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8-1
The Flow of Food: Preparation
8-2
Apply Your Knowledge: Test Your Food Safety Knowledge
1. True or False: Ground beef should be cooked to a minimum internal temperature of 140°F (60°C) for fifteen seconds
2. True or False: Fish cooked in a microwave must be heated to a minimum internal temperature of 145°F (63°C)
3. True or False: Potentially hazardous food must be cooled from 135°F to 70°F (57°C to 21°C) within four hours and from 70°F to 41°F (21°C to 5°C) or lower within the next two hours
4. True or False: If potentially hazardous food is reheated for hot holding, the internal temperature must reach 155°F (68°C) for fifteen seconds within two hours
5. True or False: It is acceptable to thaw a beef roast at room temperature
8-2
8-3
Thawing Food
The Four Acceptable Methods for Thawing Food
In a refrigerator, at 41F (5C) or lower
Submerged under running potable water, at a temperature of 70F (21C) or lower
In a microwave oven, if the food will be cooked immediately after thawing
As part of the cooking process
8-4
When preparing salads containing potentially hazardous ingredients: Make sure leftover ingredients (i.e.,
pasta, chicken, potatoes) have been handled safely by ensuring they were: Cooked, held, and cooled properly Stored for less than 7 days
Prepare product in small batches Refrigerate ingredients until the point
they are needed Chill all ingredients and utensils prior to
using them
Preparing Specific Food: Salads Containing PHF’s
8-5
When preparing eggs and egg mixtures: Handle pooled eggs (if allowed)
with care: Cook promptly after mixing or
store at 41°F (5°C) or lower Clean and sanitize containers
between batches Use pasteurized shell eggs or egg
products when preparing dishes requiring little or no cooking (i.e., hollandaise sauce)
Promptly clean and sanitize equipment and utensils used to prepare eggs
Preparing Specific Food: Eggs and Egg Mixtures
8-6
Preparing Specific Food: Eggs and Egg Mixtures
When preparing eggs for high risk populations:
Pasteurized eggs or egg products must be used when dishes will be served raw or undercooked
Unpasteurized shell eggs may be used if
the dish will be cooked all the way through (i.e., omelets, cakes)
If shell eggs will be pooled for a recipe they must be pasteurized
8-7
Preparing Specific Food: Produce
When preparing produce:
Wash it thoroughly under running water before cutting, cooking, or combining with other ingredients
Use water slightly warmer than the temperature of the produce
Pull leafy greens apart and rinsethoroughly
Clean and sanitize surfaces usedto prepare produce
Photo courtesy of Tony Soluri and Charlie Trotter
8-8
Preparing Specific Food: Produce
When preparing produce: continued
Prevent contact with surfaces exposed to raw meat or poultry
Prepare produce away from raw meat, poultry, eggs, and cooked and ready-to-eat food
Clean and sanitize the workspace and all utensils used during preparation Photo courtesy of Tony Soluri and
Charlie Trotter
8-9
Preparing Specific Food: Produce
When preparing produce: continued
When soaking or storing produce in standing water or an ice water slurry do not mix:
Different items
Multiple batches of the same item
Refrigerate and hold cut melons at 41°F (5°C) or lower
Do not add sulfites
Do not serve raw seed sprouts to high risk populations
8-10
Preparing Specific Food: Fresh Juice
To package fresh juice for later sale:
A variance is required from the regulatory agency
The juice must be treated (e.g., pasteurized) according to an approved HACCP plan
As an alternative, the juice must contain a warning label indicating the product has not been pasteurized and may contain harmful bacteria.
