6th History NCERT

Chapter: 1 What, where, How and when

-The places where rice was 1st grown are to the north of the Vindhyas.

-The area to the south along the river Ganga and its tributary son, was known as Magadha.

-People moved in search of livelihood, some driven by a spirit of adventure, to escape droughts or floods

-Traders moved to do trade

-Religious teachers moved to offer instruction

=>All this lead to exchange of ideas between people.

Chapter 2: On the trail of earliest People

Reasons why Hunter gatherers moved from place to place:

1).Limited resources at one place

2).Animals moved in search of prey so the hunters had to move along too.

3).Plants and trees have different seasons in which they bear fruit so people moved.

4).People living alongside seasonal rivers would have to move in search of water during dry seasons.

Tools made of stone; bone and wood provide us info about these people.

Stone tools:

1).Cut meat and bone, scrape bark (from trees) and hides, chop fruits and roots

2).Making spears and arrows for hunting

3).Digging for edible roots

4).Stitching clothes made out of animal skin.

Hunter gatherer sites have been found alongside rivers.

People tried to find places where good quality stones were found for making stone tools.

Factory sites: places where people made tools.

Habitation cum factory sites: sites where people lived for longer spells.

Palaeolithic period –2million years ago till 12000 yrs ago. This period covers 99% of human history.

Paleo means old, lithic means stone.

-Divided into

1).Lower

2).Middle

3).Upper Palaeolithic periods

Meso(Middle)lithic period - Period about 12000yrs ago when Environmental changes began till 10000yrs ago.

-Microliths: Tiny stone tools. Stuck to handles of bone or wood to make tools such as saws & sickles.

Rock paintings found on the walls of the caves .eg - Southern UP and MP

Ostrich eggs - Paleolithihc period - Patne Maharashtra

Hunsgi - Number of paleolithic sites

Chapter: 3 From Gathering to growing food

Domestication – A process in which people grow plants and look after animals.

-Began 12000yrs ago

Early farmers herders - Present day Kashmir, East and south India

Bones of animals, seeds of plants, burnt grain.

Traces of huts or houses at some sites: Burzahom in Kashmir(pit houses)

Stone tools different from Palaeolithic tools found at some sites.

Neolithic Tools: Fine cutting edge. Mortars or pestles used to grind grain and plant produce.

Diff between tribes and societies

Tribes are different from many other societies: land, forests, grasslands, water are regarded as wealth of entire tribe and everybody shares n uses these together.

Mehrgarh - Located in a fertile plain near Bolan Pass.

• -remains of square and Rectangular houses. • -Burial sites found

Daojali Hading - near Brahmaputra Valley

• -Stone tools including mortars and pestles have been found

-jadeite - stone from china

-Tools made of fossil wood

-pottery

Chapter 4: In the earliest cities

Harrapan cities developed 400 yrs ago.

Special features of Harrapan Cities:

1).Divided into 2 or more parts.

Citadel -The Part to the west; smaller and higher.

-Great bath in Mohenjodaro built in this area West East

Lower town - Larger but lower Citadel Lower town

-Kalibangan & Lothal had fire altars

-Mohenjodaro, Harappa had elaborate store houses

2).Walls of baked brick built around each part.

Houses - 1 or 2 storey high; Built around a courtyard.

-Drains were covered and drainage of houses connected to the bigger drains.

Rulers - People who planned the construction of special buildings in the city

• -sent people to distant lands to get metal, precious stones etc

Scribes - Ppl who knew how to write; prepared seals

Objects found in Harrapan cities:

-Made of stone, shell and metal including Cu, Bronze, Gold and silver

-Cu n Bronze: tools, weapons, ornaments n vessels

-Gold n silver: ornaments n vessels

-Beads (made of carnelian), weights (made of chert) and blades found

- Rectangular seals made of stone

-Pots with black designs

Cotton pieces found in Mohenjodaro attached to a silver vase.

Specialists - person trained to do only one kind of work. for eg : cutting stone, carving seals .

Faience - artificially produced Gum used to shape sand or powdered quartz and then object was glazed; colours were usually blue or sea green

• -used to make beads, bangles, earrings and tiny vessels.

