1 9 36 • 1 9 3 7EDITORMACHEN •GRESHAM

March 10, 1945VOLUME 14, NO.5

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Photo by F..d Col.

"And that from a child thou hast known the holy scriptures, whieh are able tomake thee wise unto salvation through faith which is in Christ Jesus."

'7he~!r~GUARDIAN

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Paul Woolley

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Prayer

Dean W. Adair

David Freeman

Is God StU.

In {;ontrol?

Riehard W. Gray

Jewish Missions

How to Interpret

the Bible·

THE PRESBYTERIAN GUARDIAN March 10

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equipped, strongly supported, ablyled, inspiring their members to par­ticipation in all community affairs,"he said. "In smaller places, instead ofhalf a dozen dying churches, compet­ing with each other, I see one or twostrong churches, uniting the Christianlife of the town. • •• I see the churchthrough its members molding thethought of the world and leading inall great movements. I see it literallyestablishing the Kingdom of God onearth." This, if it ever happens, meansthe end of Kiwanis and the RotaryOub.

"Horizons Unlimited" is the keynotebeing sounded today by the Rev. PaulHartford, known to his buddies as "FIy­ing Paul" and head of Victory Sky Pilots,Inc., which is described as a "faith flvingschool for missionaries and preachers,"located near Winona Lake, Indiana. "Flv­ing Paul:' despite his busy school, al~oconducts religious meetings, and anyonebringing ten persons to his services getsa free airplane ride.

Out-of-state Christian workers who at­tend the school are "one of the family"while learning to fly. Devotions start theday. Minister students get three home­cooked meals a day on the field, but arelikely to be asked to "help with thedishes." To his students; Hartford stresses:"You can become a frontier messenger,take a new 'grasshopper' ship loaded with'supplies and reach a new tribe whichnever has heard of Jesus Christ. Or youcan become a ferry pilot, taking a planeto a missionary halfway around the world.Or you could become an explorer, takinga flight of a few thousand miles intoremote regions and explore the terrain todiscover the best type of aircraft suitableto the region."

Fundamentalists have organized theChristian Education FM Committee toconsider the. possibility of establishinga frequency modulation network forChristian education in the northeasternsection of the United States. Chairmanof the Committee is Howard W. Ferrinof the Providence (R. I.) Bible Institute.At a meeting in New York, the Corn­mittee considered the feasibility of a net­work of at least four stations coveringBoston, Providence, New York andPhiladelphia, 'with connecting relays, theestimated cost of which would be about$450,000. The Committee plans to seekmembership in the National Associationof Evangelical Broadcasters, which wasorganized last year.

NEWS

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By THOMAS R. BIRCH

New Testament portions in Tagalog,Ilocano, and Cebuan dialects are beingprinted in this country for use in thePhilippine Islands, according to aspokesman for the American Bible SO"ciety. The Society is also printing tenthousand copies of Nestle's Greek Tes­tament to supply German theologicalschools immediately after the war.Also, the American Bible Society andthe British and Foreign Bible Societyplan ;ointIy to supply 700,000 Bibles,1,776,000 ,Testaments, and 3,300,000

Gospels to liberated areas in Europeand the Orient in the near future.

A new revised standard version of theBible, begun fifteen years ago, and offi­cially approved by forty-four Protestantdenominations, has been completed, ac­cording to an announcement by Dr.Luther A. Weigle, dean of Yale Univer­sity Divinity School. The volume is nowin the hands of the publishers, he said,and the New Testament probably will beavailable by Christmas. Conservativescholars are not optimistic concerning thenew version.

John D. Rockefeller, Jr., has beenseeing visions. He has dreamed up a"re·born" church which would "wininto its fellowship all those who arestriving to live useful and worth)'lives." In his vision of the "Church ofthe Living God," Mr. Rockefeller seesall denominational emphasis set aside,and cooperation, not, competition. "Inthe large cities I see great religiouscenters, wisely located, adequately

Contrary to press reports, there hasbeen no change in the policy of the Officeof Defense Transportation as it relates toreligious gatherings, summer camps, orchurch meetings generally. Religious con­ventions still must secure permissionthrough regular channels from the WarCommittee on Conventions. The ban doesnot now and never has applied to localchurch meetings-those not involving in­tercity travel and housing accommoda­tions--nor to any meetings to be attendedby fewer than fifty persons. A' generalpolicy of approving meetings essentialto church management, however, wasadopted at the first meeting of the Com­mittee.

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Another threat to the Americanprinciple of the separation of churchand state came bouncing to the forein Pennsylvania's State Senate. A billhas been introduced to amend thePublic School Code to provide that allpublic schools must include a periodof instruction in the Bible. The pro­posed amendment would provide that"instruction in the Holy Bible shall be'given and studied as a regular branchby all pupils in all departments of thepublic schools." Nor is this the extentof Pennsylvania's present program.After accentuating the negative, itproceeded to eliminate the positive.The Harrisburg School Board hasvoted to discontinue its released-timereligious education classes in the city'stwo public high schools because theBoard's legal advisor has presented ashis opinion that "until the school codeis changed by the General Assembly,pupils of compulsory school age shouldnot be excused during school hoursfor the purpose of receiving religiousinstruction." It appears likely thathenceforth in Harrisburg pupils willbe denied the right to voluntary re­ligious education at the hands of theclergy of their choice but will be forcedto accept such instruction from theirscho~lteacher:s;regardless of the pupils'perSonal convictions and faith.

The Pres~yt... lan Guardian is published semi. monthly from September to July. inolusl.e, and monthiY In August .., The Presbyterian Guardian Publishing CorpOra­tl.n, 728 Schaff Buildina.- 1505 Raee Street. Philadelphia•.Pa•• at the folloWing rates. payable in advance. for either old or new subscribers in any part of the world. postac.prepaid: $2.00 per year: $1.00 for five months; five or more copies either to separate addresses or in a packa&e to one address. $1.25 each per year: introtiuctory ra.te for ne.tubocribers only. three months "or 25c; 10. per s1nllle copy, );P~er.d ...._4 class matter Mlu'ch 4, 1937...t the Post OIIIeeat Philadelphia, Pa,,"under the Act 0' M..reh 3. 1178.

THE nation's capital has witnessed nostranger event than the recent at­

tempt of Senator Theodore G. Bilbo,democrat from Mississippi and a formerBaptist minister, to inject the issue of"the divinity of Christ" into the hearingsof the Senate Committee on Agricultureconsidering the appointment of AubreyWilliams, former National Youth Admi";­istrator, as Rural Electrification Adminis­trator. It seems that Dr. Joseph M. Broadyof Findlay, Ohio, had telegraphed an­other senator that Williams "denied thedivinity of Christ after the church edu­cated him for the ministry." This, to Dr.Broady, meant that he was unfit for elec­trifying rurals..So Senator Bilbo requestedthat the hearings be continued so thatDr. Broady could be invited to testify.The tempest was short-lived, however, forBilbo's opponents pointed out that Jewsand others would be barred from govern­ment posts if belief in the divinity ofChrist were to be made a prerequisite forholding such posts. It is significant thatthe issue was not settled on principle butsolely on matters of expediency.

The Passing Parade

1945 THE PRESBYTERIAN GUARDIAN 67

Je'W'ish MissionsThe Responsibility of the Chureh

EVANGELISM

By the REV. DAVID FREEMANOrthodox Presbyterian Missionary to the Jews

Mr. Freeman teaches the Bible to these elderly refugees from Hitler's Vienna.

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JEW S, like other people, are sin­ners and therefore need the gos­

pel of Christ. That gospel is the powerof God unto salvation to them as wellas to others. It is commonly believedthat the Jews are difficult to reachwith the Christian message. That iscorrect, but are not all men likewisehard to reach? Human hearts by na­ture are hard and desperately wicked.The Jews are no exception. They areblind to the light of the true knowl­edge of God, but God's grace is power­ful enough to incline them to Himand to give them a heart of fleshfor a heart of stone. The history ofthe Christian church bears witness tothe truth that there is a remnant ac­cording to the election of grace, andthis is true even now.

It is cause for thanksgiving that somany Jewish homes are open to ourvisits. This is the fruit of the laborsof past years. When many of theJewish refugees from Hitler's Germanyfirst came to Philadelphia, we be­friended them and taught them theEnglish language. This has left a firmimpression upon them, and now weare welcomed and looked upon as theirfriends. Through the Jewish refugeeswe have come into contact with otherJews who, on hearing of our work,have invited us to visit them. Ofcourse they always ask why, beingChristians, we take such an interestin the Jewish people, and this givesus our opportunity to present thegospel.

When Mr. and Mrs. H. were criti­cized by some Jewish people for com­ing to see us, they replied by sayingthat it was the Christians who showedthem kindness when they needed itmost.

A Mr. M. was warned by a Jewishrabbi not to have anything to do withus, for we would make a Christian ofhim. He replied by telling the rabbinot to be concerned because the Chris­tians, as far as his experience went,had only done him good.

