7.Chapter 4 final Profile of Mumbai and the …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50918/9/09...102 4.2 Origin and History of Bombay (Mumbai): Today’s Mumbai has grown from

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Profile of Mumbai and the University of Mumbai

4.1 Introduction:

This chapter describes the city of Mumbai and Mumbai University. The

changing socio-economics as well as the environment of the educational system,

which impact the social and ethical values of the youth, are also discussed.

Map No. 4.1 Mumbai City (Grater Mumbai = Mumbai city + Mumbai

Suburban) Study Area

Chapter- Four

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4.2 Origin and History of Bombay (Mumbai):

Today’s Mumbai has grown from cluster of small fishing villages into a

crowded metropolitan that is India’s financial hub and scene of an amazing range of

entrepreneurial activity. In ancient times, it was part of Ashoka’s empire. After his

death, these islands passed into the hands of various Hindu rulers. The Marathi Kolis

and Agris were and are the native inhabitants of Mumbai until 1345

(http://www.mumbainet.com).

Mumbai is the capital city of Maharashtra and one of the India’s busiest

seaports. Till about the sixteenth century Bombay (as Mumbai was originally known

as) consisted of seven islands, namely Culaba, Mazagaon, Old Woman's Island,

Wadala, Mahim, Parel, and Matunga-Sion. Over the centuries this group of islands

was joined together by a series of reclamations of land from the sea.

4.2.1 The Mohammedan Period:

After defeating the kings of Gujarat, the Mohammedans ruled for next two

centuries. Today only the mosque are left at Mahim.

4.2.2 Portuguese Period:

The Portuguese had already possessed many important trading centres on the

western coast such as Panji, Daman, and Diu, took Bombay by force from the

Mohammedans in 1534. They named their new possession as "Bom Baia" which in

Portuguese means "Good Bay" (http://www.mumbainet.com). This led to the

construction the numerous churches in the areas where a majority of Roman Catholics

live. The St. Andrew's church at Bandra (also known as Portuguese Church) is the

only church with a Portuguese-style still stands today. The Portuguese also equipped

their possession by building forts at Sion, Mahim, Bandra, and Bassien. The last,

although in disrepair, can still be seen. The other forts are overrun by encroachments

and in an advanced state of disrepair.

4.2.3 The British Period:

In 1661, King Charles II of England, married Princess Catherine de Braganza

of Portugal; and as part of the dowry, he received Bombay. In 1668 it was handed

over to the East India Company. In 1858, India was brought under the British Rule. A

viceroy was appointed to rule India in the name of the Queen. Bombay came under

the direct rule of the British in 1861. "Bom Baia" was corrupted to Bombay. The

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native Kolis called the islands "Mumba" after Mumbadevi, the Hindu deity to whom a

temple is dedicated at Babulnath near Chow patty’s sandy beaches


The first Parsi to arrive in Bombay was Dorabji Nanabhoy Patel in 1640. The

Parsis, originally from Iran, migrated to India about 900 years ago. This they did to

save their religion, Zoroastrianism, from the attacking Arabs who attempt to convert

in Islam. However, in 1689-90, when the Siddi Chief of Janjira made several attempts

to repossess the islands by force, the son of the former, a trader named Rustomji

Dorabji Patel (1667-1763), successfully warded off the attacks on behalf of the British

with the help of the Kolis, the original fisher-folk inhabitants of these islands. The

remnants of Koli settlements can still be seen at Backbay reclamation, Mahim,

Bandra, Khar, Bassien and Madh Island (http://www.mumbainet.com).

4.2.4 Development of Bombay Island:

The King entrusted the administration of Bombay to the East India Company.

By a Royal Charter under the Regulation XIX of 1827, passed by the British

Government, the Collector of Bombay was made the Chief Controlling Authority of

the Revenue Administration of Bombay. The Collector of Bombay enjoyed vast

authority under the Bombay Land Revenue Act of 1876, which was repealed or

invalid by only in1966 by the Maharashtra Land Revenue Code


4.2.5 Transportation system:

Modern transportation systems made their first appearance in India in

Bombay. The first railway line in India was started between Bombay (VT) and Thane

in 1861 (http://www.mumbainet.com). Today, the road transport system and

commuter trains together transport over 25 million commuters daily. This is one of

the densest in the world.

