5 Editorial6 The Universe6 Theories of Space7 The Space and Outer Space9 Modern Astronomy

10 Astronomical Terms11 The World of Sound12 Galaxies14 Our Home Galaxy : The Milky Way15 The World of Stars17 Constellations18 Magnitudes18 Life of a Star20 The Solar System21 Other Planetary Systems22 The Sun24 The Inner Planets27 The Outer Planets30 Satellites or Moons31 The Earth’s Moon32 Satellites34 The Comets36 The Asteroids36 Shooting Star or Meteoroids38 The Earth38 The Origin of the Earth41 The Age of the Earth42 Movements of the Earth43 Spherical Coordinates of Earth46 The Time48 The Time Zones49 The Internal Structure of the Earth52 Lithosphere56 Continental Drift58 Plate Tectonics60 Landforms64 Exogenetic (Exogenic) Forces65 Unconformity67 Earthquakes

72 Effusive Magmatism or Volcanism73 Effusive Magmatism73 Volcanic Structures77 Intrusive Magmatism or Plutonism79 Major Land Surface Types81 Deserts83 Islands85 Gradation or Denudation85 Weathering88 Erosion89 Denudation and Accumulation Agents90 The Wind90 Waters of the Surface Run-off92 Waters of the Sub-surface Flow97 Snow and Ice

100 Geographic Distribution ofContemporary Glaciers

104 The Hydrosphere104 The World Ocean : General106 Relief Features of the World Ocean

Floor110 The Temperature of the Sea Water111 Salinity of Oceanic and Sea Waters112 Chemical Composition of Seas and

Oceans113 Gases in Oceanic and Sea Waters114 Organic Marine Life115 Sea Water Pressure and Density115 The Movement of the Sea Water117 Tides120 Ocean Currents121 General Information about Rivers123 Major Riverside Cities124 Longest Rivers of the World125 Highest Waterfalls of the World128 Lakes136 Swamps and Their Geological

Significance

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139 The Atmosphere139 The Significance of our Atmosphere140 Atmospheric Layers143 Atmospheric Elements143 Solar Energy144 Heating of the Atmosphere145 The Heat Energy Budget146 Air Temperature147 Temperature of the Atmosphere148 Vertical Distribution of Temperature150 Horizontal Distribution of Temperature152 Atmospheric Pressure152 Measurement of Air Pressure154 Variations in Atmospheric Pressure157 Wind158 The Wind Systems162 Air-Masses167 Tropical Low Pressure Systems168 Special Winds171 Land and Sea Breezes172 Some Other Winds174 Humidity and Precipitation174 Water-Vapour in the Atmosphere175 Instability177 Condensation179 Types of Fog180 Clouds182 Rainfall184 Types of Rainfall186 Other Forms of Precipitation188 Climatic Types189 Climatic Types196 Biosphere200 Ecology204 Pollution206 Antipollution Measures207 Evolution207 Geological History

208 The Pre-Cambrian Era209 Palaeozoic Era209 Mesozoic Era209 Caenozoic Era210 Quaternary Era211 Geological and Biological Changes217 Human Geography220 Life in Tropical Deserts223 Tribes in India230 Races of World231 World Population236 Population Problems238 Urban Settlements239 Economic Geography240 Agriculture253 Industries258 Transport and Communication263 Geography of India264 Rivers264 Main Rivers of India268 Climate269 Vegetation271 Soils272 Source of Irrigations273 Multipurpose Projects in India278 Agriculture286 Minerals288 Major Industries293 Environmental Degradation297 India’s Population–2011 (Final)299 Final Population Table of Census of

India–2011300 Working and Non-Working Population

of India Census–2011301 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled

Tribe Population of IndiaCensus–2011

302 Some Special Facts on Population2011

314 Objective Questions

Geography / 4

The concurrence of the views of the Editor is not necessary for any matter or figure published in Pratiyogita Darpan. —Editor