Every week we visit the elderly Jew­ish couple pictured on. this page.They have been through a great deal.When they fled from persecution,they made their way to America by

way of Russia, Siberia, Korea, Japanand across the Pacific Ocean. Theirson, a doctor in chemistry and also arefugee, is providing for them. Thiswhole family receives us graciouslyand we have become close friends.They have been reading the Bible

and we can speak freely to them abouttheir soul's interests.

Just now many sons from refugeehomes are in the armed forces. Someare now fighting the Nazis by whomthey and their families were cruellytreated and expelled. When theseboys, whom we knew as youngstersjust come from Germany, ~re homeon furlough before going overseas,we are called into the home to havea parting word. We are thankful that

at such a time we can bear witnessto the saving power of Christ.

At present practically all :of theJewish refugees have found employ­ment and seem to be getting alongnicely. We hope that the cares ofthis life will not choke the good seed

of the Word. Often the fear of whatother Jews may say drives some backinto the synagogue or into silence.There is the case of Mrs. M:. who fora while seemed to show a lively in­terest in the gospel. She came to ourservices regularly and instructed herlittle daughter in the life of Jesus, buther husband, who before this carednothing for religion, has forbiddenher to attend the services or to men­tion the name of Christ in the home.

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missionaries have been added here onthe field) would be assigned to helpin the school for the training of in­terpreters and half would be assignedto work in connection with thehostels which the Chinese, govern­ment conducts for the Americantroops here. He also explained thatanother group of ten would be in­vited almost immediately to' comeout from the States.

"Since Tuesday of last week Ihave been going out every day to theinterpreters' school. The studentscome from all parts of .China and areall university men with considerableprevious knowledge of the Englishlanguage. The faculty consists ofabout twenty men prominent in theeducational life of this city. Almostall of them have studied abroad and .many of them have taken higher de­grees in such institutions as Harvard,Columbia, Pennsylvania, Oxford,London and the Sorbonne. The threemornings a week that they each giveat the school is their voluntary con­tribution to the war effort. It is aprivilege to be permitted to workwith such men.

"On Sunday-Christmas Eve­and yesterday, there was much ac­tivity throughout the city. On Sun­day afternoon some of us went to theInstitutional Church, where theHongkong choir sang two selectionsvery beautifully. Later in the after­noon another group rendered Handel'sMessiah. About 3:00 AlM. on Christ­mas day, some of us were awakenedby a large group of carolers who sangthe old favorites very acceptably. Allof this was in English and one couldhave easily imagined himself to be inPhiladelphia instead of Chungking.

"Yesterday afternoon there was aChristmas party at the interpreters'school. Carols were sung, peanutsand oranges were eaten and SantaClaus came with gifts for the morethan one hundred faculty and stu­dents who were present. I had previ­ously been requested to tell the storyand meaning of Christinas. I countedit a great privilege to be able to do so.

"At this time, when a great manymissionaries are being withdrawn andothers have been waiting for monthsin India for passage over the Hump.we are most favored to have been ableto come into China. Under God oursis a great opportunity. I appreciateyour prayers for me in this new under­taking...."

I NEWS· I

plane ride, was made mostly duringthe night hours and was without mis­hap. Dawn had just broken and thehorizon ahead was rosy-tinted as weapproached Kunming. When we ar­rived over Chungking in mid-morn­ing, the ceiling was zero and therewas ice on the wings of the plane.We had to make an emergency land­ing on a field some distance awayfrom the airport. After about anhour, the sky cleared a little and wecame on in. We. were very thankfulto have arrived safely.

"By Tuesday noon the last of ourthree parties had safely arrived. Wehave certainly been given a royalwelcome. On Thursday Major-Gen­eral Ho Hao-jo, who is the Chief ofthe Foreign Affairs Bureau and whohas spent seven years in America,gave a luncheon here in the VictoryHouse, where we are staying tem­porarily, to enable us to meet theheads of the various departments ofthe bureau.

"After the luncheon, we had a con­ference with Dr. Frank Price, theleader of our group. He explainedthat half of our number (which isnow ten, since two Southern Baptist

that members of my race are verythankful to such Christians as your­self for the consideration and cour­tesies given us and for your effort tospread an understanding among thosewho fail to see the light of Chris­tianity."

Obviously, laboring here in Phila­delphia, we cannot reach the morethan five million Jews in America.Yet how shall they hear unless webring them the message? If the pastorsand members of the churches whichhave Jews about them (and where isthere a community without Jews?)would see to it that Bibles and tractswere distributed among them, muchwould be done. The above-mentionedtract may help to make a contact.The Jews constitute a mission field atthe door of every church. A kindword for Jesus may be used to bringsome into the sheepfold. And if wecan be of help by holding specialservices, we shall rejoice in the oppor­tunity.

THE PRESBYTERIAN GUARDIAN

~hDngldngGreetings

I N A letter begun on. December24th and finished on the 26th,

the Rev. Egbert W. Andrews givesan intimate glimpse into the new andbusy life which is his as a memberof an army liaison group in Chung­king, China:

"Our long journey from Washing­ton, D. C., to Chungking, China, isat last over. I left Washington onSunday, September 17th, and arrivedin Chungking on Sunday, December17th, thus taking exactly threemonths en route, the greater part ofthis time being taken up with thesea voyage. The last time I came toChungking was exactly twenty-fiveyears ago, when I came up throughthe Yang-tse gorges, the most pic­turesque water route in the world.This time it was over the Hump, themost picturesque air route in theworld.

"Our journey over the Himalayaswas made in three groups. I came inthe first group with the Rev. R. A.Torrey, Jr., in order that I might beimmediately available to help in theschool here for interpreters who willbe attached to the American army.Our trip, my first long-distance air-

A Letter from the REV. EGBERT W. ANDREWS

Let us pray for this family.How this work reminds one of our

Lord's ministry! These are the samepeople to whom He came. And todaywhen His claims are presented tothem, they are met with the same op­position. However, this must not dis­courage us for there is a remnant ac­cording to the election of grace. Hisgospel is still the power of God untosalvation to every one that believeth,to the Jew first and also to the Greek.Can we believe that dead dry bonescan live? This we must believe, for wehave the promise that "all Israel shallbe saved."

Many Bibles, Testaments and tractshave been placed in Jewish homes. Sofar we have sent about a thousandof the tract "Are Christians Anti­Semitic?" to Jewish professional menincluding rabbis.. A letter recently re­ceived from a Jewish lawyer says, "Iwish to thank you very kindly for thereceipt of your publication titled 'AreChristians Anti-Semitic?' I assure you

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Prayer

THE PRESBYTERIAN GUARDIAN 89

I SERMON IFroa "The Orthodox Presbyterian Pulpit"

By the REV. DEAN W. ADAIRPastor of Westminster Orthodox Presbyterian Church

. Hamill. Sonth Dakot~

"And this is the confidence that wehave in him, that if we ask any thingaccording to his will, he heareth us"(I John 5:14).

OUR Shorter Catechism gives usan excellent answer to the ques­

tion, "What is prayer?" It tells usthat "prayer is an offering up of ourdesires unto God, for things agree­able to His will, in the name ofChrist, with confession of our sins,and thankful acknowledgment of Hismercies."

Its NaturePrayer is communion with God.

When I was a boy I spent con­siderable time with my grandparents.One memory, among others, of thosevisits remains. On a winter's evening,after grandmother (Muz, we calledher) had finished the dishes andgrandfather the chores, they went tothe front room to sit each in his ownchair before the open grate. The fireprovided the only light. The lampremained on the kitchen table. Muzwould knit for a while. Grandfatherjust sat silently. Then she would layaside her work, and they both wouldsit quietly. There were times whenshe would place her hand on hisshoulder; others when he would placehis hand on hers. The boy lying onthe couch in the background sawallthis. That was a picture of the mostintimate kind of fellowship-fellow­ship which came from years of livingtogether. Just such intimate fellow­ship with God is indispensable toprayer.

Prayer .is a certain kind of com­munion with God. It is communica­tion. It is a revealing of the desiresof the heart. Prayer is a certain kindof communication with God. It isasking God for the things that wewant. Prayer is a certain kind ofasking.

King Ahab and all Israel were atthe brook Kishon at the foot ofMount Carmel. They had just slainthe eight hundred and fifty falsepriests of the idols. Atop Carmel werethe prophet Elijah and his servant.

IntroducingMr. Adair

THE Rev. Dean W. Adair, a na­tive of Pennsylvania, was gradu­

ated from Westminster Seminary in1935. On June 11th of that year hewas ordained to the gospel ministryby Kittanning Presbytery of the Pres­byterian Church in the U.S.A., andwas one of very few Westminstermen granted ordination by that de-

nomination at the height of the doc­trinal battle. Exactly one year laterto the day, he became a charter mem­ber of The Presbyterian Church ofAmerica (now The Orthodox Pres­byterian Church).

On Independence Day, 1937, heand Evelyn Margaret Ga1lupe, a mem­ber of Portland's Second Parish Ortho­dox Presbyterian Church, were mar­ried. They are, the parents of JollnMachen, age six, and Ruth Elizabeth,age three.

After about seven years of mission­ary work in Maine, the Adairs movedto South Dakota where, on June 16,1943, Mr. Adair was instaUed by thePresbytery of the Dakotas as pastor ofWestminster Orthodox PresbyterianChurch of HamiII.

