'

fmdf<dj leK ;ekQ fmdl=Kq úúO yevj,ska

hqla; h' iup;=ri% yd RcqfldaKdi% yeve;s

fmdl=Kq nyq,j ±lsh yels w;r rjqï yeve;s

fmdl=Kq l,d;=rlska olakg ,efí'

iakdkh fyda mdkh i|yd c,h Ndú;

l< we;eï fmdl=Kqj, c,h wmú;% jk úg

fmdf<dj háka u wmú;% c,h we<lg fyda

iqÿiq ia:dkhlg neyer lsÍu i|yd fmdl=Kq

m;=f,a l=yr ;nd k< ud¾. ;kjd we;'

l=Ügï fmdl=K yd rkauiq Whfka fmdl=Kq

óg WodyrKhls' fmdl=fKa bjqre lvdjeàu

je,elaùu;a tys c,h bjqrej,g Wrd .ekSu

wju lsÍu;a i|yd fndfyda fmdl=Kqj, bjqre

.,a mqjre fhdod ksu lr we;' tu .,a mqjre

tlla u; tlla iïnkaO lr b;d u ;=kS

Yla;su;a noduhlska iú lr we;s fyhska

fmdl=Kq c,h bjqrej,g ldkaÿ ùu b;d wju

fõ' fmdl=Kg neiSug mäfm< ;kd we;s

fyhska iEu uÜgul § u hful=g c,hg

neiSu myiq fõ' fmdl=Kqj,g ffY,uh k<

u.ska c,h ,nd .ekSfï § c, k<h Rcqj u

fmdl=Kg fhduq fkdfldg fmdl=Kg msg;ska

;ekjQ fmrkhlg fhduq lr we;' fuu.ska

frdkauv yd wmøjH fmdl=Kg tl;= ùug

fmr bj;a lsÍug yels h'

msg; jeis c,h fmdl=Kg .,d neiSu

je,elaùu i|yd iEu fmdl=Kl u bjqf¾

by< .,a mqjre fmdf<dj uÜgug jvd by<g

hk f,i ;kjd ;sfí' rc., merKs wdrdu

ixlS¾Kfha .,a;,d yd .,a flñ wdY%s;j

;kjd we;s iEu fmdl=Kl u fmdl=Kg

neiSug fmr md fOdajkh lr .; yels c,h

msrjQ l=vd m%udKfha md fOdajkhla fmdl=Kq

wi, ;kjd we;' fuu.ska fmdl=Kqj,g je,s

yd wmøjH tlaùu md,kh l< nj fmfka'

tlS fmdl=Kq wi, fijK i|yd l=vd l=á o

;kd ;snQ njg i,l=Kq ;sfí' iakdkh lsÍug

tk whg fijfKa u|la isg isrer isis,a jQ

miq fmdl=Kg neiSug myiqlï i,id we;'

fï wkqj fmdl=Kq ;ekùu ukd ie,iqulg

wkqj fuka u mßirh ms<sn|j o fyd|

wjfndaOhlska isÿ lr we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ'

1'1'4 c, WoHdk

c, Wµdk fyj;a Whka hkq .ia je,a

wdÈh jjd úfõlh .; lsÍug fyda c, l%Svd

lsÍug iqÿiq mßÈ l%udkql+,j ieliQ ia:dk

úfYaIhls' Èjhsfka uq,ajrg Whkla ;kjk

,oafoa uqgiSj rc;=uka úisks' Wµdkh i|yd

ìu ilia lrk Èkfha § wld, fï>hla

^j¾Idjla& we;s jQ neúka th uyd fï>jk

kñka ye¢kaúkehs uydjxifha i|yka fõ'

th uyfujqkd Whk jYfhka m%isoaêhg m;a

úh' foajdkïmsh;siai rc;=ud úiska miqj tu

Whk ñys÷ ysñhka we;=`M uyd ix>hdg mQcd

lrk ,È' ñys÷ ysñhka furgg jeä wjêh

jk úg kkaok Whk hkqfjka ye¢kajQ

;j;a Whkla wkqrdOmqrfha mej;=Ks' ñys÷

ysñhka tys isg O¾uh foaYkd l< neúka th

Ydikh nen<jQ ia:dkhla jYfhka i,ld

fcda;s jkh kñka y÷kajd we;' furg uq,a

u Wµdk yeáhg ie,lsh yels fuu Whka

wdY%s; m%foaYj, miqj úúO bÈlsÍï isÿ

lsÍu;a ld,hdf.a wejEfuka isÿ jQ fjkialï

wdÈh;a ksid wo tajd olakg fkd,efí'

w;S;fha furg Whka ;ekùfï

§ rcq uQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= lr ;sfí'

uqgiSj rcqg miq ld,fha l+glKaK;siai

rcq moauiajr kñka Whkla ;kjd we;' ta

yereKq úg jiN rcq" f.daGdNh rcq" m<uqjk

ldYHm rcq" m<uqjk w.afnda rcq yd m<uqjk

mrdl%undyq hk rcjreka Whka ;ekjQ

rcjrekag WodyrK fõ' w;S;fha furg

mej;s WoHdk w;r wkqrdOmqrfha rkauiq

Whk yd iS.sßfha c, Wµdkh wog;a ±lsh

yels w,xldr WoHdk folls' fïjd m%N+


ckhd i|yd bÈ l< nj fmfka' tneúka tajd

rdclSh Wµdk f,i jqj o ye¢kaúh yels h'

w;S;fha furg NslaIQka jeä jYfhka Ôj;a jQ

wdrdu N+ñj, o Wµdk bÈ l< nj fmfka'

NslaIQkag úfõlSj nK Ndjkd lsÍug tu

Wµdk ;ekjQ nj ksiel h' tajd wdrdñl

Wµdk f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' wkqrdOmqrfha

uyd úydrh" wNh.sßh yd fÊ;jkh wdY%s;j

fun÷ Wµdk mej;s nj o is;sh yels h'

c, WoHdk ie,iqï lsÍug yd bÈ lsÍug

Ndú; l< ;dlaIKh

Wµdkhg c, myiqlï imhd fmdl=Kq

wdÈh bÈ fldg w,xldr f,i ;ekjQ tajd c,

Wµdk f,i ye¢kaúh yels h' by; i|yka

l< rkauiq Whk yd iS.sßfha c, Wµdkh

Bg ksoiqka fõ'

rkauiq Whk

;sid jej bjqfrys biqreuqKs úydrfha isg

ñßijeá úydr N+ñh olajd m%foaYh rkauiq

Whkg wh;a fõ' uyfujqkd Whk yd

zkkaok WhkZ NslaIQka jykafia,dg mQcd

lsÍfuka miqj rcjrekaf.a mßyrKh i|yd

rkauiq Whk ;ekjQ nj fmfka' ia:dkfha

nEjqï iys; ;;ajh yd ;sid jej bjqfrys

Ydka; mßir ;;ajh ie,ls,a,g f.k Whk

ie,iqï lr we;' ;sid jefjka ,nd .;a c,h

Whk Tiafia l%udkql+,j .,d hdug k<

moaO;shla bÈ lr fmdl=Kq lsysmhla o ;kjd

;sfí' .%SIau ld,hg .e<fmk l=vd t<suyka

f.j,a" uKavm" iakdkd.dr yd je;sr isàu

i|yd .,a hyka wdÈh ;kjd Whk b;d

w,xldrj mj;ajdf.k f.dia we;' fuys

;kjd we;s fmdl=Kq iakdkhg yd c, l%Svd

lsÍug fhdod .;af;a hehs is;sh yels h'

rEmh 1'16 rkauiq Whk


iS.sß c, WoHdkh

ol=Kq wdishdfõ we;s merKs c,

Wµdk w;r iS.sß c, Wµdkh úfYaIfhka

lemS fmfka' l%sia;= j¾I miajk ishjig

muK wh;a fuu c, Wµdkh miqj j,a ìys ù

;sî tÉ' iS' mS' fn,a iy fikr;a mrKú;dk

hk mqrdúµd{hka úiska h<s mdod .kakd

,È' iS.sß N+ñfhys isÿ l< mqrdúoHd

rEmh 1'17 iS.sß c, WoHdkh

rEmh 1'18 iS.sß c, u,a


lghq;=j,ska tys ngysr m%foaYh fomi mej;s

c, Wµdkfha ie,eiau ms<sn| meyeÈ,s

wjfndaOhla ,nd f.k ;sfí' c, Wµdkfha

ìu fnod we;s wdldrh wkqj iS.sß ., uOH

m%foaYfha isg ngysrg .uka flfrk m%Odk

udj;g iudka;rj tu udjf;a fomi c,

Wµdkh ;kjd we;' N+ñfha olakg ,efnk

nEjqï iajNdjh ie,ls,a,g .ksñka fomiska

c,h .,d tk c, ud¾. moaO;sh" fmdl=Kq

yd uKavm wdÈh;a l%udkql+, ie,iqulg

wkqj w,xldr f,i ;kjd ;sfí' iS.sß ìfï

Wia m%foaYfha isg ldKq moaO;sh Tiafia

my<g .,d tk c,h wêl mSvkhlska hq;=j

.,d nisk wjia:dfõ § th yria fldg isÿre

iys; jD;a;dldr .,a m;=re iú lsÍfuka

c,u,a ks¾udKh fldg we;' iajdNdúlj

we;s jk mSvkh iys;j .,k c,h fuu

.,a isÿre ;=<ska by<g ú§' wêl j¾Id

ld,fha § fuu c,u,a wog;a l%shd;aul

fõ' c, ;dlaIKh ms<sn| ukd fl!Y,Hhla

;snQ w;S; ,dxlslhkag fun÷ lD;s%u c,u,a

ksmoùfï ;dlaIKh wreuhla fkdù h'

iS.sß ., uqÿfka isg ngysr foi

n,k úg c, Wµdkfha uq,a ie,eiau

meyeÈ,sj ±l.; yels h' tys ;kjd we;s

ud¾. moaO;sh" c, ldKq moaO;sh" uKavm"

fmdl=Kq" c,u,a" úfõlia:dk wdÈfha

tlsfklg wfkHdakH iïnkaOhla we;s nj;a

tlS wxf.damdx. ish,a, tla tallhla njg

m;aùfuka ukrï o¾Ykhla uefjk nj;a

fmfka' wo olakg fkdue;s f.dvke.s,sj,

úÑ;%j;a mshis" u,af.duq" ;=rejÿ¿ yd c,

u,a wdÈfhka mßmQ¾Kj ldYHm rcq iufha

fuu WoHdkfha o¾Ykh flfia mj;skakg

we;s ±hs hful=g is;d.; yels h'

c, WoHdkj, lemS fmfkk ,laIK

z N+ñfha iajNdjh yd mßirhg .e<fmk

f,i Wµdk ie,iqï lr ;sîu'

z Wµdkh ;=< ie,iqï l< ud¾. moaO;shla

;kjd ;sîu'

z c, ldKq" fmdl=Kq" c,u,a wdÈh ;kjd

Wµdkh w,xldr lr ;sîu'

z t<suyka f.j,a" uKavm yd úfõlia:dk

wdÈh ;kjd .iaje,a jjd ruKSh

mßirhla we;s lr ;sîu'

z Wµdk md,lhka ^Whkaleñ$Whka

jecEreu& hgf;a ukd f,i WoHdk

kv;a;= lsÍu'

1'2 ueá ;dlaIKh

kQ;k ñksia m%cdfõ wdÈ;uhka

uq,ska u bf.k.;a oEf;a l¾udka; w;r

ueá l¾udka;hg m%uqL ;ekla ,efí' ñksid

fufia ueá l¾udka;hg uq,ska u w; .eiSug

tla fya;=jla jQfha ueÜg ;rï myiqfjka

imhd .; yels fyda myiqfjka jev l< yels

fjk;a wuqøjHhla fld;ekl § j;a ñksia

rEmh 1'19 ,xldfõ yuqjk wkqrdOmqr hq.fha uq,a

Nd.hg wh;a ueá n÷kla


oE;g fkd,eîu hs' ñksid .skaor fidhdf.k

l,la .;jk úg wdydr msiSu i|yd m%d:ñl

uÜgfï ueá j<x ;ekSu wdrïN l< njg

idOl ;sfí' ñksia m%cdj j¾;udkh olajd

meñKs ÿr .ufka § uq,ska u ;ekQ Ndck"

rEm" uQ¾;s yd l,d;aul oE ueáfhka l<

njg o ielhla ke;'

ñksidf.a fiiq fndfyda ks¾udK

fuka ueá NdKav ;ekSu o wdrïN jQfha

m%d:ñl uÜgfuks' ueá Ndck ;ekSu

uq,ska u wdrïN l< udkjhka" w;ska ;ekQ

Ndck wõfõ úh<d Yla;su;a lr .;a njg

ielhla ke;' ld,hla .; jk úg" ueá

Ndck .skafkka úh<d iúu;a lr .ekSfï

;dlaIKh bf.k .kakg we;' ñksid ksjdi

;kd YsIagdpdr f.dvke.Sfuka miqj ueá

Ndck ;ekSfï l,dj YS>%fhka ÈhqKq úh'

merKs YsIagdpdrj, ñksia wjYH;d i|yd

úúO yevfha iy úúO m%udKfha ueá Ndck

ksmojd ;snQ nj yuq ù we;s ueá Ndckj,ska

meyeÈ,s fõ' ye,s j<x" ms`.ka" ueá fldamam"

c,h /ia lr ;nd .ekSfï Ndck" u,a n÷ka

wdÈh tn÷ Ndckj,g WodyrK fõ' ueá

Ndck ;ekSfï ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq ùu;a iu`.

Ndck j¾K .ekaùu" mska;dre lsÍu" Ndck

u; fudaia;r rgd we£u wdÈh u.ska tajd

w,xldr lsÍug o iEu YsIagdpdrhl u jf.a

ñksiqka lghq;= lr we;'

ilfmdarej fidhd .ekSu ueá n÷ka

;ekSfï l,dfõ mq`M,a mßj¾;khla we;s ùug

;=vq ÿka lreKls' ilfmdarej hkq fmdf<dfõ

fyda lsishï wdlD;shla u; myiqfjka

lrleùug yels f,i ;ekQ jD;a;dldr

,E,a,ls' tu jD;a;dldr ,E,s mqjrej u;

ueá .=,sh ;nd tlS mqjrej lrleùfuka

lerflk fõ.h yd w;ska fhdok yevfha

iajrEmh wkqj jvd;a fyd| ksudjlska hq;=

ueá Ndckhla ;kd .ekSug yelshdj ,efí'

by; i|yka l< úúO yevfha yd m%udKfha

ueá n÷ka ;ekSu isÿ jQfha ilfmdarej fidhd

.ekSfuka miqj h'

Y%S ,xldfõ ueá Ndck ;ekSfï

b;sydih m%d.a fM;sydisl hq.h olajd wE;g

Èfõ' tu hq.fha wjidk wjêhg wh;a ueá

Ndck len,s Èjhsfka isÿ l< we;eï mqrdúµd

leKSïj,ska fidhdf.k ;sfí' l%s' mQ' ;=kajk

ishjfia § uyskaod.ukh;a iu`. wi,ajeis

bkaÈhdj yd furg in|;d jeä ÈhqKqùu

ueá ks¾udK l,dfõ Wkak;shg;a fya;= úh'

Y%S uy fndaêh furgg jevuùfï § meñKs

Ys,amSka w;r ueá NdKav ;ekSug ksmqK;ajhla

±lajQ l=U,a l=, wgla isá nj jxil:dj,

±lafõ' fuu Ys,amSkaf.a meñKSu;a iu`.

bkaÈhdfõ tjlg mej;s ueá Ndck ;ekSfï

;dlaIKh furgg ,enqKq nj meyeÈ,s h'

Y%S ,xldfõ mqrdúoHd leKSïj,ska

yuq jk øjH w;r jeä m%udKhla ueáj,ska

l< ks¾udK fõ' ueá j<x len,s" Ndck

len,s" W`M" .fvd,a yd ueá rEm" uqød wdÈh

ta w;r lemS fmfka' wkqrdOmqr rdcH iuh

uq,a Nd.fha isg u ueá Ndck ;ekSu ÈhqKq

;;ajhl mej;s nj;a Wiia ;;ajfha Ndck

ksmojQ nj;a mqrdúµd leKSïj,ska yuq jk

idlaIHj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

furg ueá Ndck ;ekSu uQ,sl mshjr

lsysmhlska hq;= l%shdj,shla fõ' iqÿiq ueá

j¾.h f;dard /f.kú;a uq,ska u ueá moï

lr .efka' tfia moï lr.;a ueáj,ska

;ekSug wjYH Ndckfha m%udKhg ueá ms`v

ne.ska f.k ilfmdarej u; ;nd Ndckfha

yevh ilia flf¾' wk;=rej Ndckfha

m;=, wdÈh ksu lr leghï fyda bß rgd

we| w,xldr lr úh`MKq Ndck fmdarKqfõ

;ekam;a lr mq`Miaid .efka' fuu.ska jvd;a

Yla;su;a fyd| ksudjlska hq;= ueá Ndck

;ekjQ nj fmfka'


.fvd,a yd W`M ksIamdokh

l%sia;= mQ¾j ;=kajk ishjfia muK isg

furg .fvd,a Ndú;h mej;s njg idlaIH

,efí' ÿgq.euqKq rcqf.a ld,h ̂l%s' mQ' 161 - 137&

jk úg .fvd,a Ndú;fhka rejkaje,s iEh

jeks úYd, od.enla ;ekùug ;rï .fvd,a

ksIamdokh lsÍfï ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq ù ;snqKs'

ÿgq.euqKq rcq tu od.en ;ekùfï § .fvd,a

ksIamdoljreka le|jd lreKq úuid jvd;a

Yla;su;aj .fvd,a ;kk ;eke;af;l= f;dard

.;af;a hehs uydjxifha i|yka fõ'

wkqrdOmqr rdcH iuh uq,a Nd.fha

.fvd,a kQ;k .fvd,aj,g jvd m%udKfhka

úYd, fõ' tu .fvd,aj, j;=r Wrd .ekSfï

iajNdjh wju w;r .fvdf,a Yla;su;a

Ndjh yd nr ord .ekSfï yelshdj o wêl h'

wkqrdOmqrfha fÊ;jk ±.en ixrlaIKh

lsÍfï § tlS w;S; .fvd,aj, Yla;su;aNdjh

fkdblaujd hk m%ñ;shlska hq;= .fvd,a

;ekSfï wjYH;djla u;= úh' tjlg furg

.fvd,a ksIamdokh l< lsisÿ wdh;khlg

fuu m%ñ;sfhka hq;= .fvd,aa ksmoùu myiq

fkdjQ fyhska kj fmdarKqjla ;kd .fvd,a

ksIamdokh lrùug tys ixrlaIlhkag isÿ

úh' ta wkqj l%sia;= j¾I 1990 - 91 ld,fha

§ uOHu kqjr.ï m<df;a .,alvj, kï

.%dufha .fvd,a fmdarKqjla bÈ fldg wjYH

.fvd,a ksIamdokh flßK'

wkqrdOmqr hq.fha .fvd,a ksmoùfï

;dlaIKh rg mqrd jHdma;j mej;s nj

Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj,ska yuq jk w;S;

.fvd,a iaudrlj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

wNh.sßh" fÊ;jkh yd

fmdf,dkakrefõ fou< uydiEh jeks od.eí

fuka u fmdf,dkakrefõ mrdl%undyq rc

ud,s.h w;S;fha .fvd,a nyq,j fhdod .;a

bÈlsÍïj,g WodyrK fõ'

j¾;udkh jk úg .,a lKq kgnqka

jYfhka b;sßj we;s w;S; f.dvke.s,s

fndfyduhl jy, ±jfhka ;kd W`M fiú,s

lr ;snqKq nj fmfka' fun÷ f.dvke.s,s

leKSï lsÍfï § .rd jeà we;s ±j jy,h Èrd

hdfuka miqj b;sß jQ W`M leg nyq,j ,efí'

W`M ksIamdokfha fhÿKq msßi w;S;fha W`M

jvqjka f,i y÷kajd ;sfí' we;eï úfgl

.fvd,a ;ekQ msßia o W`M jvqjka f,i y÷kajd

we;'

rcrg YsIagdpdr iufha § wd.ñl

f.dvke.s,s" fmdÿ f.dvke.s,s" rc ud,s.d"

m%N+ ksjdi wdÈfha jy,j, W`M fiú,s lr

;snQ nj fmfkk w;r idudkH ck;djf.a

ksjdij,g tn÷ iaÓr fiú,a,la fhdod

fkd;sfnkakg we;'

W`M ksIamdokfha § iqÿiq ueá j¾.

f;dardf.k moï lsÍu" W`M wÉpqfõ fhdod

W`Mj, yevh ilid .ekSu" W`M úh<Su yd

ms,siaiSu jeks uQ,sl wÈhr lsysmhla mej;s

nj fmfka'

.fvd,a ksIamdokh fuka W`M

ksIamdokh o w;S;fha rg mqrd jHdma;j ;snQ

nj" yuq jk idlaIHj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

rEmh 1'20 wkqrdOmqr rdcH iufha ksIamdokh l<

.fvd,a iy j¾;udkfha ksIamdÈ; .fvd,a


rEmh 1'21 mqrdúoHd leKSïj,ska yuq jQ merKs wdNrK

f,day ;dlaIKh

Y%S ,xldfjka yuq jk mqrdúµd

idlaIH wkqj l%s' mQ' ;=kajk ishjig fmr

ld,fha §;a hlv yd ;U jeks f,day j¾.