Cu - Harrapans got it from rajasthan, Oman

Tin+Cu = bronze: Afghanistan and Iran

Gold - Karnataka

Precious stones - Gujarat , Iran and Afghanistan

Farming: Farmers and herders supplied food to cities

• Plough was used • Stored water was used for irrigation as region gets less rainfall • Reared sheep, goat, buffalo • Caught fish, hunted wild animals and collected fruits

Dholavira in Gujarat (Rann of Kutch) -

• Divided into 3 parts not 2 • Each part surrounded by massive stone walls with entrances through gateways • Open area for public ceremonies

Lothal -Located beside a tributary of Sabarmati close to Gulf of Khambat

• Situated near areas where raw materials like semi-precious stones were easily available • Imp centre for making objects out of stone, shell and metal

The end:

3900 yrs ago ppl stopped living in many cities

- writings, weights, seals no longer used

-Raw materials became rare

-In Mohenjodaro garbage piled up on the streets

-Drainage system broke

-Less elaborate houses

Reasons suggested:

1).Drying up of rivers

2).Deforestation: Fuel was required for smelting Cu ores and baking bricks

3).Destruction of Green cover due to grazing by large herds of cattle

4).Floods in some areas

Chapter: 5 What Books and burials tell us

Oldest Veda: Rigveda (3500yrs ago)

Rigveda:

Contains Suktas or hymns (well - said)

-written in Old or Vedic Sanskrit

-Agni, Indra, Soma(plant from which spl drink was prepared)

-Most hymns were composed by men, few by women

Rigveda was recited and heard rather than read.

-written down several centuries after it was first composed

Prayers in Rigveda for cattle, children (esp. sons) and horses

Description of People as per Rigveda:

2 groups described in terms of their work, • Brahmins (performed rituals) • Rajas

2 words used to describe people or community as a whole:

-jana

-vish (vaishya comes from vish)

Aryas: who composed hymns

dasas or dasyus -their(aryas) opponents

-Rigveda composed in NW of the subcontinent

Megaliths - Big stones used to mark burial sites

-Practice was prevalent throughout in

-Deccan

-South India

-NE

-Kashmir

Burials in megaliths have some common features:

• -Dead buried with distinct pots (black n red ware) • -tools n weapons of iron • -ornaments of stone and gold

Megaliths:

-some were buried with more beads, ornaments etc which show some kind of status difference

-one family had same burial site

Chapter: 6 Kingdoms, Kings and an early republic

3000yrs ago some men became rajas by performing very big sacrifices like Ashvamedha or horse sacrifice.

Period after Rigveda = Later vedic

samveda, yajurveda and atharvaveda are all later vedic texts

-Varna system - priests divided people into 4 groups

-Brahmins - priests

-Kshatriyas- rulers

-vaishyas - farmers, herders, traders

-Shudras - had to serve other groups; couldn’t perform rituals

-Women and shudras cudnt study vedas

-Varna decided by birth

Janapadas: The land where jana sets its foot and settled down.

Rajas who performed these big sacrifices were now known as rajas of janapadas rather than janas(vish).

-rajas of janapadas were given gifts by the jana

Some janapadas became more important and were now called as Mahajanapadas

-They had a capital city, many were fortified.

Rajas now began to maintain armies; soldiers paid regular salaries; some payments were thru punch marked coins

-Taxes were imposed now to maintain armies and to raise resources to build forts

-Bhaga or a share: tax on crops =1/6th of what was produced;

-Tax on craft persons in form of labour like work for a day

-Herders: animals or animal produce

-Hunters n Gatherers: forest produce

2 major Changes in Agriculture:

1).Growing use of Iron ploughshares which meant more grain as iron plough could turn the soil over better then wooden ones

2).Transplantation of paddy began: Instead of scattering seeds, saplings were grown n then planted on fields. It lead to an increased production as many more plants survived

-dasas or agricultural labourers (Kammakaras) did this work.

Magadha:

• -Became important Mahajanapada in 200yrs • -Ganga n son flowed thru it

• tranport • water supply • made land fertile

-iron ore mines

-Bimbisara n Ajatsattu were 2 very powerful rulers of Magadha

-used all means to conquer other Janapadas

-Mahapadma Nanda:

-Extended his control to North West part of subcontinent

-Rajgriha(present day rajgir ) was capital of Magadha for many years. Later it was shifted to pataliputra(patna)

Vajji:

Capital: Vaishali (Bihar)

Government type: Gana or sangha

Gana or sangha :

• -Not one but many rulers' each one individually called as raja • -performed rituals together • -met in assemblies to decide what to do n how

-women, dasas, kammakaras cud not participate in such discussions.