4.2.6 Major Buildings Construction for various Development Departments:

Likewise, several major events took place in Bombay in the later half of the

19th century. The period also saw hectic construction activity that resulted in several

landmarks: Victoria Terminus, General Post Office, Municipal Corporation, Prince of

Wales Museum, Rajabai Tower and Bombay University, Mumbai High court,

Elphinstone College and Cawasji Jahangir Hall, Crawford Market, Old Secretariat

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(Old Customs House) and the Public Works Department (PWD) Building. These

stand till today and are regarded as important heritage structures. The Gateway of

India was built to commemorate or honour the visit of King George V and Queen

Mary for the Darbar at Delhi in 1911 (http://www.mumbainet.com).

4.2.7 A hub for International Trade and Transport:

The Bombay Port Trust was formed in 1870, Princess Dock was completed in

1885, and Victoria Docks and the Mere weather Dry Docks in 1891. The Alexandra

Dock, which was completed in 1914, was built for the International Sea Trade.

4.3Mumbai in Independent India:

After independence in 1960 the state of Bombay was divided into Maharashtra

and Gujarat states again on linguistic basis, the former retaining Bombay city as its

capital.

4.4 Geography of Mumbai city:

Mumbai comes in the Konkan division, one of among the six administrative

divisions of Maharashtra. Konkan division comprises the whole of coastal

Maharashtra. For administration reasons Mumbai is divided into two districts Mumbai

and Mumbai Suburban. The other districts in the Konkan division are Thane, Raigad,

Ratnagiri and Sindhudurgh.

The term ‘Greater Bombay’ came into force in April, 1950 and now consists

of Mumbai and Mumbai Suburban districts (http://www.mumbainet.com). A

Municipal administration is responsible for Greater Mumbai.

4.5 Location of area:

Mumbai City District lies between 18° 53’north and 19° 16’ north latitude and

72° 46’ east to 70° 59’ east longitude. Mumbai Suburban lies to its north and is

flanked by the Arabian Sea on three sides (Bhatt, 1998, p. 367). Mumbai Suburban is

flanked on two sides by water; the Arabian Sea to the west and the Thane creek on its

eastern boundary. To the north is Thane district and on the south, Mahim creek,

Mumbai City and Thane creek (Bhatt, 1998, p. 445). Greater Bombay is also divided

into three parts the Island City, Eastern Suburbs and the Western suburb (Bhatt, 1998,

p. 370).

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The city occupies an area of 440 sq km. One-fourth of the city lies below sea

level. The city is covered by two ridges of low hills on Culaba's east and west forming

a barrier of sorts from the open sea .The other ridge ends at Malabar Hill 180ft above

sea level, which is also Mumbai's highest point. In between these two ridges directly

north of Culaba lies the bustling fort area.

Mumbai's island location has constrained or forced its ability to spread and

grow over a wide area. Consequently, high-rise buildings dominated the skyline until

the city reached a saturated point. The idea of a twin city was debatable by town

planners and resulted in the development of Navi Mumbai, which lies to the north-

east of Mumbai and covers an area of 345 sq km.

Mumbai extends from Culaba in the south to Mulund and Dahisar in the north

and Mankhurd in the east. Mumbai Suburban is the second smallest district of

Maharashtra, administratively has in its jurisdiction, the part of Mumbai from Bandra

to Dahisar, Kurla (Chunabhatti) to Mulund, and Kurla to Trombay (Turbhe) Creek.

The Mithi River is the main river in the district.

The total area of Mumbai is 603.4 km2 (233 sq. mi) (Ministry of urban

Development (Government of India), p. 33). Of this, the island city covers 67.79 km2

(26 sq mi) while the suburban district spans 370 km2 (143 sq mi) Together, they

account for 437.71 km2 (169 sq. mi) under the administration of Brihanmumbai

Municipal Corporation (BMC). The remaining area belongs to the Defence Ministry,

Mumbai Port Trust, Atomic Energy Commission and Borivali National Park, which

are out of the jurisdiction of the BMC (Department of Relief and Rehabilitation

(Govt.Maharashtra) Mumbai Plan,1.2 Area and Divisions.).