Ndú;h mej;=Kq nj

fmfka' tfy;a l%s' mQ'

;=kajk ishjfia isg

lDIsl¾udka;h mq`M,a

ùu" kd.ÍlrKh

fõ.j;a ùu" bÈlsÍï

lafIa;% j¾Okh ùu yd

bkaÈhdkq ;dlaIKsl

Ys,am l%u fõ.fhka

rg ;=< l%shd;aul ùu

jeks fya;= ksid f,day

;dlaIKh yd f,day

j¾. Ndú;fha YS>%

ÈhqKqjla we;s ù ;sfí'

l%s' mQ' fojk Y;j¾Ifha

isg l%s' j' 2 jk ishji

muK olajd ld,fha

úh<s l,dmfha fndfyda

m%foaYj, f,ka ,sms jHdma;shla fmkakqï

flf¾' fufia .,af,kaj, lgdrï flàug

yd f,ka,sms ,shd ;eîug hlv yd jdfka

fuj,ï Ndú; lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' tfia u

tn÷ Ys,d ,smsj, lnr" ^lïudr" f,day jev

lrkakd& ;Ur ^;Ulre& f;dmI ^fnf,la

jev lrkakd& jeks f,day l¾udka;fha

kshe`MKq ;eke;a;ka .ek i|yka fõ'

rcrg YsIagdpdr iufha hlv" f,dalv"

;U" ß§" yd r;arka jeks f,day j¾. Ndú;

ù we;' fun÷ f,day j¾.j,ska l< ks¾udK

mqrdúoHd;aul jYfhka o fidhdf.k ;sfí'

fuu f,day w;ßka hlv" ;U" ß§ wdÈh

furáka u imhd.;a njg o hï hï f;dr;=re

;sfí'

1994 j¾Ifha § wkqrdOmqr wNh.sß

úydr N+ñfha fmdl=Kla leKSï lsÍfï §

.a?ï 370 isg .a?ï438 olajd nßka hq;= rka

len,s myla ,eî we;' ta iu`. u rka

lyjKq lsysmhla o yuq ù we;' by; lS rka

len,s îaj¾K :,l msKav& my rka WKq

rEmh 1'22 hlv ksiaidrKh lsÍug fhdod .;a Wÿk


fldg lsishï fkd.eUqre Ndckhl ;eáhla

f,i j;a fldg ks¾udKh lr ;sìK' tla

tla rka lene,af,a nr merKs wlaIrj,ska

l,x m%udKfhka ,shd ;sî we;' tu fmdl=Kq

;jÿrg;a leKSï lsÍfï § tys tla bjqrl

merKs rka l¾udka; Yd,djla ;snQ njg

idlaIH ,enqKs' tu lïy, ;=< rka WKq lsÍu

i|yd Ndú; l< Wÿka yd c,h ;nd .;a ueá

Ndck fldgia yuq ù we;' wNh.sß úydr

N+ñfha leKSïj,ska rka j<¨" i,U" rka uqÿ"

rka l¾KdNrK yd rka ud,hla wd§ jYfhka

rkska l< ks¾udK lsysmhla o yuq ù we;'

fï wkqj úydr N=ñfha m%;sudj, rka wdf,am

lsÍu" úúO w,xldr NdKav ksIamdokh

wdÈhg by; lS rkalïy, mj;ajdf.k

hkakg we;ehs is;sh yels h'

l%s' mQ' ;=kajk ishjfika miq ld,fha

rg mqrd hlv Ndú;h mej;s njg idlaIH yuq

fõ' wú wdhqO" lDIsld¾ñl WmlrK ;ekSu

yd fjk;a wjYH;d i|yd ^hlv weK iE§u&

hlv Ndú;h w;HjYH úh' w;S;fha furgg

wjYH rka jeks f,day we;eïúg úfoaYj,ska

wdkhkh lf<a hehs is;sh yels w;r hlv

ksIamdokh rg ;=< u isÿ ù ;sfí'

n,xf.dv iuk, jej m%foaYfhka yd

iS.sßfha w,fld< jej" foys.y we<lkao

m%foaYfhka w;S;fha furg hlv ksiaidrKh

l< wdldrh ms<sn| meyeÈ,s idlaIH yuq ù

;sfí' hlv wvx.= iajdNdúl .,a" len,s

fldg ueáfhka ;ekQ Wÿkaj,g oud WKq

ùug wjYH WIaK;ajh .skafkka ,nd §

hlv ksiaidrKh lrf.k we;' iuk,

jej m%foaYfha fudaiï iq<x ld,hg mj;sk

iajdNdúl iq<x n,h Wÿkaj, .sks ±,aùug

fhdok w`.==re wLKavj ±,aùug fhdodf.k

;sfí' foys.`. we<lkao m%foaYfha wLKavj

Wÿka o,ajd ;nd .ekSug uhskyula

fhdodf.k we;' fufia iajdNdúl .,aj,

wvx.= hlv WKq fldg" msßisÿ fldg wjYH

hlv ksIamdokh lr .ekSfï ld¾hlaIu

;dlaIKhla w;S; ,dxlslhka ±k isá nj

fuu lreKqj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

11'3'3 11'3 jdia;= úoHd;aul yd l,d;aul ks¾udK

jdia;= úoHd;aul ks¾udK

jdia;= úoHdj hkq ksjdi" f.dvke.s,s

wd§ bÈlsÍï lafIa;%h ms<snò yodrK Ys,am

Ydia;%hls' uyskaod.ukh;a iu`. ,xldj yd

bkaÈhdj w;r we;s jQ ióm inò;d fya;=fjka

bkaÈhdfõ tjlg ÈhqKqj mej;s jdia;= úoHd

oekqu furgg ,enqKq nj fmfka'

Èjhsfkka fuf;la fidhdf.k we;s

f.dvke.s,s we;=¿ jdia;= úoHd ks¾udK

fndfyduhla foajdkïmsh;siai rdcH

iufhka fumsg wjêhg wh;a tajd fõ' tlS

ks¾udKj,ska jeä fldgi wd.ñl lghq;=

i|yd fyda NslaIQkajykafia,df.a mßyrKh

i|yd fyda bÈ l< tajd yeáhg o ie,lsh

yels h'

.Dy ks¾udK Ys,amh

rcrg YsIagdpdr iuhg wh;a jdia;=

úoHd ks¾udK" fldgia follg fnod oelaúh

yels h'

.Dy ks¾udK

wd.ñl f.dvke.s,s

1' od.eí

2' fÉ;sh>r

3' fndaê>r

4' ms<su f.j,a

5' úydr wdrdu

6' Ndjkd l=á

7' odkYd,d

8' foajd,

1' rcud,s.d

2' n,fldgq

3' wdfrda.HYd,d

4' ksjdi

5' jeisls<s - leisls<s

wd.ñl fkdjk f.dvke.s,s


od.eí

idys;H uQ,dY%h wkqj"

,xldfõ bÈ jQ uq,a u od.en

:Qmdrduh hs' l,ah;a u

ñßijeáh" uyd:Qmh fyj;a

rejkaje,siEh" wNh.sßh

yd fÊ;jk od.en hk

úYd, od.eí wkqrdOmqrfha

bÈ flßKs' wkqrdOmqr

hq.fha § w.k.rfhka

neyer m%foaYj, mjd

úYd, od.eí bÈ lr

we;' fiarejdú,"

fidaudj;sh" ;siai-

uydrduh" ueÈß.sßh"

§>jdmsh" kS,.sßh hk od.eí Bg ksoiqka

fõ' fmdf,dkakre hq.fha § o fun`ÿ úYd,

od.eí bÈ ù ;sfí' fmdf,dkakre lsßfjfyr"

fou< uy iEh" oeÈ.u fldgfjfyr"

hqO`.kdj od.en" rkafld;a fjfyr ta i|yd

ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h' furg bÈ jQ

m%lg od.eí lsysmhla bÈ l< rcjrekaf.a

kï my;ska oelafõ'

wkqrdOmqr hq.fha ueo ld,h jk úg mdou"

fmaidj<¨" .¾Nh" y;/ia fldgqj" foaj;d

fldgqj" fld;ale/,a, yd fld; od.enl

oelsh yels jQ m%Odk wx. úh' ;j o od.enl

fi!kao¾hd;aul w.h jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd

od.eí wdY%s;j i;r ÈYdjg uqyqK ,d wdhl

^jdy,alv& i;rla o bÈ lr we;' rcrg

iuhg wh;a úYsIag;u

wdhlh ñyska;f,a

lKaGl fÉ;sfha

kef.kysr ÈYdfjka yuq

fõ'

fÉ;sh>r

m%udKfhka l=vd od.eí

wdjrKh lsÍu i|yd

;ekQ .Dy" fÉ;sh>r

fyj;a jgodf.j,a f,i

ye¢kafõ' od.en jgd

.,a lKq fma<s jYfhka

isgqjd tajd u; iú l<

mrd,j,ska fldaKdldr

jy,la fhdod jgodf.h

;kd ;snQ njg idlaIH

yuq fõ'

rEmh 1'23 ñyska;f,a lKaGl fÉ;sfha wdhlh ^jdy,alv&

ld,h od.en bÈ l< rcq

wkqrdOmqr

hq.h

:Qmdrduh foajdkïmsh;siai rcq

rejkaje,s iEh

ñßijeá

ÿgq.euqKq rcq

wNh.sßh j<.ïnd rcq

fÊ;jkh uyfika rcq

fmdf,dkakre

hqq.h

fmdf,dkakre lsßfjfyr

fou< uy iEh

hqO`.kdj od.en

oeÈ.u fldgfjfyr

uyd mrdl%undyq rcq

rkafld;a fjfyr ksYaYxlu,a, rcq

wd.ñl f.dvke.s,s

j.=j 1'2


rEmh 1'24 ueÈß.sßh jgodf.h

rcrg iuhg wh;a l,d;aul

jgodf.h jkqfha ueÈß.sßh jgodf.h hs'

óg wu;rj :Qmdrduh" ,xldrduh" wïnia:,

od.en" ;sßhdh" wdÈ od.eíj, fÉ;sh>r

;kjd ;snQ .,a lKq wog;a olakg ,efí'

fndaê>r

Y%S uyd fndaêh furgg

jevuùfuka miq bka yg.;a

wIagM, yd fo;siaM, fndaê

jDlaI rg mqrd frdamKh

flßK' fndaê jDlaIfha

wdrlaIdjg yd w,xldrhg

fuka u jkaokdudk lrk

whf.a myiqj i|yd;a

fndaê jDlaIh ueÈ fldg

.Dyhla ;kjd we;' th

fndaê>rh f,i ye¢kafõ'

mqrdKfha wkqrdOmqrfha ch

Y%S uyd fndaêh i|yd o fujka

fndaê>rhla ;kjd ;snqKs'

rcrg YsIagdpdr iuhg wh;a

l,d;aul u fndaê>rh jkqfha l=reKE.,

Èia;%slalfha ks,a,lal.u fndaê>rh hs'

fmdf,dkakrefõ mrdl%undyq rdcud<s.h

rEmh 1'25 ks,a,lal.u fndaê>rh


ms<su f.j,a

nqÿ ms<su ;ekam;a fldg tajd wõfjka

jeisj,ska wdrlaId lsÍu i|yd;a jkaokdudk

lrk ck;djf.a myiqj i|yd;a ms<suf.j,a

ks¾udKh flßKs' rcrg YsIagdpdr iufha §

ms<suf.j,a ks¾udKh l< m%Odk iïm%odhka

lsysmhla y÷kd.; yels h'

» .kaO l=á iïm%odh

» f.äf.a iïm%odh

» f,ka úydr iïm%odh

ms<suf.j,a ks¾udKh lsÍfï merKs u

iïm%odh .kaO l=á iïm%odh hs' .kaO l=á

iïm%odfha ms<su f.j,aj, m%;sudj ;ekam;a

l< fldgi .¾N .Dyh f,i yeòskafjk

w;r uyck;djg fydòska m%;sudj oel n,d

.ekSug ;ekjQ fldgi uKavmh jYfhka

yeòskafõ' lsßn;a fjfyr" úchdrdu" mxl=,sh

yd f;d¨ú, by; oelajQ iïm%odhg ksoiqka

fõ'

.kaO l=á iïm%odfha ;j;a ÈhqKq

wjia:djla f,i f.äf.a ms<suf.h

y÷kd.; yels h' tys ì;a;s fuka u mshiai

o iïmQ¾Kfhka u .fvd,ska fyda .,ska

bÈ fldg ;sfí' fuu iïm%odfha iqúfYaIS

ÈhqKqjla we;s jQfha fmdf,dkakre hq.fha

uyd mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ld,fha § h' Tyq

úiska bÈ lrjk ,o :Qmdrduh" ,xld;s,lh

yd ;sjxl ms<suf.h f.äf.a iïm%odhg wh;a

w.kd ks¾udK fõ'

f,ka úydr o fï iufha bÈ jQ ;j;a

ms<suf.a iïm%odhls' m%Odk ms<suh ie;fmk

bßhõfjka ks¾udKh lsÍu" fuu iïm%odfha

oelsh yels úfYaI ,laIKhls' msÿrx.,"

yneiai" yq,xkqf.a" nUr.ia;,dj fï hq.hg

wh;a f,ka úydrj,g ksoiqka fõ'

úydr wdrdu

NslaIQka jykafia,df.a mßyrKh i|yd

wdrïNfha § iajdNdúl f,ka Ndú;hg

.ekqKs' lgdrï fldgd iqÿiq mßÈ ilia lr

.;a tjeks merKs f,ka fndfyda m%foaYj,

oelsh yels w;r ñyska;,h" fjiai.sßh"

ßá., yd rc., hk ia:dk Bg w.kd

ksoiqka fõ' lgdrug my<ska yd f,k

bÈßmiska ì;a;s ne| oejfhka fodr ljq`M

ksujd tu f,ka b;d l%uj;aj ilia lr

;sî we;' miq ld,Skj ix> iudcfha we;s

jQ j¾Okh;a iu`. rdcH wkq.%yh hgf;a bÈ

fldg mQcd lrkq ,enQ wNh.sßh yd fÊ;jkh

jeks úYd, úydrdrduj, NslaIQka jykafia,d

jev jdih l<y' tu úydrdrdu ixlS¾Kj,

m%Odk wd.ñl f.dvke.s,sj,g wu;rj

NslaIQka jykafia,df.a wjYH;d i|yd ;j;a

f.dvke.s,s /ila ;kjd ;snqKs'

rEmh 1'26 fmdf,dkakrej :Qmdrdu ms<suf.a


foajd,

rEmh 1'27 fmdf,dkakrefõ wxl II Ysj foajd,h

fmdf,dkakre wjêfha § yskaÿ wd.ñl

foajd, bÈ ù we;' fmdf,dkakrefõ wxl I Ysj foajd,h iy wxl II Ysj foajd,h thg

ksoiqka fõ' fpda, jdia;= úoHd ffY,sh wkqj

iïmQ¾Kfhka u .,ska ks¾udKh jQ wxl

II Ysj foajd,h fyd¢ka u wdrlaId jQ Ysj

foajd,hlg WodrKhls'

wd.ñl fkdjk f.dvke.s,s

rcrg YsIagdpdr iufha § rdclShka"

m%N+ka iy fiiq ck;djf.a wjYH;d

i|yd úúO f.dvke.s,s bÈ flßKs' ta

w;r rc ud,s.d" n,fldgq" wdfrda.HYd,d"

ksjdi fuka u jeisls<s - leisls<s wdÈh o

ks¾udKh úh'

rc ud,s.d

wkqrdOmqr hq.fha § rdclShkaf.a yd

Wiia m%N+kaf.a jdiia:dk" we;=`M k.rh ;=<

bÈ lr we;' wkqrdOmqr iuhg wh;a iqúfYaIs

ud,s.d ixlS¾Khla f,i iS.sßh yeòskaúh

yels h' ldYHm rc;=ud bÈ l< fuu ud,s.d

ixlS¾Kh m¾j;h

uQ,sl fldg f.k

;kjd we;s w;r

c, WoHdk" Ys,d

WoHdk" Èh w.,a"

m%dldr neñj,ska o

w,xldr lr we;'

fmdf,dk akre

hq.hg wh;a

merKs u rc

ud,s.h wkqrdOmqr

we;=`M kqjr msysá

úchnd ud,s.h hs'

tu hq.hg wh;a

iqúfYaI rcud,s.h jkqfha fmdf,dkakre

we;=`M kqjr msysá ffjchka; m%didoh hs'

jxYl:d wkqj uy,a y;la Wia jQ tu ud,s.h

m<uqjk mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ks¾udKhls'

j¾;udkfha o tys uy,a ;=kl idOl yd

by<g ke.Sug bÈ lr ;snQ msh.eg fm< oelsh

yels h' fuu ud,s.fha ie,iqug iudkj bÈ

l< l=vd ud,s.hl kgnqka m`vqjia kqjßka

o yuq fõ' th mrdl%undyq rc;=ud olaÅK

foaYfha md,lhdj isá ld,fha bÈ lrk

,oaola f,i ie,fla'

wdfrda.H Yd,d

ueÈß.sßh" ñyska;,h yd

fmdf,dkakrej wd<dyk msßfjk hk

ia:dkj,ska mqrdK wdfrda.H Yd,dj, idOl

yuq ù ;sfí' ueo ñÿ,lska yd Bg iïnkaO

jQ fkajdisl ldur" .nvd" fnfy;a ksIamdok

Yd,dj,ska wdfrda.H Yd,djla iukaú; jQ

w;r .,ska l< fnfy;a Trej tys oelsh

yels iqúfYaI ks¾udKhls' fmdf,dkakre

wd<dyk msßfjka f.dvke.s,s w;ßka yuq jQ

frday,ska ffjoH WmlrK o yuq ù we;'


leisls<s - jeisls<s

mqrdKfha ck;djf.a ikSmdrlaIl

lghq;= flfrys o oeä ie,ls,a,la fhduq jQ

w;r ta i|yd b;d l%uj;a leisls<s-jeisls<s

wdÈh bÈ lr we;' Tjqka fl;rï

mßirh flfrys ie,ls,su;a jQfha o h;a

leisls<shlska neyer jk wmc,h mjd

Rcqj fmdf<djg fhduq fkdlg msßisÿ lr

uqod yeÍu i|yd fmd<j ;=< fmryka uqÜá

lsysmhla tl u; tl isák fia ;nd ;snqKs'

wdrdu ixlS¾Kj, leisls<s - jeisls<s .,aj,

uqyqK; w,xldr leghñka o irid ;snqKs'

l,d ks¾udK

m%;sud

,xldfõ l,d ks¾udK w;r

m%;sudlrKhg iqúfYaI ;ekla ysñ fõ' tys §

.Ks; ñkqï l%u flfrys ie,ls,su;a fjñka

l,d;aul f,i nqoaO m%;sud" fndaêi;aj

m%;sud rdclSh m%;sud yd fjk;a m%;sud ksujd

;sfí'

rEmh 1'28

mrdl%undyq rc ud,s.h yd th

mej;s wdldrh ms<sn| l,ams;

wkqrejla


nqoaO m%;sud

wkqrdOmqr hq.fha § ys|s" ysá

yd ie;fmk bßhjq ;=klska nqoaO

m%;sud ks¾udKh fldg we;' fuys §

nyq, jYfhka OHdk uqødj yd ùrdik

l%u wkq.ukh l< ys¢ ms<su yuq fõ'

wkqrdOmqr iudê nqÿ ms<suh" f;d¨ú,

nqoaO m%;sudj Bg ksoiqka fõ'

wkqrdOmqr hq.fha yuq jk ysá

nqÿ ms<su w;r wjqlk" /iafjfyr yd

ud,s.dú, ms<su jeo.;a fõ' fmdf,dkakre

hq.fha § nqÿ ms<su ks¾udKfha we;s jQ

ÈhqKqj W;a;rdrduh fyj;a .,aúydr

m%;sudj,ska ukdj meyeÈ,s fõ' ysá" ys¢"

ie;fmk iEu bßhõjl u m%;sud tys

oelsh yels fõ'

fndaêi;aj m%;sud

furg uydhdk woyia me;sr hdu;a

iu. fndaêi;aj m%;sud jkaokh ckm%sh ù

we;' ta i|yd fndaêi;aj m%;sud ks¾udKh

rEmh 1'29 leghïj,ska w,xldr lr ks¾udKh lrk ,o merKs leisls<shla' ^jï miska& leisls<shlska

neyer jk wmc,h Rcqj fmdf<djg fhduq fkdfldg msßisÿ lr uqod yeÍu i|yd fhdod .;a fmryka uqÜá

m%o¾Ykhg ;nd we;s wdldrh ôl=Kq miska&

rEmh 1'30 ofòf.dv fndai;a ms<suh


lr ;sfí' wkqrdOmqr iuhg wh;a Wiia

.Kfha fndaêi;aj m%;sudjla f,i ofòf.dv

fndai;a ms<suh y÷kd.; yels fõ' nqÿrej.,"

je,s.u l=IaGrdc.," hgd,fjfyr wd§

ia:dkj, fujeks fndaêi;aj m%;sud oelsh

yels h'

rdclSh yd fjk;a m%;sud

rejkaje,s uy iE u`Mfjka ÿgq.euqKq

rcqf.a yd Nd;sldNh rcqf.a hehs ie,flk

rdclSh m%;sud yuq ù we;' fmdf,dkakre

mrdl%u iuqøh wi, msysgqjd we;s mrdl%undyq

rcqf.a hehs m%lg uQ¾;sh o l,d;aul

ks¾udKhls' we;eï W.;=ka fuh mrdl%undyq

rcqf.a fkdj lms, fyda mq,ia;s RIsjrhdf.a

m%;sudjla úh yels njg woyia olajd we;'

leghï yd uQ¾;s l,dj

YS% ,xldfõ leghï yd uQ¾;s l,dj

i|yd uq,a ld,fha bkaÈhdkq wdNdih ,enqK

o ld,hla .;jk úg furgg u úfYaI

jQ wkkH;d ,laIK we;sj tu l,dj jeä

ÈhqKq úh' tn÷ iqúfYaI ks¾udKhla kï

i|lvmyK hs' iòlvmyK hkq f.dvke.s,s

m%fõY fodrgq bÈßfha ;ekQ wvi| yevh

.;a .,a mqjrejls' uq,a ld,Skj leghï rys;

jQ fuu .,a mqjrej" miq wjêfha leghñka

w,xldr lr ;sfí' tys ueo msmqKq fk¿ï

u,l wvla ±lafjk w;r ta jgd l=vd ,shje,a

rjqula o" fk¿ï fmdfydÜgqjla ;=äka .;a

yxi fma<shla o" isxy" yia;s" wYaj" jDIN

fm<la o" fl<jr .sksoe,a fyda m,d fm;s

fudaia;rhla o we;' wkqrdOmqr iuhg wh;a

l,d;aul u i|lvmyK folla wNh.sß

úydr N+ñfhka yuq ù ;sfí'

fmdf,dkakre wjêfha § yskaÿ n,mEu

u; i|lvmyKska jDIN rEmh bj;a jQ nj

oelsh yels h' ;j o i|lvmyK iy uqr.,a"

fldrjla .,a iy msh.eg hk l,d ks¾udK

tlaj rcrg wjêfha f.dvke.s,s m%fõY

fodrgq w,xldr l< nj fmkajd §ug mq¿jk'

rEmh 1'31 merKs f.dvke.s,a,l i|lvmyK" uqr., yd fldrjla., fhdod we;s wdldrh


biqreuqKsfha fmïhqj<" .f,ys fk<d we;s

wYaj ysi iy ñksid oelafjk leghu o Wiia

l,d;aul ks¾udK f,i ie,lsh yels h'

furg uQ¾;s ks¾udKfha § mdIdK

yd f,day Ndú; lrñka fn!oaO yd yskaÿ

uQ¾;s ks¾udKh lr ;snqKss'

wkqrdOmqr hq.fha § jeä

jYfhka .,ska l< nqoaO

m%;sud wNh.sß yd fÊ;jk

úydrj,ska yuq ù we;s w;r"

f,dayj,ska l< fjfyr.,

wjf,dalsf;aYajr fndaêi;aj

m%;sudj yd nÿ,a, f,day

nqoaO m%;sudj tu hq.hg wh;a

b;d l,d;aul ks¾udK fõ'

fmdf,dkakre hq.fha § yskaÿ

ixl,am mokï lr.;a Ysj"