-Buddha n mahavira belonged to ganas

Chapter: 7 New Questions and Ideas

Buddha:

-Siddhartha aka Gautama founder of Buddhism was born around 2500yrs ago

-Belonged to a small Gana: Sakya Gana

-was a Kshatriya

-left his home in search of true knowledge

-attained enlightenment under a peepal tree at Bodh gaya in Bihar; now he was known as Buddha or the Wise One

-Went to sarnath near Varanasi nd taught there for the first time

-passed away at Kusinara

Teachings of Buddha:

1).Life is full of suffering and unhappiness due to cravings n desires;

2).Tanha or thirst -we always want more n are never satisfied. It can be removed by following moderation in everything

3).taught people to be kind

-to respect lives of others incl animals

4).Karma ie the result of our actions affects us in this life n the next

-He taught in Prakrit

5).Encouraged people to think for themselves rather than accepting what he tells them.

Upanishad:

-means approaching and sitting near

-Later Vedic text

-Contains conversations between teachers n students

-ideas presented thru simple dialogues

-Upanishadic thinkers were rajas and brahmins mostly

-Gargi: famous women thinker and took part in debates held in royal courts

-Though poor ppl seldom took part 'Satyakama Jabala' was an exception

Panini prepared a grammar for Sanskrit

Jainism:

TImeline: 2500yrs ago around same time as buddha

-Kshatriya prince pf Lichchhavis, a group that was part of Vajji sangha

-At 30 he left his home and after 12yrs he attained enlightenment

Teachings of Mahavira:

1).Men n women who wish to know the truth must leave their homes

2).Must follow Ahimsa very strictly

3).Taught in Prakrit

4).Followers of Mahavira known as Jainas(comes from word jina meaning the conqueror) had to lead simplelives, begging for food.

-had to be absolutely honest, never to steal

-Observe celibacy

-Men had to give up everything including their clothes

Jainism was mainly supported by traders as farmers had to kill insects to save their crops

-Jainism spread to parts of North India, Gujarat, TN, Karnataka

The sangha:

-Mahavira n Buddha arranged for the ppl who left their homes to stay together in form of an association ie sangha

-Vinaya Pitaka: Book containing rules made for Buddhist sangha

-all men cud join

-women needs permission of husband

-debitors of creditors

-children of parents

- men n women who joined sanghas were known as Bhikkhus(prakrit for beggar)n Bhikkhunis.

-Varna system was not followed inside sanghas

Monastries were built as the need for a permanent shelter was felt by nuns and monks .They were known as Viharas

-They were made of wood earlier n then later on of wood

-Some were in caves in western india

Brahmins developed system of ashramas .It was done at the same time when buddhism n jainism were becoming famous.

1).Bramhcharya -Brahmin , Kshatriya n Vaishya men lead simple lives , studied vedas during early years of life

2).Grihastha-marry n live as householders

3).vanaprastha- live in forest and meditate

4).Samnyasa-give up everything and become samnyasins

Women had to follow the ashrama chosen by their husbands

Chapter: 8 Ashoka, the emperor who gave up war

Mauryan Empire -

-Important cities

• :Pataliputra • -Taxila • -Ujain

Area around Pataliputra was under direct control of the emperor.

-officials appointed to collect taxes from farmers, herders etc

-officials punished those who disobeyed ruler's orders

-Messengers were used

-Spies kept watch on officials

-Other areas or provinces were ruled from a provincial capital such as taxila or ujjain.

-Rulers tried to control roads, rivers and tried to collect resources as tax n tribute

Megasthenes was sent to the court of Chandragupta Maurya by Greek Ruler Seleucus Nicator

Ashoka:The most famous Mauryan ruler

-First ruler who tried to take his message to the people through inscriptions written in Brahmi script n were in Prakrit.

-Horrified at the bloodshed in the war for Kalinga(orissa) that he gave up the conquest after winning the war.

-He decided to spread his message of Dhamma (Prakrit word for the sanskrit term 'Dharma') .

Ashoka's Dhamma:

• -didnt involve worship of a god or any sacrifice • -Inspired by teachings of Buddha • -Appointed officials as Dhamma Mahamatta who went from place to place teaching people

about dhamma.