8-11
Cooking Food
When cooking potentially hazardous food, the internal portion must:
Reach the required minimum internal temperature
Hold that temperature for a specific amount of time
8-12
Cooking Poultry
Poultry: (including whole or ground chicken, turkey, and duck)
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
165°F (74°C) for 15 seconds
8-13
Cooking Stuffing
Stuffing made with potentially hazardous ingredients
Stuffed meat, fish, poultry, and pasta
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
165°F (74°C) for 15 seconds
8-14
Cooking Dishes with Potentially Hazardous Ingredients
When including previously cooked, potentially hazardous ingredients in the dish:
Cook ingredients to a minimum internal temperature of:
165°F (74°C) for 15 seconds
When including raw potentially hazardous ingredients in the dish:
Cook raw ingredients to their required minimum internal temperature
8-15
Cooking Potentially Hazardous Food in a Microwave
Potentially hazardous food cooked in a microwave:(eggs, poultry, fish, and meat)
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
165°F (74°C)
8-16
Cooking Potentially Hazardous Food in a Microwave
When cooking food in a microwave:
Cover it to prevent the surface from drying out
Rotate or stir it halfway through thecooking process to distribute the heatmore evenly
Let it stand for at least 2 minutes after cooking to let the product temperatureequalize
Check the temperature in several placesto ensure that it is cooked through
8-17
Cooking Ground Meat
Ground Meat(including beef, pork, other meat)
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
155°F (68°C) for 15 seconds
Photo courtesy of Cooper-Atkins Corporation
8-18
Cooking Injected Meat
Injected Meat(including brined ham and flavor-injected roasts)
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
155°F (68°C) for 15 seconds
8-19
Cooking Pork, Beef, Veal and Lamb
Pork, Beef, Veal, Lamb
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
Steaks/Chops:
145°F (63°C) for 15 seconds
Roasts:
145°F (63°C) for 4 minutes
8-20
Cooking Fish
Fish
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
145°F (63°C) for 15 seconds
Ground, chopped, minced fish
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
155°F (68°C) for 15 seconds
8-21
Cooking Eggs
Eggs for immediate service
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
145°F (63°C) for 15 seconds
Eggs that will be hot-held
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
155°F (68°C) for 15 seconds
8-22
Cooking Fruit or Vegetables
Fruit or vegetables that will be hot-held for service
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
135°F (57°C)
8-23
Cooking Commercially Processed, Ready-to-Eat Food
Commercially processed, ready-to-eat food that will be hot-held for service (cheese sticks, fried vegetables, chicken wings, etc.)
Minimum Internal Cooking Temperature:
135°F (57°C) for 15 seconds
8-24
What is the minimum internal cooking temperature for each of these items? 1. Salmon steak
2. Green beans that will be hot held
3. Ground pork
4. Lamb chops
5. Eggs for immediate service
6. Duck
7. Precooked frozen hot wings
8. Steak
9. Chicken enchiladas prepared with previously cooked chicken
10. Pork loin injected with marinade 8-24
Apply Your Knowledge: What’s the Temperature?
8-25
Cooling Food: Requirements
Cool potentially hazardous food from:
135°F to 70°F (57°C to 21°C) within 2 hours
And then from
70°F to 41°F (21°C to 5°C) or lower in the next 4 hours
Icon courtesy of the International Association for Food Protection
8-26
Cooling Food: Prior to Cooling
Before cooling food, start by reducing its size:
Cut larger items into smaller pieces
Divide large containers of food into smaller containers or shallow pans
8-27
Cooling Food: Methods for Cooling Food
Safe methods for cooling food:
Place it in an ice-water bath
Place containers into a sink or large pot filled with ice water
Stir the food frequently
Stir it with an ice paddle
Food cools faster when placedin an ice-water bath and stirred with an ice paddle
8-28
Cooling Food: Methods for Cooling Food
Safe methods for cooling food: continued
Place it in a blast chiller
Blast chillers blast cold air across food at high speeds to remove heat
They are useful for cooling large items
Place it in a tumble chiller
Tumble chillers tumble bags of hotfood in cold water
They are useful for cooling thick food
8-29
Cooling Food: Methods for Cooling Food
Safe methods for cooling food: continued
Add ice or cold water as an ingredient
The recipe is prepared with less water than required
Cold water or ice is then added later to cool the product and provide the remaining water
Use a steam-jacketed kettle (if properly equipped)
Run cold water through the jacket to cool the food
8-30
Reheating Potentially Hazardous Food
Food reheated for immediate service:
Can be served at any temperature if it was properly cooked and cooled
Potentially hazardous food reheated for hot holding:
Must be reheated to an internal temperature of 165°F (74°C) for 15 seconds within 2 hours
Discard it if it has not reached this temperature within 2 hours