Ysj-kgrdcd" md¾j;S" iQ¾h

wdÈ f,dalv uQ¾;s ks¾udKh

lr ;sfnkq olakg ,efí'

Ñ;%

uq,a hq.fha isg u ,xldfõ Ñ;% l,dj

mej;s nj olakg ,efí' is;=,amõj" ys|.,"

lrU.," fjiai.sßh f,kaj, o fun÷ Ñ;%

igykaj, wjfYaI yuq ù we;' tfia jqj o

rEmh 1'33 iS.sß ì;=is;=jï ^wkqrdOmqr hq.fha&

rEmh 1'32 i|lvmyK


rEmh 1'34 mq,a,sf.dv .,a f,fkys w¢k ,o Ñ;%

iïmQ¾K Ñ;% oelsh yels jkafka iS.sßfha h'

tu Ñ;% l%s' j' miajk ishjig wh;a hehs

ie,fla' iS.sßfha ngysr m%dka;fha .,a

flfjks foll b;sß ù we;s Ñ;%j, fk¿ï"

Wmq,a" imq wdÈ u,a me,| ;j o ta u,a w;ska

f.k isák ukyr ia;%S rEm oelsh yels h'

fï Ñ;%j, j¾K w;frka ly" .=re" r;= yd

ks,a hk j¾K u;= ù fmfka'

fuu ldka;d rEmj,ska ksrEmKh

jkafka ljqreka o hkak ms<sn|j W.;=ka

w;r úúO u; mj;s'

fï Ñ;% iïm%odh fmdf,dkakre

hq.fha § jeä ÈhqKq ù we;' ÈUq,d., udrùÈh"

mq,a,sf.dv hk ia:dkj, iy fmdf,dkakre

.,aúydrfha yd ;sjxl ms<suf.hs we;ss Ñ;% o

tn`ÿ Ñ;% ms<sn| w.kd ksoiqka h'

l%shdldrlu

1' jejl m%Odk wx. we;=<;a

wdlD;shla ks¾udKh

lrkak'

2' merKs fmdl=Kq yd c,

WoHdk ms<sn| mska;+r yd f;dr;=re /ia lr

f;dr;=re m;%sldjla ilia lrkak'

3' wfma w;S; uq;=ka ñ;a;ka ueá iy f,day

Ndú;fhka ilia lrk ,o Wiia ks¾udK

ms<sn| f;dr;=re we;=<;a fldg úfoaY rgl

isák Tfí ñ;=ßhlg $ñ;=frl=g ,smshla

,shkak'

4' mka;sfha m%o¾Ykhla meje;aùug iqÿiq

mßÈ rcrg wjêhg wh;a jdia;= úoHd;aul

yd l,d;aul ks¾udK ms<sn| f;dr;=re yd

mska;+r tl;= lrkak'


ye¢kaùu

myf<diajk ishji w.Nd.fha §

Y%S ,xldfõ uOHu l÷lrfha fixlv.,

k.rh flakaø fldgf.k uykqjr

rdcOdksh ìys úh' 16 jk ishjfia

isg furg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, n,h

m;=rejdf.k isá mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais

yd bx.%Sis hk hqfrdamShkaf.ka t,a,

jQ ;¾ckj,g uqyqK foñka l%s'j' 1815

j¾Ih jk f;la furg iajdëk;ajh

wdrlaId lr .ekSug tu rdcOdkshg

yelshdj ,enqKs'

Y%S ,xldfõ wjika rdcOdksh jk

uykqjr rdcOdksfha wdrïNh" tys isá

lemS fmfkk rcjreka" wd¾Ól rgdj"

wd.u yd iudch" jdia;= úµdj yd l,d

Ys,am wdÈh ms<sn|j fuu mßÉfþofha §

Tfí wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'

uykqjr rdcOdksh hkq iajdNdúl

wdrlaIdj iys; N+ñhl msysá md,k

uOHia:dkhls' uOHu l÷lr m%foaYfha

msysá uykqjr fyj;a fixlv., k.rh

flakaø fldgf.k fuu rdcOdksh ìys

úh' fixlv.,mqrh" lkao Wvrg" Wvrg

rdcOdksh" lkafokqjr hk kï o fuu

rdcOdksh ye¢kaùug Ndú; flf¾' uykqjr

k.rhg uyje,s .f`.ka wdrlaIdj ,efnk

w;r Wvj;a; l÷jeáh yd yka;dk

l÷jeáfhka o thg ;jÿrg;a wdrlaIdj ,efí'

Wia N+ñhl msysá neúka my;rg m%foaYj, isg

uykqjr k.rhg meñKSu w;S;fha § ÿIalr

ù ;sìK' n,k" yqkakia.sßh jeks ÿ¾. ud¾.

yryd fuu k.rhg we;=`M ùug isÿj ;sîu

tys wdrlaIdjg fya;=jla úh'

rEmh 2'1 merKs uykqjr k.rh

uykqjr rdcOdksh02


2'1 uykqjr rdcOdksfha wdrïNh

yhjk mrdl%undyq rcq fldaÜfÜ

rdcH md,kh l< wjêfha uykqjr m%foaYh

fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg hg;a md,k tallhla

jYfhka mej;=Ks' tu rc;=ud hgf;a tla

ld,hl § fcda;sh kï isgqjrfhla Wvrg

md,k lghq;=j, ksr; jQfha h' fï w;r

fcda;sh isgqjrhd Wvrg" fldaÜfÜ rdcHfhka

ksoyia lr .ekSu i|yd yhjk mrdl%undyq

rcqg úreoaOj le/,a,la we;s l< nj jd¾;d

fõ' tu le/,a, wid¾:l úh' yhjk

mrdl%undyq rcqf.a urKfhka miq fldaÜfÜ

rdcOdksh l%ufhka ÿ¾j, úh'

tu ;;aajfhka m%fhdack .;a

fiakdiïu; úl%undyq kï m%N+jrfhla

Wvrg rdcOdksh fldaÜfÜ md,k n,fhka

ksoyia lrf.k" fixlv., k.rh uq,a

lr .ksñka fjk u rdcOdkshla msysgqúh'

fï wkqj Wvrg rdcOdksfha uq,a u rc;=ud

fiakdiïu; úl%undyq fõ'

fiakdiïu; úl%undyq rcqf.ka

miqj Tyqf.a mqf;l= f,i ie,flk chùr

nKavdr Wvrg rcq njg m;a úh' chùr

rc;=udf.a ld,fha § fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh

fldaÜfÜ" iS;djl yd rhs.u jYfhka

fldgia ;=klg fnÿKs' ta ms<sn|j miajk

mßÉfþofha § úia;r flf¾' fufia fldaÜfÜ

rdcOdksh fldgia ;=klg fn§u ksid Wvrg

rdcOdkshg ;jÿrg;a iajdëkj lghq;=

lsÍug bv ,enqKs'

16 jk ishji wdrïNfha § mD;=.SiSyq

,xldjg meñKshy' Tjqyq fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh

iu`. in|;d we;s lr f.k l%ufhka tys

foaYmd,k lghq;=j,g o we`.s,s .eiQy'

tjlg Wvrg md,lhd jQ chùr rcq iu`.;a

in|;d we;s lr .ekSug mD;=.SiSyq W;aidy

l<y' tfy;a bka id¾:l m%;sM, fkd,enqKs'

Wvrg md,lhd jQ chùr nKavdr

rcqf.ka miq Tyqf.a mqf;l= jk lr,shoafoa

nKavdr Wvrg md,lhd njg m;a úh'

lr,shoafoa nKavdr Wvrg n,h w,a,d

.ekSu .ek iS;djl md,lfhda wi;=áka

miq jQy' fufia iS;djlska ;ukag t,a, jQ

;¾ck ksid lr,shoafoa nKavdr rc;=ud

mD;=.SiSka iu`. ys;j;a úh' ;u md,lhd

úfoaY cd;shla iu`. ys;j;aj tu ixialD;sh

ms<s.ksñka lghq;= lsÍu .ek Wvrg m%N+jre

l,lsreKy' fï ksid Wvrg m%N+jrfhl=

jQ ùriqkaor nKavdr" iS;djl md,lhd jQ

m<uqjk rdcisxy rcqg Wvrg w;am;a lr

.ekSug wdOdr lf<a h' rdcisxy rcq Wvrg

wdl%uKh l< úg Bg uqyqK§ug fkdyels

jQ lr,shoafoa nKavdr rc ;u ÈhKsh jQ rEmh 2'2 m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=udf.a is;=jula


l=iqudik foaúh;a nEkd flfkl= jQ huisxy

nKavdr we;=`M rc mjq,;a iu`. ukakdrug

m,d f.dia mD;=.SiSkaf.a /ljrK me;S h'

tys § lr,shoafoa rcqf.a ÈhKsh jQ l=iqudik

foaúh" fodak l;sßkd kñka o nEkd jQ hu-

isxy nKavdr fodka ms,sma kñka o mD;=.SiSka

fj;ska fn!;Siau ,enQy'

l%s' j' 1580 § muK Wvrg rdcH hg;a

lr .;a m<uqjk rdcisxy rc;=ud iS;djl isg

Wvrg md,kh lf<a h' jeäl,a hdug fmr

iS;djl rdcisxy rcq yd by; lS ùriqkaor

nKavdr w;r u;fNaohla we;s úh' tys

m%;sM,hla jYfhka iS;djl rdcisxy rc;=uka

úiska ùriqkaor nKavdrj urjk ,È' ;u

mshdf.a urKh;a iu`. ùriqkaor nKavdrf.a

mq;d jQ fldkmamq nKavdr Ôú; wdrlaIdj

m;d mD;=.SiSka fj;g m,d .sfha h' fodka

cqjka kñka mD;=.SiSka fj;ska fn!;Siau ,enQ

t;=ud mD;=.SiSkag ys;j;aj lghq;= lf<a h'

Wvrg lemS fmfkk rcjre

m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud

^l%s' j' 1592 - l%s' j' 1604&

iS;djl rdcisxy rcq Wvrg rcq

jYfhka isá wjêfha § Ysj wd.u je<|f.k

we;eï fn!oaO NslaIQkag tfrysj lghq;=

lf<a h' fï ksid Wvrg m%N+jreka ;=< o

rdcisxy rcq flfrys l,lsÍula we;s úh'

tu ;;ajh m%fhdackhg .;a mD;=.SiSyq Wvrg

;ukag .e;s md,khla msysgqùug W;aidy

l<y'

mD;=.SiSyq ;u /ljrKh ,nd isá

lr,shoafoa nKavdrf.a nEkd jQ huisxy

nKavdr Wvrgg hjd rclug m;a l<y'

huisxy nKavdrf.a wdrlaIdj msKsi fldkmamq

nKavdr l=ureka o mD;=.SiSka úiska Wvrgg

hjk ,È' huisxy nKavdr flá ld,hlska

ñh .sfha h' fï ksid mD;=.SiSyq huisxy

nKavdrf.a ,dnd, mq;a l=ufrl= Wvrg

isxydikfha ;nd Wvrg rElv md,khla

f.k hdug W;aidy l<y' fï wjia:dfõ §

bÈßhg meñKs fldkmamq nKavdr mD;=.SiSkag

tfrysj lghq;= lrñka Wvrg n,h w,a,d

.;af;a h' mD;=.SiSka hgf;a u fodka cqjka

kñka fn!;Siau ,nd isá fldkmamq nKavdr

Wvrg § ;ukag tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu .ek

mD;=.SiSyq l=ms; jQy' fï ksid Tjqyq fldkmamq

nKavdrf.ka m,s.ekSug wjia:djla

fidhñka isáhy'

l%sia;= j¾I 1592 § fldkmamq nKavdr

l=urd m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh kñka Wvrg

rcùu Wvrg rdcOdks b;sydifha b;d

jeo.;a isÿùuls' t;=ud n,hg m;a ùu ksid

Wvrg rdcOdksfhys mD;=.Sis .e;s md,khla

we;s ùu je,l=Ks'

úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.a jeo.;alu

z l%s' j' 1592 isg 1604 olajd m<uqjk

úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud Wvrg rcq jYfhka

lghq;= lf<a h' fu;=ud n,hg m;ajk

úg Wvrg isxydikhg kS;Hkql+,

Wreuhla fkd;snqKs' fï ksid lr,shoafoa

nKavdrf.a ÈhKshl jQ l=iqudik foaúh

^fodak l;sßkd l=ußh& újdy lr .ksñka

fyf;u ;u kS;Hkql+, Wreuh ;yjqre

lr .;af;a h'

z úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud yd l=iqudik

foaúh w;r újdyfhka Wvrgg w¨;a

rc fm<m;la ìys úh' fikr;a rcq"

fojk rdcisxy rcq" fojk úu,O¾uiQßh

rcq iy ùrmrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcq tu

mrmqrg wh;a fõ'

z úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud" iS;djl

n,mEfuka Wvrg rdcOdksh ksoyia lr

.;af;a h' iS;djl rdcisxy rcq Wvrg

wdl%uKh l< wjia:dfõ úu,O¾uiQßh

rc;=ud Tyqj mrdch lf<a h'


z mD;=.SiS n,hg tfrysj lghq;= lsÍu fuu

rc;=udf.ka isÿ jQ ;j;a fufyjrls'

l%sia;= j¾I 1594 § oka;=f¾ igfka §

o" l%sia;= j¾I 1602 § n,k igfka §

o mD;=.SiSka meroùug úu,O¾uiQßh

rc;=ud iu;a úh'

z úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud nqÿ oyu

k.disgqùug mshjr /ila wkq.ukh

lf<a h' nqreufhka Wmiïmodj f.k

tau" ,xld;s,lh" .v,dfoKsh jeks

úydr w¨;ajeähd lsÍu tu lghq;=j,g

WodyrK fõ'

z wdrlaIdj i|yd fo,a.uqj úydrfha

l=ryka .,la ;=< i`.jd ;snQ o<odj

Wvrgg jevujd ;ekam;a lrù h'

fikr;a rc;=ud ^l%s' j' 1604 - l%s' j'1635&

m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqf.ka

miq Tyqf.a {d;s ifydaorfhl= jQ fikr;a

Wvrg rcq njg m;a úh' fikr;a rcq igkg

jvd iduldó;ajh w.h l< wfhls' fï ksid

j¾I 1617 § mD;=.SiSka iu`. idu .súiqula

we;s lr .ekSug fikr;a rc;=ud lghq;=

lf<a h' tfy;a fikr;a rcqf.a ld,fha § u

mD;=.Sis lms;dka ckrd,a fldkaia;ka;sfkda

o id úYd, fiakdjla iu`. meñK W!j

m%foaYh wdl%uKh lf<a h' rcqf.a mq;d jQ uyd

wdia:dk l=ure Wvrg yuqodjka fufyhjQ

w;r rkafoksfj, § fuu fomd¾Yajh w;r

m%n, igka we;s úh' fuu igkska mD;=.SiS-

kag wka; mrdchla w;a úh'

fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud

^l%s' j' 1635 -l%s' j' 1687&

fikr;a rcqf.ka miq uyd wdia:dk

l=ure fyj;a fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud Wvrg

rdcOdksfha isyiqkg m;a úh' lS¾;su;a

rfcl= jQ fu;=ud mD;=.SiSka furáka fkrmd

±ófï ±ä wêIaGdkfhka lghq;= lf<a h'

rEmh 2'3 l=reúg fo,a.uqj úydrfha o<odj i`.jd ;snQ l=ryka .,


fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a md,k iufha

jeo.;alu

z fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud mD;=.SiSka m,jd

yeÍu i|yd ,kafoaiSkaf.a iydh ,nd

.ekSug l%shd lf<a h' ta wkqj 1638

j¾Ifha § fuu rc;=ud yd ,kafoaiSka w;r

.súiqula we;s úh' wk;=rej fomd¾Yajh

mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj m%ydr t,a, fldg

j¾I 1658 § Tjqka furáka fkrmd ±ó h'

z fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud Wvrg

rdcOdksfha n, m%foaYh mq`M,a lsÍug

lghq;= lr we;' mD;=.SiSka fkrmd

yer iuia; Èjhsfka u md,lhd ùfï

wruqKla rcqg ;snqK;a mD;=.SiSkaf.ka

w;am;a lr .;a m%foaY ,kafoaiSka ;uka

hgf;a ;nd .;a ksid tu wruqK bgq

lr .; fkdyels úh' tf;la mD;=.SiSka

hgf;a ;snQ m%foaY /ila Wvrgg tl;=

lr .ekSug fï rcqg yels úh'

zfojk rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha § Èfhda.= o

fïf,da kï mD;=.Sis lms;ka ckrd,ajrhd

1638 j¾Ifha § úYd, yuqodjla iu`.

Wvrg wdl%uKh lf<a h' .kafkdrej

fjf,a § fojk rdcisxy rcqf.a

yuqodfjda wdl%uKsl yuqodj jgfldg

m%n, m%ydrhla t,a, l<y' fï igkska o

mD;=.SiSka wka; mrdchg m;a jQ w;r

rdcisxy rc;=ud ch ,eî h'

zl%s' j' 1635 § fikr;a rcqf.a urKska miq

n,hg m;a fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud j¾I

1687 jk f;la Wvrg md,kh lf<a h'

ta wkqj Wvrg rdcOdks b;sydifha §¾>

ld,hla md,k lghq;= fufyhjQ rcq

jQfha fu;=ud h'

fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud

^l%s' j' 1687 - l%s' j' 1707&

z fojk rdcisxy rcqf.ka miqj Tyqf.a

mq;%hd jQ fojk úu,O¾uiQßh l=ure

Wvrg rclug m;a úh' fu;=ud fndfyda

iduldó md,lfhl= jYfhka lghq;=

lf<a h'

z my;rg m%foaYj, isá ,kafoaiSka

iu`. iqyoj l,af.ùu lemS fmfkk

,laIKhls'

z fuu rc;=udf.a ld,fha § nqoaO Ydikh

k.d isgqùu iòyd nqreufhka Wmiïmodj

f.kajd Wvrg Wmiïmodj msysgqúh'

z tfia u o<od ud,s.dj m%;sixialrKh

l< nj o ±lafõ'

rEmh 2'4 fojk rdcisxy rc;=ud oelafjk is;=jula


Y%S ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rc;=ud

^l%s' j' 1707 - l%s' j' 1739&

z fojk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq 1707 j¾Ifha

§ ñh .sh úg Tyqf.a mq;a ùr mrdl%u

kf¾kaøisxy l=ure Wvrg rclug m;a

úh'

z Wvrg b;sydifha ÿ¾j, md,lfhl=

f,i ie,flk fï rc;=udf.a ld,fha

m%N+ mka;sfha n,h j¾Okh úh'

z fuu rc;=ud o bkaÈhdkq l=udßldjl

újdy lr f.k isá w;r tu újdyfhka

rclug Wreu mqf;l= ,eî fkd;snqKs'

tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka kdhlal¾

jxYslfhda Wvrg n,hg meñKshy'

Y%S úch rdcisxy rc;=ud

^l%s' j' 1739 - l%s' j'1747&

z fu;=ud Wvrg rdcHfha n,hg m;a

m<uq kdhlal¾ jxYsl rc;=ud h'

Tyq ùr mrdl%u kf¾kaøisxy rcqf.a

kdhlal¾ ìijf.a ifydaorfhls'

z Y%S úch rdcisxy rc;=ud irKxlr

i`.rc ysñhkaf.a nqoaO Ydiksl

lghq;=j,g Wmldr lf<a h'

tysñhkaf.a Wmfoia mßÈ nqreufhka

Wmiïmodj f.k taug lghq;= l<;a

th id¾:l fkdù h'

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud

^l%s' j' 1747 - l%s' j' 1782&

Y%S úch rdcisxy rcqg isxydik

Wreulrefjl= fkdisá neúka Tyqf.a

urKfhka miq w.ìijf.a fidfydhqfrl=

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy kñka Wvrg rclug

m;a úh' tjlg Tyqf.a jhi wjqreÿ 16la

muK úKehs iòyka fõ'

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq je,súg irKxlr

i`.rc ysñhkaf.ka nK oyï yodrd we;' ta

ksid fn!oaOd.u ms<snò ukd ±kqula rcqg

;snqKs' tneúka Wvrg jeisfhda rc;=udg

uy;a f.!rjhla ±lajQy'

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha

Wvrg m%foaYj, úYd, fn!oaO mqkreohla

we;sùu ksid Wvrg rdcOdks b;sydifha

t;=udf.a ld,h úfYaIfhka lemS fmfka'

je,súg irKxlr ix>rdc ysñfhda rcqg

wjYH wkqYdikd ,nd foñka fuu fn!oaO

mqkreofha mqfrda.dñhd f,i l%shd l<y'

Wvrg rcjrekag È.= ld,hla hqoaOhg

m%uqL;ajh ,nd § l%shd lsÍug isÿ ùu;a

hqfrdamShkaf.a l%shdldß;ajh;a jeks fya;=

ksid fuu rc;=udf.a ld,h jk úg

rEmh 2'5 lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.a m%;sudjla


Èjhsfka nqoaO Ydikfha úYd, msßySula we;sj

;snqKs' Wmiïmodj ,enQ NslaIQka jykafia,d

wm ráka fidhd .ekSug;a wmyiq ù ;sìK'

fï ksid irKxlr ysñhkaf.a Wmfoia

mßÈ rc;=ud ,kafoaiSkaf.a keõ ,ndf.k

ishuhg ¥;hka hjd Wmd,s ysñhka m%uqL

NslaIQka jykafia,d furgg jevujd l%s'j'

1753 j¾Ifha § Wmiïmod W;aijhla meje;a

jQfha h' ta iu`. u j¾;udkh olajd mj;sk

ishï ksldh wdrïN úh' tfia u rc;=ud úiska

je,súg irKxlr ysñhka ix>rdc moúhg

m;a lrk ,È' Wvrg yd my;rg m%foaYj,

wn,kaj ;snQ fjfyr úydr úYd, m%udKhla

fuu rc;=ud úiska m%;sixialrKh lrjk

,È'

oUq¨ úydrh tfia m%;sixialrKh

lrjQ úydrj,g WodyrKhls'

