7. Democracy in Distress: 7. Democracy in Distress: The Violence of Party Politics The Violence of Party Politics

Washington and AdamsWashington and Adams

During the Washington During the Washington AdministrationAdministration

Very different visions of America were Very different visions of America were expressed.expressed.

Centered on the concepts of Alexander Centered on the concepts of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson

Congress Creates Executive Congress Creates Executive DepartmentsDepartments

War Department:War Department:

Henry KnoxHenry Knox State Department: State Department:

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Treasury Department:Treasury Department:

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton Attorney General:Attorney General:

Edmund RandolphEdmund Randolph

(Part-Time)(Part-Time)

From the left are Henry Knox, Secretary of War, Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, and Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury (standing next to President Washington on the right). The man with his back turned is Edmund Randolph, who was the first Attorney General.

Conflict Emerges Between Conflict Emerges Between Jefferson and HamiltonJefferson and Hamilton

HamiltonHamilton Loose ConstructionLoose Construction Strong central Strong central

governmentgovernment Pro-BritishPro-British Industrial NationIndustrial Nation

JeffersonJefferson Strict ConstructionStrict Construction Stronger state Stronger state

governmentsgovernments Pro-FrenchPro-French Agricultural NationAgricultural Nation

Marks the Formal Beginning of Marks the Formal Beginning of Political PartiesPolitical Parties

((Jeffersonian) Jeffersonian) RepublicansRepublicans Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson States’ RightsStates’ Rights Strict Interpretation of Strict Interpretation of

ConstitutionConstitution Support for FranceSupport for France Against greed of the Against greed of the

industrial sectorindustrial sector National GazetteNational Gazette

FederalistsFederalists Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton Strong national Strong national

governmentgovernment Loose interpretation of Loose interpretation of

ConstitutionConstitution Support for BritainSupport for Britain Centralized economic Centralized economic

planningplanning Gazette of the United Gazette of the United

StatesStates

Domestic Issue: Native AmericansDomestic Issue: Native Americans

Americans were moving westward onto land occupied by Americans were moving westward onto land occupied by Native Americans. Native Americans.

Public Land Act of 1796Public Land Act of 1796 The British were supporting the Native Americans.The British were supporting the Native Americans. Treaty of Greenville, 1795 ended the conflict.Treaty of Greenville, 1795 ended the conflict.

Domestic Issue: Whiskey Domestic Issue: Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Rebellion (1794)

Tax Collector is Tarred and Feathered

Domestic Issue: Hamilton’s Domestic Issue: Hamilton’s Financial ProgramFinancial Program

Pay off the national debt Pay off the national debt and assume the war and assume the war debts of the states. debts of the states.

High tariffs on imported High tariffs on imported goodsgoods

Create the Bank of the Create the Bank of the United States for United States for depositing government depositing government funds and for printing funds and for printing banknotes . banknotes .

The DebateThe Debate

Those in FavorThose in Favor Northern Northern

merchants merchants Would gain directly Would gain directly

from high tariffsfrom high tariffs Currency would be Currency would be

stabilizedstabilized

Those OpposedThose Opposed Anti-Federalists Anti-Federalists Too much power to Too much power to

the governmentthe government Southerners Southerners

(Always opposed (Always opposed to high tariffs)to high tariffs)

Residence Act of 1790Residence Act of 1790

Washington D.C. was selected as national Washington D.C. was selected as national capitalcapital

In exchange for Jeffersonian support for In exchange for Jeffersonian support for Hamilton’s Financial Plan.Hamilton’s Financial Plan.

Foreign AgendaForeign Agenda

Washington’s entire term (as well as John Washington’s entire term (as well as John Adams’ administration) was consumed Adams’ administration) was consumed with the issue of what to do about the with the issue of what to do about the French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793Proclamation of Neutrality, 1793

Washington did not want the US Washington did not want the US to become involvedto become involved

Led to renewed controversy in Led to renewed controversy in cabinet.cabinet.

Thomas Jefferson will eventually Thomas Jefferson will eventually resignresign

The DebateThe Debate

Most Americans Most Americans identified with the identified with the revolutionaries . revolutionaries .

Wanted the president Wanted the president to openly support to openly support their efforts.their efforts.

Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Alliance with the Alliance with the French monarchy was French monarchy was still in effect. still in effect.

Mandated that the Mandated that the president support the president support the existing government. existing government.

