7th GradeEnglish

Sentence UnitList of Terms and Examples

(page 1) List of Prepositions

about above across after againstalong

amid among around at atop

before behind below beneathbeside

between beyond but by

concerning down during exceptfor from

Prepositions in inside into

like near

of off on onto out outside over

past regarding since

through throughout to toward

under underneath until up upon

with within without

• A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought.

• A sentence must have a subject (the noun or pronoun that names the person, place, or thing the subject is about) and a predicate (the verb that tells what the subject does or is) and may contain other elements

• Example Viking society had a number of classes.

Review Terms• Pronoun – a word that takes the place of a

nounPersonal PronounsI, me, we, us, you, he, him, she, her, it, they, them

Verb – a word that expresses action or state of being

Linking Verbs (p.186) – am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

Types of Sentences• Declarative Sentence – make a statement; is

followed by a period• Exclamatory Sentence – expresses strong or

sudden emotion; followed by an exclamation mark

• Interrogative Sentence – asks a question; followed by a question mark

Types of Sentences

• Imperative Sentence – gives a command or makes a request; followed by a period

In most imperative sentences the subject is not present and is understood to be “you”

Example Go to the store. (you)Please pick up the papers. (you)

• Simple Sentence – contains one subject and one predicate. Either or both may be compound.

• Complex Sentence – contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses

-dependent clause – does not express a complete thought and cannot stand on its own.

-independent clause – expresses a complete thought; contains a subject and a predicate.

• Compound Sentence – contains two or more independent clauses.

-clauses in a compound sentence are usually connected by a conjunction (and, or, but, so, nor, yet) or by a conjunctive adverb.

Add list to sticky note – place note on this page

Add list to sticky note – place note on this pageConjunctive Adverbs

also laterbesides likewiseconsequently moreoverfinally neverthelessfurthermore nonethelesshence stillhowever thereforeindeed thereforeinstead thus

Sentence Elements• Appositive – a word or group of words that

follows a noun or pronoun in a sentence and renames it

• Direct Object – the receiver of the action of the verb

a noun or object pronoun (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) can be used as a direct object

• Indirect Object – is a noun or object pronoun that tells to whom, for whom, to what, or for what the action in a sentence is done

Sentence Elements• Object Complement – follows a direct object

and completes the thought expressed by the verb

• Subject Complement – a word that completes the meaning of a sentence that has a linking verb

Sentence Elements Examples

APPOSITIVEKanisha Taylor, the president of our class, will

make the first speech.

DIRECT OBJECTNathan helped him with his homework.

INDIRECT OBJECTI gave him a present.

Sentence Elements Examples

OBJECT COMPLEMENTThey elected Jim president.

SUBJECT COMPLEMENTThe winner was Helen.

SILENT READING

Verb Phrases

• Helping(Auxiliary Verbs)– Do does did– Has have had– Am is are was were be being been– May must might– Should could would – Shall will canVerb phrases consist of two or more verbsauxiliary verb + main verb = verb phrase

Verb Phrasescopy down each sentence – skip lines

1. Will you answer the phone?2. Dr. Jones must have shown your sister the x-rays.3. Peter should not have stayed at the park.4. My student has had strep throat three times.5. They could fix the light after working hours.6. I’m searching for the word in the dictionary.

Verb Phrasescopy down each sentence – skip lines

1. Will you answer the phone?Verb phrases separated by the subject you2. Dr. Jones must have shown your sister the x-rays.Two auxiliary verbs must have3. Peter should not have stayed at the park.Not is an adverb. Verb phrase = should have stayed4. My student has had strep throat three times.5. They could fix the light after working hours.2. I’m searching for the word in the dictionary. (I’m = I am)Subject = IVerb phrase am searching

Adjective and Adverb Clauses

• Adjective Clause– An adjective clause is a dependent clause used as

an adjective– Usually begins with a relative pronoun (who,

whom, whose, which, what) or a subordinate conjunction (where, when, why)

– Examples– This bus, which is at our stop, will be going

downtown.– This is the movie that I told you about.– Spring is the time when birds build their nests.

Adjective and Adverb Clauses

• Adverb Clauses– An adverb clause is a dependent clause used as an

adverb.– It modifies a verb, an adverb, or an adjective– It is introduced by a subordinate conjunction (after,

although, as, because, before, if, since, so that, unless, until, when, whenever, wherever, whether, while)

• Examples– Don’t start the test until I give the signal.– Although the children were tired, they didn’t want to go

to bed.– When I heard the phone ring, I ran into the kitchen to

answer it.

Clauses – Restrictive and Nonrestrictive

• Restrictive clause that helps identify a certain person, place, or thing and is a necessary part of the sentence

• Nonrestrictive adds information about the word it modifies and is not necessary to the sentence

*separated from the rest of the sentence by commas

Clauses – Restrictive and Nonrestrictive

• The ball that was auctioned was signed by Michael Jordan. Restrictive

• Water lilies, which grow in ponds and lakes, live on the surface of water. Nonrestrictive

Adjective & Adverb Phrases

• Phrase – a group of words that does not have a subject and a verb

• A prepositional phrase consists of a preposition, its object, and any modifiers of the object

• An adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun

• An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase that modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb

Quiz – Tuesday, 9/23

• Adjective Phrases and Clauses 115-116• Adverb Phrases and Clauses 115+119• Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses 117

• WB 11810. World Food Day, whose purpose is to make people aware of the fight against hunger, occurs on October 16.

WB 12010. If you want a good snack, try a banana.

Sentence Unit Test• Phrases adjective and adverb 115• Clauses adjective and adverb116-120/

restrictive and nonrestrictive 117/dependent and independent notes

• Subjects and predicates simple and complete 113-114

• Types of sentences– Interrogative, declarative, exclamatory,

imperative111-112– Simple, compound, and complex126-130

Sentence Types

1. The boys are going to plan a picnic2. Plan a picnic, boys3. Are the boys going to plan a picnic4. Wow, this was the best picnic you boys have

ever planned

Sentence Types

1. The boys are going to plan a picnic. declarative

2. Plan a picnic, boys. imperative3. Are the boys going to plan a picnic?

interrogative4. Wow, this was the best picnic you boys have

ever planned! exclamatory

Simple, compound, and complex sentences

a. My friend invited me to a dance. I do not want to go.

b. My friend invited me to a dance, but I do not want to go.

c. Although my friend invited me to a dance, I do not want to go.

Simple, compound, and complex sentences

a. My friend invited me to a dance. I do not want to go. simple

b. My friend invited me to a dance, but I do not want to go. compound

c. Although my friend invited me to a dance, I do not want to go. complex

Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Clauses

1. Wisconsin, which is famous for cheese production, is the country’s largest cranberry producer.

2. The biography that I just finished reading is excellent.

Adjective Clauses

1. Spring is the time when birds build their nests.

2. Carrots, which are easy to grow yourself, are rich in key vitamins .

Adverb Clauses

1. If you and I help, others will volunteer their time too.

2. During the holiday celebrations, few people worked unless the job was really necessary.

Name 9/25/14English 7-1 p.460

Sentence Challenge#1-2, 4-9, 11Answers onlyDo not do #3,7,10

3. The Lydians, who invented coins, began to use money in 700 BC.

1. Before coins and bills were invented, people previously bartered goods.

2. The Chinese introduced paper money, which was first used in the eighth century AD.

4. Although much currency in history has been made of paper or metal, people have also used other items.