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rc;=ud yskaÿ Nla;slfhl=

jqj o jd¾Islj o<od fmryr meje;aùug

Wmldr ,nd ÿka w;r thg foajd, fmryr o

tla fldg jvd W;al¾Ij;a lf<a h'

furg uqyqÿnv m<d;aj, isá

,kafoaiSkaf.ka Wvrg rdcOdkshg ;¾ck

t,a, ùu ksid fudjqka m,jd yeÍu msKsi

fï rc;=ud bkaÈhdfõ isá bx.%SiSkaf.ka

wdOdr ,nd .ekSug W;aidy lf<a h' rcqf.a

b,a,Su u; fcdaka *hsnia kï bx.%Sis ¥;fhl=

1762 j¾Ifha § uykqjrg meñK rcq uqK

.eiqKs' tfy;a tu ¥; .ufkka id¾:l

m%;sM, fkd,enqKs' rcq bx.%Siskaf.ka Wojq

m;k nj ±k.;a miq ,kafoaiSkaf.ka Wvrgg

t,a, jQ ;¾ck ;j;a jeä úh' tys m%;sM,hla

jYfhka ,kafoaiSka l%s'j'1765 j¾Ifha§ Wvrg

rEmh 2'6 lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcq irKxlr ix>rdc ysñhkag úðksm; ms<s.ekaùu oelafjk is;=jula


wdl%uKh l< o fuu wdl%uKfhka Tjqkaf.a

wruqK bgq lr .; fkdyels úh' È.ska È.g

u mej;s ,kafoais ;¾ck ksid È.= ld,Skj

iduhla wfmalaId l< rc;=ud l%s'j' 1766

j¾Ifha § ,kafoaiSka iu`. .súiqula w;aika

lf<a h' fï .súiqfuka Wvrg rdcOdkshg

uqyqÿ fjr<la wysñ lsÍug;a tu.ska úfoaY

rgj,a iu`. rcq mj;ajk in|;d ì| ±óug;a

,kafoaiSka m%h;ak ord we;' tfy;a .súiqfï

i|yka fndfyda lreKq m%dfhda.sl jYfhka

l%shd;aul fkdù h'

rdcdêrdcisxy rc;=ud

^l%s'j' 1782 - l%s' j' 1798&

lS¾;s Y%S rdcisxy rcqf.ka miq Tyqf.a

fidfydhqrd rdcdêrdcisxy kñka rclug

m;a úh' fu;=ud Nla;su;a fn!oaOfhl=

úh' bx.%SiSka Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY

,kafoaiSkaf.ka w;am;a fldg .;af;a fï

rcqf.a ld,fha § h' l%s'j' 1798 j¾Ifha §

rdcdêrdcisxy rc;=ud ñh .sfha h'

Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud

^l%s' j' 1798 - l%s' j' 1815&

rdcdêrdcisxy rcqq

ñh hk úg rclug

Wreulï lsj yels kdhlal¾

l=udrjre fofofkla isáhy'

Tjqka fofokd lkakidñ yd

uq;a;=idñ hkqfjka yeòskafõ'

tjlg Wvrg uydêldrï

jQ ms<su;,õfõf.a iyh

lkakidñ l=udrhdg ,eìKs'

ta wkqj ms<su;,õfõf.a

ueÈy;a ùfuka ,dnd, úfha

isá lkakidñ l=urd l%sia;=

j¾I 1798 § Y%S úl%u rdcisxy

kñka Wvrg rclug m;a

úh'

rEmh 2'7 oUq¨ úydrh

rEmh 2'8 Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud


uq;a;=idñ l=urd wdrlaIdj m;d bx.%SiSka

fj;g m,d .sh w;r Tyqg bx.%SiSkaf.a

/ljrKh ,enqKs'

;udg ys;j;a lkakidñ l=urd rclug

m;a lsÍfuka Tyq yeuodu ;udg wjk;j

;nd .; yels nj ms<su;,õfõ l,amkd l<

nj fmfka' fuu rcq uq, § ms<su;,õfõf.a

woyia ms<s.;a kuq;a miqj ;u kdhlaldr

{d;Skaf.a nig wjk; ù l%shd lr ;sfí' fï

ksid rcq yd ms<su;,õfõ w;r u;fNao we;s

úh' tys § ms<su;,õfõ bx.%SiSkaf.ka wdOdr

,nd f.k rcqg tfrysj l%shd lsÍug W;aidy

l<;a tu jev ms<sfj< wid¾:l úh'

Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq Wvrg md,kh

lrk úg uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ì%;dkH

wdKavqldrjrhd jYfhka i¾ f*%âßla

fkda¾;a uq, § lghq;= lf<a h' fkda¾;a

wdKavqldrhdg Wvrg hqoaO Yla;sh yd Wml%u

ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkdù h' tneúka l%s'j'

1803 j¾Ifha § Tyq Wvrg w,a,d .ekSfï

wdl%uKhla Èh;afldg ;u /ljrK ,nd

isá uq;a;=idñ l=ure Wvrg rcq jYfhka

m%ldYhg m;a lf<a h' tfy;a jeishkaf.a

iyh Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcqg ,eîu ksid tu

wdl%uKh wid¾:l úh' tys § uq;a;=idñ

l=urd Ôú;laIhg m;a úh'

z Y%S úl%urdcisxy rc;=ud l%sia;= j¾I

1798 - 1815 olajd Wvrg md,kh lf<a h'

z o<od ud,s.djg Ñ;a;dl¾IKSh

m;a;sßmamqj tla lsÍug t;=ud lghq;= lr

we;'

z ud,s.dj bÈßmsg we;s lsß uqyqo kï jej

;ekùu" fu;=udf.a ld,fha isÿ úh'

Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=udf.a ld,fha

Wvrg rdcOdksfhys foaYmd,k w¾nqohla

we;s úh' tys m%;sM, jYfhka rcq yd ro, m%N+

mka;sh w;r;a rcq yd fmdÿ ck;dj w;r;a

mej;s in|;dj ì| jegqKs' uykqjr rdcOdksh

;=< u rc;=ud wkdrlaIs;hl=f.a ;;ajhg

m;a jQfha h' fuu wjia:dfjka m%fhdack .;a

tjlg furg bx.%Sis wdKavqldrhd jQ frdnÜ

n%jqkaß.a Wvrg wdl%uKh lf<a h'

fï wjêh jk úg Wvrg uydêldrï

jQ weyef,afmd, yd rcq w;r .egqula we;s

úh' fï ksid weyef,afmd, bx.%SiSkaf.a

/ljrKh ,nd isáfha h' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy

rcqg tfrysj bx.%SiSka t,a, l< wdl%uKfha

§ weyef,afmd,f.a iydh bx.%SiSkag ,enqKs'

Wvrg jeishka fndfyda fofkl= rcq

flfrys l,lsÍ isá neúka" fujr bx.%SiSka

Wvrgg meñKSu je<elaùug lsisfjl=

bÈßm;a fkdù h' tys m%;sM, jYfhka lsis ÿ

wmyiqjlska f;drj uykqjr k.rhg we;=`M

ùug bx.%SiSyq iu;a jQy' rcjdi,ska m,df.dia

ueouykqjr m%foaYfha ksjil ie`.ù isá rcq

Wv/áhka úiska fidhdf.k bx.%Siskag Ndr

fok ,È' fufia rcq w;awvx.=jg .ekSfuka

fjk;a lsis ÿ hqfrdamShfhl= Wvrg § fkd,;a

chla ,eîug bx.%Sisyq iu;a jQy' wk;=rej

n%jqkaß.a wdKavqldrhd Wvrg m%N+jreka iu`.

.súiqula w;aika lf<a h' th l%s'j' 1815

j¾Ifha ud¾;= fojk Èk .súiqu fyj;a

Wvrg .súiqu jYfhka m%isoaêhg m;a úh'

fï .súiqu wkqj Wvrg rdcOdksh bx.%SiSkag

hg;a nj ms<sf.k Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rcq we;=`M

kdhlal¾jrekag Wvrg isxydikhg ;snQ

ish¨ Wreu wfydais flßKs' fufia Wvrg

rdcOdksfha iajdêm;Hh wfydais ùu;a iu`.

iuia; Èjhsk u ì%;dkH hg;a úð;hla njg

m;a úh'

ì%;dkH w;awvx.=jg m;a jQ Y%S úl%u

rdcisxy rcq bx.%SiSka úiska bkaÈhdfõ

fj,af,darhg /f.k hk ,È'


lDIsl¾uh

furg idïm%odhsl Ôjk l%uh jQ

lDIsl¾uh mokï lr.;a wd¾Ól rgdj

uykqjr hq.fha o l%shd;aulj mej;=Ks'

uykqjr rdcH iuh jk úg furg f;;a

l,dmfha YS>% ck.yk jHdma;shla mej;s

kuq;a f;;a l,dmhg j¾Ih mqrd me;sreK

j¾Idjla ,enqK neúka úh<s l,dmfha fuka

jeõ wuqKq ;kd c,h /ia lr ;nd .ekSfï

wjYH;djla fkd;sìK' uykqjr wdY%s;j

l÷lr m%foaY nyq, jQ neúka fy,au`M l%uhg

ilid .;a l=Uqre wyia Èfhka j.d lsÍu iq,N

,laIKhla úh' my;rg m%foaYj, ;jÿrg;a

idudkH mßoafoka l=Uqre j.dj mej;=Ks'

l=Uqre f.dú;ekg wu;rj fyaka

f.dú;ek o mej;sKs' l=rlalka" fufkaß"

;," bß`.== wdÈh fyakaj, j.d flßKs' óg

wu;rj fldia" fo,a" .ïñßia" w, j¾."

idÈlald" lrouqx.=" mqjla" t<j`M" m,;=re

wdÈh f.j;= j.d jYfhka mej;=Ks' lsß ,nd

.ekSu" f.dú;eka lghq;=" m%jdyk lghq;=

wdÈh i|yd .j md,kh isÿ úh'

fjf<|du

uykqjr rdcH iufha § foaYSh

fjf<|du fuka u úfoaYSh fjf<|du o

mej;=Ks' uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, ksIamdok Wvrg

m%foaYj,g wf,ú flreK w;r Wvrg

m%foaYj, ksIamdok my; rgg wf,ú úh'

fjf<|dfï § ldis Ndú;h o isÿ jQ

w;r" NdKav yqjudre l%uh o mej;s nj

fmfka' Wvrg yd my;rg w;r lvj;a

;kd ;snqKq w;r fjf<| øjH m%jdykh

fuu lvj;a yryd isÿ úh' lvj;a hkq

,kafoaiSkaf.a iSud yd Wvrg rdcOdksfha

iSud w;r mej;s uqrfmd<j,a h'

Wvrg rdcH iufha úfoaY fjf<|du

rcqf.a taldêldrh hgf;a mej;=Ks' uqyqÿnv

m%foaYj, isá hqfrdamShka iu`. rcq fjf<|

in|;d meje;ajQ w;r bkaÈhdj yd Wvrg

w;r o fjf<| iïnkaO;d mej;=Ks'

rEmh 2'9 l=re÷ ñá ne| ieliSu

2'2 wd¾Ól rgdj


Wvrg rdcH iufha yqjudre jQ fjf<| NdKav

wmkhk l< fjf<|

øjH yd i;=ka

wdkhkh l< fjf<|

øjH yd i;=ka

l=re÷

.ïñßia

mqjla

we;a o;a" we;=ka

uq;= ueKsla

nq,;a" mqjla

lrouqx.=" lrdnqq keá

idÈlald

ó bá

wYajhka

ms`.ka NdKav

frÈ ms<s

ueá n÷ka

iqj| j¾.

lrj,

l¾udka;

Wvrg wd¾Ól b;sydifha lDIsl¾uh

yd fjf<|du yereKq úg" l¾udka;j,g o

jeo.;a ;ekla ,eî ;snqKs' tl, rdcOdksfha

fndfyda lghq;=j,g wjYH ld¾ñl ksIamdok

yd NdKav rg ;=< u ksIamdokh flreKs'

fï i|yd l=, mokï lr.;a fjk u Ys,amSh

mrïmrdjla isáhy' Tjqka È.= l,l isg

mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg ta ta Ys,amSh ±kqu

mj;ajdf.k wd msßils' ueá" ;U" ms;a;,"

hlv" f,day wdÈfhka úúO NdKav yd

WmlrK ksIamdokh flreKs' fï i|yd ta

ta Ys,amSkaf.ka iukaú; .ï msysgqjd ;snqKs'

ta ta Ys,amS lKavdhïj,g kdhl;ajh fok

kdhlfhda m;aj isáhy' NdKav w,xldrh

i|yd ,dlaId l¾udka;h fhdod .eksKs'

hlv l¾udka;h i|yd fld;auf,a m%foaYh

o ÿïnr m%foaYh mka l¾udka;h i|yd o

m%isoaêhg m;aj ;snqKs'

2'3 uykqjr rdcOdksfha iudch

uykqjr rdcOdks iufha mej;s .%dóh

iudch ;=< .u iajhxfmdaIs; tlla úh' ta

ta l=, fyda Ys,am fY%aKs i|yd fjka fjkaj

.ï msysgqjd ;snqKs' rdcHfha nyq;r msßi

f.dúhka jQ w;r ish¨ Ys,amSka w;r fyd|

in|;djla mej;sKss' wfkHdakH iyfhda.h

iy iyÔjkh" iduQysl;ajh" iudcfhys

fyd¢ka" wdrlaId ù ;snqKs' fuu iudcfha

mQcH mlaIh" m%N+ mka;sh yd idudkH ck;dj

hkqfjka ia;r ;=kla oelsh yels úh' m%N+

mka;sh iudcfha lemS fmfkk u n,fõ.h

jQ w;r rcq yereK úg md,k lghq;=j,

fh§ isá m%OdkSyq m%N+ mka;shg wh;a jQy'

ro,hka hk kduh o Tjqka i|yd Ndú;

flßK' idudkH ck;djg f.dúhka" lïl-

rejka" fjf<kaoka yd by; lS úúO Ys,amSh

lKavdhï o we;=<;a úh'

Wvrg ck iudcfha mjq,a tallh

Yla;su;aj mej;=Ks' mshdf.ka miqj foam,

orejkag Wreu jk l%uhla mej;=Ks' mshd

uq,a lrf.k mej;s fuu iudc l%uh ms;D

uQ,sl iudchla f,i ye¢kafõ'

Wvrg iudcfha lemS fmfkk újdy

l%u folla mej;=Ks'

§. újdyh - ukd,sh ukd,hdf.a ksjig

lekaodf.k f.dia tys Ôj;a

ùu'

ìkak újdyh - ukd,hd ukd,shf.a ksjfia

mÈxÑ ù isàu'

óg wu;rj ifydaorhka lsysmfofkl=

isák mjq,lg tl ukd,shla le|jdf.k

tafï isß;la o mej;=Ks' lDIsld¾ñl

iudchl foam, whs;sh fn§ hdu j,lajd

.ekSug fun÷ újdy l%u Wmfhda.S jQ nj

fmfka'

2'4 jdia;= úoHdj yd l,d Ys,am

.ïfmd, yd fldaÜfÜ rdc iufha

mej;s .Dy ks¾udK Ys,am wdY%fhka ieliqKq

jdia;= úoHdjla uykqjr rdc iufha mej;=Ks'


tys mej;s f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍï w;r wd.ñl

f.dvke.s,sj,g úfYaI ;ekla ,enqKs' o<od

ud,s.h" weïnelafla foajd,h" ,xld;s,l

úydrh" yskaÿ foajd, ta w;r m%Odk ;ekla

.kS' uykqjr rdc iufha § geïmsg úydr bÈ

lsÍfï iïm%odhla mej;=Ks' fmdf<dfõ ±j

lKq isgqjd ta u; f.dvke.s,s bÈ l< úg

fõhka jeks i;=kaf.ka ±j lKqj,g ydks

meñK f.dvke.s,s úkdYhg m;a

úh' fï ;;ajh j,lajd .ekSug

fmd<jg .,a lKq isgqjd tu .,a

lKqj,g ,S lKq mqreoaod fyda nd,al

fhdod geïmsg úydr bÈ flreKs'

uykqjr rdc iuhg wh;a

úydr ì;= is;=jï" ,S leghï yd

m%;sud wdÈfhka tl, mej;s l,d

l=i,;d ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd

.; yels h'

rEmh 2'10 weïnelafla foajd,fha ,S lKqjla ^ju& weïnelafla foajd,h ôl=K&

uykqjr hq.fha Ñ;% l,dj

uykqjr rdcH iufha § nqÿoyfï yrh

ck;dj fj;g f.k hdfï udOHhla f,i

Ñ;% l,dj fhdod .eksKs'

tl, Ñ;% l,dfõ ±lsh yels lemS fmfkk

,laIK lsysmhls'

rEmh 2'11 ueofj, geïmsg úydrh


z W.;a kQ.;a ish¨ fokdg f;areï .;

yels mßÈ Ñ;% ksrEmKh lsÍu'

z ì;a;s ;Srej,g fnod l;djla

mshjfrka mshjr bÈßm;a lsÍfï §¾> l;d

l%uh Ndú; lsÍu'

z tla tla rEm rduqjg

háka l:d mqj; fláfhka

kï lr ;sîu'

z ysia;eka msrùug u,a rEm

we| ;sîu'

z i;aj" Ydl yd ñksia

rEmj, m%udKd;aul .=Kh

fkdi,ld yer ;sîu'

z Ydl yd Lkscj,ska

idïm%odhsl j¾K ilid f.k

;sîu;a r;= j¾Kh jeämqr

Ndú; lsÍu;a ±lsh yels ùu'

z fjiaika;r cd;lh

oyïfid`v cd;lh" f;a,m;a;

cd;lh jeks cd;l l;d

nyq, jYfhka Ñ;%hg k.d

;sîu'

z j¾;udkfha oUq,a," fo.,afodrej"

o<od ud,s.dj" uq,a.sß., wdÈ ia:dkj,

uykqjr hq.fha Ñ;% ±l .; yels h'

rEmh 2'12 ,xld;s,l úydrh

rEmh 2'13 uykqjr hq.hg wh;a Ñ;%hla


l%shdldrlu

1' uykqjr hq.hg wh;a rcjrekaf.a ld¾hhka

weiqßka my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

rc;=ud

m<uqjk

úu,O¾uiQßh

rc;=ud

fojk

rdcisxy

rc;=ud

lS¾;s Y%S

rdcisxy

rc;=ud

Y%S úl%u

rdcisxy

rc;=ud

ld¾hhka

1' uykqjr hq.hg wh;a rcjrekaf.a ld¾hhka

2' my; rEm weiqßka wid we;s m%Yakj,g

ms<s;=re imhkak'

1' fuys ±lafjk

f.dvke.s,a, l=ula

o@

2' th msysgd we;af;a

fldfya o@

3' th bÈ lrjQ

rc;=ud ljqo@

4' Y%S úl%u rdcisxy rc;=ud fuu

f.dvke.s,a,g tl;= l< wx.h l=ula o@

1' fuu f.dvke.s,a,

y÷kajk ku l=ula

o@

2' tys we;s

úfYaI;ajh l=ula o@

3' fuu f.dvke.s,a, msysá m%foaYfha ku

l=ula o@


3'1 mqkreofha miqìu

hqfrdamfha mqrd;k hq.fha b;d

ÈhqKq uÜgul meje;s .%Sl-frdau YsIagdpdr

ms<sn| 7 fY%aKssfha § Tng bf.kSug ,enqKs'

l%s' j' miajk ishjfia frdau YsIagdpdrh

ì| jeàu;a iu`. hqfrdamfha tf;la meje;s

mer‚ hq.h wjika úh' bka miq t<UqKq jir

oyil muK ld,h ^l%s' j' 500 - l%s' j'1500&

hqfrdamfha uOH;k hq.h f,i ie,fla'

uOH;k hq.h wjika ld,fha §

hqfrdamShka ;=< merKs .%Sl frdau YsIagd-

pdr flfrys m%n, Wkkaÿjla we;s úh'

ta wkqj .%Sl frdau YsIagdpdrj,g wh;a

fmd;m; yeoEÍug;a" tu YsIagdpdrj, Ndú;

flreKq .%Sla yd ,;ska NdId wOHhkhg;a"

hqfrdamShfhda fhduq jQy' fufia .%Sl yd frdau

YsIagdpdr .ek lreKq .eUqßka yeoEÍu fuka

u tajdfha meje;s ixialD;sldx. kej;

hqfrdamfha ckm%sh ùug mgka .ekSu;a

ye¢kaùu

mqkreoh hk jpkfha ir, woyi

h<s msì§u fõ' 14 jk ishjfia isg 16 jk

ishji olajd hqfrdamfha Ydia;%Sh" wd.ñl yd

úoHd;aul lafIa;%j, mq¿,a mßj¾;khla

isÿ jQ w;r tys o’ merKs .%Sl - frdau

YsIagdpdr ms<snò hqfrdamShka ;=< m%n,

Wkkaÿjla we;s úh' fuu mßÉfþofha

§ mqkreoh f,i y`ÿkajd we;af;a merKs

.%Sl frdau YsIagdpdrj, wdNdih ,nñka

hqfrdamfha we;s jQ tu mq¿,a mßj¾;kh hs'

mqkreohg miqìï jQ fya;=" Ydia;%Sh oshqKqj"

Ñ;%" uQ¾;s yd .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amhkays

we;s jQ m%.ukh fuka u úoHd" ffjoH

úoHd" o¾Ykh jeks lafIa;%hkays msì§u

ms<snò fuu mßÉfþofhka idlÉPd flf¾'

rEmh 3'1 b;d,sfha k.rhla

hqfrdamfha mqkreoh03


úfYaIfhka lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'

hqfrdamfha Ñka;kuh yd m%dfhda.sl jYfhka

we;s jQ fuu mßj¾;kh ksid .%Sl frdau

YsIagdpdr kej; mK ,enQ iajrEmhla .;af;a

h' fuu ;;ajh ienúka u hqfrdamd b;sydifha

we;s jQ mqkreohla fyj;a h<s msì§uls'

