19
Wheat Value Chain: Bangladesh Claire Kpaka, Kathryn Bergh, Alexander Chew, EPAR Brief No. 203 C. Leigh Anderson, & Mary Kay Gugerty Professor Leigh Anderson, Principal Investigator Associate Professor Mary Kay Gugerty, Principal Investigator July 31, 2012 EPAR’s innovative student-faculty team model is the first University of Washington partnership to provide rigorous, applied research and analysis to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. Established in 2008, the EPAR model has since been emulated by other UW Schools and programs to further support the foundation and enhance student learning. NOTE: The findings and conclusions contained within this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect positions or policies of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. EVANS SCHOOL POLICY ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH (EPAR) | 1 Bangladesh Wheat Value Chain Highlights This brief provides a general overview of the wheat market in Bangladesh. The first section describes trends in wheat production and consumption over the past twenty years and summarizes recent trade policy related to wheat. The second section presents the findings of a literature review of the wheat value chain in Bangladesh, beginning with seed selection and ending with sales. Finally, wheat consumption in Bangladesh is discussed in more depth, including nutritional information about wheat, substitute grain markets, and projected consumption in 2030. Key Takeaways Wheat production in Bangladesh has been volatile and continues to reflect significant yield gaps Wheat consumption has increased, but rice is the most important crop and food grain Increased demand by private traders for higher quality wheat for processing has fueled rising import levels The gap between domestic supply and demand is projected to grow to over 4 million tons by 2030 The below figure summarizes major findings along the different stages of the wheat value chain in Bangladesh. Pre-Production Production Post Production Sales Seed •Farmers get 15-20% of seed from the government •Farmers prefer varieties with high yield and easy threshability •Pilot program involving farmers in seed selection has increased the use of high-yield varieties Credit •Credit available for wheat meets approximately 93% of average production costs for irrigated wheat and 79% for non- irrigated wheat Production •Wheat cultivation is highest in Thakurgaon, Pabna, Natore, and Rajshahi districts •The estimated yield gap in 2006 was 16% Transportation & Storage •Transportation system is weak and poorly distributes wheat to high- need areas •Storage is of critical importance in the import- dominated wheat sector Milling •Demand for finely milled and packaged flour is rising •Mills for producing coarse flour greatly outnumber mills producing fine flour and other value- added by products Market •On average, wheat prices are rising •In 2011 prices increased 27.65% from the farm gate to the retail market

60 cell - lgenergy.com.au...source research program in 1985, supported by LG Group’s rich experience in semi-conductor, LCD, chemistry, and materials industry. We successfully released

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    1

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: 60 cell - lgenergy.com.au...source research program in 1985, supported by LG Group’s rich experience in semi-conductor, LCD, chemistry, and materials industry. We successfully released

MonoX™ series are LG Electronics’ high-qualitymonocrystalline module brands. The quality is theresult of our strong commitment to developing amodule to improve benefits for customers. Featuresof MonoX™ series include higher efficiency anddurability, convenient installation, and aestheticexterior.

Convenient InstallationLG modules are carefully designed to benefit installers by allowing quick and easy installations throughout the carrying, grounding, and connecting stages of modules.

The Extra 2% PowerTo minimize losses due to mismatch, LG produces 3 groups of solar modules which are sorted by its current class. This enables MonoX™ to maximize the system’s output by around 2% based off the theoretical calculation.

Positive Power ToleranceLG provides rigorous quality testing to solar modules to assure customers of the stated power outputs of all modules, with a positive nominal tolerance starting at 0%.

LG280S1C-B3 / LG275S1C-B3 /

LG270S1C-B3 / LG265S1C-B3

60 cell

Light and RobustWith a weight of just 16.8 kg, LG modules are proven to demonstrate outstanding durability against external pressure up to 5400 Pa.

100% EL Test CompletedAll LG modules pass Electroluminescence inspection. This EL inspection detects cracks and other imperfections unseen by the naked eye.

Reliable WarrantiesLG stands by its products with the strength of a global corporation and sterling warranty policies. LG offers a 10 year product limited warranty and a 25 year limited linear output warranty.