Mumbai lies at the mouth of the Ulhas River. It sits on Salsette Island,

partially shared with the Thane district (Government of Maharashtra, 1960). Mumbai

is bounded by the Arabian Sea to the west (Department of Relief and Rehabilitation

(Govt.of.Maharahstra) Mumbai Plan.1.1 Location). Many parts of the city lie just

above sea level, with elevations or height ranging from 10 m (33 ft) to 15 m (49 ft)

(Krishnamoorthy, 2008); Average elevation is 14 m (46 ft) (" Mumbai,India" Weather

base). Northern Mumbai (Salsette) is hilly (Department of Relief and Rehabilitation

(Govt.of.Maharahstra) Mumbai Plan,1.3.2.2 Salsette Island) and the highest point in

the city is 450 m (1,476 ft) at Salsette in the Powai–Kanheri ranges (Srinivasu &

Pardeshi, 2009). The Sanjay Gandhi National Park (Borivali National Park) is located

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partly in Mumbai Sub-urban district, and partly in Thane extending over an area of

103.09 km2 (39.80 sq mi) (Bapat, 2005, pp. 111-112).

The coastline of the city is curved in with numerous creeks and bays,

stretching from Thane creek on the eastern to Madh Marve on the western front (Sen,

http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-13/mumbai."Security web for city

coastline"., 2008). The eastern side of Salsette Island is covered with large mangrove

swamps, rich in biodiversity, while the western coast is mostly sandy and rocky (Patil,

1957, pp. 45-49).

Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the

sea. In the suburbs, the soil is largely alluvial and loamy (Sen,

http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-13/mumbai."Security web for city

coastline"., 2008). The underlying rock of the region is composed of black Deccan

basalt flows, and their acidic and basic variants dating back to the late Cretaceous and

early Eocene eras (Patil, 1957). The area is classified as a Seismic Zone III region

(India Meterological Department.Sesmic Zoning Map). This is an earthquake prone

area.

4.6 Climate of Mumbai:

Mumbai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate

under the Köppen climate classification, with seven months of dryness and peak rains

in July. The cooler season from December to February is followed by the summer

season from March to June. The period from June to about the end of September

constitutes the south-west monsoon season. October and November form the post-

monsoon season (Government of Maharashtra, 1960, p. 84).

Between June and September, the south west monsoon spontaneous heavy

rains on the city. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, Mumbai

receives rains from the north-east monsoon in October and November. The maximum

annual rainfall ever recorded was 3,452 mm (136 in) for 1954 (Department of Relief

and Rehabilitation (Govt.of.Maharahstra) Mumbai Plan,1.4 Climate and Rainfall).

The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37 in) on 26, July 2005.

Average annual temperature is 27.2 C (81 F). In the Island City, the average

maximum temperature is 31.2 C (88 F), while the average minimum temperature is

23.7 C (75 °F). In the suburbs, the daily mean maximum temperature ranges from

29.1 C (84 F) to 33.3 C (92 °F), while the daily mean minimum temperature ranges

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from 16.3 C (61 F) to 26.2C (79 F) (Department of Relief and Rehabilitation

(Govt.of.Maharahstra) Mumbai Plan,1.4 Climate and Rainfall). The record high was

40.2 C (104 F) on 28 March, 1982, and record low 7.4 C (45 F) on 27 January, 1962

(Mumbai still cold. The Times of India, 2008).

4.7 Mumbai’s Population:

Mumbai is one of the most populated cities in the world. It is home to more

than 20.4 million people. Like other metros of India, the population of Mumbai has

also grown rapidly in last 20 years. It is one of the largest cities of India in terms of

population, business and trade activities. A majority of Mumbai's population are

migrants from other states of India who came here in search of better employment

opportunities and stayed on. In fact, migration is one of the main factors contributing

to Mumbai’s rising population.

Mumbai provides a range of opportunities that are not found in other parts of

India for the realization of one's dreams. Therefore, it is no surprise that people from

all parts of India should come here and make the city their home. Thus, Mumbai

became the melting pot of Indian cultures and has developed a uniquely cosmopolitan

culture.

Mumbai’s citizens represent nearly all the religions practiced in India and

many from abroad. Hindus are the majority (67.39%). Muslims (18.56%) form the

second largest religious group in the city. They are followed by Buddhists (5.22%),

Christians (4.2%), and Jains (3.99%). Sikhs (0.58%) also have a significance presence

in Mumbai. The small number Parsis and Jews make up the rest of the population.

The linguistic/ethnic demographics are like Maharashtrians, Gujaratis, and the

rest from other parts of India. Native Christians include East Indian (ethnic group)

Catholics who were converted by the Portuguese during the 18th & 19th centuries

(Baptista, 1967, p. 5). The city also has a small native Bene Israeli Jewish community,

who migrated from the Persian Gulf or Yemen probably 1600 years ago (Strizower,

1971, p. 15).