14 jk ishjfia isg 16 jk ishji

olajd hqfrdamfha l,d;aul yd úoHd;aul

lafIa;%j, isÿ jQ fuu mq¿,a mßj¾;kh

j¾;udk f,dal b;sydih yev.eiaùug

fnfyúka n,mEfõ h' fuu mßj¾;kh

uq,ska u wdrïN jQfha b;d,sfhks'

z mqkreoh we;s ùug fya;=

1' fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rh ;=¾ls n,hg

hg;a ùu'

wE; w;S;fha isg u hqfrdamh yd wdishdj

w;r fjf<| in|;d mej;=Ks' idïm%odhsl

fjf<| ud¾. Tiafia wdishdfjka hqfrdamhg

f.k hk ,o fjf<| øjH úl=Kk fjf<|

uOHia:dkhla f,i fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a

k.rhg jeo.;alula ,enqKs' hqfrdamd rgj,

fjf<kafoda tu k.rhg meñK fjf<| øjH

,ndf.k hqfrdamd rgj,g wf,ú lr ,dn

,enQy'

l%s'j' 1453 j¾Ifha §" bia,dï Nla;slhka

jQ ;=¾ls cd;slhka fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,h

w,a,d .ekSu ksid hqfrdamd fjf<|dug m%n,

myrla jeÿKs'

fuu wjêh jk úg hqfrdamfha l%sia;=

Nla;slhka yd neyeßka isá bia,dï Nla;slhka

w;r .egqula meje;=Ks' bia,dï wd.u weoyQ

;=¾lSka fufia fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rh

w,a,d .ekSu ksid" hqfrdamfha l%sia;shdks

fjf<÷kag" ;jÿrg;a th Ndú; lsÍug

bv fkd,eìKs' fï ksid tys isá W.;a;=

fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha mqia;ld,hj, ;snQ

jákd .%Sl frdAu fmd;am;a wdÈh o /f.k

iajlSh rgj,a lrd m,d .sh Tjqyq tlS

fmd;m; yeoEÍug wjYH .%Sla yd ,;ska NdId

wod< k.rj, m%p,s; lsÍug;a l%shd l<y'

b;d,sfha fndf,d[a[d jeks úYajúoHd,j,

§ tu lD;s .eUqßka yeoErE w;r tu.ska

merKs .%Sl yd frdau YsIagdpdr kej; mK

,enQ ;;ajhlg m;a úh'

rEmh 3'2 fcdyekakia .=fgkan¾.a yd Tyqf.a uqøK hka;%h ±lafjk is;=jula


2' fjf<|du ÈhqKqùu yd Okj;=ka msßila

ìys ùu'

l%s' j' fodf<diajk ishjfia isg

hqfrdamfha fjf<|du iïnkaOfhkaa we;s jQ

ÈhqKqj mqkreohg n,mE È.=ld,Sk fya;=jls'

fuu wjêfha fmrÈ. yd wmrÈ. rgj,a

w;r meje;s fjf<|du ksid b;d,sfha

jekSish" ðfkdajd" maf,darkaia jeks ÈhqKq

fjf<| k.r ìysj ;snqKs' tu k.rj, isá

Okj;=kag l,d;aul wxY flfrys wjOdkh

fhduq lsÍug úfõlhla ;snQ w;r" Bg wkq.%y

±laùug wjYH ;rï Okhla o ;snqKs' mqkreoh

b;d,sfha wdrïN ùug tys Okj;=ka msßila

ìysj isàu jeo.;a idOlhla úh' maf,darkaia

k.rfha isá fuäis kï Okj;a mjq, tys

l,d;aul lghq;=j,g w;ys; ÿka Okj;=kag

WodyrKhls'

3' nqoaê m%fndaOh

frdau YsIagdpdrh ì| jeàfuka miq

.; jQ ld,h ;=<" hqfrdamfha l%sia;= iNdj yd

mQcljreka flakaø fldg.;a wOHdmk l%uhla

mej;=Ks' foajO¾uh" o¾Ykh" kS;sh jeks

úIh lsysmhla muKla tajdfha b.ekaaù h'

tfy;a fodf<diajk ishjiska miq hqfrdamfha

úYajúoHd, ìys jkakg úh'

uOH;k hq.h wjidkfha

hqfrdamfha ìys jQ úYajúoHd,

rg úYajúoHd,h

b;d,sh fndf,d[a[d" mdÿjd

m%xYh meßia

tx.,ka;h Tlaia*¾â" flaïì%%Ê

fuu úYajúoHd,j," merKs idys;Hh"

b;sydih" kdgH jeks úIhka rdYshla b.ekajQ

ksid kj W.;=ka msßila ìys jQ w;r tfia

u tlS úYajúoHd,j, m¾fhaIK lghq;=j,

§ .%Sl frdau fmd;am;a fhdod .ekqKq w;r

merKs idys;H wOHhkhg o úfYaI ;ekla

,eìKs' hgm;a ù meje;s .%Sl frdau úoHd;aul

yd l,d;aul ±kqfï kj msì§ula fï ksid

we;s úh'

fuf;la ld,hla úYajúoHd,j, mjd

wOHhk lghq;=j,g wjYH .%ka: msgm;a

lsÍug isÿj ;snqKs' fufia fmd;am;a w;ska

,sùu;a msgm;a lsÍu;a wOHdmkh tla;rd

msßilg muKla iSud ùu;a jeks fya;= ksid

±kqu jHdma; ùfï hï hï .eg¨ ;snqKs' fï

w;r mqkreo iufha § fcdyekakia .=fgkan¾.a

uqøK hka;%h ksmoùu fya;= fldgf.k ±kqu

jHdma; ùfï úma,jhla isÿ úh' tla fmd;lska

msgm;a oyia .Kkla jqj o flá l,lska

ksu lr .ekSug ,eîu úfYaI ch.%yKhla

úh' fufia uqøK hka;%h ksmoùu hqfrdamd

mqkreofha jHdma;shg ;=vqÿka m%Odk lreKls'

3'2 mqkreoh we;sùu

z kj W.;=ka ìysùu

mqkreo iuhg fmr hqfrdamd rgj,

Ndú; jQfha tla tla rgj,g fyda m%foaYj,g

iSud jQ NdId fõ' mqkreo iufha § .%Sla yd

,;ska NdIdj,ska ,shjqKq fmd;am;a mßYS,kh

jeäùu ksid tu NdIdjkaf.a kfjdaohla we;s

úh' tfuka u ful, .%Sla yd ,;ska NdId

bf.kSu ú,dis;djla njg m;aj ;sìKs' fuys

m%;sM,hla f,i .%Sla yd ,;ska NdId fuka u

idys;Hh bf.kSu o mq¿,a f,i me;sßK'

fï ksid kj W.;a;= /ila ìys jQy' mqkreo

iufha ìys jQ .;a l;=jreka lsysm fofkl=

ms<sn|j my; j.=fõ ±lafõ'


l,d Ys,am

mqkreo iufha l,d lafIa;%fha we;s

jQ m%n, mßj¾;kh lemS fmfkk tlls' Bg

fmr wjêfha" m,a,sfha wkq.%yh u; wd.ñl

Ñka;kh mokï lrf.k l,d ks¾udK yev

.eiS ;snqKs' mqoa.,hd ;=< wd.ñl Nla;sh cks;

lrùu fuu l,d ks¾udKj, mrud¾:h úh'

tfy;a .%Sl frdau wNdih ,enQ mqkreo iufha

l,dfjys ri úkaokhg uQ,sl;ajh ysñ

úh' tys m%;sM,hla f,i ful, ks¾udKh

lrk ,o Ñ;% yd uQ¾;sj, ksrej;a fyda wv

ksrej;a rEm ±l.; yels h' mqkreo iufha

§ f,!lsl ri úkaokh w.h l< Okj;a

msßia l,dlrejkag wkq.%y ±laùug bÈßm;a

ùu" l,d Ys,amhkays m%fndaOhla we;s ùug

úYd, rel=,la úh' Bg fmr l,d ks¾udKj,

meje;s ,laIK;a" mqkreo iuh;a iu. th

fjkia jQ wdldrh;a my; j.=fjka fmkakqï

flf¾'

.;a l;=jrhd rg

vdkafÜ b;d,sh

ú,shï fYalaIamsh¾ tx.,ka;h

brdiauia m%xYh

z udkjjdoh biau;= ùu

mqkreo iuhg fmr ish,a,g u jvd

foúhka W;=ï h" hk ixl,amh bÈßfhka

mej;=Ks' th foajjrïjdoh f,i ye|skafõ'

tfy;a mqkreo iufha § udkjhdf.a

lghq;= ms<sn| jeä jeäfhka yeoEÍï isÿ

flreKq w;r tu.ska udkjjdoh hk

ixl,amh m%p,s; úh' tys m%;sM, jYfhka

f,dal b;sydifha udkjhd fuf;la meñKs

.uka u." ñksidf.a l,d;aul yelshdj"

wdÈh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq flreKq w;r

b;sydih" l,dj jeks kj úIh /ila ìys

úh' fumßoafoka wOHdmkh" wd.u yeoEÍug

muKla iSud fkdù ñksid yd ck Ôú;h

ms<sn| yeoEÍula njg;a m;a úh'

mqqkreoh iuhg fmr wjêfha l,d

Ys,amj, iajNdjh

mqkreo iufha l,d Ys,am

wd.ñl uqyqKqjrla .ekSu' f,!lsl;ajhg uQ,sl;ajh ,nd §u'

l%sia;=ia jykafia" lkHd ußh;=ñh fyda ckm%sh

idka;=jrhka ks¾udKj,g jia;= úIh ùu'

rcjreka" ìfidajreka" l=ur l=ußhka" Okj;a

mjq,aj, wh o jia;= úIh lr.ekSu'

Ys,amSka fY%aKs jYfhka ixúOdkh ùu iy

Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK tu fY%aKsfha kñka ye|skaùu

ks¾udKh l¾;Df.a kñka u t<s ±laùu'

m,a,sh muKla l,d ks¾udKj,g wkq.%y

±laùu'

úúO Okj;=ka wkq.%y ±laùu'

wd.ñl Nla;shla cks; lsÍu uQ,sl wruqK

ùu

ri úkaokh we;s lsÍu uQ,sl mrud¾:h ùu

iajdëkj ks¾udK lsÍug bvla fkdùu' iajdëkj ;u olaI;d biau;= lrñka ks¾udK

ìys lsÍu'


Ñ;% l,dj

Ñ;% l,dj" mqkreo iufha m%n,

fjkilg ,la jQ l,d udOHhls' b;d,sfha

maf,darkaia k.rh kj Ñ;% l,djla ìys l<

uOHia:dkh úh' fuf;la wd.ñl jYfhka

jeo.;a jQ l%sia;=ia jykafia" lkHd ußh;=ñh

jeks f;aud fjkqjg f,!lsl;ajhg uq,a ;ek

ÿka Ñ;% ks¾udK mqkreo iufha § olakg

,efí'

fuys ±lafjk fudkd,sid is;=ju

iuyr úg óg fmr Tn ±l ;sfnkakg

mq`Mjk' fujeks úiañ; is;=jï ks¾udKh l<

l,d Ys,amSka ìys jQfha" mqkreo iufha § h'

ó<Õg wms tn÷ l,d Ys,amSka lsysm fofkl=

yd Tjqkaf.a ks¾udK ms<sn|j u|la úuid

n,uq'

,shkdfvda vdúkaÑ

,shkdfvda vdúkaÑ b;d,s cd;slfhls'

Tyq Ñ;% Ys,amsfhl= fuka u .Dyks¾udK

Ys,amsfhl=" bxðfkarefjl= lúfhl= yd

ix.S;{fhl= o úh' fudkd,sid yd l%sia;=ia

jykafiaf.a wka;su rd;%S fNdackh kï jQ Ñ;%

t;=udf.a f;,s;=fvka ks¾udKh jQ" úYsIag

ks¾udK f,i ms<s.efka'

rEmh 3'3 fudkd,sid

rEmh 3'4


rEmh 3'5 wka;su rd;%S fNdackh

rEmh 3'6

,shkdfvda vdúkaÑ úiska w¢k

,o ;j;a Ñ;%hla


uhsl,a wdkaðf,da

uhsl,a wdkaðf,da úYsIag Ñ;% Ys,amsfhls'

tfia u Tyq" uQ¾;s Ys,amsfhl= fuka u .Dyks¾udK

Ys,amsfhl= f,i o m%lg h' frdaufha isiaghska

foaj ukaÈrfha isú,sfï we| we;s is;=jï uhsl,a

wdkacsf,daf.a úYsIag;u ks¾udK f,i ie,fla'

wjidk úksYaph kï Ñ;%h Tyqf.a ;j;a

iqúfYaIS is;=juls'

rEmh 3'8 uhsl,a wdkaðf,da úiska issiaghska foaj ukaÈrfha w¢k ,o is;=jï

rEmh 3'7


uQ¾;s l,dj

uQ¾;s l,dj mqkreo iufha ÈhqKqjg

m;a ;j;a wx.hls' lsß.re`äka m%;sud fk<Su

ful, lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls' uhsl,a

wdkaðf,da mqkreo iufha isá w.%.KH uQ¾;s

Ys,amsfhls' msfhgd m%;sudj" fâúâf.a m%;sudj

yd fudafiiaf.a m%;sudj Tyqf.a úYsIag ks¾udK

w;r fõ' fvdfkfgf,da o mqkreo iufha

m%;sud Ys,amSka w;r lemS fmfka' maf,darkaia

k.rfha ks¾udKh lr we;s Ydka; fcdakaf.aa

m%;sudj Tyqf.a ks¾udKYS,S yelshd m%o¾Ykh

lrhs'

.Dy ks¾udK

mqqkreo iufha f.dvke.s,s bÈ lsÍfuys

§ merKs frdau .Dyks¾udK Ys,amfha hï

hï ,laIK wkqlrKh lsÍu lemS fmfkk

,laIKhls' ta wkqj frdau f.dvke.s,s

;ekSfï § Ndú; flreKq jgl=re wdrelal="

Wia l=¨kq yd w¾O f.da,dldr YsLr iys;j

f.dvke.s,s bÈlsÍu ful, olakg ,efí'

mqkreo iufha .%Sl yd frdau .Dy ks¾udK

Ys,amh ms<sìUq lrk wmQ¾j;u ks¾udKhla

f,i frdaufha Ydka; mS;r foajia:dkh

y÷kajd Èh yels h' uhsl,a wdkaðf,da yd

olaI .Dy ks¾udK Ys,amsfhl= jQ r*dh,af.a

ks¾udK /ila fuys olakg ,efí'

01' mqkreo hq.fha l,d Ys,am weiqfrka

my; j.=j iïmQ¾K lrkak'

l,d Ys,amh ks¾udKfha

ku

ks¾udK

Ys,amshdf.a

ku

Ñ;% l,dj

m%;sud l,dj

.Dy ks¾udK

Ys,amh

l%shdldrlu

rEmh 3'9 msfhgd rej rEmh 3'10 uhsl,a wdkaðf,da ks¾udKh l< fâúâf.a

m%;sudj


z kj úoHd;aul fidhd.ekSï

mqkreo iufha Ñka;kuh jYfhka

we;s jQ lemS fmfkk ÈhqKqj l,d lafIa;%hg

muKla iSud fkdù h' hqfrdamSh W.;=ka

merKs b;sydih" idys;Hh" o¾Ykh jeks

úIhka .eUqßka yeoEÍu ksid iudcfhys

úpdr nqoaêfha ÈhqKqjla we;s úh' tu.ska

iïm%odh u ms<s.ekSug jvd iEu fohla

foi u úpdrd;aulj ne,Sug fm,Uùula

we;s úK' th úoHd;aul lafIa;%fha ÈhqKqjg

bjy,a jQ w;r kj úoHd;aul fidhd.ekSï

/ila isÿ lsÍug o n,mE lreKla úh'

ksl,ia fldm¾kslia

mDÓúh f.da,dldr nj;a mDÓúh yd wfkl=;a .%y

jia;+ka iQ¾hhd jgd .uka lrk nj;a fldm¾kslia

úiska fidhd .kakd ,È' ta wkqj fuf;la mej;s

mDÓúh me;,s jia;=jla h" hk u;h ksIam%N úh'

fldm¾ksliaf.a fuu kj fidhd.ekSï" ;drld yd

.%yf,dal ms<sn| úoHdkql+, wOHhkhlg u. fy<s

lf<a h' fu;=udf.ka ;drld úoHdjg isÿ jQ buy;a

fiajh ksid u ;drld úoHdfõ mshd f,i fudyq

ye¢kafõ'

rEmh 3'11

fcdyekakia flma,¾

fldm¾kslia bÈßm;a l< woyia ;yjqre

l< flma,¾ tajd ;jÿrg;a bÈßhg f.k .sfha

h' mDÓúh we;=¿ wfkla .%y jia;= iQ¾hhd jgd

jD;a;dldr ud¾.hl .uka lrk nj fuf;la

meje;s u;h úh' fi!r.%y uKav,fha .%yf,dal

ish,a, jD;a;dldrj fkdj b,smaidldrj iQ¾hd

jgd .uka lrk nj fu;=ud úiska fidhd.kakd

,È'

rEmh 3'12

úYajh ms<sn| bÈßm;a jQ kj u;


.e,s,sfhda .e,s,s

úYajúoHd, uydpd¾hjrfhl= jQ

fudyq ÿf¾laIh ksmojd wdldY jia;=

ksÍlaIKh lf<a h' tys m%;sM,hla

f,i pkaø wdjdg yd l÷" iQ¾h ,m yd

n%yiam;s .%yhdf.a Wm.%yhka ms<sn|

f;dr;=re ksÍlaIKh l< yels úh'

ffjoH úoHdfõ ÈhqKqj

ú,shï ydfõ - ñksia isref¾ reêr ixirK

moaO;sh ms<sn|j jeo.;a

f;dr;=re fidhd .;af;a h'

ffjoH meri,aiia - f,vfrda. iE§ug ;=vq

fok fya;= yd tajdg

m%;sl¾u ms<sn| w;ayod

ne,S h'

fuu fidhd.ekSï kQ;k T!IO

úoHdfõ ÈhqKqj flfrys o úYd, f,i

n,mEfõ h'

uhsl,a i¾fgia

uhsl,a i¾fgia reêrh yojf;a ol=Kq

fldaIfhka msg ù f.dia fmKye,s u.ska

msßisÿ ù h<ss;a yoj;g meñK isrer mqrd

úisÍ hdu ms<sn| f;dr;=re fidhd .;af;a h'

wd.ñl m%;sixialrK

úoHd;aul ÈhqKqj yd kj fidhd.ekSï

jeks mqkreo iufha we;s jQ Ñka;k úma,jh"

ksid iEu wxYhla foi u úpdrd;aulj

ne,Sug ck;dj mqreÿ jQy' fï wkqj wd.ñl

b.ekaùï yd l%sia;= iNdj N=la;s ú|s wiSñ;

n,h foi o úpdrd;aulj ne,Sug Tjqyq

mgka .;ay' m,a,sfha n,hg tfrysj ke.S

isá fuu lKavdhï fm%df;ia;ka;%jd§ka

fyj;a frmrudÿjd§ka f,i ye|skafõ'

uOH;k hq.fha wjika Nd.fha isg

u we;eï mQclhkaf.a ¥IKj,g úreoaOj

úfõpk t,a, úh' fuf,i úfõpk bÈßm;a

l< wh w;r tx.,ka;fha fcdaka jhsla,s*a"

m%xYfha brdiauia wdÈka lemS fmfka'

mqkreo iufha § l%sia;shdks m,a,shg

úreoaOj u;= jQ m%;sixialrK jHdmdrh udáka

Æ;¾" fcdaka le,aúka jeks kdhlhkaf.a

uQ,sl;ajfhka ;jÿrg;a bÈßhg .sfha h'

c¾uksfha Wmka udáka Æ;¾ úfgkan¾.a

úYajúoHd,fha uydpd¾h moúhla o

±Í h' m,a,sfha b.ekaùïj, nhsn,fha

b.ekaùïj,g mgyeks fndfyda foa we;s

nj fyf;u m%;HlaI lr .;af;a h' fï

jljdkqfõ § c¾uksfha úfgkan¾.a kqjr §

mõ iud lsÍfï m;% úlsKSfï ksr;j isá

mQclfhl= Tyqg uqK .eisKs' mõ iud lsÍfï

m;% úlsKSu oelSfuka lïmkhg m;a ud¾áka

Æ;¾ msh;=ud ta ms<snò ;u woyia we;=<;a

m;%sldjla úfgkan¾.a foajia:dkfha fodf¾

we,ù h'

rEmh 3'13

PB54fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu iòyd h' fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu iòyd h'

fuys m%;sM,hla f,i udáka Æ;¾

lf;da,sl iNdfjka fkrmd ±ó h' bka miq

udáka Æ;¾ m,a,sfha b.ekaùïj,g úreoaOj

;jÿrg;a woyia m%ldY lrkakg úh' 15 jk

ishjfia § uqøK hka;%h fidhd.ekSu;a iu.

Æ;¾f.a fuu woyia c¾uksfha muKla fkdj

hqfrdamh mqrd u me;sr hkakg úh' fudjqkaf.a

fuu woyia we;=<;a m%;sixialrK jHdmdrh

ye|skajQfha frmrudÿ fyda fm%df;ia;ka;%

jHdmdrh jYfhks'

l%shdldrlu

1' hqfrdamfha mqkreoh

weiqßka flá m%Yak fmd;la

ilia lrkak'

2' mqkreo iufha Ñ;% l,dj" m%;sud l,dj"

.Dy ks¾udK iy kj fidhd.ekSï ms<sn|

f;dr;=re /ia lrkak'

55PBfkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

ye¢kaùu

foaY .fõIK hkq rgj,a fidhd hdu

hk w¾:h fok jokls' hqfrdamd cd;Ska kj

uqyqÿ ud¾. fidhd .ksñka tf;la y÷kd

fkd.;a rgj,a fidhd .ekSu foaY .fõIK

f,i úia;r flf¾' 15 jk Y;j¾Ih w.

