7th Chapter 34 Notes

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The Scientific Revolution

Chapter 34


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34.1 Intro.

The S.R. occurred b/t 1500 and 1700.

What do you think Europeans had based all previous scientificknowledge on?

Previously, Europeans had relied on the Bible and the work ofclassical thinkers for knowledge about the natural world.

During the S.R., scientists challenged the traditional teachings aboutnature.

Aristotle


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34.2 What Were the Roots of the S.R.?

Christians b/l that whatever the Bible said about nature had to be true.

Which priest from the Middle Ages blended faith and reason?

By the Middle Ages, Europeans had accepted T. Aquinas blending ofAristotles teachings w/ Christian faith.

Where had many Greek and Roman texts been preserved during the

Middle Ages? During the Ren. Scholars b/g to question these views as many ancient

Greek and Roman texts came from Muslim lands.

What do you think scientific truth would be based on during the S.R.?

Many bought into Greek rationalism; reason and observation could beused to discover truths about the world.


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34.3 Who Were Copernicus and

Kepler? S.R b/g w/ the work of Copernicus.

What did people believe was at the center of the universe b/f Copernicus?

For 2,000 years, people b/l Earth was center of universe (geocentric).

Aristotle and Bible supported this.

How did the Bible support this?

At b/g of the 1500s Copernicus develops heliocentric theory (sun is in thecenter), and that Earth turns on axis.

Early 1600s Kepler discovered that planetary orbits were elliptical.

This helped prove the Copernican theory.


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Keplers Theory


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34.4 Who Was Galileo?

Was a contemporary of Kepler. Was interested in the problems of motion and

used math to describe the paths of projectiles.

Do you think he sided with the geocentrictheory or the Copernican theory?


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What Were Galileos Discoveries?

In 1609, he learned of the telescope and b/g building his own.

What were some of the things he discovered?

He discovered: rough, uneven surface of moon; 4 moons of Jupiter;observed Venus and saw that it traveled around the sun.

What did these discoveries contradict?

Telescope further convinced him of the Copernican theory.


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Drawings of the phases of the moons

of Jupiter


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Galileos correction of Ptolemys work


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Why Was There Conflict With the

Church? How do you think the Church felt about his discoveries?

The Church saw the Copernican Theory as dangerous and contradictive oftheir teachings, and warned him to stop teaching it.

In 1632 he published a book that argued in favor of the CopernicanTheory.

What do you think happened to Galileo b/c of his book? He was then sentenced to Rome by the pope to face the Inquisition where

he was charged with heresy.

He was forced to swear that the geocentric theory was true.


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Galileo before the Inquisition


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What Was Galileos Influence?

Scientists all over Europe read his book and heconverted many to the Copernican theory.

How did he solve his problems?

He used math and observation to solve scientificproblems (like Kepler).


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34.5 Who Was Isaac Newton?

Was a brilliant scientist and mathematician whose greatestdiscovery was the law of gravity.

How does gravity affect planets and moons?

Decided that gravity was what kept the moon orbiting around theEarth. He showed how gravity worked on objects on Earth and

planets in space. Changed peoples view of the universe who now saw it as a

beautifully designed machine.


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34.6 What Is the Scientific Method?

Major outcome of the S.R. was the scientific method, which wasinfluenced by F. Bacon (observation) and R. Descartes (logic).

Whats the scientific method?

Scientific Method:

1. State a question

2. Form hypothesis

3. Conduct experiment4. Collect the data

5. Analyze the data against the hypothesis

Francis Bacon Rene Descartes


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34.7 What Were the Key Inventions?

What can you see with a microscope?

Microscope was invented by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the mid 1600s.First person to view bacteria.

What does a barometer measure?

Barometer was invented by Evangelista Torricelli to measure changes in

the atmospheric pressure. Valuable in studying and predicting weather. What does a thermometer measure?

Thermometer was invented by D. G. Fahrenheit to measure temperature.

Van Leeuwenhoek Evangelista Torricelli Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit


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Van Leeuwenhoeks first microscope


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Torricellis first barometer


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Fahrenheits first thermometer

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7th Chapter 34 Notes