Th: .prophet was prostrate beforeGod m prayer. He was asking Godfor rain. When he had poured outthe burden of his heart to God hesent his servant to look out over' theMediterranean. The servant returnedreporting no sign of rain. This wasrep~ted seven times: the prophetpraymg, the servant searching thehorizon for the answer. The seventhtime the servant brought the answer:a cloud in the sky. The two ran downthe mount before the storm. Ahaban~ all Israel made for Jezreel, withElijah running before the king'sc~ariot. The prophet had asked forram. God. sent an abundance of rain.

Israel had forsaken God for idols~nd the worship of the Lord fo;Idolatry. The land was filled withidols". Among them were huge castIron Idols seated with arms foldedand hollow .on the inside. Fires wer~built in them until they were redhot. In the worship of these idolsparents sacrificed their infants plac~ing them in the arms of the heated~onstrosity. The king supportedeight hundred and fifty false priestswho served the idols.

God punishes sinners, and Hepunished Israel for her irreligion andi~olatry. For three long years Hedid not permit a single drop of rainto fall upon the land. The fountainsdried up, and so the brooks. Thegrass withered, and so the cattle com­m~nced to starve and die. The cropsfaded, and so the people were with­out bread. I do not understand, apartfrom the goodness of God, how Israelendured. Perhaps, the great sea to theWest and the lesser seas to the Eastare part of the answer.

After three years without rain, wefind the prophet Elijah contestingthe eight hundred and fifty falsepriests of the idols atop Carmel. Inthis contest, the Lord demonstratedthat He alone is God. The idols wereshown to be no gods at all.

Then the prophet prayed for rain.Why did God send rain in re­

sponse to the prayer of Elijah? Godhad promised rain. (See I Kings 18:1;

Marek 10

"Then is my strength by Thee re­newed;

Then are my sins by Thee forgiv'n;Then dost Thou cheer mv solitude

With hopes of heav'n. '

"Lord, till I reach yon blissful shore,No privilege so dear shall beAs thus my inmost soul to pour

In prayer to Thee."

-ABRAHAM KUYPER.

(From Stone Lectures on Calvin­ism, 1898. Published by Wm. B.Eerdmans Publishing Co., GrandRapids.)

Kuyper the Prophet

EITH ER this second coming,therefore, is near at hand, and

what we are witnessing are the death­throes at humanity; or a rejuvenationis stiII in store tor us; but it so, thatrejuvenation can come only throughthe old and yet ever new Gospelwhich at the beginning at our era, ­and again at the time at the Reforms­tion, has saved the threatened lite atour race.

The most alarming feature, how­ever, oi the present situation is thelamentable absence at that receptivityin our diseased organism, which isindispensable to the effecting at acure. In the Graeco-Roman worldsuch receptivity did exist; the heartsopened spontaneously to receive thetruth. To an even stronger degreethis receptivity existed in the age atthe Reformation, when. large massescried tor the gospel. Then as now thebody suffered trom anemia, andblood-poisoning even had set in, butthere was no aversion to the onlyeffectual antidote. Now it is preciselythis that distinguishes our moderndecadence trom the two precedingones, that with the masses the recep­tivity tor the gospel is on the de­crease, whilst with the scientists thepositive aversion to it is on the in­crease. The invitation to bow theknee beiote Christ, as God, is metso oiien with a shrug at the shoul­ders, if not with the sarcastic re­joinder: "Fit tor children. and oldwomen, not tor us men!" The mod­ern philosophy, which gains the day,considers itself in ever increasingmeasure as having outgrown Chris­tianity.

"My God, is any hour so sweet,From blush of morn to evening

star,As that which calls me to Thy feet,

The hour of prayer?

A PleaLet me close with a plea for prayer.

It is very important for us to under­stand what prayer is, and to knowthe conditions of prayer. With thisunderstanding and knowledge, eventhough imperfectly comprehended,we ought to pray. Let us pray.

We will imagine that a father andson have lived together for a longtime, but it has come to pass that theson no longer has a word to say tohis father. How must a father feelwho has a son that never talks tohim, nor asks him for a single thing?What kind of a son must he be whonever speaks to his father, and whonever asks him for even one thing?How goes it with you and yourheavenly Father since you first be­lieved? Do you pray? Do you ask Himfor those precious blessings He haspromised you?

we utter our prayers. I did say thatwe 'cannot pray with unconfessed sinin our lives. We ought to confess oursin to God. If we confess our sinto Him, He will forgive us forChrist's sake. We cannot expect Godto hear our prayers, if we fail to con­fess our sin. If we are forgiven, wemay freely ask God's blessings.

Still another condition of prayeris thankful acknowledgment of God'smercies. God has been particularlygood to His people. He has given usthe holy Bible, the book of salvation,He sent His own spotless Son that,as our substitute, He might bear oursin on the cruel cross to satisfy thejustice of the offended God. He hascaused the Holy Spirit to' dwellwithin us, bearing testimony with theWord, enabling us to embrace JesusChrist as Saviour and God and tolive in the way pleasing to Himself.To these spiritual blessings, He hasadded life and breath and all things,for in Him we live and move andhave our being. How can we ask Godfor anything, without first acknowl­edging that we are what we are andhave what we possess by the merciesof God? He is the Sovereign, Creatorof all, God of all mercies, Source _ofevery blessing. He alone is able to an­swer our prayers.

THE PRESBYTERIAN GUARDIAN70

read chapters 17 and 18.) Theprophet asked for what God hadpromised. God sent rain. Prayer isasking God for the things we want.But it is a certain kind of asking.It is asking for the things which Godhas promised us.

This is a difficult lesson to learn.When I was a boy, there came a

. crisis in prayer. I prayed earnestly forsomething for almost a year. Aftersaying the prayer which my parentshad taught me, I would lie abedeach night until I felt sure the familywas asleep. Then I would fall uponmy knees beside the bed pouring outmy desire to God. I was not prayingfor myself, but another; I was notpraying for some material gift, butthat the Tempter might be foiled.However, after almost a year, it be­came perfectly clear that my prayerhad failed to attain its end. Goddid not answer it. I had been askingfor something which He had notpromised me.

But, you ask, how can I knowwhat God has promised? The answeris very easy and, at the same time,extremely difficult. God has' writtenall His promises for us in the holyBible. We must know the Book toknow the precious promises. Wemust take time to read the Word,and put forth a real effort in thestudy of it. We must attend theteaching and preaching of its truths.We must call lipan the knowledgeof our pastor in learning to understandits teachings.

Its ConditionsOne of the conditions of prayer,

and the very foremost, is that wepray in the name of Christ. Only abeliever in the Lord Jesus Christ canpray. The promises of the holy Bibleare yea and amen to believers in Him.By His perfect obedience to God,He merited the blessings of heavenfor those for whom He died. Apartfrom Him, all that we deserve is ever­lasting condemnation. Nor could werightfully ask for any other thing.But in the name of Christ, we mayclaim the promised blessings of God.

Another conditionof prayer is thatwe confess our sins. We cannot praywith unconfessed sin in our lives. Idid not say that we cannot pray withsin in our lives. All of us are sinners.Weare by nature sinful. That sinful­ness taints our every word, thought,and deed-even the words in which

1945 THE PRESBYTERIAN. GUARDIAN 71

worship God when it suits him.We need to combat these two er­

roneous attitudes both in our ownlives and in the lives of our fellowChristians, to the end that. God'shouse may be filled with true wor-shipers. -J. P. C.

Religion at thePeace Table.tT THE present, two main foci of

.f\.. political influence on the conti­nent of Europe are the Kremlin andthe Vatican. With this in mind, itis interesting to note the recent at­tack made by the metropolitans ofthe Orthodox churches upon the pre­tensions and politics of the RomanCatholic Church. We would expectthem to. repudiate the claim of thePope to be the Vicar of Christ, butthey go farther and make quite a vio­lent political attack upon the RomanChurch. In fact, they accuse it ortrying to protect and soften thepunishment of Fascism at the peacetable. It is easy,to see that the East­ern churches may become tools ofStalin, used by him to further hispolitical and economic interests ineastern Europe.

At the same time, there is nodoubt that the Vatican is playingpolitics with all its might and ismost desirous of a voice at the peacetable. Ernest Lindley, well-informedWashington editor of Newsweek,reports a rumor that ArchbishopSpellman may be the Vatican's rep­resentative at the peace conferenceand may later become the Pope'sCardinal Secretary of State. Disturbedby these reports, sixteen hundred "re­ligious leaders of various denomina­tions" in a "declaration" addressed toPresident Roosevelt, Prime MinisterChurchill and Marshal Stalin haveprotested the admission of any re­ligious group to the peace table or themaking of "deals" with any religiousgroup. They based their oppositionupon the necessity of the separationof church and state.

In the light of all this, it is some­what surprising to read that twenty­four hundred ministers at the OhioPastors' Conference, meeting in Co­lumbus, have asked that the Protes­tant churches be represented at thepeace table. This strikes us as alamentable confusion of purpose. We

our ';legalist" slips back into the gen­eral Idea of the world that religionconsists of works.