Mumbai is also home to the largest population of Parsi Zoroastrians in the

world, numbering about 80,000. The Parsis migrated to India from Pars (Persia/Iran)

following the Islamic conquest of Iran in the 7th century AD

(http://www.managemnettodya.co.uk. " The World's successful Diaspors".). The

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oldest Muslim communities in Mumbai include the Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas

and Konkani Muslims (Bates, 2003, p. 266).

According to the 2011 census, Mumbai City district has a population of

3,145,966. Roughly equal to the population of Mongolia or the US state of Iowa.

Population density is 20,038 inhabitants per square kilometre (51,900 /sq mi).

Population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was -5.75 %. Mumbai City has a

sex ratio of 838 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 88.48 %. Of this

population, over 50 per cent are slum and pavement dwellers, occupying, by many

calculations, a mere 8 per cent of Mumbai’s land area. Thus, Mumbai is a city that is

often represented as a study in contrasts where well-off high-rise apartments side poor

infrastructural-deprived slum settlements

(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_City_district#cite_note-districtcensus-0).

4.8 The business capital and employment centre of India:

The Stock Exchange at Bombay was established in 1875 as "The Native Share

and Stockbrokers Association", which evolved over the decades to its present status as

the premier stock exchange in India. BSE is India's largest Stock Exchange and ranks

the third largest in the world. Today, Mumbai is the financial and business capital of

India.

Mumbai is the India’s largest and the busiest port, handling India's foreign

trade and also a major International airport. Description about Mumbai/Bombay

cannot be complete without the mention of its film industry. Bollywood, as it is

known, produces hundreds of Hindi films every year and has developed a unique sub-

culture.

In GDP terms, Mumbai is the world's 38th largest city. It is a crucial economic

hub and contributes 10% of all factory employment, 40% of all income tax

collections, 60% of all customs duty collections, 20% of all central excise tax

collections, 40% of India's foreign trade and Rs. 40 billion (US$ 800 million) in

corporate taxes. Mumbai's per-capita income is Rs. 48,954 (US$ 980) which is almost

three times the national average.

Many of India's numerous firms and business (including State Bank of India,

LIC, Tata Group, Godrej and Reliance), and five of Fortune’s Global 500 companies

are based in Mumbai. Many foreign banks and financial institutions have branches in

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Mumbai. The World Trade Centre (Mumbai) is the most prominent location for

international banking and finance.

Until the 1980s, Mumbai was outstanding in its prosperity largely to textile

mills and the seaport, but the local economy has since diversified to include

engineering, diamond-polishing, healthcare and information technology.

It is home to the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) and most of India's

highly specialized industries having modern infrastructure and a vast pool of skilled

human resources. Rising venture capital firms, start-ups and established brands work

in aerospace, optical engineering, medical research, computers and electronic

equipment of all varieties, shipbuilding and salvaging, renewable energy and power.

4.9 Employment Capital of India:

State and central government employees make up a large percentage of the

city's workforce. Mumbai also has a large pool unskilled, semi-skilled and self-

employed population, who primarily earn their livelihood as hawkers, taxi drivers,

mechanics and other such blue collar occupations. The port and shipping industry

employs many residents, directly or indirectly.

In Dharavi, central Mumbai (Suburban), there is a growing recycling industry

processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city. Dharavi has an

estimated 15,000 single-room factories.

The media and entertainment industry is another major employer in Mumbai.

Most of India's major television and satellite networks, as well as its major publishing

houses, are headquartered here. Marathi television and Marathi film industry are also

based in Mumbai.

Mumbai provides a striking example of a new ‘global city’ characterized by

the growth of financial sector and a corresponding decline in the manufacturing sector

and the active political soliciting of foreign investment.

Since the early 1990s, Mumbai’s landscape changed with globalization. Like

in other parts of the country post-liberalization, there has been an increasing in

formalization of labour. Simultaneously, the spaces of the former textiles mills were

rapidly encroached upon by the icons of globalisation like multi-storeyed residential

complexes, national and global business centres, shopping malls, coffee shops,

multiplex cinemas and global clothing and food brands, etc.

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In this global city, there are large swathes of population who are seen as

obstacles to its progress and are, consequently, cast out as unwanted or

‘untouchables’. Beggars, Hawkers, slum dwellers, sex workers, bar dancers, etc are

some of them who are looked at with distrust and dislike. They are seen as

“encroachers” taking up land and using infrastructure they are not ‘entitled’ to. Thus,

slum dwellers, which make up 60 per cent of Mumbai’s population, are treated as

being less than full citizens.