Nd.fha § hqfrdamd uydoaùmhg neyeßka

mj;sk rgj,a fidhd .ekSu ms<sn|

hqfrdamShkg n,j;a Wkkaÿjla we;s úh'

tys m%;sM, jYfhka wdishdj" weußldj

yd wm%sldj hk uydoaùmj, mj;sk rgj,a

fidhdf.k tajdfha ck;dj yd iïm;a

ms<sn| hqfrdamShkag lreKq wkdjrKh lr

.ekSug yelshdj ,enqKs' fuu mßÉfþofha

§ foaY .fõIKj,g ;=vq ÿka fya;=" m%Odk

.fõIK" ta i|yd uQ,sl jQ ;eke;a;ka yd

hqfrdamShka fmrÈ.g meñKSu hk lreKq

ms<sn| idlÉPd flf¾'

4'1 foaY .fõIK lghq;=j, miqìu

15 jk Y;j¾Ih w.Nd.fha §

foaY .fõIK wdrïN ùug fmr" hqfrdamh"

W;=re wm%sldj yd wdishdfõ iq`M m%foaYhla

yer f,dalfha fiiq m%foaY yd rgj,a ms<sn|

hqfrdamShkag ksis wjfndaOhla fkd;snqKs'

wdishdfõ rgj,a jQ bkaÈhdj yd Ökh

ms<sn| fjf<kaoka yd ud¾flda fmdaf,da

jeks ks¾NS; .;a l;=jrekaf.a l:dj,ska

,enQ iSñ; wjfndaOhla hqfrdamShkag ;snqKs'

tfy;a wdishdfõ fiiq m%foaY .ek Tjqka

i;= ±kqu b;d u w,am úh' wm%sldfõ nyq;r

m%foaYhla we;=`Mj TiafÜ%,shdj yd weußld

uydoaùmh hk m%foaY mss<sn| tl, meyeÈ,s

wjfndaOhla fkd;snqKs'

foaY .fõIK wdrïN ùug fmr

ld,fha § f,dal fjf<|dfuka jeä fldgi

uOHOrKS uqyqo yd ta wjg fmfoiaj,g iSud

ù ;sìK'

rEmh 4'1 jiafldao.dud bkaÈhdjg meñKSu ±lafjk l,ams; Ñ;%hla

foaY .fõIK yd hqfrdamd cd;Ska fmrÈ.g

meñKSu04

5756fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

uOHOrKS uqyqo wdY%s; fjf<| k.r jQ

ðfkdajd" wef,lai%ekaähd" jekSish yd l`M

uqyqo wdikakfha mej;s fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a

wdÈh tl, fjf<|du ksid iuDoaêu;aj

;sìK' fï ld,fha § wdishdj yd hqfrdamh

w;r fjf<| in|;d meje;ajQ m%Odk ud¾.

;=kla ;snqKs'

1' fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rfha isg

m¾ishdj" uOHu wdishdj yryd Ökh olajd

ud¾.h fyj;a fiao udj;

2' fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rfha isg

uOHOrKS uqyqo Tiafia ñirhg ^Bðma;=j&

meñK r;= uqyqfoa hd;%d fldg bkaÈhdkq

id.rhg meñKSu

3' fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rfha isg m¾ishka

fndlal yryd bkaÈhdfõ ngysr fjr<g

meñKSu

by; i|yka fiao udj; Tiafia

f.dvìfuka f.k hk ,o fjf<| øjH

fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rhg ,enqKs'

r;= uqyqo yd m¾ishka fndlal Tiafia uqyqÿ

u.ska NdKav /f.k hdfï § yuq jk

f.dvìï ud¾.j, § ;j,ï Ndú; flßK'

m¾ishka fndlal Tiafia f.k .sh NdKav

o fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,fha § wf,ú flßK'

r;= uqyqo yd ñirh Tiafia m%jdykh flreKq

NdKav fndfyda úg wef,laiekaä%hdfõ §

jekSia yd ðfkdajd fjf<÷ka úiska ñ, §

.kakd ,È'

foaY .fõIKj,g n,mE fya;=

z fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rh

;=¾lsjrekag hg;aùu yd hqfrdamShkaf.a

idïm%odhsl fjf<| ud¾. wjysr ùu'

fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a k.rh

;=¾lsjrekag hg;a ùu foaY .fõIKj,g

n,mE wdikak;u fya;=j f,i ie,lsh

yels h' by; i|yka l< fjf<| ud¾.

Tiafia hqfrdamhg f.k .sh fjf<| øjH

hqfrdamd fjf<÷ka ,nd .;a m%Odk fjf<|

uOHia:dkh jQfha fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a

k.rh hs' tfy;a 1453 j¾Ifha § fuu k.rh

uqia,sï cd;sl ;=¾lsjrekag hg;a ùu ksid

l%sia;shdks cd;sl hqfrdamd fjf<÷kag tf;la

Ndú; l< idïm%odhsl fjf<| ud¾. Ndú;

lsÍu ÿIalr úh' fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,h

w,a,d .;a ;=¾lsjreka fjf<| NdKavj, ñ,

jeä lsÍu" ;Sre .dia;= jeä lsÍu yd w;HjYH

fjf<| øjH l,g fõ,djg fkdiemhSu jeks

fya;= ksid hqfrdamShkaf.a fjf<|dug ndOd

meñKqKs' fufia idïm%odhsl fjf<| ud¾.

wjysr jQ fyhska l=`Mnvq fidhd wdishdjg

meñKSug hqfrdamShkag isÿ úh' wdishdfõ

fjf<| wdêm;Hh fï jk úg uqia,sïjreka

i;=j mej;s w;r th hqfrdamShka w;g

.ekSfï wfmalaIdjla o mej;sK' fï wkqj

wdishdjg kj uqyqÿ ud¾. fiùu miqmi ,dN

,eîfï wfmalaIdj fyj;a wd¾Ól wruqKla

mej;s njla fmfka'

foaY .fõIKj,g iqÿiq miqìula

hqfrdamh ;=< f.dvke.S ;sîu

mqkreo iufha isÿ jQ kj úoHd;aul

fidhd.ekSï yd Ñka;k úm¾hdi ksid foaY

.fõIKj,g iqÿiq miqìula ks¾udKh ù

;snqKs' mqkreo iufha § ksl,ia fldm¾kslia

jeks wh f,dalh f.da,dldr nj ;yjqre

lf<a h' tfia u fgd,ñf.a f,dal is;shu

u.ska f,dalfha msysàu ms<sn| tf;la ;snQ

±kqu mqkreoh ksid ;j;a mq`M,a úh' È.= uqqyqÿ

.ukaj, § ud¾.h fidhd .ekSug bjy,a jk

ud,sudj" W;=re ;re udmlh wdÈh Ndú;fha

mej;Su;a foaY .fõIKj,g Wmldß úh'

tfia u mqkreo iufha ,enQ úoHd;aul ±kqu

ksid wE; uqyqfoa hd;%d l< yels úYd, keõ

ksmoùug;a yelshdj ,enqKs'


is;shu 4'1 hqfrdamh yd wdishdj w;r fjf<| iïnkaO;d meje;ajQ merKs fjf<| ud¾.

rEmh 4'2 merKs f.dvìï fjf<| ud¾.fha kgnqka ^fiao udj;&


4'2 foaY .fõIKj,g rdcH wkq.%yh ,eîu

wE;ska msysá rgj,a fidhd hdfï §

udi .Kka .; jk È.= uqyqÿ .ukaj,g úYd,

jYfhka Okh jeh jQ w;r tu .ukaj,

wjodkula o ;snqKs' fun÷ .ukaj, § ,dN

,eîu o wúksYaÑ; úh' fujeks lreKq

ksid foaY .fõIKj,g uqo,a jeh lsÍug

fm!oa.,sl wxYhg yelshdjla fkd;snqKs'

tfy;a hqfrdamfha ke.S tñka mej;s cd;sl

rdcH lsysmhla foaY .fõIKj,g wkq.%y

±laùu tu lghq;=j, id¾:l;ajhg fya;=

úh' mD;=.d,h" iamd[a[h yd tx.,ka;h

tfia foaY .fõIKj,g wkq.%y ±lajQ rgj,g

WodyrK fõ'

hqfrdamShkaf.a wd.ñl wruqK

fï jk úg uqia,sïjreka i;= jQ

wdishdfõ fjf<| wdêm;Hh hqfrdamShka w;g

.ekSu fuka u w¨f;ka fidhd.kakd rgj,

lf;da,sl wd.u me;srùfï wfmalaIdjla o

foaY .fõIK iu. mej;sK' jiafldao.dud

bkaÈhdjg meñKSfuka miq zzl%sia;shdkSka yd

l=`M nvq fidhd wms fuys meñKsfhuqZZ hehs

m%ldY lr ;sfí'

hqfrdamShka ;=< mej;s wd¾Ól yd

wd.ñl wruqKq fï m%ldYfhka jqj o meyeÈ,s

fõ' tjlg fm%iag¾ fcdaka kï md,lfhl=

hgf;a fmrÈ. l%sia;shdks rdcHhla we;ehs

we;eï hqfrdamShka ;=< ñ:Hd úYajdihla

;snqKs' tu md,lhd fidhdf.k l%sia;shdks

wd.u me;srùug Tyqf.a iydh ,nd .; hq;=

hehs o ye`.Sula mej;sK'

foaY .fõIKj,g iïnkaO jQ m%Odk

rgj,a

mD;=.d,h

mD;=.SiSkaf.a uõ rg jk mD;=.d,h

whsìßhka w¾Ooaùmh ;=< msysá rgls' fï ksid

mD;=.SiSkag ish úfoaY in|;d meje;aùug

isÿ jQfha uqyqÿ ud¾. Tiafia h' tfia u

mD;=.SiSyq iajNdjfhka u fyd| kdúlfhda

jQy' fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,h ;=¾lsjrekag

hg;a ùug fmr isg u mD;=.SiSyq foaY .fõIK

.ek Wkkaÿjla olajñka isáhy'

kdúl fykaß

rEmh 4'4 kdúl fykaß

rEmh 4'3 jiafldao .dud


mD;=.Sis cd;slfhl= jQ kdúl fykaß

15 jk ishjfia § mD;=.d,fha kdúl

wNHdi úoHd,hla wdrïN lr kdúl Ys,amh

b.ekaùug lghq;= lf<a h' tu kdúl

úoHd,fha § isiqkag kdúl Ys,amh" keõ

;ekùu" is;shï yeoEÍu" ;drld Ydia;%h jeks

úIhka .ek wjfndaOhla ,nd §ug lghq;=

flßK'

kdúl fykaßf.a fuu lghq;= ksid

mD;=.SiSkag foaY .fõIK lafIa;%fha ch.%yK

/ila ,nd .ekSug yels úh'

n¾f;d,ñhqvhiaf.a kdhl;ajfhka

wm%sldfõ ngysr fjr< ;Srhg .uka l<

mD;=.Sis kdúl lKavdhula l%s'j' 1488

j¾Ifha § wm%sldfõ ol=Kq fl<jrg <`.d

úh' tys § l=Kdgqjlg yiq jQ fuu kdúlfhda

tlS ia:dkh l=Kdgq ;=vqj f,i kï fldg

wdmiq mD;=.d,hg .shy' fuh mD;=.SiSka

,enQ úYd, ch.%yKhla yd iqn ,l=Kla

f,i ie,l+ mD;=.d, rc;=ud ;u kdúlhka

l=Kdgq ;=vqj f,i kï l< ia:dkh" iqn

me;Sfï ;=vqj ^Cape of good hope& f,i

kï lf<a h' fuu ud¾.h Tiafia .uka

l< mD;=.Sis cd;sl jiafldao.dud we;=`M

keõ lKavdhula 1498 j¾Ifha § bkaÈhdfõ

le,slÜ k.rhg meñKSfuka wdishdjg kj

uqyqÿ ud¾.hla fiùfï hqfrdamSh wfmalaId

u,am, .ekaù h'

iamd[a[h

mD;=.d,hg kef.kysr foiska msysá

iamd[a[h whsîßhka w¾Ooaùmfha úYd,;u

rg fõ' iamd[a[jre o w;S;fha isg u

kdúl lghq;= ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla ±lajQy' 15

jk ishjfia w.Nd.h jk úg *¾äkkaâ

yd bifn,d rdclSh hqj, hgf;a iamd[a[h

Yla;su;a rdcHhla f,i j¾Okh fjñka

;snqKs' iamd[a[fha wd¾Òl Yla;sh o ÈhqKq

ù ;snQ fyhska tys rch foaY .fõIK

lghq;=j,g wkq.%y ±laùug bÈßm;a

úh' mD;=.SiSka wm%sldj jgd .uka fldg

wdishdjg kj uqyqÿ ud¾.hla fidhk úg

iamd[a[ kdúlfhda w;a,dka;sla id.rfha

ngysrg .ukafldg wdishdjg meñKSfï

ud¾.hla fiùfuys ksr; jQy'

*¾äkkaâ yd bifn,d hqj,f.a

wdOdr u; l%s'j' 1492 j¾Ifha § fun÷ uqyqÿ

.fõIKhl fhÿKq l%siafgdam¾ fldf,dïnia

w;a,ka;sla id.rfha ngysr msysá nyudia ¥m;a

iuQyfha biameksfhda,d ¥m;g f.dvneiafiah'

tu f.dvìï m%foaYh bkaÈhdj hehs

Tyq l,amkd l< w;r tlS ¥m;a iuQyh

j¾;udkfha mjd ngysr bkaÈhd ¥m;a f,i

ye¢kafõ' miqj wefußf.da fjiamqÑf.a

uqyqÿ .ukaj,g fuka u *¾äkkaâ ue.,ka

f,dalh jgd hd;%d l< .ukg o iamd[a[

wkq.%yh ,enqKs'

mD;=.d,h yd iamd[a[h yereKq úg

tx.,ka;h" m%xYh yd ´,kaoh jeks rgj,a

o foaY .fõIK lghq;=j,g hï muKlska

odhl ù ;sfí' foaY .fõIKj, ksr; jQ

rgj,a" mqoa.,hka yd .fõIK l< m%foaY

ms<sn| ixlaIsma; úia;rhla my; igykska

±lafõ'

rEmh 4'5 l%siafgdam¾ fldf,dïnia


wkq.%y

±lajQ rg

foaY .fõIlhd .fõIKh l< ia:dk yd fidhd .;a rgj,a

mD;=.d,h

n¾f;d,ñhqvhia wm%sldfõ ol=Kq fl<jr msysá ;=vqj olajd meñKSu' th l=Kdgq ;=vqj f,i kï

lsÍu' ^mD;=.d, rcq l=Kdgq ;=vqj Y=N m%d¾:kd ;=vqj f,i kï lsÍu&

jiaflda o .dud n¾f;d,ñhqvhiaf.a .uka ud¾.fha bÈßhg f.dia bkaÈhdjg f.dvneiSu'

iamd[a[h

l%siafgdam¾

fldf,dïnia

w;a,dka;sla id.rfhka ngysrg .uka lr leßìhka ¥m;g f.dvneiSu

^biameksfhda,dj& fudyqf.a .fõIK ksid wefußldjg hdu i|yd ud¾.h

újD; ùu'

wefußf.da

fjiamqÑ

fldf,dïniaf.a ud¾.fha f.dia wefußldj fidhd .ekSu ^fidhd .;a

uydoaùmh fudyqf.a kñka kï lsÍu&

*¾äkâ ue.,ka f,dalh jgd m%:ujrg .uka lsÍu' ms,smSk ¥m;aj,g f.dvneiSu fuu .uk

ksid f,dalh f.da,dldr nj ;yjqre ùu'

*¾äkekafvda

fldafÜia

fulaisfldaj

*%ekaisiaflda

msidfrda

mSre foaYh

tx.,ka;h lefí fidhqfrda lekvdfõ fjr<nv m%foaY

m%xYh celañia ldáh¾ W;=re wefußldfõ Ydka; f,darkaia m%foaYh

´,kaoh fykaß yâika W;=re wefußldfõ yâika .x.dj yd yâika fndlal wjg m%foaYh

j.=j 4'1 foaY .fõIK lghq;=j, lemS fmfkk wjia:d

is;shu 4'1 15 jk yd 16 jk ishjiaj, foaY .fõIK

iqn me;Sfï ;=vqj


*¾äkkaâ ue.,ka f,dalh jgd hd;%d lsÍu

l%s'j' 1480 j¾Ifha § muK

mD;=.d,fha Wmka *¾äkkaâ ue.,ka

jhi 25 jk úg kdúlfhl= njg

m;a úh' hqfrdamfha isg ngysrg .uka

fldg wdishdjg kj ud¾.hla fiùfï

l=;+y,h ksid ue.,ka §¾> uqyqÿ

.ukla ixúOdkh lf<a h' iamd[a[

rcqf.ka ta i|yd wjYH wkq.%yh ,enqKs'

l%s'j' 1519 j¾Ifha § iamd[a[fha isg

keõ lsysmhla iu. ue.,ka ;u uqyqÿ

.uk wdrïN lf<a h'

w;a,dka;sla id.rhg meñKs tu keõ lKavdhu ol=Kq weußld uydoaùmfha ol=Kq

fl<jf¾ msysá meismsla id.rhg msúiSfï iuqø ikaêh fidhd .;af;a h' Tyqf.a kñka th

ue.,ka iuqø ikaêh f,i ye¢kafõ'

wk;=rej meismsla id.rh yryd .uka l< fuu kdúlfhda fndfyda ÿIalr;dj,g

uqyqK ÿkay' flfia fyda meismsla id.rfha §¾> uqyqÿ .uklska miqj ue.,ka ms,smSkhg

<`.d ùug iu;a úh' ms,smSkfha § iajfoaYslhka iu. we;s jQ .egqulska ue.,ka ñh .sh;a

Tyqf.a keõ lKavdhfï b;sß msßi wm%sldfõ ngysr È.ska hd;%d fldg kej; iamd[a[hg

meñKshy' ue.,kaf.a uqyqÿ .uk ksid f,dalh f.da,dldr njg m< fjñka mej;s u;h

;yjqre úh'

rEmh 4'6

is;shu 4'2 ue.,kaf.a .uka ud¾.h


rEmh 4'7 merKs foaY .fõIlhka foaY .fõIKj, fhÿfKa fujeks rej,a keõ wdOdrfhks

4'3 hqfrdamd cd;Ska wdishdjg meñKSu

hqfrdamfha .%Sl frdau YsIagdpdr mej;s

merKs hq.fha § mjd wdishdj yd hqfrdamh

w;r fjf<| in|;d mej;=Ks'

.%Sl md,lfhl= jQ uyd wef,laiekav¾

m%n, yuqodjla iu. bkaÈhdj olajd wdl%uKh

fldg miqj wrdì m%foaYhg hdu;a iu.

wdishdj yd hqfrdamh w;r fjf<| in|;d

ÈhqKq úh' .%Sl YsIagdpdrh mßydksfhka

miqj b;d,sfha frdau k.rh uq,a lrf.k

frdau YsIagdpdrh f.dvke.=Ks' frdauh miqj

hqfrdamfha m%n, wêrdcHhla njg m;a úh'

fufia frdau YsIagdpdrh mej;s iufha § o

hqfrdamh yd wdishdj w;r fjf<| in|;d

mej;=Ks'

frdau YsIagdpdrh mßydkshg m;a ùfuka

miqj hqfrdamfha foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha

fjkialï /ilg u. mEÈK' tf;la

mej;s wêrdcH fjkqjg tla tla m%foaY uq,a

lrf.k fjk u rdcH ìys úh' fuu rdcHj,

md,lfhda m%dfoaYSh jYfhka n,j;aj isá

m%N+jreka fyj;a ro,hkaf.a iydfhka md,k

lghq;=j, ksr; jQy' bvï ysñlu ro,hkag;a

tajdfha j.d lsÍu idudkH f.dú ck;djg;a

mejÍ ;snQ fuh jevjiï l%uh f,i

ye¢kafõ' jevjiï l%uh ;=< hqfrdamShkaf.a

n,mEu hqfrdamfhka msg;g jHdma; fkdù h'

hqfrdamfha foaYmd,k lafIa;%fha

fun÷ ;;ajhla mej;s wjêfha ueo fmrÈ.

yd wdishdfõ we;eï m%foaYj, uqia,sï fjf<|

n,h jHdma; úh' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka

wrdìh" m¾ishdj" yd ñirh jeks m%foaYj,ska

meñKs uqia,sï fjf<kafoda wdishdj yd


hqfrdamh w;r fjf<|dfï w;rueÈhka f,i

l%shd l<y' fuu fjf<kafoda rej,a keõ

fhdod .ksñka wjYH fjf<| øjH úúO

rgj,ska tl;= fldg by; i|yka l<

fjf<| ud¾. Tiafia fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a

jrdhg f.k .shy'

wdishdfjka hqfrdamhg f.k

.sh NdKav w;r Ökfhka fiao frÈ"

iqj| ú,jqka" ms`.ka NdKav yd i;=ka

cmdkfhka ß§" Y%S ,xldfjka uq;= ueKsla"

l=`M nvq" we;=ka yd we;a o;a wdÈh jeo.;a úh'

tfia u bkaÈhdfjka .ïñßia" l=re÷" wìx"

lmq frÈ jeks foa o cdjd" iqud;%d" fnda¾ksfhda

jeks kef.kysr bkaÈhdkq ¥m;aj,ska lrdnq

keá" lrouqx.=" idÈlald wdÈ l=`M nvq j¾. o

hqfrdamhg /f.k f.dia ;sfí' wdishdfjka

f.k hk ,o l=`M nvq j¾.j,g hqfrdamfha

by< b,aüla mej;s w;r hqfrdamShkaf.a

wdydr rij;a lr .ekSug tu l=`M nvq

w;HjYH ù ;snqKs'

fufia hqfrdamh yd wdishdj w;r

w;rueÈ fjf<÷ka jYfhka lghq;= lrñka

uqia,sï cd;slfhda úYd, ,dNhla ,ndf.k

Yla;su;a jQy' uqia,sï cd;slhka wd¾Ól w;ska

Yla;su;a ù ;u foaYmd,k n,h jHdma;

lrñka isá wjêfha fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a

k.rh uqia,sï n,hla iys; ;=¾lshg hg;a

ùu hqfrdamShkaf.a fjf<|dug m%n, ndOdjla

úh' tys m%;sM, jYfhka wdishdjg meñKSfï

kj uqyqÿ ud¾.hla fiùug hqfrdamShka

lghq;= l< wdldrh fuu mdvu wdrïNfha §

úia;r flßK'

hqfrdamShka wdishdjg meñKSfï wruqKq

z wdishdfõ ksIamdokh flreKq l=`M

nvq we;=`M fiiq fjf<| øjH ,nd

f.k hqfrdamhg f.k f.dia wf,ú

fldg wd¾Ól jYfhka ,dN ,nd

.ekSu'

z uqia,sï cd;slhka i;= jQ wdishdfõ

fjf<| taldêldrh hqfrdamShka w;g

,nd .ekSu'

z wdishd;sl rgj, ;u wd.u me;srùu'

16 jk ishji wdrïNfha § hqfrdamShka

wdishdjg meñKSfï uQ,sl wruqK fun÷ jqj;a

hqfrdamfha l,ska l,g we;s jQ foaYmd,k yd

wd¾Ól fjkialï wkqj fuu wruqKqj, o

fjkialï we;s jQ nj fmfka'

mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñKSu

hqfrdamShka w;=ßka m%:ufhka u

wdishdjg meñKsfha mD;=.SiSka h' l%s'j'1498

j¾Ifha § jiafldao.dud bkaÈhdfõ

le,slÜj,g meñKSu;a iu. ta i|yd

u. újr úh' jiafldao.dud úYd, jia;=

iïNdrhla iys;j kej; mD;=.d,hg meñKs

úg mD;=.d, rcq uy;a i;=gg m;aj we;'

wdishdj iu. È.g u fjf<| in|;d mj;ajd

.; fyd;a w;súYd, ,dNhla ,eìh yels nj

rcqg fmkS .sfha h' ta wkqj mD;=.SiSyq uq,ska

u bkaÈhdfõ fjr<nv rdcOdks iu. in|;d

f.dvk.d .;ay' wk;=rej ,xldjg o meñKs

Tjqyq fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh iu. in|;d we;s

lr .;ay' mD;=.d,fha isg wdishdfõ lghq;=

fufyhùu ÿIalr jQ neúka mD;=.SiSyq f.daj

w,a,df.k th fmrÈ. mD;=.Sis uOHia:dkh

njg m;a lr .;ay' fï w;r w.aksÈ.