We agree that the Christian mustbring forth good works and that hewho professes love for God 'must loveand serve his fellow-man. But we in­sist that faith comes before worksand that worship precedes service. Thefirst duty. that rests upon the pro­fessing Christian is to join with other'beli~vers in the public worship ofalmighty God. He who feels that va­rious good works are more importantis a Pharisee who would rather makewide the fringes of his garments thanhumble his heart before God.

The second attitude may be called"antinomianism.' Those who havethis attitude stress grace. They pointout that we are saved by faith andnot by any works of righteousnesswhich we have done. Now this hasbeen a. primary emphasis of the evan­gelical church since it was rediscov­ered by Martin Luther. We can neverexalt unduly the grace of. God nordecry too strongly all trust in humanmerit. Because we have been freedfrom legal bondage, we refuse to im­pose restrictions beyond the expresscommands of Scripture upon ourmembers. No Protestant church, forinstance, could prohibit the eating ofmeat on Fridays. The Roman Catho­lic Church treats her members aschildren, under the yoke; the Protes­tant church treats her members asadults; in bondage to no man.

The "antinomian," however, is onewho comes to feel that because thechurch does not lay down a lot ofrestrictions, he is completely freefrom all restriction. He has lost hissense of obligation. He feels free todo just as he pleases. So when hepleases, he goes to church. When hedoes not so please, he does not go.His error is his denial of the morallaw. Salvation by grace does not re­peal the ten commandments. Theduty which God requires of all menis "obedience to his revealed will."Too many of our irresponsible churchmembers think that, because they be­lievein Jesus Christ, everything isall right and it. does not much matterwhether they obey or not. They needto take to heart the reminder ofJames that "faith without works isdead." Somehow the man hardlyseems sincere who says he is saved bythe grace of God in Christ Jesus andthen just goes to church to praise and

Thomas R: Birch, Managing Editor

% ~li:tian-. 'G U A R DJ AN

I EDITORIAL ./

1505 Race Street, Philadelphia 2, Pa.

EDITORIAL COUNCIL

John P. ClellandJohn Patton Galbraith

Leslie W. SloatNed B. Stonehouse

ChurchAttendance

I T IS a matter of common observa­tion that Protestants do not at­

tend church as well as do RomanCatholics. The disparity may not beas great as the average Protestant be­lieves, but it seems clear that thereis a disparity. We are also of theopinion that church attendance isnot as popular today as it was a gen­eration ago. Church membership hasincreased but church attendance hasfallen. Probably one of the greatestweaknesses of the Protestant churchis the failure of her members toattend her services.

No doubt there are many factorswhich contribute to this failing, butwe would like to mention two basicattitudes which underlie a great dealof the non-attendance of the mem­

.bers of our churches.The first attitude may be called

"legalism." Those who have this at­titude put great stress upon goodworks. They feel, and rightly so, thatChristianity is a religion in whichgood works are essential. Many of our"legalists" are activists, that is, peo­ple more given to activity than tothought. Hence they find it easier todo "church work" than to worship.They would rather serve a churchsupper than go to a prayer meeting.They would rather attend trusteemeetings than the public worshipservices of the congregation. Oftenthey are very active in charitable andsocialwork, and they come to feel thatthis service is an acceptable substitutefor worship. If we remonstrate withthem, they will point out that manypeople who go regularly to church donot do as much good as they. And so

\

Marek 10

to date. I thought we had them allbefore! There were five from WestCollingswood, four from Wilmingtonand one from White Horse, NewJersey. They were full of good things,mostly to eat. It's really terrific thesupply we have now of soup mix,puddings and jellos, tea, cocoa, meat,etc., etc., etc. Last night we treatedsome English lads who stopped by ontheir way back from Dankalia to soupand coffee, then had pancakes, forourselves, from Duff's Waffle Mix.We have no waffle iron, so couldn'tmake the waffles. The soup certainlycomes in handy for camping. Thepapers you sent in September ar­rived, and a roll of back GUARDIANS.I now have practically all the GUARD­IANS to November roth.

(Two days later)The company replaced our bad ce­

ment with twenty-five sacks of goodcement. The man in charge wouldn'teven look at. the sample sacks Ibrought, but insisted he would takemy word that it was no good. Buyingcement here is somewhat of an ordealat any rate. One has to get a passfrom the Security Office to enter theport area where this company has itsoffice and where the cement is stored..Then it takes a long time to get thebill made out. I finished that muchlast night. Today I had to get a passfor the man who carne with me fromIrafalo and is seeing to shipping thecement by boat to Irafalo, and forthe man he hired to load it on a mulecart. I had to wait quite a whilefor the native who had charge of thestoreroom. Finally I thought we werethrough, but the guards at the gatestopped the cart till we got a paperfrom the customs officials. Capt.Flanders gave me a slip saying therewere no customs charges for missiongoods. Capt. Flanders was most cor­dial and he invited us to have lunchwith him at the "palace" where theSenior Civil Affairs Officer and otherofficials of Massawa Division eat. Hesaid he was sure the new S. C. A. O.would like to talk with me. I hopeI can have lunch with him when Icorne again, for Capt. Flanders is aninteresting man, a Londoner.

This morning I talked with Sgt.Major Wake at Trade and Suppliesand got permission for extra gasolineand his promise to get permissionfor us to buy muslin for our sideroom ceilings, if there is any left overin the next allotment to native shops.

I MISSIONS I

-J. P. C.

bedded in our constitution is not aneighteenth century anachronism. Itis extremely important today. Thechurch and the state touch upon oneanother. It might be said that theyoperate within the same sphere, butthey' remain distinct in character andpurposes. The church must never be­come a political body engaging inpolitical maneuvers and "deals." Shemust preserve her independence ofthe state and never become entangledin the structure of any society.

While therefore we hope that theChristian dogmas of justice and com­passion may exert a powerful influ­ence at the peace table, we earnestlyhope that no religious body will bcamong the organizations representedthere.

the storeroom. .His first big formdidn't get really hard and it is doubt­ful if it will be strong enough. Thatis the main reason for the trip toMassawa-s-to get cement, if possible,

, and to get the company that sold itto replace it. It is terrible stuff. Webought it from an English firm thathas practically a monopoly on thecement business. They sent it bydhow some time back 'and we didn'tinvestigate it until after some hadbeen used. I think they will make itgood. I'm hoping too to do some­thing toward selling the extra lumberfrom the houses. We have severalprospective buyers who seem veryeager to get it. Mr. Stanton did notwant to go to Massawa, as he feelshe can't manage to talk satisfactorilyon account of the babel of languagesthere. I have several passengers forthe trip 'and one of them is a manwho will arrange to have: the cement,thirty bags, brought by dhow.

Last night the locust men returnedfrom Massawa with a load of baitand brought several letters forCharles and a U.S. mail bag full ofChristmas parcels and some papersyou sent. They carne over this morn­ing and we opened the parcels beforebreakfast. There were ten more pack­ages, making a total of seventy-eight

THE PRESBYTERIAN GUARDIAN

Excerpts from a Letter fromthe REV. CLARENCE W. DUFF

Orthodox Presbyterian Missionary to Eritrea, East Africa

72

ReportFrom Eritrea

I T IS midday rest period for themen working on the road be­

tween 'Irafalo and Zula. Some of themhave just finished their prayers andare getting ready to go back to work.Today there are thirty men' workingon the project and, at the requestof the authorities, I am supervisingthe work.

The climate now is quite delight­ful, and even at noon 'the rathersparse shade of a thorny acacia treeis enough to keep one comfortablycool. In the evening and morningthere are mosquitos. The flies havenot been so bad recently and outhere, away from homes, there arenot as many as at the house. I enjoythe noon campfire on which I cookmy Lipton's Noodle Soup (from theChristmas parcels) and the men baketheir bread wrapped round a heatedstone. Mohammed measures out atin of flour to each workman at noonas part of his wages. I was unableto get enough flour locally, but bor­rowed a half sack from the Italianswho are scattering locust bait 'nearIrafalo. I must get more, either fromZula or from' Massawa tomorrow.

Mr. Stanton started the well lastweek and got along fine until itturned out that the cement we hadwas old and full of sweepings from

hope and pray that Christian prin­ciples of right and justice and mercymay prevail at the peace conference.We are firmly convinced that if themoral law of God is flouted, therecan be no real peace. We believe itis the duty of Christians not only topray but as citizens to work for justand enduring peace. Christiansshould interest themselves in Dum­barton Oaks and the forthcomingSan Francisco conference and upholdthe hands of our leaders in so far asthey support measures which Chris­tians believe to be in accord withthe revealed will of God.

All this, however, does not meanthat the Protestant church or anyother religious body should be repre­sented at the peace conference. Theseparation of church and state em-

73

Once in the deep gloom of his moralconsciousness he hopelesslywalked theendless treadmill of his pride in an in­effectual effort to grind out a few'futile grains of goodness. Now hegladly mortifies his members, he iswilling to suffer the loss of all things,indeed he reckons them all as refuse,in order that he may win Christ andbe found in Him, not having a right­eousness of his own, but a righteous­ness' which comes from God throughfaith.