4.10 Transportation in Mumbai

4.10.1 Roadway:

Mumbai is connected to the rest of the country by National Highway 3, 4, 8,

17 and 222 of India's National Highways system (National Highways Authority of

India (NHAI)., 2010). The Mumbai-Pune Expressway was the first expressway built

in India, The Western Freeway and the Eastern Freeway has reduced travel time

within the city.

The Bandra-Worli Sea Link Bridge, along with the Mahim Causeway links the

island city to its western suburbs. The three major road of the city are the Eastern

Express Highway from Sion to Thane, the Sion Panvel Expressway from Sion to

Panvel and the Western Express Highway from Bandra to Borivali. The Eastern

freeway from Yellow Gate to Chembur towards new Mumbai and Ghatkopar was

recently opened to traffic.

4.10.2 Taxis and rickshaws

Mumbai had about in an around 1.53 million vehicle including black and

yellow taxis and auto rickshaws are available for transportation. Auto rickshaws are

allowed to operate only in the suburban areas of Mumbai, while taxis are allowed to

operate throughout Mumbai. However, taxis generally operate in South Mumbai.

The public transport system is the lifeline of Mumbai. The Brihanmumbai

Electricity Supply and Transport Undertaking (BEST) is a public transport service

and electricity provider for Mumbai. BEST runs an extensive network of buses in

Mumbai and neighbouring Thane. The services are convenient and inexpensive.

Tonga (horse cart) seen at night in the Marine Drive road.

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4.10.3 Railway:

Mumbai is the headquarters of Central and Western Railways. Mumbai is

well-served by rail connectivity to all major Indian cities and to several other places.

However, it is the local (commuter) train services that carry millions of Mumbai

residents to and from their places of work. It has the highest passenger densities of

any urban railway system in the world.

4.10.4. Metro and Monorail:

Mumbai is the India’s first city to start Monorail for local transportation.

Currently it runs from Chembur to Wadala in first phase, Second phase will be start

soon from Wadala to Byculla.

After Calcutta and Delhi, Mumbai also have started Metro Rail Knows as

(Mumbai Metro/Reliance Metro). Metro-1 runs from Ghatkopar to Varsova, Metro-2

and 3 has sanctioned and it will run from Dahisar –Charkop-Bandra-Mankhurd, 3-

will run from Culaba-Bandra-Seepz.

4.10.5 Air Services

Mumbai is an international airport. Many international airlines operate flights

to and from Mumbai from various parts of the world. The Chatrapati Shivaji

International Airport (formerly Sahara International Airport) is the second busiest

airport in India in terms of passenger traffic (" AAI trafiic figures" ).

New Mumbai (Panvel) will be having newly upcoming International airport to

reduce the burden on Mumbai airport.

4.10.6 Seaway:

Mumbai is served by two major ports, Mumbai Port Trust and Jawaharlal

Nehru Port Trust, which lies just across the creek in Navi Mumbai

(http://www.webcitation.org). Mumbai Port has one of the best natural harbours in the

world, and has extensive wet and dry dock accommodation facilities (Chittar, 1973, p.

65). The city is also the headquarters of the Western Naval Command, and also an

important base for the Indian Navy.

Water bus: due to heavy burden on road and rail traffic govt. Have decided to

launce or introduce traditional transportation system, i.e transportation trough water

with waterbus for local transportation. Transportation by sheep is going on but not in

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massive way, to improve the water transportation and use water resources for

transport this system is under testing.

4.10.7 Sea-airway:

Though Mumbai has huge costal line and water resources, but it is not used for

public transportation. Recently from the tourism point of view sea-airway lancing is

been testing out from Mumbai to Pune, Mumbai-to Nasik, Mumbai to Shirdi to attract

the tourist for reducing their time to reach these places within short period of time.

