7- Classification of Life

7/24/2019 7- Classification of Life

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ClassificationClassification

copyright cmassengale


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There areThere are 13 billion13 billionknownknownspecies of organismsspecies of organisms

This isThis is only 5% of allonly 5% of allorganisms that ever lived!!!!!organisms that ever lived!!!!!

New organismsNew organismsare still beingare still being

found and identifiedfound and identified

pecies of rganismspecies of rganisms



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"hat is Classification#"hat is Classification#

ClassificationClassificationis theis thearrangement of organisms intoarrangement of organisms intoorderlyorderly groupsgroupsbased on theirbased on their

similaritiessimilarities

Classification is also known asClassification is also known asta$onomyta$onomy

Ta$onomistsTa$onomists are scientists thatare scientists thatidentify name organismsidentify name organisms



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&enefits of Classifying&enefits of Classifying

'ccurately uniformly'ccurately uniformlynamesnamesorganismsorganisms

(revents(revents misnomersmisnomerssuch assuch as

starfish )ellyfish that aren*tstarfish )ellyfish that aren*treally fishreally fish

+ses+ses same language ,-atin orsame language ,-atin or

some .reek/some .reek/for all namesfor all names

ea0horse0##ea0horse0##



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Confusion in +sing ifferentConfusion in +sing ifferent-anguages for Names-anguages for Names


SIGUNG


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-atin Names are +nderstood by-atin Names are +nderstood byall Ta$onomistsall Ta$onomists



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Permasalahan nama lokal

Semarang: kates

Banyumas:gandul

Jawa barat:gedang

Banyumas:gedang=pisang


Carica papaya


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!

2arly Ta$onomists2arly Ta$onomists

444 years ago444 years ago'ristotle'ristotlewas the firstwas the firstta$onomistta$onomist

'ristotle divided'ristotle dividedorganisms intoorganisms into plants plants animalsanimals

6e6e subdividedsubdividedthemthem

by theirby their habitathabitat777land sea or air777land sea or airdwellersdwellers



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2arly Ta$onomists2arly Ta$onomists

8ohn 9ay a8ohn 9ay abotanistbotanistwaswasthe first to usethe first to use-atin for naming-atin for naming

6is6is namesnameswerewerevery longvery longdescriptionsdescriptions

tellingtellingeverythingeverythingabout the plantabout the plant



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Carolus -innaeusCarolus -innaeus1:4: ; 1::


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Carolus -innaeusCarolus -innaeus

Called theCalled the =>ather of=>ather ofTa$onomy0Ta$onomy0

eveloped the moderneveloped the modern

system of naming knownsystem of naming knownasas binomial nomenclaturebinomial nomenclature

Two7wordTwo7wordname ,.enus name ,.enus species/species/



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tandardi?ed Namingtandardi?ed Naming

&inomial&inomial

nomenclaturenomenclature usedused

.enus species.enus species

-atin or .reek-atin or .reek

@talici?ed@talici?edin printin print

Capitali?e genusCapitali?e genus

but NT speciesbut NT species

+nderline+nderlinewhenwhenwritingwriting

Turdus migratoriusTurdus migratorius

'merican 9obin'merican 9obincopyright cmassengale


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&inomial Nomenclature&inomial Nomenclature

"hich T" are more closely related#copyright cmassengale


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9ules for Naming rganisms9ules for Naming rganisms

TheThe @nternational Code for@nternational Code for&inomial Nomenclature&inomial Nomenclature containscontainsthe rules for naming organismsthe rules for naming organisms

'll names must be approved by'll names must be approved by@nternational Naming Congresses@nternational Naming Congresses,@nternational Aoological,@nternational AoologicalCongress/Congress/

ThisThis prevents duplicatedprevents duplicatednamesnames



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Classification .roupsClassification .roups

Ta$onTa$on,, ta$ata$a7plural/ is a7plural/ is acategory into which relatedcategory into which relatedorganisms are placedorganisms are placed

There is aThere is a hierarchyhierarchyof groupsof groups,ta$a/ from broadest to most,ta$a/ from broadest to mostspecificspecific

omain Bingdom (hylum Classomain Bingdom (hylum Classrder >amilyrder >amily .enus5 species.enus5 species



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6ierarchy7Ta$onomic .roups6ierarchy7Ta$onomic .roups

omainBingdom B29'8''N+N@'

(hylum ,ivision ; used for plants/

Class B2-' rder &'N.' >amily +B+

.enus D'9.' pecies

&9'2T T'EN&9'2T T'EN

Dostpecific



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umbumb

BBinging

((hilliphillip

CCameame

verver

>>oror

..ooseberryooseberry

oup!oup!



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&roadest&roadest most inclusive ta$on most inclusive ta$on

ThreeThreedomainsdomains

'rchaea and 2ubacteria'rchaea and 2ubacteriaareare

unicellular prokaryotes ,nounicellular prokaryotes ,nonucleus or membrane7boundnucleus or membrane7boundorganelles/organelles/

2ukarya2ukaryaare more comple$ andare more comple$ andhave a nucleus and membrane7have a nucleus and membrane7bound organellesbound organelles

omainsomains



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Pokok filogenetik berdasarkan data rRNA16s yang menunjukkan

pemisahan bakteria, arkea, dan eukariot. (Carl oesedan !eorge "o#, 1$%%&

copyright cmassengale 2$
http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RRNA&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Woese&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Woese&action=edit&redlink=1http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RRNA&action=edit&redlink=1


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'9C6'2'