In terms of human understanding,an individual may be satisfied withhis own self-taught salvation but whenhe attempts to put his particulartheory into circulation at the market

. "where cross the crowded ways oflife," he finds that he must let hisidea go on a take-it-or-leave-it basis.For everybody already has one. Theman in the asylum takes to talking tohimself.

But it is the Christian's privilegeto preach without pride or arrogance.He is free to perform a most agree­able duty. In the words of his Lord,"Ye shall be my witnesses," he is toldthe nature of his primary task. In nosense is he to elevate himself in hiswitnessing for what he has to say hasbeen given to him. The truth andvalidity of his testimony are not inhim but are in what God is and whatGod has done. He testifies to theLight of the world, so' he is free totake his testimony to the uttermostpart of the earth. He dies unto self

. in order that he" may be a true andfaithful witness.

When the Christian forsakes histask of witnessing and becomes anadvocate, a sponsor, a salesman, or animprovisor, he is utterly out of char­acter. When he introduces the humanhe is a perjurer and the initiator ofheresy. To the extent that he identi­fies himself with the doctrines "thathe preaches in the name of Christ, heis a thief of the glory of God. Thetruth is not in him.

As with the Christian, so with thechurch. For the church is the com­munity of Christians witnessing tothe grace of their Lord. The power ofthe church, therefore, is in the purityof its testimony. The effectiveness ofthe church is in its faithfulness.

"And when they had lifted up theireyes, they saw no man, save Jesusonly."

Yours sincerely,AUGUSTINUS AMERICANUS

I GENERAL IThe Witne5s

or shops. Some, of course, never losehope that we are going to have ajob for them, but a good many musthave decided by this time that thereis nothing to be wheedled out of us.How is this conglomerate populationof Massawa and its suburbs, forwhom nothing is being done spirit­ually, to· be ministered to? I keepwondering that as I go among them.

DEAR EDITOR:

We found ourself muttering Amensas we came to the close of the book.For Aldous Huxley, who, some say,recently taught himself a religion, wassaying in his Time Must Have a Stopthat to die unto oneself is the essenceof any religion and that in religionmortification is the ground of pro­ficiency. Very good, we thought, andslipped into a period of idle medita­tion.

But-we' 'were awake now and ad­dressing the world from the rostrumof our single room-not in modernliberalism, .nor in any of. its ancientand countless variations, can this ex­cellent idea be applied. For in a re­ligion in which man not only blowshis own horn but also makes up thewords and the music, to die unto one-·self is to stop the whole show. Morti­fication could not lead to proficiency,but to utter deficiency. Pride wouldrise with humility and- the balancecould not be budged. No normal per­son can choke himself to death. Onlythe insane man, as Chesterton has .sug­gested, is.capable of being completelylogical.

The Christian, however, has beenreleased from the insanity of logic. Hewas dead already within the high dun­geon of his pride but he was called tolife. He was enabled to learn humilityin the awful agony of conviction and,standing helpless in the presence ofseemingly illogical love, he was re­newed in his whole being after theimage of God. To his surprise he findsthat he is enabled to die more andmore unto sin and self and to livemore and more unto righteousnessandGod. His whole environment is en­tirely new and exciting. He lives in aworld in which the love of God is theultimate answer to every question. Allthat he has in this new life has beengiven to him, yet he is not ashamedto ask for more. He is a' free man.

THE PRESBYTERIAN GUARDIAN1945

One of the barbers where I got ahaircut last night didn't know butwhat all missions and Protestantchurches, as well as Roman Catholic,were under the jurisdiction of thePope! The man who cut my hair wasmore intelligent about such matters,knew that "Protestant" and "Evan­gelical" meant essentially the samething as opposed to Roman Catholic,and had attended Protestant churchesin Sardinia, his native country, andsaid there were many evangelicalsthere. Both barbers are very friendly,simple Italians. Neither speaks Eng­lish. We talked about Mary, thesaints and angels, and why Christwas the only Mediator between Godand man, about the sufficiency ofthe work of Christ, and salvation bv,faith in Him alone. I wish I had somegood Christian literature in Italianto give to some who seem at leastopen to the truth.

The native Mohammedan opera­tor of the station where I buy mygasoline started a conversation to­night by saying jokingly that hisfriend who was standing near-by was

. becoming a Christian. I said that wasa good thing, was it not? He an­swered that many Christians curseGod, and quoted' a .very bad curseused frequently by Italians, I sadlyhad to admit that many who calledthemselves Christians did use suchlanguage regarding God, but tried totell them that such were not Chris­tians at all and that a true Christianwould not say such a thing. He saidthat if a Mohammedan spoke insuch terms of God all Mohammedanswould despise him and have nothingto do with him. We then had a littlediscussion about what Christians be­lieved concerning Jesus. I wish Iknew more Italian to express myselfbetter. This man's language was prob­ably Tigre, but he speaks Italianrather fluently. Down the road, whereI got air in my tires, I had anothertalk with two native boys. They tootalked Italian, but one was a Dankaliand understood Saha-not very well,but much better than I do.

All these conversations in connec­tion with business take some time,but I hope the time is .well spent.Everywhere I find people friendlyand think it worthwhile to encour­age their friendliness. I can't beginto tell you individually about thepeople who greet me as I go throughthe streets or meet them in market

r..

Mare" 10

By the REV. PAUL WOOLLEYProfesl!or of Church History inWestminster Theological Seminary

"

DOCTRINE I

and thy counsel foreordained to cometo pass" (Acts 4:27, 28). Note thatthey are actually. talking, about the,plottings against Christ, the Son ofGod Himself. God, indeed, plannedeverything that happens. Nothing, bigor little, was overlooked.

The thing that makes it hard, ofcourse, is that many times we do notknow the reasons back of God's plan.We often wish we did, and some­times we are a little rebellious thatwe don't. But we forget one thing.One. of the chief causes for our notknowing the reasons for God's planis that we have not the ability tounderstand them. We often think ofGod as a sort of, all-powerful, omnis­cient man-a being much like aman only with an infinite quantityof everything of which a man has alittle. But God isn't like that at all.God is an entirely different kind ofbeing. Novelists speculate on howdifferent the inhabitants (if any) ofMars or Venus are from us here onearth. But God is even much moredifferent than that. Heis quite aboveour imaginings. But you say, Manwas made in the image of God. Quiteso. No one knows tully what thatmeans, but perhaps it is a little likethe relationship of a child to hisfather. It isa weak analogy but mayhelp. When the father tells the childthat a man cannot live totally im­mersed in water, that he -must haveair to breathe in order to exist, thechild will not understand why that isso. But he will take his father's wordfor it. The child's mind is too limitedto comprehend the reason. Unlikethe child, who some day may growup to be' a father, man will nevergrow up to be God. In this sense weremain children and, to put it col­loquially, we wouldn't know whatGod was talking about if He tried totell us all the reasons for things.

-So while we do not know thereasons for God's actions, and, whatis more, cannot know them, we doknow positively and finally that every­thing that happens, happens. in ac­cordance with His plan and that it isnot only foolish to feel insecure, it isalso positively wrong to do so.

only. upon a few Bible texts, con­sidered apart from their context. Itis based upon that view of the his­tory of the world which the Bible setsforth and which the -Reformed Faithhas expounded in such masterlyfashion. The Bible tells us that Godexisted before all things. Then it tells

. us that God created the things whichexist. They all carne from Him. Theyare His handiwork. This is the veryfoundation stone of Reformed doc­trine. It is a teaching that Dr. Cor­nelius Van Til has labored mosteffectively in recent years to bringonce more to the attention of thechurch. This teaching is foundationalbecause it clearly proves that every­thing that exists has its original rootin God and exists only by His fore­knowledge, His wisdom, His plan.There is not a thing that is outsideGod's plan. Evolution teaches. other-'wise; many modem, so-called theistic,philosophies teach otherwise. But theBible is very plain on this point. Notonly does the Bible teach that allthings were created by God but itteaches the companion doctrine,which completes the first one, thatGod's providence supervises and con­trols every single thing that happens.How beautifully our Lord expressedthe truth of this when He said, "Arenot five sparrows sold for two pence?and not one of them is forgotten inthe sight of God. But the very hairsof your head are all numbered. Fearnot: ye are of more value than manysparrows" (Luke 12:6, 7)! It is dif­ficult for us today really to believethis truth. It not only says that Godknows everything that happens. Thatis fairly easy ,to believe. But it saysthat God planned everything thathappens. That may be harder to be­lieve, but it is true, gloriously true,for the Bible says it. Hear the Apostlespeak of God as "him who workethall things after the counsel of hiswill" (Eph. 1: 11). Listen to the dis­ciples praying to God, "For of atruth in this city against thy holyServant Jesus ... both Herod andPontius Pilate, with the Gentiles andthe peoples of Israel, were gatheredtogether to do whatsoever thy hand

THE PRESBYTERIAN. GUARDIAN74

T HE "Reformed Faith" is a phrasewhich appears otten in type m

this journal and is often spoken byits readers. Why, after all, is it sofrequently used? Why not just say"Bible Christianity" or "evangelicalChristianity" and let it go at that?Isn't the Reformed Faith just BiblicalChristianity?