KM 564573 BS EN 61215Photovoltaic Modules

EN

About LG Electronics

LG Electronics is a global big player who has been committed to expanding its capacity, based on solar energy business as its future growth engine. We embarked on a solar energysource research program in 1985, supported by LG Group’s rich experience in semi-conductor, LCD, chemistry, and materials industry. We successfully released the first MonoX™series on the market, in 2010, which were exported to 32 countries in 2 years, thereafter. In 2013, MonoX™ NeON won “Intersolar Award”, which proved it’s the leader of innovation in the industry.

Light Weight

16.8 kg

Time-saving

25yrs ~+3%

2%

ConvenientInstallation

Positive PowerTolerance

EL TestCurrent Sorting

Linear Warranty

I I

In Progress(280 W)

Page 2: 60 cell - lgenergy.com.au...source research program in 1985, supported by LG Group’s rich experience in semi-conductor, LCD, chemistry, and materials industry. We successfully released

200 W

400 W

600 W

800 W

1000 W

Curr

ent (

A) 10

9

8

7

6

5

4

3

2

1

0Voltage (V) 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

280 W 275 W 270 W 265 WMaximum power (Pmpp) 205 202 198 195MPP voltage (Vmpp) 29.3 29.1 29.0 28.8MPP current (Impp) 7.00 6.92 6.84 6.77Open circuit voltage (Voc) 36.0 35.9 35.7 35.5Short circuit current (Isc) 7.52 7.46 7.39 7.34Efficiency reduction(from 1000 W/m2 to 200 W/m2)

< 4.5 %

280 W 275 W 270 W 265 WMPP voltage (Vmpp) 31.9 31.7 31.5 31.3MPP current (Impp) 8.78 8.68 8.58 8.49Open circuit voltage (Voc) 38.8 38.7 38.5 38.3Short circuit current (Isc) 9.33 9.26 9.17 9.11Module efficiency (%) 17.1 16.8 16.5 16.2Operating temperature (°C) -40 ~ +90Maximum system voltage (V) 1000 (IEC), 600 (UL)Maximum series fuse rating (A) 15Power tolerance (%) 0 ~ +3

LG280S1C-B3 / LG275S1C-B3 / LG270S1C-B3 / LG265S1C-B3

Copyright © 2014 LG Electronics. All rights reserved.

01/03/2014

LG Electronics Inc.Solar Business DivisionSeoul Square 541, Namdaemunro 5-ga,Jung-gu, Seoul 100-714, Korea

www.lg-solar.com

* STC (Standard Test Condition): Irradiance 1000 W/m2, module temperature 25 °C, AM 1.5* The nameplate power output is measured and determined by LG Electronics at its sole and absolute

discretion.

Electrical Properties (STC*)

* NOCT (Nominal Operating Cell Temperature): Irradiance 800 W/m2, ambient temperature 20 °C, wind speed 1 m/s

Electrical Properties (NOCT*)

Mechanical Properties

Cells 6 x 10

Cell vendor LG

Cell type Monocrystalline

Cell dimensions 156.5 x 156.5 mm / 6 x 6 in

# of busbar 3

Dimensions (L x W x H) 1640 x 1000 x 35 mm

64.57 x 39.37 x 1.38 in

Static snow load 5400 Pa / 113 psf

Static wind load 2400 Pa / 50 psf

Weight 16.8 ± 0.5 kg / 36.96 ± 1.1 lb

Connector type MC4 connector IP 67

Junction box IP 67 with 3 bypass diodes

Length of cables 1000 mm / 39.37 in

Glass High transmission tempered glass

Frame Anodized aluminum

Dimensions (mm/in)

Temperature Coefficients

NOCT 45.0 ± 2 °C

Pmpp -0.43 %/°C

Voc -0.31 %/°C

Isc 0.04%/°C

* 1) 1st year: 97%, 2) After 2nd year: 0.7% annual degradation, 3) 80.2% for 25 years

Certifications and Warranty

Certifications IEC 61215, IEC 61730-1/-2,

Salt Mist Corrosion Test (IEC61701),

DLG-Fokus Test “Ammonia Resistance”,

UL 1703, ISO 9001

Product warranty 10 years

Output warranty of Pmax (measurement Tolerance ± 3%) Linear warranty*

18/0.71

35/1.38

48/1.89

944/37.17

105/

4.1337

0/1

4.5

7

18/0

.71

8-Ø8.0(Z view) Mounting holes(8ea)

5.5*4.0 (X view)Drain holes(4ea)

4.0*7.5 (Y view) Drain holes(4ea)

12-Ø4.3Grounding holes(12ea)

1000/39.37

(Distance between mounting holes)

(Size of short side)

(Dis

tanc

e be

twee

n m

ount

ing

hole

s)

1640

/64.