4.11 A scene for Major Social movements

4.11.1 Alteration the city Name:

The name Mumbai is derived from Mumba or Maha-Amba the name of the

Koli goddess Mumbadevi and Aai, "mother" in Marathi (Bapat, 2005, p. 6). The

oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja; these are still used

sometimes (Patel & Masselos, 2003, p. 4). (Shirodkar, 1998, pp. 3-7) noted that Ali

Muhammad Khan, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi (1507), referred to the city as Manbai. In

1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da

India (Legends of India). This name possibly originated from the Old Portuguese

phrase “bom baim”, meaning "good little bay" Bombaim is still commonly used in

Portuguese (Yule & Burnell, 1996, p. 103). In 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte

Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu: Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of

Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi (Shirodkar, 1998, p. 2). Other variations recorded

in the 16th and the 17th centuries include: Mombayn (1525), Bombay (1538),

Bombain (1552), Bombaym (1552), Monbaym (1554), Mombaim (1563), Mombaym

(1644), Bambaye (1666), Bombaiim (1666), Bombeye (1676), and Boon Bay (1690)

(Yule & Burnell, 1996, pp. 103-104).

After the British gained possession of the city in the 17th century, the

Portuguese name was officially anglicised to Bombay (Government of Maharashtra,

1960, p. 6). By the late 20th century, the city was known as Mumbai or Mambai to

speakers of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi speakers, and as Bambai

in Hindi, Persian and Urdu. Previously Mumbai was known as Cotton Mill’s city

(GIRAN GAON) because of the presence of large number cotton mills, which

provided employment to a significant proportion of the population.

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Bombay officially became Mumbai in November, 1995. Shiv Sena the

Marathi regional party during their Govt. Played crucial role for name change.

However, the city is still referred to as Bombay by some of its residents and Indians

from other regions as well. However, (Sorabji, 2009) mention of the city by any

name other than Mumbai have been controversial, resulting in emotional outbursts

sometimes of a violently political nature.

The name change itself was perceived to be politically motivated chauvinistic

move. Sujata Patel (2003) points out that though the term 'Mumbai' been in use in

both Marathi and Gujarati, and in Hindi the city was referred to as 'Bambai', Bombay

was associated with the multi-ethnic, multi-lingual cosmopolitanism that signified a

bourgeois class-based modernity.

4.11.2 Major Political Center of India:

4.11.2.1 Birth Place of Indian National Congress Party:

Mumbai was the birthplace of the Indian National Congress, now known as

the Congress Party. The first session of the Indian National Congress was held in

Bombay. The city played host to the Indian National Congress meetings six times

during its first 50 years, and became a strong base for the Indian independence

movement during the 20th century (David, 1995, p. 125).

4.11.3. Samyukta (United) Maharashtra Movement:

The Hutatma Chowk memorial was built to honour the martyrs of the

Samyukta (United) Maharashtra movement (Flora Fountain is on its left in the

background). After India's independence in 1947, the Bombay Presidency was

restructured into Bombay State. The area of Bombay State increased after several

princely states joined the Indian union and were integrated into it. Subsequently,

Bombay became the capital of Bombay State (Office of the Registrar General (India),

1961). On April 1950, the municipal limits of Bombay were expanded by merging

the Bombay Suburban District and Bombay City to form Greater Bombay Municipal

Corporation ("Administration" Mumbai Suburban District.).

The aim of the Samyukta Maharashtra movement was to create a separate

Maharashtra state including Bombay. The movement reached a peak in the 1950s. In

the Lok-Sabha discussions in 1955, the Congress party demanded that the city be

constituted as an autonomous city-state. The States Reorganisation Committee

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recommended a bilingual state of Maharashtra–Gujarat with Bombay as its capital.

The Bombay Citizens' Committee, an advocacy group of leading Gujarati

industrialists lobbied for Bombay's independent status (Guha, Ramachandran 2007).

Violent protests broke out, which lead to 105 people being killed in police

action. Finally, Bombay State was reorganized on linguistic lines on 1st May, 1960.

(Govt.of. India, “Gujarat and Maharashtra”)Gujarati-speaking areas of Bombay State

were grouped in one state, Gujarat. Maharashtra, with Bombay as its capital, was

formed with the merger of Marathi-speaking areas of Bombay State, eight districts

from the Central Provinces and Berar, five districts from Hyderabad State, and

numerous princely states enclosed by them. As a memorial to the martyrs of the

Samyukta Maharashtra movement, Flora Fountain was renamed as Hutatma Chowk

(Martyr's Square), and a memorial was erected.

4.11.4. Rise of Regional Political Parties in Bombay:

The 1960s saw the rise of regional politics in Bombay with the formation of

the Shiv Sena on 19 June, 1966, which was the result of widespread, resentment real

and imaginary over the relative marginalization of the native Marathi-speaking people

of Bombay (http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com, 2005). The party was at the

forefront of a violent campaign to expel South and North Indians migrants by force

(http://www.hindu.com, 2008). The Congress had dominated the politics of Bombay

from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Bombay

municipal corporation elections.