It is indeed just that. But to somepeople "Bible Christianity" meanssomething quite . different from theReformed Faith. The Reformed Faithis a term that has a very precisemeaning because it has been histori-cally defined. .

Coming back then to the originalquestion, Why is the term so fre­quently used? the answ.er is, Thereare certain. Biblical truths expressedin the Reformed Faith that are no­where else so well expressed andwhich are of incalculable value forChristians who live in today's world.In the next paragraphs I propose topoint out one of these distinctivetruths; possibly later I shall set. forthsome' others.

It is always a temptation for peopleto think that the days that are pastwere better than the days that arepresent. But if, by "better," onemeans more peaceful, more settled,.more secure, then historians will con­cede that we are now living in oneof the less peaceful, less settled, lesssecure periods of history, a period ofchange, of transition, of revolution.Revolution is often it necessary job,but it makes people unhappy andafraid because it makes them in­secure. The insecurity we are talkingabout in these sentences is a physical,external insecurity. That, however,immediately breeds mental insecurity,that feeling of worry and concernthat makes people unhappy, discon­tented, sleepless, inwardly agitated;that makes them cross and irritableand often finally physically unwell aswell as mentally in pain. In everyage there is much of it-in ours morethan usual.

The Reformed Faith provides atrue antidote for this, .one of thegreatest of human sins. What is it?

It is not something which rests

Is God StillIn Control?

1945 THE PRESBYTERIAN GUARDIAN 75

By the REV. RICHARD W. GRAYPastor of Covenant Orthodox Presbyterian Church, East Orange, N. J.

DoW" to Interpretthe Bible

I BIBLE STUDY I

P,ART ONE

False Methods and theTrue One

.t RE the same rules to be used inft interpreting the Bible as in in­terpreting Shakespeare? Many peoplewill reply, "No, because the Bible isthe Word of God and the works ofShakespeare are merely human." Butthis answer is somewhat too simple.When God decided to reveal HimselfHe did not make a new language. Heused human authors who wrote in thecurrent language of their country andtime. True, He kept these authorsfrom making mistakes. And the HolySpirit caused them to record justthose things God wanted recorded.However, the record was made not insome new celestial language but inthe common languages of Old andNew Testament times.

This means that when we read theBible weare to understand it in ac­cordance with the laws of grammarand the facts of history. A verb is averb in the New Testament as wellas in the writings of Plato. This doesnot preclude the aid of the HolySpirit in understanding the Bible.Man's mind is blinded by sin. Un­less God's Spirit illuminates his dark­ened intellect, he cannot truly under­stand the meaning of what is ex­pressed in human language, nor willhe receive it. For "the natural manreceiveth not the things of the Spiritof God: for they are foolishness untohim: neither can he know them, be­cause they are spiritually discerned"(I Cor. 2:14).

However, it can also be said thatthe spiritual man receiveth not thethings of the Spirit of God except

.by understanding them according tothe laws.of grammar and the facts ofhistory.

One of the false methods of in­terpreting the Bible is the Mysticalmethod. This seeks to discover mean­ing in a passage through some mys­tical experience apart from paying at­tention to the' .plain grammaticalsignificance of the words. Years ago1 heard a missionary tell how he leftBible school in the middle of his

The Rev. Riehard W. Gray

course to go to South America. Facedwith the problem of the Lord's willfor his immediate future, he prayedfor guidance. The answer came, healleged, in the form of the verse,"The letter killeth, but the spiritgiveth life." He took that to meanthat he should cease studying inBible school because "the letterkilleth," that is, study has a deadeningeffect on one's zeal for Christ. Hisclaim was that the Holy Spirit spoketo him. It was a mystical experience,a direct message from God throughthose words. If the Holy Spirit spoketo him through those words, which 1very much doubt, then He was sayingsomething different with those wordsfrom that which He said when Heuttered them through Paul. A cursoryexamination of that verse in its con­text will reveal that the letter refers tothe law. The law, with its severe pen­alty, sentences to death, it "killeth.'

This erroneous type of interpreta­tion is also used by the Barthians.They do not care what the highercritics do to the language of Scrip­ture. The critics could tear the Bibleapart, they say, and it would not de­stroy the Word of God. For theBible is not the. Word of God; it ismerely the medium through whichthe Word of God comes to man in a

mystical experience. Such an experi­ence the writers had. They do notdescribe that experience but theypoint in the direction in which theyhad it. All we have to do, the Bar­thians say, is to gaze in the directionthe writers are pointing and we too

. shall have a similar experience. Youread the first chapter of John andsuddenly a light shines from heaveninto your soul. That is the Word ofGod to you. I read the same. passageand nothing happens; I have nomys­tical experience. That is not theW ord of God to me. The writtenword in itself has no meaning. Butby a mystical experience it may be­come the medium of a message whichmay be .foreign to the plain sense ofthe words. .

The Rationalistic method of in­terpreting the Bible which is widelyused by Modernists today is anotherfalse way of" trying to understandthe Bible. This method assumes thatthe Bible can only teach what is inaccordance with human reason, re­gardless of what the words actuallysay. For example, the Bible says thatChrist "rose again the third day."This is Paul's .statement of whatJohn records as an historical fact­the resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth.Human reason tells us, they say, thatthe laws of nature cannot be' contra­vened in such a way as to allow aresurrection. Hence, it is impossiblefor a man to rise from the dead. So

. those who use the Rationalisticmethod "explain" the words of Paulas meaning the perpetuation of thespirit of Jesus. Christ's "spirit" still

.persists in the same wayas the "spirit"of Abraham Lincoln. lives in theworld. For those living in the "un­scientific" age of the apostles, theexpression "He rose from the dead"was synonymous with saying, "Hisspirit still. lives in our hearts." .

The Allegorical method is stillanother false way of interpretingthe Bible. This methos' seeks to un­cover a. meaning otier than thatwhich is on the surace and whichcan be discovered by the applicationof the principles ofhetoric. A num­

'ber of years ago I W1S trying to sell a

78 TBEPRESBYTERIAN GUARDIAN Mareh 10

"Faiths Men Die By"-PABT 12By the REV. ROBERT S. MARSDEN

What. Is Shintoism? I MISSIONS I

about sixteen hundred years, all wroteunder the inspiration of the Spirit ofGod. Therefore, the Bible is an ex­pression of the mind of God. Assuch, it contains no contradictions; itis consistent with itself in all its parts.Thus when interpreting one portion,it is necessary to compare it withother portions. These other portionsmay throw light upon it. This werefer to as comparing Scripture withScripture. This might be called thetheological sense, if we be permittedto use terminology similar to "gram­matical" and "historical." In orderto do justice to this aspect of inter­pretation when naming the methodwhich is employed, we might call itthe "Grammatical-historical-theologi­cal" method. This is a cumbersomedesignation, but descriptive. Nexttime we shall discuss the principlesto be followed in applying thismethod to the Bible. It indicates thatthe Bible is to be understood in ac­cordance with the laws of grammar,the facts of history, and the system oftruth revealed by God in the pages ofHoly Writ.

(To be continued)

gram of world expansion. The churchhere faces a religious system hoarywith age and backed by a powerfularmy and a formidable navy. As theMoslems of old were warriors inspiredto a fanatical fury by their faith inAllah, so the modem Japanese is noless fanatical in his willingness to diefor his emperor-god.

Shinto is the state religion of Japanand receives support from Japan'sseventy million .united subjects. Therefined dignity that characterizes theritual and worship at the large Shintoreligious centers in Japan compelsthe investigator to pause and examinethis peculiar system, and seek to de­termine its silent power and author-ity. .

The word "Shinto" is a Chinesecompound; shin means god and tomeans way-"The Way of the Gods."

When the state religion of theRoman Empire ceased to exist, thechurch exulted in Europe's freedomfrom the pagan state religion. Little

God unto salvation.Rejecting the Mystical, Rationalis­

tic, Allegorical, and Moral methodsof interpreting the Bible because theydo violence to the plain meaning ofthe language of Scripture, we turn tothe Grammatical-Historical methodwhich has been used of the HolySpirit through the ages to guide thechurch into the truth. As we haveindicated, this method takes themeaning which is required by thelaws .of grammar and the facts ofhistory. The grammatical sense is themost simple, direct, and ordinarymeaning of the words in the arrange­ment of the sentence. Because webelieve it is important to ascertainthis sense, we permit our mission- .aries to teach language to the peoplethey hope to reach with the gospel.The historical sense is the meaningrequired by historical considerations,such as the time and circumstancesin which the authors wrote.

We must also remind ourselvesthat the Bible is the Word of God.As such it is a unified whole. Eventhough there are about forty differentwriters who lived over a period of

(EDITOR'S NOTE: The next twoarticles in the series are based largelyupon articles written by one who hasbeen tor many years a missionary inJapan. Mr. Marsden asked this mis­sionary, who preters to remain anony­mous, to write the articles since he isan authority on Shinto. In the cover­ing letter sent with the articles, themissionary writes, "Tonight I wasstudying a large map at the worldhanging on my wall, and as I sawHokkaido and Saghalien, pleasantmemories oipast evangelistic trips onthose northern islands came betoremy mind. I generally visited there inDecember and January. These vastregions are waiting to hear the gospeltor the first time. What a challengeto our prayers! Yes, I expect to te­turn and finish my lite among thosepeople.")