wdishdfõ l=`Mnvq jefjk ¥m;a lsysmhla o

w,a,d .;a Tjqyq bkaÈhdkq id.rh wdY%s;j

jeo.;a fjf<| n,hla f.dvke.+y'

,kafoaiSka meñKSu

mD;=.SiSka wdishdjg meñK

Y;j¾Ihlg wdikak ld,hla .;jk f;la

,kafoaiSkag wdishdjg meñKSug yelshdjla

fkd,enqKs' l%s'j' 1595 j¾Ifha isg ,kafoaiSyq

wdishdjg meñKSug mgka .;ay' t;eka isg

l%s'j'1602 j¾Ih muK jk f;la ´,kaofha

msysgqjd ;snQ fjf<| iud.ï lsysmhla jßka

jr wdishdjg meñKqKs' tl u rgl fjf<|

iud.ï lsysmhla meñKSu ksid wdishdfõ §

PB64fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h' fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu i|yd h'

tu iud.ï w;r ;r.hla o we;s úh' tfia

u l=vd l=vd iud.ï meñKSu ksid wdishdfõ

m%foaY w;am;a lr .ekSug fyda mD;=.Sis

;¾ckj,g id¾:lj uqyqK §ug ,kafoaiSkag

wmyiq úh' fuu ;;ajh f;areï.;a ´,kao

md,lhd l%s'j' 1602 j¾Ifha § fjf<|

iud.ï lsysmhla tl;= fldg Yla;su;a

ixúOdkhla jYfhka fmrÈ. ´,kao fjf<|

iud.u fyj;a zVOCZ iud.u msysgqúh'

t;eka isg ,kafoaiSka fjkqfjka wdishdfõ

ish¨ lghq;= isÿ lrk ,oafoa zVOCZ iud.u

úisks'

,kafoaiSyq uq,a ld,fha § wdishdfõ

l=`M nvq nyq,j ksIamdokh flfrk w.aksÈ.

wdishdkq ¥m;la flfrys jeä ie,ls,a,la

±lajQy' tfia u bkaÈhdfõ jQ fjr<nv ;Srfha

fjf<| .nvd /ila msysg jQ Tjqyq w.aksÈ.

wdishd;sl m%foaYj,ska mD;=.SiSka m,jd

yeÍug lghq;= l<y' ,kafoaiSkaf.a fmrÈ.

uQ,ia:dkh w.aksÈ. wdishd;sl m%foaYhla jk

n;dúfha msysgqùug lghq;= l< w;r fufia

17 jk Y;j¾Ifha ueo jk úg fmrÈ.

mD;=.Sis fjf<| wdêm;Hh ;uka fj;g ,nd

.ekSug ,kafoaiSyq l%shd l<y'

ì%;dkHhka yd m%xY cd;slhkaf.a

meñKSu

mD;=.SiSkag fuka ,kafoaiSkag È.= l,la

wdishdfõ fjf<| wdêm;Hh /l .ekSug

fkdyels úh' Bg fya;= jQfha ì%;dkHhka yd

m%xY cd;slhkaf.a meñKSu hs' bx.%SiSyq fmrÈ.

bkaÈhdkq bx.%Sis fjf<| iud.u msysgqjd

tx.,ka;fha /ðkf.ka wdishdfõ fjf<|du

ms<sn| taldêldÍ n,hla ,nd f.k 17 jk

ishji wdrïNfha isg wdishdjg meñKshy'

Tjqyq bkaÈhdkq fjr<nv m%foaYfha fjf<|

.nvd lsysmhla msysgqjd miqj l%udkql+,j ;u

n,h jHdma; lsÍfï m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh

l<y' tys m%;sM,h jYfhka bkaÈhdj" nqreuh

yd Y%S ,xldj o miqj ì%;dkH hg;a úð; njg

m;a úh'

m%xY cd;slfhda 17 jk ishjfia ueo

jk úg fmrÈ. m%xY fjf<| iud.u msysgqjd

wdishdjg meñKSug mgka .;ay' Tjqyq uq,a

ld,fha § bkaÈhdfõ fmdkaâfÉß" lßld,a

yd pkaøk.¾ jeks ia:dkj, fjf<| .nvd

msysgqjd ;u n,h jHdma; lsÍug lghq;=

l<y' fufia 17 jk ishjfia w. Nd.h jk

úg hqfrdamd cd;Ska lsysmhla u wdishdjg

meñK isá fyhska wdishdfõ foaYmd,k

n, jHdma;sh yd fjf<| n,h ,nd .ekSu

fjkqfjka Tjqfkdjqka w;r u .egqï we;s

úh' tu .egqï ksid tla hqfrdamd cd;shlg

tfrysj ;j;a hqfrdamd cd;shlf.ka wdOdr

,nd .ekSug wdishdkq rgj, md,lhkag

wjldY ie,isKs'

l%shdldrlu

1' my; i|yka rgj,a yd ia:dk f,dal

is;shul ,l=Kq lrkak'

mD;=.d,h" ´,kaoh" iamd[a[h"

m%xYh" tx.,ka;h" iqn

me;Sfï ;=vqj" le,slÜ jrdh"

fldkaia;ka;sfkdam,a" frdauh"

ðfkdajd

2' hqfrdamShka foaY .fõIKh i|yd

fhduq ùug fya;= ,shkak'

1' my; i|yka rgj,a yd ia:dk f,dal

is;shul ,l=Kq lrkak'

65PBfkdñf,a fnodyeÍu iòyd h' fkdñf,a fnodyeÍu iòyd h'

ye¢kaùu

Y%S ,xldfõ §¾> b;sydih ;=< 16 jk

ishji olajd úfoaYSh n,mEï furgg t,a,

jQfha wi,ajeis wdishd;sl rgj,sks' tfy;a

16 jk ishjfia isg mD;=.SiS" ,kafoaiS iy

bx.%Sis hk hqfrdamd cd;slfhda ms<sfj<ska

furgg meñK Èjhsfka foaYmd,k

b;sydih flfrys m%n, n,mEula

t,a, l<y' 16 jk ishjfia isg 20 jk

ishjfia ueo jk f;la ld,mßÉfþofha §

bkaÈhdj" nqreuh we;=`M wdishd;sl rgj,a

/ila hqfrdamShkag hg;aj ;snQ fyhska fï

ld,fha § Y%S ,xldj flfrys hqfrdamSh

n,mEï t,a,ùu mqÿuhg lreKla

fkdfõ' fuu mßÉfþofha § mD;=.SiSkaf.a

wjOdkh Y%S ,xldjg fhduq ùu" Tjqka

furgg meñfKkúg mej;s foaYmd,k

;;ajh" mD;=.SiSkaf.a l%shdldrlïj, lemS

fmfkk ,laIK yd Tjqkaf.ka furgg

t,a, jQ foaYmd,k iudc" wd¾Ól n,mEï

ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq flf¾'

5'1 mD;=.SiSkaf.a wjOdkh Y%S ,xldjg

fhduq ùu

mD;=.Sis cd;sl jiafldao.dud

bkaÈhdjg meñK jeäl,a hdug fmr Y%S

,xldj ms<sn| mD;=.SiSkag hï hï lreKq

±k.ekSug ,eìK' Y%S ,xldfõ b;d fyd|

;;ajfha l=re÷ jefjk nj Tjqyq fï

jk úg ±k isáhy' iuld,Skj hqfrdamd

fjf<|fmdf<a l=re÷ jeks l=`Mnvqj,g by<

b,aüla mej;s neúka Y%S ,xldj fidhd

.ekSu flfrys mD;=.SiSkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq

ù ;sìK'

mD;=.SiSka fï jk úg Y%S ,xldj ±k

isáfha zzfihs,kaZZ hk kdufhks' mD;=.d,fha

rcq l%s'j' 1505 j¾Ifha § *%ekaisiaflda o w,afïod

kï fikam;shd fmrÈ. mD;=.Sis m%;srdchd

jYfhka m;a fldg tùfï § zzfihs,ka ZZ¥m;

fidhd.; hq;= hehs w,afïodg Wmfoia ,nd

§ we;' fufia mD;=.SiSka ,xldj iu`.

rEmh 5'1 mD;=.Sis isrlrejka ,jd úu,O¾uiQßh rcq n,fldgqjla bÈ lsÍu

Y%S ,xldfõ uqyqÿnv m%foaY mD;=.SiSka

hg;g m;aùu05


is;shu 5'1 oyihjk ishjfia uq,a ld,fha Y%S ,xldj


in|;d we;s lr .ekSug W;aidy lrñka isá

wjêfha § *%ekaisiaflda o w,afïodf.a mq;a

f,dfrkafida o w,afïod we;=`M msßi l%s'j'

1505 § wyïfnka furgg meñKshy'

f,dfrkafida o w,afïod Y%S ,xldjg

meñKSu

bkaÈhka id.rfha hd;%d lrk uqia,sï

fjf<| keõ w,a,d .ekSfï fufyhqul

fh§ isá f,dfrkafida o w,afïod we;=`M

lKavdhu l=Kdgqjlg yiq ù 1505 §

wyïfnka furgg f.dvneiaiy'

mD;=.SiSka meñfKk úg furg mej;s

foaYmd,k ;;aajh

mD;=.SiSka Y%S ,xldjg meñKs wjêfha

fldaÜfÜ" lkao Wvrg iy hdmkh jYfhka

rdcOdks ;=kla furg olakg ,enqKs'

fï jk úg wgjk ùr mrdl%undyq rcq

fldaÜfÜ rdcHfha md,lhd jYfhka l%shd

lf<a h' fiakd iïu; úl%undyq rcq Wvrg

rdcOdksfha md,lhd f,i lghq;= l<

w;r hdmk rdcOdksfha md,lhd jYfhka

mrrdcfialrï rc;=ud lghq;= lrñka

isáfha h'

óg wu;rj jkaks kdhljreka hgf;a

jkaks m%foaY md,kh úh' tys md,lfhda

fndfyda úg m%Odk rdcOdkshlg hg;aj

l%shd l<y' oyih jk ishji wdrïN jk

úg furg mej;s rdcOdks w;=ßka fldaÜfÜ

rdcHhg m%uqL ;ekla ,eìK' furgg meñKs

mD;=.SiSyq m%:ufhka fldaÜfÜ rdcH iu`.

in|;d we;s lr .;ay'

mD;=.Siska yd fldaÜfÜ rdcH w;r

iïnkaO;d

Y%S ,xldjg mD;=.SiSka meñKs

wjêfha § fldaÜfÜ md,lhd jQ wgjk

ùrmrdl%undyq rcq uy¨ úfha isá nj fmfka'

fuu rcqg O¾u mrdl%undyq" úchndyq wd§

mq;=ka lsysm fofkl= isá w;r msh rcq hgf;a

O¾u mrdl%undyq l=urd fldaÜfÜ md,k

lghq;= yiqrejñka isáfha h' wfkla l=udrjre

rdcOdksfha fiiq m%foaY Ndrj l%shd l<y'

mD;=.SiSka fld<U jrdhg

f.dvneiSfuka miq fldaÜfÜ md,lhd yuqjg

;u ksfhdað;hka hejQ nj jd¾;d fõ' fuys §

rcqf.a ksfhdað;fhda fld<U jrdh yd fldaÜfÜ

rdcH w;r úYd, ÿrla we;ehs fmkaùug jg

jx.= iys; ud¾.hlska mD;=.Sis ksfhdað;hka

fldaÜfÜ rcjdi,g le|jdf.k .sfha hehs

ckm%jdohla mj;sk w;r th mokï lr.ksñka

zzmrx.shd fldaÜfÜ .shd jdf.a hehsZZ msre<la

ks¾udKh ù ;sfí'

fldaÜfÜ md,lhd iu`. idlÉPd l<

mD;=.SiSyq tu rdcOdksh iu`. fjf<| in|;d

f.dvk.d .ekSug W;aidy l<y' ta i|yd

rcqf.a wjirh mßÈ fjf<| .nvdjla bÈ

lsÍug mD;=.SiSka lghq;= lr we;' mD;=.SiSka

fufia fldaÜfÜ rdcH iu`. in|;d we;s lr

f.k fjf<| lghq;=j,g W;aidy .ekSu

furg isá uqia,sï fjf<÷kaf.a lkiai,a,g

fya;=jla úh' mD;=.SiSka meñfKk úg furg

yd úfoaY rgj,a w;r fjf<|dfï ;ks whs;sh

^fjf<| taldêldrh& uqia,sï fjf<÷ka w;

mej;sK' fï ksid uqia,sï fjf<kafoda fldaÜfÜ

jeishkaf.a o iyh ,ndf.k mD;=.SiSkaf.a

lghq;=j,g n,mEï l<y' tys m%;sM, jYfhka

fjf<| .nvdj ;djld,slj bj;a lr .ekSug

mD;=.SiSkag isÿ úh' fï w;r fmrÈ. mD;=.Sis

m%;srdchdf.a ±kqï§u mßÈ mD;=.SiSka úiska

j¾I 1518 § fld<U fldgqjla bÈ lsÍfï

lghq;= wdrïN lrk ,È'

l%s'j' 1521 § isÿ jQ úchnd fld,a,h

kñka y÷kajk foaYmd,k isÿùu ksid fldaÜfÜ

rdcH fn§ hdu mD;=.SiSkag jdis iy.; úh'

wgjk ùr mrdl%undyq rcqf.ka miq fldaÜfÜ

md,lhd njg m;a jQ Tyq mq;a yhjk úchndyq

l=ureg lSrje,af,a ìijlf.ka bmÿKq

l=udrjre ;sfofkla jQy' Tjqyq nqjfklndyq"


rhs.ï nKavdr" udhdÿkafka kï fj;s' tlS

uq,a ìijf.a wNdjfhka miq rcq ;j;a ìijl

újdy lr .;a w;r tu ìijg foajrdc

kñka mqf;la isáfha h' yhjk úchndyq

rcq by; mq;=ka ;sfokdg Wreuh ,nd fkd§

foajrdc l=ureg th mejÍug hdu ksid

.egqula we;s úh' fuys § nqjfklndyq l=urd

we;=`M by; lS ifydaorjre ;sfokd Wvrg

rcqf.ka o wdOdr ,nd rcjdi, jegÆy'

fï wjia:dfõ § lsishï ;eke;af;l= úiska

úchnd rcq Ôú;laIhg m;a lr we;' fuh

úchnd fld,a,h kñka ye¢kafõ' wk;=rej

fldaÜfÜ rdcH rdcOdks ;=klg fnÿKq w;r

tla tla rdcOdksfha n,hg m;a jQ md,lhka

my; ±lafõ'

z fldaÜfÜ - y;ajk nqjfklndyq

z rhs.u - rhs.ï nKavdr

z iS;djl - udhdÿkafka

úchnd fld,a,fhka fldaÜfÜ

rdcH fldgia ;=klg fn§ hdfuka miq

l,la .;jk úg fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh yd

iS;djl rdcOdksh w;r u;fNao we;s úh'

nqjfklndyq rcq ;udf.ka miq Wreuh"

iajlSSh uqKqmqrd jQ O¾umd, l=udrhdg

mejÍug l%shd lsÍu;a" udhdÿkafka Bg tfrys

ùu;a fomsßi w;r .egqula we;s ùug n,mE

m%Odk lreK úh' iS;djl md,l udhdÿkafka

rhs.ï nKavdrf.a urKfhka miq rhs.u

m%foaYh iS;djlg wE|df.k fldaÜfÜ

rdcOdksh ;=<;a ;u n,h me;srùug W;aidy

lf<a h' tys § nqjfklndyq rc;=ud ;u

wdrlaIdj i|yd mD;=.SiSka le|jd .;af;a h'

wyïfnka Èjhskg meñKs mD;=.SiSka fldaÜfÜ

wdrlaIlhka jYfhka tys lghq;=j,g we`.s,s

.eiSu wdrïN lf<a ta wdldrfhks'

i;ajk nqjfklndyq rcq mD;=.Sis

iyh ,nd .;a; o fyf;u mD;=.Sis .e;s

md,lfhl= fkdù h' fldaÜfÜ rdcHfha

fjf<| øjH mD;=.SiSka b;d wvq ñ,lg ,nd

.ekSu;a fldaÜfÜ jeishkag mSvd lsÍu;a

ksid mD;=.SiSka ms<sn| rcq ;=< l,lsÍula

we;s úh' tys wjika m%;sM,h jQfha mD;=.Sis

fid,aodÿjl=f.a fjä myßka nqjfklndyq

rcq ñh hdu hs' wk;=rej l%s'j 1551 § muK

O¾umd, l=ure fldaÜfÜ md,lhd njg m;a

úh'

nqjfklndyq rcqg iuqøfoaú kñka

ÈhKshl isá w;r weh ùÈh nKavdr iu`.

újdy ù isáhd h' O¾umd, l=ure hkq tu

fom,f.a mqf;ls' ta wkqj O¾umd, l=ure

nqjfklndyq rcqf.a uqKqmqrd úh'

nqjfklndyq rc;=ud Ôj;aj isáh § u

O¾umd, l=uref.a rka ms<srejla mD;=.d,fha

rcq fj; hjd thg Tgqkq me<|ù h' tu.ska

fldaÜfÜ wkd.; md,lhd .ek mD;=.SiSka

;=< ms<s.ekSula we;s lr ;sìK' O¾umd,

l=ure fldaÜfÜ md,lhd ùu;a iu`. Tyqf.a

wdrlaIlhka jQ mD;=.SiSkaf.a n,h o yeu

w;ska u jeä úh' mD;=.SiSkaf.a nig wjk;j

lghq;= l< fï rc;=ud lf;da,sl wd.u je<|

f.k fodka cqjka O¾umd, kñka fN!;siau

,eî h'

rEmh 5'2 mD;=.SiSka" i;ajk nqjfklnd rcqf.a

uqKqnqre O¾umd, l=urd wNsfIal lsÍu oelafjk

leghula


fufia ;u md,lhd wkH wd.ula

je<| .ekSu .ek fldaÜfÜ jeishka

l,lsreKq nj fmfka' ta jk úg fldaÜfÜ

o<od ue÷f¾ ;ekam;a lr ;snQ o<odjg mjd

wdrlaIdj fkd;snQ fyhska ysßmsáfha rd< kï

Èhjvk ks<fïjrhd úiska th iS;djlg

jevujk ,È' fï iu`. nqoaOjxY ysñ jeks

NslaIQka jykafia,d udhdÿkafka rcqg iydh

§ug mgka.;a w;r fldaÜfÜ jeishka

fndfyduhlf.a iyh iS;djlg ,enqKq nj

fmfka'

O¾umd, rcq fldaÜfÜ md,lhd f,i

isá wjêfha § mD;=.SiSyq ;ukag is;e`.s mßÈ

lghq;= lrñka fldaÜfÜ jeishkaf.a NdKav

b;d wvq ñ,g ,nd f.k iajlSh NdKav wêl

ñ,g úl=Kñka ,dN bmhQy' rcqf.a mshd jQ ùÈh

nKavdr Bg tfrysj ke.S isáh;a O¾umd, rcq

mD;=.Sis rElvhla fuka lghq;= l< nj ±lsh

yels h'

O¾umd, fldaÜfÜ md,lhd jQ úg

udhdÿkafka rcq fkdlvjd fldaÜfÜg m%ydr

t,a, lsÍfï m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lf<a h'

wifõÿ

fodka fcfrdksfuda o wifõÿ hkq

oka;=f¾ igkska furg mD;=.Sis md,lhd

ñh hdfuka miq lms;dka ckrd,a njg m;a

jQ ;eke;a;d h' Tyq meñfKk úg my;rg

m%foaYj, mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj jeisfhda

ke.S isáñka isáhy' fï ksid fldaÜfÜ

jeishka u¾okh lsÍug wifõÿ b;d oro`vq

m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lr ;sfí'