-inscribed his message on rocks and pillars

-sent messengers to other lands such as Egypt, Syria, Greece and Srilanka

Chapter: 9 Vital villages, thriving towns

Megalithihc burial sites had large collections of iron tools and weapons

Villages:

-Tamil region: large landowners - Vellalars;

Ordinary ploughmen- uzhavar;

landless labourers including slaves - Kadaisiyar n adimai

Northern region Villages:

-Grama Bhojaka-Village headman (hereditary post)

• largest landowner often • hired slaves to work on his land • King used him to collect taxes from village • functioned as a judge n policeman sometimes

Grihgapatis: other independent famers, smaller landowners

Dasas/karmakaras: Men n women who didnt own land and worked in fields to earn a living

Jatakas: Stories composed by ordinary people; written down n preserved by buddhist monks

Sangam Literature:

Called sangam bcz was composed n compiled by assemblies of poets held in city of madurai

Find out more ?

Many cities that developed from about 2500yrs ago were capitals of Mahajanapadas.

-Ring wells found in many such cities

punch marked coins used during this period

Mathura:

imp city as it was located at the cross roads of 2 major routes of travel

-from NW to east and from North to South

-Became a capital for kushanas around 2000yrs ago

-Religious centre with monastries, Jaina shrines and krishna worship.

Northern Black Polished Ware:

Extremely fine pottery; found in Northern part of subcontinent; Black in color with fine sheen

Shrenis:

Associations formed by merchants n craft persons

Shrenis of craft persons:

-provided training, procured raw material n distributed finished product

Shrenis of merchants:

-organised trade

Shrenis served as banks also

Arikamedu:

A coastal settlement between 2200 n 1900 yrs ago

Pottery, Arretine ware, roman lamps, glassware n gems

Chapter: 10 Traders, Kings and pilgrims

South India: known for pepper n spices

-roman coins found in south India

-pepper was known as black gold in Rome

Muvendar: Mentioned in sangam poems

-tamil word meaning used for heads of 3 ruling families i.e.

-Cholas

-Cheras

-Pandyas

-Became powerful in south india around 2300 yrs ago

-Each chief had an inland and coastal centre of power

-2 important out of 6 were:

-Kaveripattinam: port of Cholas

-Madurai: Capital of Pandyas

-chiefs didnt collect taxes instead demanded regular gifts from ppl

-Went on military expeditions n collected tributes n distributed them amongst their followers including their own family members n poet soldiers etc.

Satvahanas:

200 yrs later they became powerful in western india

-gautamiputra Shri Satakarni

Satavahan rulers werre known as Lords of Dakshinapatha

Silk Route:

: Techniques of making silk was first invented in China 7000yrs ago

:ppl from china went to distant lands on foot, on camels n horseback and the route they followed came to be known as Silk Route

-Chinese rulers sent gifts of silk to Iran n West Asia and from there the knowledge of silk spread further west.

-Rulers tried to control the route for tributes n gifts from traders and they protected them instead from robbers

-Kushanas controlled silk route

ruled over central asia n NW India

Peshawar n Mathura their major centres of Power

Taxila also came under their kingdom

-Kushanas issued gold coins and were amongst the earliest rulers in the subcontinent to do so

Spread of Buddhism:

Kanishka - an imp Kushana ruler

-organised a buddhist council

-Ashvaghosha -Poet who composed biography of Buddha i.e. budhhacharita lived in his ocurt.

-Ashvaghosha n other poets now began writing in Sanskrit

- Mahayana Buddhism developed now

:features

-Earlier in sculptures buddha was shown thru signs like by peepal tree but now his statues were made in mathura n taxila.

-Bodhisattvas - those who attained enlightenment cud live in complete isolation but now they lived in the wrld teaching other ppl

- worship of boddhisattvas spread to central asia ,china n later to korea n japan

- Buddhism also spread to western n southern India

Buddhism also spread SE to Srilanka, Myanmar, Thailand n Indonesia. Theravada Buddhism was more popular here.

Caves were hollowed in the hills for the monks to live in.

Caves were located near passes thru Western Ghats where traders coming from the ports n going to the cities of the Deccan halted

Pilgrims:

Chinese buddhist pilgrim - Fa-Xian

1600 yrs ago

Xuan Zang 1400yrs ago

I-Qing - 50yrs after Xuan – Zang

-Spent time at Nalanda studying Buddhism

Beginning of Bhakti:

-Worship of certain deities gained in importance

-Deities worshipped thru bhakti

-Anyone rich or poor cud follow path of Bhakti

-Idea of bhakti is presetn in Bhagwad geeta

-Bhakti followers emphasised devotion n individual worship of a god or goddess rather then performance of rituals

-devotee who worships with a pure heart, deity will appear in the form in which he or she desires .so deity cud be thought of anything like tree, lion or human figure etc

-image worship

Chapter: 11 New Empires & Kingdoms

Samudragupta: Gupta dynasty

-We know about him from a long poem in sanskrit by court poet Harishena 170 yrs ago