SHI NT O, the religion of the Jap­anese race, demands a close ex­

amination by the church in her pro-

particular chain reference Bible to aprospect who had a well-worn Bibleof another type. After my enthusiasticsales talk, she took my prospectusand turned to the first chapter ofGenesis. After glancing at the mar­ginal references, she handed it backto me with disappointment. Uponinquiry I found that the disappoint­ment sprang from the fact that theBible I was selling did not say thatthe sun which God caused to appear.on the fourth day is a type of Christand that the stars are a type of be­lievers. Her well-worn Bible gave this'interpretation. It did it by means ofan allegorical. interpretation. Thesimple meaning of. Genesis 1: 14-19is that in the beginning God causedthe sun to appear in the heavens inthe day and "the moon and stars toappear at night. The meaning myprospect wrung from that verse isnot the meaning at all. It is a "secret"meaning obtained by the falsemethod of allegorizing the plainlanguage of the Bible. Much of theteaching of "types" in our day ismere allegorizing after' the fashion ofOrigen,

One further method of interpreta­tion needs to be mentioned. It is theMoral method which originated withthe celebrated philosopher ImmanuelKant, but which has been popularizedby public speakers and orators sincehis day. This method regards theBible as a book which teaches noth­ing but moral lessons. It seeks touncover a practical or moral meaningfrom every passage. Sometimes it doesthis to the' neglect of the simplegrammatical significance of a passage.For example, it is not uncommon forpolitical orators to use as a: text thewords of Jesus in John 8:32, "Thetruth shall make you free." They findin the words of Jesus a moral maximwhich is embedded in the conscious­ness of the human raee--the maximthat truth tends to liberate. Thismaxim is true enough, but the wordsof Jesus have a much more specificmeaning than that.. The truth Jesusrefers to is His word (cf. John 8:31).Men who accept Christ's teachingconcerning ~.heir slavery to sin andHis offer to liberate those who trustin His atoning work on Calvary arefreed from the shackles of sin. Thus"the truth shal make you free" ismore than a mere moral maxim; it isa dynamic spiritial message, the gos­pel of Christ wlioh is the power of

r> o'''' . '.. :..-""/'- ."

, -

1945 THE PRESBYTERIAN GUARDIAN 77

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did it know that -in the Orient an­other state religion was graduallyfonning that would cause Christen­dom so much trouble and bloodsheda millennium and a half later.

History does not reveal that theancient monarchies ever had a statereligion that was more closely inter­woven with state affairs than is Shintowith politics in Japan. There are cer­tain features about Shinto that areunique and are not found in any ofthe state religions of the old empires.It is humanly impossible to separateShinto from -the state and have theempire continue to exist. TakemotoToyonosuke, a priest of the AtagoShrine of Kyoto, stated that "if theShinto shrines should cease to existthe Empire would come to an end."This is not an isolated statement, butis concurred in by the entire official-dom of Japan. -

It is difficult for Americans prop­erly to appraise Shinto or understandthe peculiar dynamic whlch ener­gizes the seventy million Japanese.The child in primary school is taughtin his first years, and learns to quote,the phrase from his text-book, "Wagakuni wa kami no kuni de ari' (ourcountry is the country of the gods).This great and dynamic thought isinfused into the child from parents,school-teachers and government of­ficials. He is surrounded with teach­ing concerning the Shinto gods fromevery side, and cannot escape fromthe silent influence which these dutiesexert over his life and thoughts.

Seventy million Japanese are pos­sessed with the idea that they are~ unique race, descended from theShinto gods and destined to rule overthe less fortunate peoples of earth.Shinto is the dynamic that drivesJapan forward on her "divine missionand holy war."

What Is Shinto?Shinto is a religious, patriotic, an­

cestor cult. These three attributessum up the word Shinto and give usan idea of whatto look for in Shinto'sworking in the Japanese governmentand people. First, Shinto is definitelya religion, with gods, priests, a ritualand sacrifices. Second, the high priestof Shinto, the emperor, is also theruler of the nation. Shinto- thus hasramifications in every department ofthe political system in Japan.

Third, the ancestor worship ofShinto means the worship of the

supernatural ancestors or kami (gods)of the Japanese race and country.Primarily these ancestral Kami arethe deities of the Shinto pantheon.Next, the ancestors such as deceasedemperors, General Nogi the hero ofthe Russian-Japanese War of 19°4-05,Admiral Togo the nero of the battleof the Japan Sea, and others aredeified and receive public worshipat their respective shrines.'

To ask a Japanese the time of hisbecoming a Shintoist would be ab­surd, as he is born a Shintoist. This isrecognized and assumed by the Jap­anese government. If a Japanese re­pudiates Shinto, he is likely to behaled before the officials and chargedwith treason!-This was being done in1941.

Shinto possesses certain books(compiled in 712 A.D.), which con­tain the names of the gods and givea vague conception. of the beginningof the islands of Japan and otherJapanese origins. The Kojiki, orChronicles of Ancient Events, is theoldest extant record of Japaneseevents. This book records the crea­tion myths and ceases with the reignof Empress Suiko in 628 A.D. TheNihongi, or Chronicles of Japan,were compiled in 720 A.D. This vol­ume also records the creation mythsand ends with certain events in theyear 697. The Engi Shiki, compiledin 927, contains ritualistic prayersused in the Shinto shrines in address­ing the gods of Shinto. These threebooks can be termed the scripturesof Shinto. '

Like all pagan scriptures, theShinto doctrines do not stand out inthese volumes with the force andcrystal clearness of the doctrines con­tained in the Christian Scriptures.Vagueness and a misty haze surroundsthe whole Shinto. theology. Nowheredoes Shinto teach the doctrine ofcreation from nothing. The gods ofShinto procreate the islands of Japanbut never create them!

The three first deities of the Shint~'pantheon recorded in the Kojiki be­gan to be, and the ideas of necessityof existence, self-ex:istence and eter­nity of existence are foreign to theShinto scriptures. It is clearly patentthat Shinto originated in the imagin­ings of the ancient founders of theJapanese race. ,

The ancient Shinto myths are ex­ceptionally childish and will not bearsober investigation. They are not

only childish but often revolting.They are so revolting that the gov­ernment does not teach them as theyoccur in the old documents, butdresses them up in clothes foreign tothe original statements.

The early myth-makers must have.been awed by the powerful forces ofnature and, as in other lands, theyconcluded that these forces weredeities and must _be respected andworshiped. The forces of nature werepersonified, and were believed to begods. The chief deity is Ama-Terasu­O-Mi-Kami, the sun goddess. Thesun has ever inspired men with afeeling of awe and, - when calmlystudied, its beauty, power and warmfructifying rays have inspired men toproclaim it a deity. The sun hasplayed a major role in the religioussystems of Egypt and the Mesopo­tamian empires. In all these ancientreligions, the sun deity has alwaysbeen masculine, but strange to say,it is feminine in Japan.

The shrine of the sun goddess isthe most sacred spot in Japan andeach year millions of faithful Japanesemake a pilgrimage to her shrine. Thisshrine is supported by the govern­ment and every twenty years is tomdown and a new one built, thusperpetuating the worship of Shintoforever.

The sun goddess watches over andprotects the empire from foes bothfrom without and from within. Thename of the .sun goddess is seldomused by the Japanese, as' she is such'an _awe-inspiring deity. Ama-Terasu­O-Mi-Kami is the ancestor of theJapanese emperors and thus linksheaven with earth. Just how this re­lationship takes place is not a topicfor popular discussion and is not tobe inquired into by the Japanesepeople. Anyone questioning this of­ficial statement might be thrown intoprison.

Shinto. is an idolatrous system de­spite the fact that no images are tobe found in the shrines. Utter sim­plicity marks the shrine and the onlyobject that may be classed as an idolis the Shintai, or god-body, containedin the bonden or "holy of holies."ThisShintai varies and might be amirror, a stone, a scroll, a hank ofhair, a sword or some other commonobject. In soine mysterious way, thespirit of the deity installed in a par­ticular shrine is manifested in thisShintai. Every shrine has a Shintai.

26TH. HEB.l 3:H) (5)Among other errors briefly dealt

with, the author refutes the falsenotion that. there is some question asto the purity of the married state. Irinine words he forever does away withthat perv.erted thought. Those whohave been brought up in purity andgodly piety may look with confidenceupon the fulfilment of married life asblessed of God, an honorable estate.Pray that our young people may bepure in heart, sound in mind andbody, filled with anticipation of joy­ful' and harmonious homes.

27TH. PRovo 18:10-24 (22)Our memory verse is inscribed in.

my wife's wedding ring. It is a re­minder to us of the goodness of theLord, for which we. are thankful. Itchallenges us to seek His favor uponour married life. It is a restraint tous when tempted to live, outside Hisholy will. Through the .struggles ofearly life and on into the years tocome, it will encourage us to praiseGod for all His wondrous kindnessto us.

zSth, EPH. 5:21-33 (33)Happily there are mutual duties

and obligations which fall to bothhusband and wife. These may besummarized as love and thoughtful­ness of the husband' for his wife, andlove and respect of the wife for herhusband. In homes where God ishonored each member of the house­hold .takes his rightful place. Theharmony and happiness of a Chris­tian home is but a foretaste of theendless delight of heaven when thechurch, the bride, is taken up untoChrist, the Bridegroom.