O¾umd, rcqf.a urKfhka miq fldaÜfÜ

foaYSh mßmd,k ks,OdÍka u,ajdkg le|jQ

wifõÿ Tjqka iu`. idlÉPd fldg fldaÜfÜ

rdcH ;=< wkd.; md,kh f.k hk wdldrh

.ek tl`.;djla we;s lr .;af;a h' th 1597

u,ajdk .súiqu f,i ye¢kafõ'

fufia iS;djlska t,a, jQ m%ydr ksid l%s'j' 1565

§ O¾umd, rcqg fldaÜfÜ k.rh w;yeÍug

isÿ úh' wk;=rej mD;=.Sis wdrlaIdj hgf;a

O¾umd, rcq fld<U fldgqfõ Ôj;a ù we;'

l%s'j' 1580 § O¾umd, rcq ;E.s Tmamqjla

u.ska fldaÜfÜ rdcH mD;=.SiSkag mjrd

ÿkafka h' l%s'j' 1597 § O¾umd, l=uref.a

urKfhka miq fldaÜfÜ rdcH mD;=.SiSkag

wh;a úh'

iS;djl rdcOdksh

l%s'j' 1521 § isÿ jQ úchnd fld,a,fha

tla m%;sM,hla jYfhka iS;djl rdcOdksh

ìys úh' iS;djl hkq kQ;k wúiaidfõ,a,

k.rhg kqÿrej le,Ks .`.nv msysá

m%foaYhls' l,ska fldaÜfÜ rdcOdkshg

wh;aj ;snQ fuu m%foaYfha iS;djl k.rh

f.dvk.d.;a udhdÿkafka rc;=ud wjg

m%foaY wdY%s;j iS;djl rdcOdksh msysgqjd

.;af;a h'

rEmh 5'3


udhdÿkafka rcq

iS;djl rdcOdksfha uq,a u md,lhd

udhdÿkafka rc;=ud fõ' t;=ud yhjk

úchndyq rcqf.a mqf;ls' l%s'j 1521 isg 1581

muK jk f;la udhdÿkafka rcq iS;djl

rdcOdksh md,kh lf<a h' fuu rc;=ud

uq, isg u mD;=.Sis úfrdaê m%;sm;a;shla

wkq.ukh lr we;' mD;=.SiSka ,xldjg

meñK fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh iu`. fjf<|

in|;d f.dvk.d .ekSu furg isá uqia,sï

fjf<kaokaf.a l,lsÍug fya;= úh' fï ksid

mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj uqia,sï ckhdf.a iydh

udhdÿkafkag ,enqKs' bkaÈhdfõ fjr<nv

msysá le,slÜ rdcOdksfha md,lfhl= jQ

iefudßkaf.a iydh udhdÿkafkag ,eîug o

th fya;=jla úh'

udhdÿkafka rc;=ud ;u md,k

ld,fha § iS;djl rdcOdksfha n,h jHdma;

lf<ah' rhs.u rdcOdksfha md,lhd jQ rhs.u

nKavdrf.a urKfhka miqj tu rdcOdkshg

wh;a m%foaY udhdÿkafka rcq úiska iS;djl

rdcOdkshg wE|d .kakd ,È' Bg miq

fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh iu`. igka lrñka tu

rdcOdkshg wh;a m%foaY /il iS;djl n,h

me;srùug o udhdÿkafka rc;=ud lghq;=

lf<a h' by; i|yka l< mßÈ le,slÜ rdcHfha

iefudßkaf.a iyh ,ndf.k udhdÿkafka

rcq mD;=.SiSkag tfrysj wjia:d lsysmhl §

igka fufyhjQ kuq;a mD;=.SiSkaf.a kdúl

Yla;sh ksid tu igkaj,ska id¾:l m%;sM,

fkd,enqKs'

udhdÿkafka rcqg álsß nKavdr

hkqfjka mqf;l= isá w;r mshdf.a wNdjfhka

miqj fyf;u m<uqjk rdcisxy kñka iS;djl

rclug m;a úh' mshd fuka u olaI rK

Y+rfhl= jQ álsß l=ure kj fhdjqka wjêfha

isg u mshdf.a hqoaO lghq;=j,g iydh ÿka

nj fmfka' udhdÿkafka rcqf.a uy¨ wjêfha

§ Tyq mshd fjkqfjka rdcH md,k lghq;=

fufyhjQ njg o ms<s.ekSula ;sfí'

uq,af,aßhd igk

iS;djl rdcOdksfha b;sydih

igkaj,ska msreKq tlls' mD;=.SiSka iu`.;a"

fldaÜfÜ yd Wvrg rdcOdksh iu`.;a iS;djl

md,lfhda úáka úg igka jeÿKy' tlS igka

w;=ßka mD;=.SiSka yd iS;djl yuqodj w;r

we;s jQ uq,af,aßhd igkg m%uqL ;ekla ,efí'

uq,af,aßhd igk isÿ jQ wjêh jk

úg iS;djl yuqodjg kdhl;ajh imhk

,oafoa álsß nKavdr fyj;a m<uqjk

rdcisxy rcq úisks' ùÈfha nKavdr iu`.

l< igka wdÈfhka ch ,nd isá fyf;u

ks¾NS; kdhlfhl= jYfhka iS;djl yuqodj

fufyhjñka isáfha h' fuu ld,fha §

O¾umd, rcq mD;=.Sis yuqodjla yd fldaÜfÜ

yuqod msßila fhdojd iS;djl n, m%foaYh

wdl%uKhg ieriqKq nj rdcdj,sfha i|yka

fõ' Bg m%;spdr jYfhka iS;djl yuqodj

o igkg ieriS we;' fuu fomlaIh

uq,af,aßhdfõ § yuqùu ksid tys § oreKq

igkla we;s úh' iS;djl yuqodj b;d

ixúOdkd;aulj yd WmdhYS,Sj mD;=.SiSka jg

fldg m%ydr t,a, l< neúka tu igfkka

mD;=.SiSyq wka; mrdchla ,enQy' mD;=.SiSkaf.a

mlaIfhka ñh.sh msßi 1600la hehs rdcdj,sfha

i|yka fõ' fuh fmrÈ. rgl § mD;=.SiSka

,enQ oreKq;u mrdchla úh'

m<uqjk rdcisxy rcq yd iS;djl n,

jHdma;sh

udhdÿkafka rcqf.a wNdjfhka miqj

l%s'j' 1581 § muK m<uqjk rdcisxy rcq

iS;djl rclug m;a jQfha h' ish mshd fuka

u mD;=.SiS úfrdaë m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh

l< fu;=ud iS;djl rdcOdksfha n,h jHdma;

lsÍug o l%shd lf<a h' rc ù fkdfnda l,lska

u fyf;u Wvrg md,lhd jQ lr,sheoafo

nKavdr m,jdyer tu rdcOdksh o iS;djlg


wE|d .ekSug mshjr .;af;a h' fï wkqj

l%s'j' 1582 muK jk úg furg mD;=.Sis n,h

fld<U fldgqj we;=`M m%foaY lsysmhlg

muKla iSud lsÍug m<uqjk rdcisxy rcqg

yels úh' t;=ud wjia:d foll § fld<U

fldgqj wdl%uKh lr mD;=.SiSka furáka

m,jd yeÍug W;aidy lf<a h' mD;=.SiSka i;=

jQ wú wdhqO n,h yd kdúl Yla;sh ksid tu

m%h;akj,ska wfmalaIs; m%;sM, fkd,enqKs'

l%s'j' 1587 § rdcisxy rcq fojk jr

fld<U fldgqj wdl%uKh l< wjia:dfõ §

fífr jefõ c,h" we< ud¾.hla lmd uqyqog

niaijd fldgqjg we;=`M ùug m%n, W;aidyhla

ord we;' udi .Kkla ;siafia fld<U fldgqj

jg,d iS;djl yuqodj fldgqjg we;=`M ùug

W;aidy l< kuq;a mD;=.SiSkaf.a kdúl n,h

ksid rcqf.a W;aidyh wid¾:l úh' flfia

fyda m<uqjk rdcisxy rcqf.a ld,fha §

iS;djl rdcOdksfha n,h Wmßu ;;ajh olajd

jHdma; ù ;snqKs' fufia iS;djl rdcOdksfha

Wkak;shg ;=vq ÿka fya;= lsysmhls'

iS;djl rdcOdksfha Wkak;shg ;=vq ÿka

fya;=

z udhdÿkafka yd m<uqjk rdcisxy hk

rcjreka rKY+rhka ùu'

fuu msh mq;= fofokd u olaI

rKY+rfhdaa jQy' fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh yd

mD;=.SiSka iu`. igka lrñka Tjqyq ;u n,

m%foaY mq`M,a lr .;ay'

z o<odj iS;djlg jevu lrùu'

fldaÜfÜ md,lhd jQ O¾umd, rcq

lf;da,sl wd.u je<|.ekSu;a iu`. tjlg

o<odj Ndrj isá .sys m%Odksfhl= jQ ysßmsáfha

rd< o<odj iS;djlg jevu lrù h' o<odj

ysñ md,lhd rfÜ kS;Hkql+, md,lhd f,i

ms<s.ekqKq fyhska NslaIQka jykafia,d we;=`M

fn!oaO ck;djf.a iydh iS;djlg ,enqKs'

z iS;djl rcjreka wkq.ukh l<

mD;=.Sis úfrdaê m%;sm;a;sh

iS;djl rcjre fofokd u

mD;=.Sis úfrdaê m%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh

l<y' mD;=.SiSkaf.a lghq;= ksid my;rg

ck;djg úúO ÿla .eyeg ú£ug isÿj ;snqKs'

rEmh 5'4 iS;djl rdcOdks iufha bÈ flreKq ne/kaä fldaú,


fï ksid mSvkhg m;a fiiq my;rg jdiS-

ka jeä msßila yd uqia,sï ck;dj iS;djlg

iydh ÿka nj fmfka'

z rhs.u rdcOdksh yd Wvrg rdcOdksh

iS;djlg wE|d .ekSu'

rhss.u nKavdrf.a wNdjfhka miqj

udhdÿkafka rcq úiska rhs.u rdcOdkshg

wh;aj ;snQ m%foaY iS;djlg wE|d .kakd ,È'

tfia u m<uqjk rdcisxy rc;=ud" Wvrg

md,lhd jQ lr,sheoafo nKavdr m,jd yer

tu rdcOdksh iS;djlg wE|d .;af;a h' fuh

iS;djl rdcOdksfha n, m%foaY mq`M,a ùug

;=vq ÿka lreKls'

z fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh mßydkshg hdu

y;ajk nqjfklndyq rcqf.ka miq

fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh YS>%fhka mßydksh lrd

.uka l< nj fmka' Tyqf.ka miq n,hg m;a

O¾umd, rcq mD;=.Siskaf.a rElv md,lfhl=

úh' fï ksid fldaÜfÜ rdcOdkshg mej;s

wNsfhda. ch .ekSug ;rï Tyq olaIfhl=

fkdù h' fldaÜfÜ jeishkaf.ka we;efula

iS;djlg iydh ÿka nj fmfka' tu

rdcOdkshg wh;a m%foaY fndfyduhla

l%ufhka iS;djl rdcOdksh hg;g m;a úh'

iS;djl rdcOdksfha msßySu

m<uqjk rdcisxy rcq hgf;a iS;djl

rdcOdksh n,j;a jqj;a Tyq wjidk ld,fha

wkq.ukh l< we;eï m%;sm;a;s ksid tu

rdcOdksfha mßydkshg o lreKq ie,iqKq

nj fmfka' iS;djl md,lhka ksrka;rfhka

f.k .sh hqoaO lsÍfï m%;sm;a;sh rdcisxy

rcqf.a fn!oaO úfrdaë lghq;=" Wvrg

iS;djlg wE|d .ekSfï § rdcisxy rcqg

iydh jQ ùriqkaor nKavdr miqj uerùu"

rdcisxy rcqf.ka miqj iS;djl rdcOdkshg

ksis Wreulrefjl= fkdisàu wdÈh iS;djl

rdcOdksfha msßySug n,mE lreKq lsysmhls'

tfia u m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcq hgf;a

Wvrg rdcOdksh iS;djl rdcOdksfhka

ñ§ iajdëk ùu o tu rdcHfha mßydkshg

fya;=jla úh'

m<uqjk rdcisxy rcq yd úu,O¾uiQßh

rcq w;r isÿ jQ igklska mrdch ù wdmiq

iS;djl n,d meñfKk úg fm;xf.dv

Whfka § m;=f,a WKlgqjla wekSfuka we;s jQ

;=jd,hla fya;=fjka rdcisxy rcq Ôú;laIhg

m;a úh' rdcisxy rcqf.ka miqj iS;djl

rdcOdkshg ksis Wreulrefjl= fkdisá

fyhska mD;=.SiSkaf.ka t,a, jQ m%ydrj,g

uqyqK §ug yelshdjla fkd,enqKs' fï ksid

rdcisxy rcq ñhf.dia b;d flá ld,hl

§ iS;djlg wh;a fndfyda m%foaY mD;=.Sis

md,khg hg;a úh'

rEmh 5'5 fm;kaf.dv Whfka j¾;udkfha olakg we;s

lgq WKm÷r


mD;=.SiSkaf.a Wvrg wdl%uK

iS;djl rdcOdksh ì| jeàfuka miqj

furg mD;=.Sis n,hg mej;s m%n,;u ;¾ckh

jQfha Wvrg rdcOdksh hs' fï ksid Wvrg

rdcOdksh hg;a lr .ekSu mD;=.SiSkaf.a

m%Odk wruqKla ù ;snqKs' ta i|yd wjia:d

lsysmhl § u mD;=.SiSyq Wvrg wdl%uKh

l<y' mD;=.Siskaf.a Wvrg wdl%uK ms<sn|

jeo.;a f;dr;=re lsysmhla 5'1 igyfkka

fmkakqï flf¾'

tu igyk foi n,k úg Wvrg

hg;a lr .ekSug mD;=.SiSka wdl%uK

y;rla isÿ lr we;s nj fmfka' tu

wdl%uK ish,a, u mrdcfhka fl<jr úh'

fodka fcfrdksfuda o wifõÿ yereKq úg

Wvrg wdl%uKj,g kdhl;ajh ÿka b;sß

mD;=.Sis lms;kajre ;sfokd u ta ta igkaj,

§ Ôú;laIhg m;a jQy' fufia mD;=.SiSkaf.a

Wvrg wdl%uK ish,a, u wka; mrdcfhka

fl<jr ùug n,mE fya;= lsysmhla ;sfí'

mD;=.SiSkaf.a Wvrg wdl%uK wid¾:l ùug

fya;=

z i;=re wdl%uKj, § Wvrg ck;djf.a

iïmQ¾K iydh rcqg ,eîu

WodyrK - fmafrda f,dafmaia o iqid fufyhjQ

wdl%uKfha § fodak l;sßkd Wvrg /ðk

jYfhka m%ldYhg m;a l<;a tys ck;dj th

fkdms<sf.k m<uqjk úu,O¾uiQßh rcqg

iïmQ¾K iydh ,nd §u'

z Wv/áhkaf.a igka Wml%u yd

rcjrekaf.a Wmdh fl!Y,Hh

WodyrK - wdl%uKj, § rcq uykqjr k.rh

w;yer wdrlaIs; ia:dkhlg f.dia miqj

ixúOdkh ù mD;=.SiSka iqÿiq ia:dkhlg

fldgq lr iïmQ¾K Yla;sh fhdod myr §u'

z mD;=.SiSkaf.a iydhg my; ráka .sh

iajfoaYslhka Wvrg § rcqg tl;= ùu'

WodyrK - mD;=.SiSkaf.a iEu wdl%uKhl § u

mdfya fuh isÿ úh' wifõÿf.a wdl%uKfha §

my; ráka .sh msßia úYd, jYfhka rcqg

tl;=ùu ksid igfka § b;sß jQ yuqodj iu`.

wifõÿg miq neiSug isÿ úh'

z Wvrg rdcOdksfha msysàu yd fN!;sl

mßirh Wv/áhkag jdisodhl ùu'

mD;=.SiSka fjr<nv igka i|yd jeä

olaI;d ±lajQ msßils' Wvrg l÷ fy,a .x.d

j¾Ih Wvrg rcq mD;=.Sis yuqodj fufyhjQ

;eke;a;d

mD;=.SiSka mrdchg

m;a l< igk isÿ jQ

ia:dkh

1594 I jk úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud fmafrda f,dafmia o iQid oka;=f¾

1602 I jk úu,O¾uiQßh rc;=ud fodka fcfrdksfuda o wifõÿ n,k

1630 fikr;a rc;=ud îgk fufyhùu

uyd wdia:dk l=ure miqj II rdcisxy rcq&

fldkaia;ka;skq o id rkafoksfj,

1638 II rdcisxy rcq Èfhdaf.da o fïf,da .kafkdrej

igyk 5'1 mD;=.Siskaf.a Wvrg wdl%uK ms<sn| jeo.;a f;dr;=re


ñáhdj;a iys; N+ñh Wv/áhkag yqre mqreÿ

tlla úh' Wv/áhkaf.a laIKsl m%ydr" ud¾.

wjysr lsÍï" N+ñfha fldgq lr myr§u wdÈh

mD;=.SiSkag wjdisodhl úh'

hdmk rdcOdksh yd mD;=.SiSka

rcrg YsIagdpdrh ì| jeàfuka miqj

W;=re m%foaYh wdY%s;j hdmk rdcOdksh ìys jQ

w;r wd¾h pl%j¾;S kï rc fm<m;la úiska

tys md,k lghq;= fufyhjk ,È' yhjk

mrdl%undyq rcqf.a ld,fha § hdmk rdcOdksh

fldaÜfÜ rdcHhg hg;a lrkq ,enqj;a miqj

h<s iajdëk úh' mD;=.SiSka meñKs wjêh jk

úg mrrdcfialrï rc;=ud hdmk rdcOdksh

md,kh lf<a h' l%s'j 1519 § m<uqjk ixls,s

rcq hdmfka n,hg m;a jQ w;r Tyqf.a ld,fha

§ mD;=.SiSka iu`. .egqï wdrïN úh' mD;=.Sis

mQclhka hdmk rdcOdksfha we;eï m%foaYj,

lf;da,sl wd.u me;srùug l%shd l< fyhska

ixls,s rc;=ud thg tfrysj lghq;= lf<a

h' fï ksid l%s'j' 1543 yd 1560 j¾Ij, §

mD;=.SiSka hdmkhg yuqod hejQ kuq;a ixls,s

rc;=ud mD;=.SiSka iu`. idlÉPd fldg

kej; iduh Wod lr .;af;a h' md,k iuh

l%s'j' 1561 § ksu ùfuka miqj hdmkfha

rdcH Wreuh iïnkaOfhka n, wr.,hla

werUqKs' tys § we;euqka mD;=.Sis iyh

fidhd hdu ksid mD;=.SiSkag mlaImd; wh

hdmkfha isxydikhg m;a lsÍug yelshdj

,enqKs' hdmkfha we;eï rcjreka Wvrg

rcjreka iu`. yd bkaÈhdj iu`. in|;d

mj;ajdf.k hdu .ek mD;=.SiSyq leu;s fk-

djQy' ta wkqj l%s'j 1619 j § ms,sma o T,sfõrd

hgf;a mD;=.SiSka úiska hejQ yuqodjla hdmk

rdcOdksh hg;a lrk ,È'

rEmh 5'6 hdmkh k,aÆ¾ fldaú,g kqÿrej msysá huqkd fmdl=K 14 jk ishjfia § muK

bÈ lr we;'


5'2 mD;=.SiSkaf.a foaYmd,k wd¾Ól yd

ixialD;sl lghq;=

z mD;=.SiSka hgf;a uqyqÿnv m%foaYj,

md,k lghq;=

mD;=.SiSka furgg meñfKk úg

fldaÜfÜ" Wvrg yd hdmk rdcOdks ;=<

tla tla rdcOdkshg wdfõKsl jQ mßmd,k

l%uhla mej;=Ks' mD;=.SiSka uq,ska u in|;d

f.dvk.d .;a fldaÜfÜ rdcOdkshg wh;a

m%foaY tjlg Èid y;rlg fnod ;snqKs' tajd

my; i|yka fõ'

fldaÜfÜ

rdcOdksh

i;a fldar<h

i;r fldar<h

ud;r

inr.uqj

l%s'j' 1597 § O¾umd, rcq ñh hdfuka

miq fldaÜfÜ rdcOdkshg wh;a m%foaYj,

mD;=.Sis md,kh ia:dms; flßKs' fuu

j¾Ifha § tjlg furg mD;=.Sis lms;dka

ckrd,a jQ wifõÿ fldaÜfÜ ck m%OdkSka

u,ajdkg /ia lr wkd.; md,kh f.k hk

wdldrh idlÉPd lf<a h' tys § tf;la mej;s

mßmd,k l%uh ;jÿrg;a f.k hd hq;= njg

tl`.;djla we;s úh' th u,ajdk .súiqu f,i

ye¢kafõ' fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksh ;=< ld,hla

;siafia mej;s mßmd,k l%uh jeishkag

yqremqreÿ tlla jQ w;r th mD;=.SiSkaf.a

mrud¾: bgq lr .ekSug o m%udKj;a nj

mD;=.SiSyq ±k isáhy' fï wkqj mD;=.SiSka

úiska o tlS idïm%odhsl mßmd,k l%uh iq`M

fjkialï iys;j ;jÿrg;a l%shd;aul lrk ,È'

idïm%odhsl mßmd,k l%uh wkqj Èidj md,k

myiqj i|yd fldar<" m;a;= yd .ï jYfhka

;j;a wkqfldgiaj,g fnod ;snqKs' ta wkqj

tla tla md,k m%foaY Ndr ks,Odßka my;

i|yka mßÈ ±laúh yels h'

Èidjksh - Èidfõ

fldar<h - fldarf<a úodfka

m;a;=j - w;=fldard<

.u - .ï uq,doEkshd

mD;=.Sis md,kfha úfYaI ,laIK

mD;=.SiSkaf.a md,k l%uh wkqqj Tjqka

hgf;a mej;s furg m%foaYj, by< u

foaYmd,k n,h mD;=.d,fha rc;=udg

ysñ úh' mD;=.d,fha rcqf.a wK mßÈ

wdishdfõ mD;=.SiSka i;= jQ m%foaY

md,kh lsÍfï uOHia:dkh bkaÈhdfõ

f.dafõ msysgqjd ;snqKs' mD;=.d, rcq m;a

l< m%;srdchd fyj;a úiqf¾jrfhla

f.dafõ mD;=.Sis uOHia:dkfha lghq;=

fufyhù h' fï wkqj mD;=.d,fha

rcq yereKq úg wdishdfõ isá by< u

mD;=.Sis ks,Odßhd f.dafõ m%;srdchd

úh' furg isá mD;=.Sis ks,Odßkaf.a

m%Odkshd ye¢kajQfha lms;ka ckrd,a

hk kñks' lms;ka ckrd,ajrhdf.a

iyh i|yd WmfoaYl iNdjla mej;=Ks'

furg mD;=.SiSka i;= jQ m%foaYj, lghq;=

fufyhùfï n,h lms;ka ckrd,a i;=

úh'

mD;=.SiSka hgf;a wd¾Ól lghq;=

fjf<|dfuka yd hg;a úð;

lghq;=j,ska Wmßu ,dN ,eîu mD;=.SiSkaf.a

m%Odk wruqKla úh' fï ksid Tjqkaf.a

md,k ld,fha § wdodhï md,khg úfYaI

wjOdkhla fhduq flßK' mD;=.SiSyq wd¾Ól

wxYh úfvdaa¾ o mefikavd kï úfYaI

ks,Odßhl= hgf;a ixúOdkh l<y' mD;=.Sis

wd¾Ól lghq;= m%Odk wxY folla hgf;a

ixúOdkh úh'


z wdodhï /ia lsÍu

z fjf<| øjH msgrg heùu

^NdKav wmkhkh&

wdodhï md,kh jvd;a ixúOdkd;aulj

isÿ flßK' wdodhï ud¾.j,g wod< f;dr;=re

^bvï ms<sn|& f,aLk.; lsÍu úfYaI ,laIKhla

úh' tu f,aLk zz f;daïnqZZ hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

wdodhï tl;= lsÍu tf;la mej;s

idïm%odhsl l%uh hgf;a isÿ flßK' l=re÷

fjf<|du m%Odk wdodhï ud¾.h úh' hqfrdamd

rgj, wdishdfõ ksIamdokh l< l=`Mnvq

^l=re÷ jeks& i|yd b,aüla ;sìK' fï ksid

mD;=.SiSyq l=re÷ fjf<|dug jeä Wkkaÿjla

±lajQy'

mD;=.SiSyq l=re÷ j.d fkdl<y'

iajdNdúlj jejqKq l=re÷ ,nd .ekSfuka

fjf<|du isÿ flßK'

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