-The above inscription is of spl kind known as Prashasti (meaning in praise)

-Prashastis became imp during guptas rule

Harishena describes 4 kinds of rulers and tell us about Samudragupta’s policy towards them

1).Rulers of Aryavarta: 9 rulers here were uprooted n their kingdoms were made a part of Samudras empire

2).Rulers of Dakshinapatha: 12 rulers were here; surrendered to him after being defeated n samudra allowed him to rule again

3).Inner circle of neighbouring states, including Assam, Coastal Bengal, Nepal n number of gana sanghas in NW brought tributes to his court , followed his orders n attended his court

4).Rulers of outlying areas: Descendents of kushanas and shakas , ruler of srilanka submitted to him n offered their daughters for marriage.

Samudras mother belonged to Lichchhavi gana n his father chandragupta was first ruler of gupta dynasty to adopt the title of Maharaj-adhiraja

Harshavardhana:

ruled 1400yrs ago

Banabhatta his court poet wrote Harshacharita his biography in sanskrit

-Xuan Zang spent time in his court

Harsha took over kanauj n then bengal, magadha but was stopped in his march towards Deccan by pulakeshin II a ruler of chalukya dynasty

Pallavas n chalukyas ruled during this period in South India

Pallavas:

-Kingdom was spread from capital city of Kanchipuram till kaveri delta

Chalukyas:

-Aihole, the capital of chalukyas, imp trading centre

-Pulakeshin -II , known by prashasti by court poet Ravikirti

His Kingdom centered around Raichur Doab between Krishna n tungbhadra.

-Both dynasties fought with each other n raided capital cities as they were prosperous

Eventually they gave way to Rashtrakutas & cholas

Administration: Chalukyas & Pallavas

-Land revenue remained important

-Village remained the basic unit of administration

New developments:

Measures taken by kings to win support of powerful men,

• -Imp admin posts were made hereditary like harishena was a maha-danda-nayaka or chief judicial officer like his father

• -1 person held many posts • -Imp men had a say in Local administration which include nagara-shreshti or chief banker or

merchant of the city, sathavaha or leader of merchant caravans, prathama-kulika or chief craftsman and the head of kayasthas or scribes

New kind of army:

-Well maintained armies like earlier rulers with chariots, elephants cavalry, foot soldiers

-Military leaders or samantas who provided troops to the king when he needed them

-They were paid grants of land n not regular salaries

-they collected revenue from the land and used them to maintain soldiers & horses & for providing equipment for warfare

Assemblies in South Kingdoms:

Inscriptions of Pallavas mention local assembliles namely, sabha -assembly of brahmin land owners; looked after irrigation, roads ,local temples etc

ur -an assembly of land owners who were not brahmins

nagaram- org of merchants

Untouchability prevalent:

The untouchables were expected to live outskirts of the city

Chapter: 12 Buildings, Paintings & Books

Stupas: A Small box (Relic casket) placed at the heart of stupa; may contain bodily remains of buddha or his followers or things they used as well as precious stones n coins

-Pradakshina patha was laid around the stupa

Devotees walked around stupa in clockwise direction

Earliest Hindu temples also built during this time

-Most imp part of the temple was garbhagriha -where image of chief deity was placed

shikhara -a tower was built on the top of garbhagriha to mark it as a sacred place

mandapa - a hall where ppl cud assemble

-Mahabalipuram - eg of monolithic temple

Epics:

Grand long compositions about heroic men and women & include stories about gods

Silappadikaram:

Tamil epic composed by Ilango around 1800yr ago

Manimekalai:

Tamil epic

-by sattanar aroound 1400yrs ago

Kalidasa wrote in sanskrit

Puranas were written during this period only

-Puranas were written in simple Sanskrit

-were meant to be heard by everyone including women & shudras

Mahabharata:

known previously but written about 1500yrs ago

Both Mahabharata and puranas are by Vyasa

Sanskrit ramayana –valmiki

Books on science:

Aryabhata: wrote Aryabhatiyamm in Sanskrit

-Stated that day and night were caused by the rotation of earth on its axis

He developed a scientific explanation for eclipses as well

-also found out the way for calculating the circumference of a circle

Paper:

-Paper invented in china by Cai Lun about 1900yrs ago

-the secret reached Korea about 1400yrs ago and then to Japan.

-From Baghdad where it was known about 1800yrs ago it spread to Europe, Africa and other part s of Asian subcontinent