7. Terrorism

8/15/2019 7. Terrorism

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Terrorism in globalization eraTerrorism in globalization era


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Terrorism – history and definitionTerrorism – history and definition

TERROR – Latin word meaning „fear”

Method of political war since the

beginning of the world history:

Ancient history (case of Ceasar)French reol!tion ("acobins)


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Terrorism in prime: XIX/XX century

attac#s on heads of states

Tsar Alexander II (several attacks, last

successful one in !!"

#resident of t$e %&A 'cinley ()*+"

#rince rancis erdinand ()-"


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)+* .)-*ies era of terror in 0ermany and %&&R

)1*ies era of diplomatic terrorism 2e33inin3 of t$e Islamic terrorism

)!*ies idea of suicide 2om2ers

4evelopment of t$e terrorist or3ani5ations


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What is terrorism?What is terrorism?

$%& different definitions of terrorism('chmidt and o!ngman „Political Terrorism” )

ords appearing in definitions: iolence* force +,-./ political 0./ fear* emphasis on terror .$/ threats 12/

psychological effects 1$-./ discrepancy between

the targets and the ictims ,2-./ intentional* planned*

organi3ed action ,4/


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Different definitionsDifferent definitions

6e2ster7s %niversity 4ictionary:systematic !se of iolence* terror* and intimidation to

achiee an end (goal)

8I :!nlawf!l !se of force or iolence against persons or

property to intimidate or coerce a goernment* theciilian pop!lation* or any segment thereof* inf!rtherance of political or social ob5ecties-


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General concept of terrorismGeneral concept of terrorism

Terrorism is t$e intentional use of,

or t$reat to use violence

a3ainst civilians or

a3ainst civilian tar3ets,

in order to attain political aims

6oa3 7anor* 8irector of the 9nternational olicy 9nstit!te for Co!nter;


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International terrorismInternational terrorism

%& &tate 4epartment

9nternational terrorism is terrorismcond!cted with the s!pport of a foreign

goernment or organi3ation and = or

directed against foreign nationals*instit!tions or goernments


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Why is it so difficult to define terrorism?Why is it so difficult to define terrorism?

One man9s terrorist is anot$er man9s freedom fi3$ter


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Types of terrorismTypes of terrorism

#olitical terrorism: 2ased on 3overnmental, state,political, territorial pro2lems

riminal terrorism: 2ased on material motivations(ransom, 2lackmail"

Individual terrorism: aimed at an individual, specificperson (politician, 2usinessman"

ollective terrorism: aimed at accidentalcommunity (metro stations, 2uildin3s"


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Major organizationsMajor organizations

considered terrorist organizationsconsidered terrorist organizations

;amas

;e52olla$

Al.


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Hamas - Islamic Resistance MovementHamas - Islamic Resistance Movement

=$amas> means =ent$usiasm>

; #alestinian movement

; esta2lis$ed in )!?2y &$eik$ A$med @asin

; a3ainst any a3reement it$Israel

; 3oal: to esta2lis$ an Islamict$eocracy in t$e area t$at iscurrently Israel, t$e 6est 8ankand 0a5aB


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Hezbollah – arty of GodHezbollah – arty of God

; founded in )!C 2y

Di2anese &$ia 3roups

; Deader: ;assanasralla$

; 3oal: to esta2lis$ a

united Islamic repu2lic

; cooperates it$

;amas a3ainst Israel


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!l"#aida!l"#aida

; =AlB. means =2ase>

; esta2lis$ed 2y

%sama 8in Dadin in

t$e late )!*s2rin3in3 to3et$er

Ara2s $o fou3$t in

Af3$anistan a3ainst

t$e &oviet %nion

; serves as an um2rella or3ani5ationfor a orldide netork

; 3oal: to esta2lis$ a pan.Islamicalip$ate t$rou3$out t$e orld


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$T! – $us%adi Ta !s%anasuna$T! – $us%adi Ta !s%anasuna

ETA means 8asFu ountry

and reedom

; esta2lis$ed 2y t$e youn3nationalists in )G)

affiliated it$ 8asFue

ationalist #arty

; 3oal: to create an

independent socialist statefor t$e 8asFue people,

separate from &pain and

rance


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I&! – Irish &epublican !rmyI&! – Irish &epublican !rmy

>stablished by Michael Collins

'ecret army of the 'inn Fein

arty

fo!ght the 9rish ar of

9ndependence against 6ritish

r!le* $&$0 ; $&4$ later on – fo!ght for the ?orth

9rland to 5oin the @ep!blic of

9reland

$&0& – diided into fficial 9@A

and


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'nited (ations and terrorism'nited (ations and terrorism

AIR OHETIO&:

)1+ Tokio onvention safety in aviation

)?* ;a3ue onvention aircraft $iackin3s

)? 'ontreal onvention . acts of aviation sa2ota3e suc$ as

2om2in3s a2oard aircraft in fli3$t

OT;ER OHETIO&:

)?+ crimes a3ainst internationally protected persons)?) $osta3es convention

)!* nuclear materials convention

))) financin3 terrorism


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)ouncil of $urope and terrorism)ouncil of $urope and terrorism

To ne conventions open to

si3nature in C**G:

B ouncil of Europe onvention on t$e#revention of Terrorism

CB ouncil of Europe onvention on t$e

Daunderin3, &earc$, &ei5ure andonfiscation of t$e #roceeds from rime

and on t$e inancin3 of Terrorism


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Important *ocabularyImportant *ocabulary

$ead of state suicide 2om2er t$reat

violence force tar3ets victims intimidation fi3$ter ransom 2lackmail $iackin3 $osta3e

Documents

7. Terrorism