In 1989, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), a major national political party,

forged an electoral alliance with the Shiv Sena to dislodge the Congress in the

Maharashtra Legislative Assembly elections. In 1999, the Nationalist Congress Party

(NCP) separated from the Congress, but later allied with the Congress, to form the

Democratic Front (Singh, 2006, pp. 315-316). Today, other parties such as

Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS), Samajwadi Party (SP), Bahujan Samaj Party

(BSP), RPI (A), other RPI groups, MIM and several independent candidates also

contest elections in the city.

4.11.5. Communal Riots of 1992

Mumbai’s first major communal riots after independence were witnessed in

1992-93. The resulting two decades have seen an increase in violence up till now

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largely peaceful city. Following the demolition of the Babari Masjid in Ayodhya, the

city was rocked by Hindu-Muslim riots of 1992–93 in which several people were

killed. On 12 March 1993, a series of 13 co-ordinated bombings at several city

landmarks by Islamic extremists and the Bombay’s underworld resulted in deaths and

injuries of city people largely. In the subsequent years there were bomb explosions

that were set off by terrorist groups that claimed hundreds of lives. 26/11 In 2008, a

series of ten coordinated attacks by armed terrorists for three days resulted in 173

deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to a couple of heritage landmarks and

prestigious hotels (Press Information Bureaue (Government of India), 2008).

4.12 Mumbai, an important hub of Education

Schools in Mumbai are either run by the BMC or are private schools (run by

trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial help from the

government. The schools are affiliated either with the Maharashtra State Board

(MSBSHSE), the all-India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations

(CISCE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) or the Central Board for

Secondary Education (CBSE) boards (Mukherji, 2008). Government run public

schools lack many facilities, but are the only option for poorer residents who cannot

afford the more expensive private schools (Kak, 2004).

Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then

enroll for two years in junior college, where they select one of three streams: arts,

commerce, or science. This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen

field of study, or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering and medicine.

Most colleges in the city are affiliated with the University of Mumbai, one of the

largest universities in the world in terms of the number of graduates.

The Indian Institute of Technology (Bombay), Veermata Jijabai Technological

Institute (VJTI), University Institute of Chemical Technology (UICT) which are

India's premier engineering and technology schools, and SNDT Women's University

are the other autonomous universities in Mumbai. Grant Medical College established

in 1845 and Seth G.S. Medical College are the leading medical institutes affiliated

with Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals and KEM Hospital respectively.

Mumbai is also home to National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE),

Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), S P Jain Institute of

Management and Research and several other management schools. Government Law

116

College and Sydenham College, respectively the oldest law and commerce colleges in

India, are based in Mumbai. The Sir J. J. School of Art is Mumbai's oldest art

institution.

Two prominent research institutions, the Tata Institute of Fundamental

Research (TIFR), and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) are situated in

Mumbai. The BARC operates CIRUS, a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their

facility in Trombay.

4.13 Festivals

The cosmopolitan nature of Mumbai is reflected in the festivals the people

participate in: Major festivals that People from Mumbai celebrate i.e. Holi (festival of

colours), Ganesh festival, Gokul Ashtami (Human pyramids), Navratri

(Dandy/Garbha-Ras), Dussehra (Vijayadashami), Diwali, Christmas, were as Muslims

celebrate Ramzan and Id. The small but influential community of Parsis observe their

New Year, Navroze, between July and August.

4.14 The Uniqueness of Mumbai

For all the challenges of accommodation and long commutes of Mumbai as

well as its intimidating energy, the city’s residents take great pride in belonging to it.

1. Residents of Mumbai proudly call themselves Mumbaikars, Mumbaiites or

Bombayites.

2. Mumbai’s multilingual population is unlike any other metropolitan city in India.

3. Marathi, the native and official language of Maharashtra state, is widely spoken

and understood in the city.

4. Sixteen major Indian languages of India are spoken in Mumbai, the most common

ones being Marathi, Hindi, Gujarati and English (Pai, 2005, p. 1804).

5. English is extensively spoken and is the principal language of the city's white-

collar workforce.

6. A conversational form of Hindi, known as Bambaiya a blend of Marathi, Hindi,

and Gujarati, Konkani, Urdu, Indian English and some invented words is spoken

on the streets.