(robably the 1st

cells to evolve-ive in 6'96environments

>ound inF

ewageTreatment (lants

Thermalor Golcanic Gents

6ot prings or .eysers that are

acidGery salty water,ead eaH.reat alt -ake/



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%hey ha&e also been called '(tremophiles inrecognition o) the e(treme en&ironments inwhich they ha&e been )ound:

thermophiles* which li&e at high temperatures+hyperthermophiles* which li&e at really high

temperatures ,present record is #2#-./0+psychrophiles* which like it cold ,one in the

1ntarctic grows best at 4-.0+

halophiles* which li&e in &ery salineen&ironments ,like the ead Sea0+

acidophiles* which li&e at low p,as low as p #and who die at p /0+alkaliphiles* which thri&e at a high p

copyright cmassengale 22
http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Archaea.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/pH.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/P/pH.htmlhttp://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Archaea.html


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'9C6'2'N



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Contoh ar'haean

Pyrococcus abyssi7rganisma ini sukaakan suhu dilingkungan #$3-

.elsius dantekanan sebanyakkira8kira 2$$atmos)era

Methanosarcinabarkeri penghasilpirolisisn

copyright cmassengale 24


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2+&'CT29@'

ome may cause @2'2>ound in '-- 6'&@T'Te$ceptharsh ones

@mportant decomposersforenvironment

Commerciallyimportant in making

cottage cheese yogurtbuttermilk etcI



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-ive in the intestines of animals-ive in the intestines of animals



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omain 2ukarya is ividedomain 2ukarya is ivided

into Bingdomsinto Bingdoms

(rotista(rotista,proto?oans algaeJ/,proto?oans algaeJ/

>ungi>ungi,mushrooms yeasts J/,mushrooms yeasts J/

(lantae(lantae,multicellular plants/,multicellular plants/

'nimalia'nimalia,multicellular animals/,multicellular animals/



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(rotista(rotista

Dost are unicellularDost are unicellularome areome aremulticellularmulticellular

ome areome areautotrophicautotrophic while whileothers areothers areheterotrophicheterotrophic

'Kuatic'Kuatic



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>ungi>ungi

DulticellularDulticellular

e$cept yeaste$cept yeast

'bsorptive'bsorptiveheterotrophsheterotrophs

,digest food,digest foodoutside theiroutside theirbody thenbody then

absorb it/absorb it/Cell wallsCell walls

made ofmade of chitinchitin



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3$

(lantae(lantae

DulticellularDulticellular

'utotrophic'utotrophic

'bsorb'bsorb sunlightsunlight toto

make glucose ;make glucose ;

(hotosynthesis(hotosynthesis

Cell walls made ofCell walls made of

cellulosecellulose



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'nimalia'nimalia

DulticellularDulticellular@ngestive@ngestive

heterotrophsheterotrophs

,consume food,consume food digest it digest itinside theirinside theirbodies/bodies/

>eed on>eed on plantsplantsoror animalsanimals



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Ta$onsTa$ons

DostDost generageneracontain acontain anumber of similar speciesnumber of similar species

The genusThe genus 6omo6omo is anis an

e$ception ,only containse$ception ,only containsmodern humans/modern humans/

Classification is based onevolutionary relationshipsevolutionary relationships



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&asis for Dodern Ta$onomy&asis for Dodern Ta$onomy

6omologous structures6omologous structures,same,samestructure differentstructure differentfunction/function/

imilarimilar embryoembryodevelopmentdevelopment

Dolecular imilarityDolecular imilarityinin 1N'1N'9N'9N' or or amino acidamino acidseKuenceseKuenceof (roteinsof (roteins



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366omologous tructures ,&N2 in the >92-@D&/6omologous tructures ,&N2 in the >92-@D&/

showsshows

imilarities in mammalsIimilarities in mammalsIcopyright cmassengale

imilarities in Gertebrateimilarities in Gertebrate


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imilarities in Gertebrateimilarities in Gertebrate2mbryos2mbryos


Cl dCl d


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CladogramCladogramiagram showing how organisms are relatediagram showing how organisms are related

based onbased on shared derived characteristicsshared derived characteristicssuch as feathers hair or scalessuch as feathers hair or scales



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(rimate(rimateCladogramCladogram



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ichotomous Beyingichotomous Beying

+sed to identify organisms+sed to identify organismsCharacteristics given inCharacteristics given inpairspairs

9ead both characteristics9ead both characteristicsand either go to anotherand either go to anotherset of characteristicsset of characteristics 99identify the organismidentify the organism



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2$ample of ichotomous Bey2$ample of ichotomous Bey

1a Tentacles present ; .o to 1a Tentacles present ; .o to 1b Tentacles absent ; .o to 31b Tentacles absent ; .o to 3

a 2ight Tentacles ; ctopusa 2ight Tentacles ; ctopus

b Dore than < tentacles ; 3b Dore than < tentacles ; 3

3a Tentacles hang down ; go to L3a Tentacles hang down ; go to L3b Tentacles upright;ea 'nemone3b Tentacles upright;ea 'nemone

La &alloon7shaped body;8ellyfishLa &alloon7shaped body;8ellyfish

Lb &ody NT balloon7shaped 7 5Lb &ody NT balloon7shaped 7 5

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.duewestcharter.bc.ca/images/Links/Sea%2520Anemone.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.duewestcharter.bc.ca/Helpful%2520Links.htm&h=803&w=1071&sz=95&hl=en&start=15&tbnid=u31TMeW8tnm4iM:&tbnh=112&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsea%2Banemone%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26safe%3Dactive%26rls%3DGGIC,GGIC:2006-38,GGIC:en


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7- Classification of Life