29TH. MATT. 19:1-12 (6~God forbid that the lax VIew of

marriage held by the law and thecustoms of our day should taint thethoughts of our Christian men andwomen! From the beginning, Christstates emphatically, it was not so.When man and woman become oneflesh through the divinely institutedmarriage rite, no man may put themasunder for' other cause than men­tioned here. God .grant that the falsestandards of this godless age may notinfect the young people of our churchand community!

30TH. JOHN 19: 19-3° (25) .One view of the cross tha t IS

often neglected is found in the mem­ory verse. "Now there stood by thecross of Jesus His mother." A more

THE Rev. Clarence W. Duff,Orthodox Presbyterian mis­

sionary to Eritrea, East Africa,writes that he and the Rev.Charles E. Stanton have re­ceived the astounding total ofseventy-eight Christmas par­celse , He is unable to reply in­dividually to each donor, andhas asked The PresbyterianGuardian to extend the mis­sionaries'thanks and apprecia­tion to everyone who had apart in making their Christ­mas such a happy one•

A "Thank You"frOID Eritrea

much freedom during engagement,for engagements have been broken.Pray God for wisdom to make yourengagement a time of beauty and last­ing joy.

23RD. DEUT. 7: 1-14 (3)As God commanded the Israelites

to refrain from' intermarriage withpersons of other nations, so He wouldhave us avoid mixed marriages. Thisapplies not only to mixed races butto mixed religions as well. It is un­likely that such marriages will behappy ones. Too many differencesexist in custom, thought, trainingand worship. "Can two walk to­gether except they be agreed?"

24TH. I TIM. 3:1-12 (12)While this passage tells us the re­

quirements for office holders in thechurch, it also implies that the sameconditions should be found in thehomes of all Christians. One wife forone husband has been God's will eversince Eve was formed for Adam. Menshould be happy with the wife oftheir youth. May the Lord help allthose who are tempted otherwise tofind in His will the perfect basis for asatisfying life.

25TH. LUKE 19:28-4° (38)In line with our devotional series,

it is well for us to think, on this"Palm Sunday," of the attitude ofour household toward the Lord JesusChrist.. Is there a united and joyfulcry of Hosanna? Is the Lord ~xalted

in the heart of each one? WIll thatjoyful shout continue through thedar!, times of persecution? Lord,unite our hearts in a perpetual songof Christian joy and triumph!

THE PRESBYTEBIAN GUARDIAN78

In the shrine of the sun goddess, theShintai is an eight-pointed mirror.This mirror was sent down to earthby the sun goddess when her grand­son descended to the islands of Japan.A replica of this sacred mirror is keptin the Kashikodokoro, or ,place ofawe, in the imperial palace shrine.The emperor officiates before thismirror on stated occasions.

The myriads' of Shinto gods brandShinto a system of idolatry. Theapostle Paul, in I Cor. 10:20, pro­claims to the Japanese that the deitiesof Shinto are demons,

Your FaDlDy AltarFrom the Cradle to the Grave

V. MARRIAGEMAR. 20TH~ GEN. 2:15-25 (18)*

A s WE think of marriage, it iswell to know that God looked

upon man on the day of creationand said, "I t is not good that theman should be alone." Therefore,GOd made the woman of man's fleshand bone, blessed them and toldthem to multiply and replenish theearth. Thus we might say that thehome is the very first divine institu­tion. The establishing of a Christianhome should be our first and highestideal. Pray that the Christian homesin the land may be doubly blessedof God. .

21ST. PSALM 119:9-24 (9)In our memory verse a question is

asked which has a permanent bear­ing on our whole life, and especiallyupon our married life. No impureperson will find the same wholesomedelight in wedded life that a pureperson does. In this passage let uslearn that it is God's will for everyindividual, male or female, to main­tain a virtuous life and a chaste mind.Present lax practices among youngpeople and adults are displeasing toGod and disastrous to the individualswho indulge.' .

22ND. LUKE 1:26-38 (37)An unusual but not an ungrounded

lesson drawn from the words of Marv( 34) is needful in our day. All en­gaged couples, especially those. whoname the name of Christ, mustrealize that betrothal does not give I

the right to the freedoms of marriage.Great regrets may arise out of too

.. Verses printed in the headings in pa·rentheses are to be memorized.

'

"".r",,, ',"<'d'.','··,· -, -;.~,' ~

,1945 TilE

/

PRESBYTE'BIAN GUARDIAN 79

. . .CHOIR GOWNS

PULPit a08U,,_ -----. ..._ CATALOG .. ___

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many. Simple church weddings withhymns, prayer and a solemn wordfrom the pastor ,are much moreappropriate.

4TH . REV. 19:1-9 (9)Out of the experiences of mar­

riage our appreciation of the love ofChrist and His preparation for usincreases amazingly. When we knowthat marriage is a type of Christ'sunion with the church, we may profit­ably seek spiritual lessons from thisphysical union. Nevertheless, 'weshallstand all amazed even fhen when,clothed in linen clean and white, webehold His face.

-HENRY D. PHILLIPS.

Passports Issuedfor Missionaries

THE United States Department ofState has issued passports for

Mrs. Clarence W. Duff and her chil­dren ana for the Rev. and Mrs. Fran­cis Mahaffy. It is expected that apassport will also be issued to Mrs.Charles E. Stanton and her children,but the issuance was delayed for afew days by technicalities. All ofthem are preparing to sail as mission­aries of The Orthodox PresbyterianChurch to Eritrea, East Africa. Thesecuring of a passport is the secondhurdle in a series of crises which pre­cede ocean voyages nowadays. Thesecuring of a permit of entry toEritrea was the most difficult one,and the securing of passports ranksnext in difficulty and importance. '

The transportation which waspromised still is not entirely arranged.It is the opinion of the Rev. RobertS. Marsden, general secretary of theCommittee on Foreign Missions, thatthe issuance of passports by the StateDepartment indicates that passagewiII be secured in the very nearfuture. No word has been receivedconcerning the promised transporta­tion from Portugal to Egypt and, asfar as is known,' the charter of theboat has not yet been signed. Thetentative date of sailing has thus beenadvanced to March zoth.

Funds for the transportation havebeen received in excellent amounts.with most of the churches stiII to beheard from. To February 28th over$3500 has been received for this pur­pose, and there is every indicationthat the whole amount needed willbe forthcoming.

arresting picture of courage, devotionand love has never been portrayed!Without a God-honoring home andgodly mothers our land would be ina sorry plight. In the midst of thatheartrending scene, stood Jesus'mother. In the throes of His agony,Christ looked down upon her andprovided for her future comfort.

31ST. MARK 15:37-47 (46)Have. you ever thought of what

was happening in the homes of thosewho loved the Lord Jesus Christwhile He was in the grave? Wasthere anguish, despair, fear? Therewas also preparation! Was thereheart-searching and excited self-accu-

. sation? There was also rest (Luke23:56)! In the face of the destructiveforces of today, let our homes berestful and preparing for the launch­ing of greater missionary efforts thanever before.

APRIL 1. I COR. 15:12-24 (20)o glorious mom! Christ our Lord

is risen indeed! So the shout of tri­umphant victory will sound aroundthe world this day in spite of thewars that rage. In Axis homes, aswell as Allied, where the Lord Jesusis loved and honored, there will bea joyous and comforting remem­brance of the first Easter. HeartswiII find comfort in the knowledgethat Christ, the first-fruits, givethpromise of a resurrection when weshall be united with Christian lovedones lost in this war.

2ND. LUKE 10:38-42 (42)At the Bethany home where Laza­

rus lived with his sisters, Mary andMartha, there was a lesson to belearned. It is a lesson appropriatefor our own times. Shall our homesbe geared .to physical or spiritualneeds? Christ teaches us that theone thing needful is the part Maryhad chosen rather than that whichMartha was doing. Responsibilityfor the right emphasis does not restwith the housekeeper alone. Together,plans should be made for giving Christ

. a larger place in the home.3RD. MARK 10:1-12 (7)

While this passage is parallel tothat of' March zoth, there is anotherthought to be emphasized. If mar­riage is a union in which God isactive, surely Christians ought torecognize this in their marriageceremonies. Brief civil services andweddings in which ritual is over-em­phasized both tend to detract fromthe weighty. vows taken at the cere-

rr

The Gospel According to Mark

I. The Preface of MarkII. The Marean Outline of the Public Ministry

III. The Disclosure of the MessiahshipIV. The Conclusion of Mark

The Gospel According to Matthew

V. The Structure of the Earlier Chapters of MatthewVI: The Resurrection Narrative in Matthew

VII. The Authority of the. Old Testament and the Authority of ChristVIII. The Son of Man and the Coming of the Kingdom

THE PRESBYTERIAN GUARDIAN

A "Must" For Your Theological Library!

THE WITNESS OF MATTHEW AND MARK TO CHRISTby

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