7. Dharavi, Asia's second largest slum (if Karachi's Orangi Town is counted as a

single slum is located in central Mumbai and houses between 800,000 to one

million people, in 2.39 square kilometres, making it one of the most densely

117

populated areas on Earth with a population density of at least 334,728 persons per

square kilometre (http://www.Dharavislums).

8. The buildings here are of British era and built in Gothic style. The two main

stations VT (now known as CST) and Churchgate, the India Government Mint,

the Reserve Bank, the General Post Office, the Bombay Stock Exchange, the

Tourist office, private offices, banks etc. are all located here.

9. Major Religious festivals have acquired secular characteristics with cross-

community participation.

4.15 A brief History of the University of Mumbai

The University of Mumbai (earlier known as University of Bombay) is one of

the oldest and premier

upon "Wood's Education Dispatch", and is one amongst the first three Universities

India. It came to be known by its current name through a Government notification in

September 1996 after Bomba

The University has carved several achievements during the 148 years of its

existence. It is regarded as the intellectual and moral powerhouse Mumbai’s society.

The University has always given its best to the country and to the city of Mumbai by

enthusiastically shouldering an ever

From its beginnings as a teaching institution at undergraduate level, the

University took up research and the task of imparting instructions at the Post

Graduate level. This result

beginning with the School of Sociology and Civics & Politics. Independence led to

the re-organization of the functions and powers of the University with the passing of

the Bombay University Act of 1953.

The University of Mumbai strives to produce eligible human resources in

maximum numbers for the benefit of society and industry. It is also one of the most

preferred study destinations in India. The university has two campuses acquiring 230

Jurisdiction and reach of

Mumbai University

118

Part - II

A brief History of the University of Mumbai:


the oldest and premier Universities in India. It was established in 1857 consequent

upon "Wood's Education Dispatch", and is one amongst the first three Universities

It came to be known by its current name through a Government notification in

September 1996 after Bombay became Mumbai.

Map No.4.2




cally shouldering an ever-growing load of social values and opportunities.


University took up research and the task of imparting instructions at the Post

Graduate level. This resulted in the establishment of the University Departments


organization of the functions and powers of the University with the passing of

the Bombay University Act of 1953.




Thane

Mumbai

Raigad

Ratnagiri

Sindhudurg


Universities in India. It was established in 1857 consequent

upon "Wood's Education Dispatch", and is one amongst the first three Universities in

It came to be known by its current name through a Government notification in




growing load of social values and opportunities.


University took up research and the task of imparting instructions at the Post-

ed in the establishment of the University Departments


organization of the functions and powers of the University with the passing of




119

acres and 13 acres of land area. The University has two postgraduate centers, 354

affiliated colleges, and 36 departments under different faculties. The University of

Mumbai has established excellent ties with various industry houses and offers

different professional courses according to industrial requirements.

The University of Mumbai has 8 faculties and 1 school under which various

teaching department functions. These are:

• Faculty of Arts

• Faculty of Commerce

• Faculty of Law

• Faculty of Dentistry

• Faculty of Fine Arts

• Faculty of Science

• Faculty of Technology

• Faculty of Medicine

• J.B.I.M.S

Being one of the oldest institutions in India for higher education the University

of Mumbai boasts of a large pool of proud alumni spread across globe. The architect

of the Indian constitution, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, Mahatma Gandhi, Miss Universe

Aishwarya Rai, the noted scientist, R.A. Mashelkar, Lal Krishna Advani are some of

the distinguished alumni of the University of Mumbai.

The University of Mumbai offers ranges of courses in varied disciplines of

humanities, sciences, arts, commerce, technology, and allied disciplines. Whole

ranges of regular courses are offered. Besides, university also offers various

professionals and vocational programs through part time, online, and distance learning

mode.

The success of a successful institution depends primarily on the success of its

students and University of Mumbai is not an exception to this. The university has

large pool of alumni who served or are serving different sections of society, business,

knowledge, polity and others. The University of Mumbai has credit to produce some

world-renowned personalities; following is given names along with profession of

some of them (Annexure-4).

The uniqueness of study area and the kind of values inculcated within the

youth student taking education at P.G level in Mumbai University it is resulted in

development aspect of Mumbai youth.

The next chapter made an attempt to review the available literature in various

forms and try to find the gaps in between them which the concern of this study.

Documents

7.Chapter 4 final Profile of Mumbai and the …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/50918/9/09...102 4.2 Origin and History of Bombay (Mumbai): Today’s Mumbai has grown from