57(S

ize

of lo

ng s

ide)

960/37.80

1100

/43.

31

900/

35.4

3

270/

10.6

3

Junction box

1000/39.37Cable length

(Dis

tanc

e be

twee

n m

ount

ing

hole

s)

(-) (+)

35/1

.38

10/0.40

28/1.10

35/1

.38

22/0.87

10/0.40

Long side frame Short side frame

4/0.

16

5.5/0.22

R1.5/0.06

Detail X

4.0/0.16

7.5/

0.30

Detail Y

Detail Z

Ø8/0.31

* The distance between the center of the mounting/grounding holes

18/0.71

35/1.38

48/1.89

944/37.17

105/

4.1337

0/1

4.5

7

18/0

.71

8-Ø8.0(Z view) Mounting holes(8ea)

5.5*4.0 (X view)Drain holes(4ea)

4.0*7.5 (Y view) Drain holes(4ea)

12-Ø4.3Grounding holes(12ea)

1000/39.37

(Distance between mounting holes)

(Size of short side)

(Dis

tanc

e be

twee

n m

ount

ing

hole

s)

1640

/64.

57(S

ize

of lo

ng s

ide)

960/37.80

1100

/43.

31

900/

35.4

3

270/

10.6

3

Junction box

1000/39.37Cable length

(Dis

tanc

e be

twee

n m

ount

ing

hole

s)

(-) (+)

35/1

.38

10/0.40

28/1.10

35/1

.38

22/0.87

10/0.40

Long side frame Short side frame

4/0.

16

5.5/0.22

R1.5/0.06

Detail X

4.0/0.16

7.5/

0.30

Detail Y

Detail Z

Ø8/0.31

18/0.71

35/1.38

48/1.89

944/37.17

105/

4.1337

0/1

4.5

7

18/0

.71

8-Ø8.0(Z view) Mounting holes(8ea)

5.5*4.0 (X view)Drain holes(4ea)

4.0*7.5 (Y view) Drain holes(4ea)

12-Ø4.3Grounding holes(12ea)

1000/39.37

(Distance between mounting holes)

(Size of short side)

(Dis

tanc

e be

twee

n m

ount

ing

hole

s)

1640

/64.

57(S

ize

of lo

ng s

ide)

960/37.80

1100

/43.

31

900/

35.4

3

270/

10.6

3

Junction box

1000/39.37Cable length

(Dis

tanc

e be

twee

n m

ount

ing

hole

s)

(-) (+)

35/1

.38

10/0.40

28/1.10

35/1

.38

22/0.87

10/0.40

Long side frame Short side frame

4/0.

16

5.5/0.22

R1.5/0.06

Detail X

4.0/0.16

7.5/

0.30

Detail Y

Detail Z

Ø8/0.31

18/0.71

35/1.38

48/1.89

944/37.17

105/

4.1337

0/1

4.5

7

18/0

.71

8-Ø8.0(Z view) Mounting holes(8ea)

5.5*4.0 (X view)Drain holes(4ea)

4.0*7.5 (Y view) Drain holes(4ea)

12-Ø4.3Grounding holes(12ea)

1000/39.37

(Distance between mounting holes)

(Size of short side)

(Dis

tanc

e be

twee

n m

ount

ing

hole

s)

1640

/64.

57(S

ize

of lo

ng s

ide)

960/37.80

1100

/43.

31

900/

35.4

3

270/

10.6

3

Junction box

1000/39.37Cable length

(Dis

tanc

e be

twee

n m

ount

ing

hole

s)

(-) (+)

35/1

.38

10/0.40

28/1.10

35/1

.38

22/0.87

10/0.40

Long side frame Short side frame

4/0.

16

5.5/0.22

R1.5/0.06

Detail X

4.0/0.16

7.5/

0.30

Detail Y

Detail Z

Ø8/0.31

Short side frameLong side frame

Characteristic Curves

Temperature (°C)

Isc, V

oc, P

max

(%)

Pmax

Voc

Isc

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0 -25 0 25 50 75 -40 90

Product specifications are subject to change without notice.DS-B3-60-C-G-F-EN-40217