Alexander HamiltonAlexander Hamilton

Europe Tries to Involve U.S.Europe Tries to Involve U.S.

Citizen Genet AffairCitizen Genet Affair Impressments of Impressments of ShipsShips

Jay Treaty (1794)Jay Treaty (1794)

John Jay sent to London to solve issues:John Jay sent to London to solve issues: Remove British forts in the Northwest TerritoryRemove British forts in the Northwest Territory Payment for ships takenPayment for ships taken Better trade relationsBetter trade relations Acceptance of American NeutralityAcceptance of American Neutrality

Hamilton leaks info to BritishHamilton leaks info to British Only concession Jay gained was removal Only concession Jay gained was removal

of British in the Northwest.of British in the Northwest.

Pinckney Treaty (1795)Pinckney Treaty (1795)

Signed with SpainSigned with Spain Set boundaries for northern FloridaSet boundaries for northern Florida The Spanish allow the Americans to use The Spanish allow the Americans to use

the lower Mississippi River and New the lower Mississippi River and New Orleans without paying duties.Orleans without paying duties.

Washington’s Farewell AddressWashington’s Farewell Address Stresses the benefits of the federal Stresses the benefits of the federal

governmentgovernment Warns against the party systemWarns against the party system Advocates a stable public creditAdvocates a stable public credit Warns against permanent foreign alliancesWarns against permanent foreign alliances

Election of 1796Election of 1796

Adams won by just three electoral Adams won by just three electoral votesvotes

Jefferson became his vice-president Jefferson became his vice-president as specified in the constitution.as specified in the constitution.

Foreign PolicyForeign Policy

Inherited the problem of the French Inherited the problem of the French Revolution from WashingtonRevolution from Washington

Complications ensued when French navy Complications ensued when French navy began to seize American ships and began to seize American ships and citizenscitizens

Adams attempts to settle this issue by Adams attempts to settle this issue by sending a team of diplomats to France.sending a team of diplomats to France.

The outcome further angers AmericansThe outcome further angers Americans

XYZ AffairXYZ Affair

American diplomats sent to France.American diplomats sent to France. French asked theme to pay a bribe in French asked theme to pay a bribe in

order to settle the issueorder to settle the issue ““Millions for defense, but not one cent for Millions for defense, but not one cent for

tribute”.tribute”.

Domestic: RepressionDomestic: Repression

Alien ActAlien Act President can deport any President can deport any

aliens considered aliens considered dangerous dangerous

Detain any enemy aliens Detain any enemy aliens in time of warin time of war

Made it more difficult to Made it more difficult to obtain citizenshipobtain citizenship

Sedition ActSedition Act Illegal for newspaper Illegal for newspaper

editors to criticize either editors to criticize either the president or Congressthe president or Congress

Heavy penalties for Heavy penalties for editors who violated the editors who violated the law.law.

Both bills were aimed at actual or potential Republican opposition

Kentucky and Virginia ResolvesKentucky and Virginia Resolves

Opposed: Jefferson Opposed: Jefferson and Madisonand Madison

Adopt theory of Adopt theory of nullification.nullification.

These two states These two states declare they will not declare they will not follow new laws.follow new laws.

Becomes known as Becomes known as States’ RightsStates’ Rights

Election of 1800Election of 1800

Federalists lose popularityFederalists lose popularity Presidential candidates were Adams and Presidential candidates were Adams and

Pickney (Federalists) and Jefferson and Pickney (Federalists) and Jefferson and Burr (Republicans)Burr (Republicans)

Republicans win but both had the same Republicans win but both had the same number of electoral votesnumber of electoral votes

Decided in the House of RepresentativesDecided in the House of Representatives

The Revolution of 1800The Revolution of 1800 Alexander Hamilton throws his support to Alexander Hamilton throws his support to

Thomas Jefferson (angering Aaron Burr) Thomas Jefferson (angering Aaron Burr) The party in power changes for the first The party in power changes for the first

time in U.S. history.time in U.S. history.

Adams’ Most Significant Adams’ Most Significant Contribution Contribution

““Lame Duck” Lame Duck” appointment of John appointment of John Marshall (Jefferson’s Marshall (Jefferson’s cousin) as Chief cousin) as Chief Justice of the Justice of the Supreme CourtSupreme Court

Serving for over three Serving for over three decades, Marshall decades, Marshall defines the function of defines the function of the Supreme Court.the Supreme Court.